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CHUNG I(HO IKJC, I(HO VIET 0' HOC SINH
- MOT SO DmO GlAo EN CAN ODANTAM
1. Hi~n nay, mgc du tra bl thidu nang hgc tgp
(TNHT) chlgm gan mia 55 tra bi tQt, song dQng
thigu nang nay IQi b] higu sal mQt cech ph6 bi6n.'
C6 b5n tieu chl chu y6u ag can nhac xem c6 phai
tra b! TNHT hay khong. Tleu chi thl1 nhat lien quan
a6n 5'1 khong th5ng nhat giOa chi s5 thong mlnh
va thanh tkh hoc tQP, DI~u nay c6 nghia la, tra
khong aQt alrQ'c h6t tl~m nang khl alrQ'c trac aQt
bal mQt trac nghi~m IQ tieu chuein. Cach truy~n
th5ng trong 00 loong 5'1 khong th5ng nhat a6
nham so sanh tu6i trf tu~ (mental age) thu alrQ'c tV
mQt trac nghi~m trf thong minh val trlnh aQ h.rang
al10ng thu alrQ'c h) mQt trac n9~I~m thanh qua
hQc tQP tleu chuein. Trl1ac aOy, khac bi~t khoong
tV hal nom tro len aa thllCmg au chi ra mQt dQng
TNHT. Tuy nhlen, trong qua trinh glao dyc mQt
tr~ em, hoi nom dllal trinh aQ ki vQng IQi khong
quan trQng ag nhin nhQn mQt cach cong bOng.
Do a6, nhl~u cong thl1C agc bl~t aa alrQ'c phat
trign nham a6ng gop vao cong vi~ agc thu nay
a mQI cap hQc. Tuy vQY, do mQt s5 cong thl1C b!
sai sot v~ mgt th5ng ke, cQng them mQt s5 van a~
v~ If thuy6t, hl~n nay aang n611en mQt cUQctranh
IUQn cam Slr dyng 5'1 khong th5ng nhat glOa chi
55 thong mlnh va thanh tfch hQc tQP nhll tieu chf
nhQn dQng TNHT.
Ba tleu chf nOa ph61 co nham Slr dyng thuQt
nge; TNHT, boo g6m: 1) Kho khan trong hgc agc,
vi6t, lam tOOn, hoi;1cnoi; 2) Kho khan hgc tQp
khong do chgm phat tridn trf tu~,khidm tnl, khi6m
thfnh, cac bdt Iqi v§ mol trllang, hay r6110qn xuc
cam; 3) Kho khan hgc tgp do IXit thvang v§ chvc
nang h~ than kinh trung vong. Nol cach khac,
g5c r~ gay ra TNHT nam a sinh If hQCth6n kinh.
MQt trong nhOng dQng TNHT agc thu 10 chl1ng
kho agc, kho vim (KD, KY). Th5ng ke 96n aay chi
ra chl1ng KD, KY anh hoong h) 10 aen 20% dan
55 (1). Hi~u mQt cach chung nhat: « Chvng KD,
,.'( KV La m9t dqng phvc hqp cac thidu nang than
~ kiM lam hqn ch6 kha nang nhgn di~n bldu tu-qng,
xli If va a6ng hoa. ngon ngCi co trinh h/' (Hay
hinh dung kho khan rna bQn c6 thg mc5cphai trol19
~~~~~-........._-----~
Ta.p chi Glao du.c so 296 (ki 2· 10/2012).
?
o NGUYEN TH! HA NI*
hoc tQP n6u Xlr If bl~u wQ'ng MEa bang cech lay
ra htnh 6nh v~ kal mea vo thfch, nco ben 16n
nay IQi nhQn tin hi~u va nghia nhu *&# va 16n
khac IQi co th~ 10 OEM).
M¢t IlIU Y quan trQng 10 chl1ng KD, KY xay ra
lien tvc, nghia 10 trllong .hQ'pnay rat khoc troong
hqp klc, va co thg ft kho khan hemtrong mQttnJOng
hQ'p khac.
2. MQt vai 9Q'i y cho 9160 vien (GV) khl
dQY hQc sinh (HS) bl chung KD, KV
Nh¢n dQng HS 10 bllac d6u tien GV c6n ti6n
hanh khl lam viec val HS bl TNHT aoc thu. Ro
rang la, tra cang sam allQ'c ~h9n dQng thi cang
sam alrQ'c ha trQ'a51 ph6 vai chllng TNHT nen sa
giam kh6 nang that bQi lien tl6p, tam trQng that
vQng va nhOng h~ qua tam If mea m6 sou nay.
C6n nha rang, khong boo glo nen chein a06n
a
chllng KD, KY tra trllac 7 tu61 bol vi, mQt s5 a
tra, c6 nhOng ki nang phat trlgn chQm hem nhOng
tra thong thllCmg. Vf dy, kh6 nang h06n v! cau h),
hinh anh, co thg ph at tri~n blnh thl!6ng sau aQ
tu61 nay. Ben cQnh ao, khi GV 10mQttrong nhOng
ngool a6u tien thay cac dau hl~u cua chtTng KD,
KY, hQ co th~ khong phal 10 ngool chan a06n
aang tin cQY nhat. chein a06n chfnh thl1C phal
allQ'c ti6n hanh bai mQt nhe tam If hQc allQ'c aao
tQO chuyan sou v~ chein a06n cac chl1ng TNHT.
Tuy nhien, GV c6 th, giO val tro ngllol glal thl~U
phu hQ'pnhat trong cac ki'm tro nhll vQy. Tren co
sO nam ro nhang canh bao tren, GV c6n quon
sat mQt s5 aQc algm n51 bQt sou: 1) MQt s5 ki
nang aQc kern xa cac bQn cung hQc rna khong
bi6t ro nguyen do; 2) Thoong xuyen hi~u ngllQ'c
h) hogc cho cai (vI dy: b va d; min va n6m); 3)
Cho vl6t rat kh6 dQC; 4) Nh6m llin ben ph6i va
ben trai va khang c6 khuynh hl!6ng ro rang trong
dung toy nco thuQn; 5) Co ngool thon trong g!a
chnh cOng aQc kern rna khang bi6t ro nguyen do;
6) T6 ra vyng v~ va non nat so val cac bQn cung
1110 tu61; 7) Nh6m llin trong phon bi~t cac khal
* Hqc vien cao bqc Ciao dl1cb,c • H9C vi,n Cbinlltri
~
 ,.,' ~ ~ ~ _, ,:J
ni~m nhu «len" - «xu6ng' hoQe «hom qud' -
«ngoy mat'; 8) MOe nhung 16i phot em kl d]: 9)
May van de ve phallrien ...
(Ti6p thee trang 22)
D¢e bi~t kho khon trong hQCva ghi nha hi nga
hOQebi~u tU'qng In; 10) G¢p rOe r5i val t¢p th~ vie't la soon thdo von bdn). Nhang quy o,nh
va giai quy~t nhe;ng nhi~m vy hay thlfe hi~n coc trong chvong trinh d~ nh¢n thay mang nghla
chl dan don gian; 11) HQCnol mUQn han ccc thll nhat: chi ehu trQng chuein b, cho tre nhang
ben eung Ilia tu5i. thao toe ben ngoai va con qua ft chuein b] eho
3. MQt s6bi~n ph6p trong dQY hoc tre mdc tre nhang thao toc ben tron~ (hanh 09n9 trf
chl1ng KD, ~ tu~) co lien quan o~n oQCviet.
1) Cho tre avqe trj Ii~u ik;>e.Nhl~u nghien co
3) Choo nhi~u cac nghien CtlUf;nh Vilephat
cllu gan oay chi ra rang phoong phap phat em trldn khd nang TD-V tudi MN (ngoal lu¢n an TI~n
oung dQc bi~t he;u hi~u vai chllng KD, KY .. 1 sl eua phon Thj Lan Anh: «Nghien etlu v~ vi~c sti
2} Sti dVng phIJong ti~n ho trq thay th6, nhIJ dl.,mgfro ehol ad p'h6t tri€n khd nang TD-V tra
may vi tinh, sa cho phep HS bi mOe chllng KD, 5-6 tud{' va mQtso lu¢n von thQc sTkhoc). Vi vQy,
KY thi hl~n y roang cua minh rna khong phol 10 rO'tcan eo nhi~u nghien Cllu han naa lam ch6 dl.}'a
cho coc nh? SOQnth?O chvong trinh, qudn If jiOO
ngQi coc vein o~ kT thu¢t nhll chfnh to va cha vl~t.
3) Dung saeh nol (soch ollqc oQe thu vao dvc MN 001 mai, b6 sung coc nQi dung chuan bi
bong), phim anh ha trq gioo ev in an. khd nang TD-V vao chl1011gtrlnh quy dinh cho eoc
4) Dl)n~ tal li~u aanh may khd in 100' thay vi oQ tu6i. Ben eQnh d6, can xoc oinh rnQt so' hVOng
tai li~u viet toy. nghien Clrutrong linh VlfCnay nhll: thl~t k~va khai
5) Nh& HS trong lop thorn gla vie't bang thoc mol tru6ng che;vi~t trong trvang MN o~ ph6t
gi6y than. trl~n khd nong TO-V cho tre; n~hlen Clru h~ th6ng
Do'l val nhe;ngtrllOn9 hqp mac chllng KD, KY sOch,truy~n tranh, coc san pharn In an denh rleng
co hQi chllng thi gloc nhQY cam trong bOng t51 cho tre co<;oQ tuai; lmg dvng eong ngh~ thong tin
(khoOng 50% ngllal mac chlmg KD, KY bi hQI veo vl~ cho tre lam quen val ehe;vl~ti chu trQng
chllng nay), hay sUodvng mat kfnh mau (tinted cae~ tai nghlen coo nQidung, phuong phop chuein
glasses) hOQe kfnh dnh phim oen chle'u hat bi kho nong TD-V hOOngvao coc hanh 09n9 trf
tu~ ben trong cua tre (nhll dQChiiu von ban, sOQn
(overhead transparency). Val nhom twang hqp
von ban,,,.).CJ
nay, sa kho khon khl IQccae booc song onh song
nh6t o!nh (oay la vO'no~ trl gioc noi chung chll Tai li~u tham khao
khong phdi la vO'n o~ th! gloe), bang mat kfnh 1. Phan Thi Lan Anh. Su d!.tng tro chai nhttm phdt
mau hoQc kfnh anh phlm den chl~u hat, 051 val trUn khO.nang ti~n dQc-vitt 6' tre mdu gitw l&n(5-6
nhl~u ng~oi mac chllng KD, KY, hQ sa th6y blnh tu6i) trong trnimg mdm non. Lu~n an ti€n si Gifw dlJc
thoong khl hi nga In tren mQt trang thay VI nhay hQc, 2009.
vong quanh hoQc xoa rna trang giO'y. [J 2. BOGD-DT. Chuong trinh giao d\lc mAmnon, 2009
3. Morrow M.L. Assessing preschool literacy
Tai Iitu tham kh80 development. International Reading Association.
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wikilDyslexia Inc., USA, 2009.
2. http://kidshealth.org/kid/health_problems/ 4. Otto Beverly. Language development in early
learning_pro blem/learn in g_d isabili ties. html ? childhood. Northeast Illinois University. USA, 2010.
tracking=K_RelatedArticle 5. Susan M.G., Eileen M. Burke. An Intergrated
3. http://www.ecademy.com/node. php ?id=41318 Approach to Early Literacy. Allyn and Bacon, USA,
4. Tan Oon Seng. Educational Psychology: A 2002.
Practitioner - Researcher Approach (An Asian SUMMARY
Edition), Thomas Learning Inc., Singapore, 2003.
Emergent literacy development isa very impor-
SUMMARY tant field of the preparation for the early childrenen-
tered school. However, thisproblem In our country
Based on criteria for Identifying dyslexia,a com- compared with many countries In the world is out-
plex of neurologicaldisabilitIesthat inhibitsymbolrec- dated and backward on both research and imple-
ognition and the orderlyprocessingand assimilation mentation areas. It isvery necessaryto make atten-
of language, thispaper recommendssome Implica- tions, contributions of researchersand managers in
tionsforclassroomteachersto workwith dyslexicstu- earlychildhood sowe could do better language and
dentsin order to help them leam better. emergent literacy development taksInpreschools.

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4, T,p chi Ghio dl.lC so 296 (ke 2 • 10/2012)