Recap

1 2 3
Symmetrical
Balanced System Unbalanced System Components
Conditions for a system Problems with Unbalanced Phasors in
to be balanced Unbalanced System terms of Symmetrical
Components

4 5 6
Star Load Delta Load Alternator
Sequence Networks for Sequence Networks for Positive Sequence
Star Connected Load Delta Connected Load Network
 Negative Sequence Network

• No negative sequence induced emf

• When negative current flows in stator, a magnetic field is

set which rotates in opposite direction to rotor.

• So it has twice the synchronous speed w.r.t. rotor.

• So there is a double frequency induced emf in the rotor

causing for double frequency currents and the rotor will be
over heated.

• The air gap or reluctance offered by negative sequence

flux is not constant so negative sequence reactance of the
alternator will be changing continuously in between d axis
& q axis reactances
Negative Sequence Network
 Zero Sequence Network

• Zero Sequence currents flowing in stator winding

produce mmf in time phase but shifted in space
by 120 degree.

• The vector sum of mmf becomes 0

 Delta Connected Alternator

• For delta connected alternator we have to convert it to star connection before drawing the
sequence networks.
Sequence Networks
 Transformer

• In a Transformer, there is no armature reaction so

the reactance is given by leakage reactance.
 Zero Sequence Network

• Zero Sequence Network of Transformer is

affected by the Transformer connection.
Zero Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network
Zero Sequence Network
 Transmission Lines

• In a Transmission Line, the voltage drop in any

phase depends on the current in that phase as
well as the current in the other two phases.
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
Transmission Lines
In an Alternator the zero sequence impedance has
maximum value
In a star delta transformer with neutral ungrounded
zero sequence current can flow on delta side but not
on star side.
Which sequence has minimum impedance in a
Transmission Line?
(a) Positive Sequence
(b) Negative Sequence
(c) Zero Sequence
(d) All are equal