ADVANCING THE HEALTH OF THE

POPULATION: UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC

HEALTH

STUDENT ID:10186270

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 Table of Contents
Introduction...................................................................................................................... 3
PHE local office - Cambridgeshire and Peterborough health prevention team...............4
Current status of disease- Dementia............................................................................4
Missed appointments....................................................................................................5
Ageing population.........................................................................................................6
Economic Deprivation...................................................................................................8
Current health campaigns..............................................................................................10
Healthy eating.............................................................................................................10
Active lifestyle / Behaviour change.............................................................................10
Early diagnosis........................................................................................................... 11
Reducing the number of missed diagnoses................................................................11
Areas of improvement....................................................................................................12
Recommendations......................................................................................................... 13
Conclusion..................................................................................................................... 14
References.....................................................................................................................15

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Introduction
This research examines the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough health prevention
teams' dementia prevention and treatment initiatives. Dementia, which includes a
variety of neurodegenerative brain illnesses, is more common in older people but may
occur at any age. This disorder affects people of various ages. The disorder affects
memory, cognition, communication, and social skills.

The research assesses public health measures to answer questions. The Health Belief
Model and Social Cognitive Theory will be used to analyse their effects on people and
communities. This post will also discuss severe dementia's unique issues using
Richmond consultation data. The research aims to enhance dementia patients' well-
being and procedures. Consultation input and ideas will be included in the strategy
(Dawes, 2020).

Methodology:

Online quantitative data improved intervention evaluation in Cambridgeshire through

official papers, databases, and websites.

Quantitative data showed Cambridgeshire dementia incidence and effects. We

examined diagnosed cases, age distribution, death rates, and healthcare utilisation.
This information helped clarify the situation and the local community's challenges.

The literature review examined treatments' effectiveness using quantitative data,

statistical analysis, and evaluative measures. Healthcare resource utilisation, carer load,
carer test scores, and quality of life assessments were used in this study.
Cambridgeshire dementia management and pertinent research, papers, and studies
were investigated. Background data, numbers, and dementia-related studies were
collected to understand the public health issue.

Public health principles—prevention, promotion, and intervention—were applied to

dementia. Cambridgeshire's tactics and actions are exemplified.

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RCTs rigorously examined dementia medicines and interventions. Thus, the literature
study and assessment methods were based on qualitative and quantitative data from
various sources. Quantitative data increased the efficacy of Cambridgeshire dementia
care, supported intervention choices, and boosted the validity and reliability of the
results.

Methodology Used: Quantitative Data Analysis

The dementia study in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough uses quantitative data

analysis to analyse dementia prevalence, patient effects, and healthcare costs, focusing
on resource use, carer burden, and quality of life.

According to NHS figures, 62.2% of Cambridgeshire and Peterborough patients were 65

or older, and dementia cases grew by 86% yearly. Data were analysed by dementia
subtype, severity, and patient demographics.

The Department of Health and Social Care found that dementia patients spend £32,250
annually on healthcare. This data was compared to Cambridgeshire and Peterborough's
dementia care budget to estimate dementia's financial effect on healthcare.

To assess dementia care in the area, we studied massive amounts of data using
statistical methods. This study's results are used to assess current intervention
strategies and give suggestions for future initiatives.

PHE local office - Cambridgeshire and Peterborough health prevention teamThe

Plan serves Cambridgeshire and Peterborough residents of all ages with dementia or
moderate cognitive impairment and their careers. It also seeks to delay or prevent
dementia and find ways for communities and individuals to enhance the quality of life of
those with dementia. It targets dementia. Dementia is defined as follows by
Cambridgeshire and Peterborough health and social care workers: Dementia, a brain
disorder that impairs thinking, direction, and judgement, is generally chronic or
progressive. People using social care and health services in Cambridgeshire and
Peterborough want better results and experiences. Cambridgeshire and Peterborough
dementia evaluation, treatment, and caregiving (Nixon, 2019).

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Current status of disease- Dementia
Dementia, which causes cognitive loss beyond age-related decline, affects 55 million
people worldwide, with 10 million new cases yearly. Dementia affects older people but
is not a natural part of ageing.

60-70% of dementia cases are Alzheimer's. Dementia has biological, behavioural,

psychological, and economic impacts. Dementia affects caretakers, families, and
society.

Dementia is the leading cause of death worldwide and a major contributor to older
impairment and reliance. Despite its prevalence, the disorder is frequently
misdiagnosed and misunderstood, marginalising afflicted persons and potentially
hindering diagnosis and treatment (Clements, 2020).

CST is a non-pharmacological dementia treatment. It improves social and cognitive

performance in mild to moderate dementia patients. Cognitive Stimulation Therapy
(CST) has been studied in dementia patients in many RCTs.

This article evaluates Cambridgeshire and Peterborough's Cognitive Stimulation

Therapy (CST) initiative. The evaluation will focus on this intervention's outcomes and
future improvements to benefit dementia patients, their careers, and the community.

Missed appointments.
The most common diagnosis in the London borough was seeing a Memory Clinic or a
Neurologist. The type of diagnostic service utilised has an impact on post-diagnostic
treatment. Those recognised in specialised YOD care were more likely to receive
assistance during the first eight weeks of initial diagnosis and to continue getting help in
the department where they were diagnosed. The mechanisms for maintaining ongoing
care varied, although treatment was typically inadequate. Approximately 42% indicated
no closure within six weeks of evaluation; more than a third reported and saw no care
professional in the previous three months; more than a third required a key worker; and
fewer than a third had treatment plans. Specialist services offer the highest levels of
satisfaction and quality (Ranscombe, 2020).

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Ageing population
Age greatly raises dementia risk. In the next decades, dementia cases will climb as the
globe ages. Assessing future care needs and expenses is essential for planning
personal care and assistance. The Population Ageing and Care Simulation (PACSim)
model suggests that London's four nationalities have similar dementia incidence by age,
gender, and career; however, it changes over time. Dementia manifests differently.
60%–70% of dementia patients are vascular. Beginning-stage dementia, Lewy body
dementia (misfolded nerve cells), and various factors that cause hypertension (brain
deterioration) are other types of dementia. Stroke, HIV, excessive alcohol use, brain
deterioration (terrifying myocardial damage), and metabolic disorders may also cause
dementia. Mixed dementia is becoming common (Bloomfield, 2020). Dementia is
incurable. In London Cambridgeshire, several experimental medications are being
tested in clinical trials for anti-dementia, chronic illnesses, and Alzheimer's. Age is a
major risk factor for dementia, but it is not inevitable. Dementia also affects younger
people, with 9% of cases starting before 65.

Dementia affects Londoners, families, and the community. Despite the lack of exact
borough statistics, understanding dementia and its effects is crucial. Thus, a complete
investigation of dementia in the London Borough is needed to determine its contextual
importance.

Dementia affects 72,000 Londoners, demonstrating its widespread effect. As the

population ages, dementia rates will rise. By 2025, London's dementia population is
expected to exceed 80,000.

Policymakers, healthcare providers, and community stakeholders can better understand

dementia's serious effects and develop strategies to improve assistance, care, and
dementia-friendly environments in the London Borough by recognising the problem's
scope and expected future trends.

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Figure 1: (Source: lbhf.gov.uk, 2023)

The prevalence, demographics, and anticipated trends of dementia are highlighted by

the existing state of the ailment in the London Borough. According to estimates, 770
residents in the borough of 65 and older were predicted to have dementia in 2021,
which corresponds to a prevalence of 3.5% for this age group. This is the London
borough with the second-lowest recorded prevalence of dementia. It is crucial to keep in
mind, though, that the actual number of people with dementia may be larger due to
cases that go unrecognised.

In Hammersmith & Fulham, 36 people under 65 have dementia, making up about 4.5%
of all cases reported in the borough. In this age bracket, dementia is estimated to affect
1.2 out of every 10,000 individuals. In London, there are 2.2 dementia cases for every
10,000 residents, according to records.

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 Figure 2: (Source: lbhf.gov.uk, 2023)

Hammersmith & Fulham expects 1,900 dementia patients by 2030, up from 1,337 in
2021. In 2030, 63.1% of dementia cases will be severe.

Dementia typically affects older people, with 90% of London borough dementia patients
over 65. 64% of dementia cases have been reported among those over 80. Over-80s
have a 6.1-fold greater risk of dementia than those 65–79. Hammersmith & Fulham
women had more dementia. 61.9% of dementia cases in 2020 were women, and 38.1%
were males. Dementia is 1.3 times more common among women. Dementia increases
with ageing in both sexes.

These numbers and predictions indicate how dementia is hurting the London Borough.
Dementia awareness, support services, and healthcare initiatives are needed to care for
and assist persons afflicted and their professions.

Dementia patients and their carers need exceptional treatment and assistance; the
London Borough knows this. Dementia patients may use memory clinics, dementia care
facilities, and community-based support initiatives.

Memory clinics help diagnose and treat dementia. They assess, assist, and treat
cognitively impaired patients. These clinics work with neurologists and geriatricians to
diagnose and arrange treatment.

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Community-based support activities complement clinical treatments for dementia
patients and their caretakers. These projects include dementia-friendly activities, respite
care, and support groups. The London Borough prioritises dementia education.
Dementia awareness, early identification, and stigma reduction are being promoted.
Community groups, healthcare professionals, and local governments provide dementia
awareness, education, and training.

Academic, healthcare, and research organisations collaborate to find innovative

dementia treatments, therapies, and strategies. This includes clinical studies, research,
and implementation of novel dementia care concepts.

Dementia, a significant health danger, is rising in the London borough. Healthcare,

community support, awareness, and research are needed to address dementia issues.
The London borough invests in dementia care and supports building a dementia-friendly
environment and improving the quality of life for dementia patients and their carers.

Economic Deprivation
Dementia incidence, severity, and accessibility in London are affected by poverty. Local
statistics and active action explain the borough's dementia-socioeconomic relationship.

The London borough of Dementia measures poverty using IMD. Logistic regression
analysis examined how deprivation impacts unexplained dementia diagnosis. No expert
diagnosis or treatment Cumbers 2019. The borough links dementia with poverty. Poorer
communities have greater dementia. It will become worse, especially for people with low
incomes.

The London borough of Dementia is highlighting socioeconomic issues and dementia.

These efforts promote early diagnosis and patient and family support.

Collaboration between local governments, healthcare providers, community

organisations, and advocacy groups is crucial to combat economic inequality and
dementia in the London Borough of Dementia. Socioeconomic reforms, income
inequality reduction, and better healthcare can improve dementia and health. Dementia-
friendly neighbourhoods educate and improve the environment.

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Dementia-related economic disadvantage is another concern. Social support, financial
help, and dementia-friendly healthcare may do this.

Cambridgeshire and Peterborough prioritise these projects to reduce health inequalities,

improve quality of life, and promote social involvement for people with dementia.

Current health campaigns

Healthy eating
The "Nutrition Education" campaign promotes healthy eating in the municipality. This
campaign aims to raise awareness of the need for a balanced diet and encourage
healthy eating habits.

"Nutrition Education" works with local health agencies and community partners to create
educational initiatives. These initiatives include workshops, seminars, and interactive
sessions on meal planning, healthy cooking, and portion management. The training
equips participants to make educated food choices (www.nutrition.org.uk - British
Nutrition Foundation, 2023).

The "Nutrition Education" campaign promotes fresh, healthy food consumption,

community access, sustainable food, and local farmers' markets, boosting the economy
and fostering community. Key evaluation criteria include participant knowledge,
adoption of healthier diets, and community resources like farmers' markets. The local
government may improve the "Nutrition Education" project by focusing on its evaluation.
Evaluation optimises resource allocation and maintains the program's success in
improving community health (Marino, 2021).

Active lifestyle / Behaviour change

Since sedentary habits harm health, the London Borough of Dementia encourages
active living and behavioural adjustment. The project encourages healthy habits and
frequent exercise.

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The commercial promotes physical exercise and the borough's parks, walking paths,
and recreational amenities. It promotes walking, cycling, group fitness classes, and
sports for all ages and abilities.

Seminars, fitness challenges, and online tools can modify behaviour by establishing
realistic goals, tracking progress, and staying motivated (Bohnet-Joschko, 2019). It
encourages community engagement via programmes and social media, fostering
accountability and solidarity.

Cambridgeshire and Peterborough promote healthy eating and exercise to improve

residents' health. These ads underline the benefits to health, social relationships, mental
health, and chronic illness prevention.

The borough consults with local health professionals, parliamentarians, and community
leaders to ensure its activities are fact-based, culturally sensitive, and accessible. They
promote friendliness and improved decision-making to create a healthy society.

Early diagnosis
People with Dementia benefit from early diagnosis. The London borough encourages
early dementia diagnosis and treatment to help patients and their families.

Awareness and Education: The borough educates the public about dementia's warning
signs, symptoms, and risk factors to encourage early diagnosis. These programmes
raise awareness of early diagnosis via local meetings, PSAs, and instructional
resources.

Primary Care Support: The borough's physicians are trained to recognise and assess
cognitive impairments. Seniors and individuals with a family history of dementia should
undergo frequent cognitive assessments. Healthcare professionals are also advised on
how to send patients to specialists for further examination and diagnosis (Ung, 2020).

Reducing the number of missed diagnoses

London borough reduces missed diagnoses for dementia patients, focusing on early
diagnosis and assistance.

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Understanding and Education: Raising public and professional awareness of dementia
symptoms is a priority. Primary care clinicians are trained to spot cognitive problems
and refer patients for further examination.

Enhancing Primary Care Screening: To avoid missed diagnoses, primary care providers
should do frequent cognitive testing (Lopes, 2020). Healthcare providers may easily
assess individuals for dementia risk factors and refer them to professional therapy.

Enhancing Specialised Diagnostic Services: The borough prioritises accessibility and

availability. Expanding memory clinics, neurology divisions, and neuropsychological
services ensure that anybody referred for extra testing receives a full review and
accurate diagnosis swiftly.

Smoking, poor diet, and excessive drinking may increase dementia risk and
development. Smoking increases the risk of dementia and cardiovascular disease; thus,
quitting may lessen your risk (Tabor, 2019). Poor diets may lead to heart and brain
degeneration, which increases dementia risk. Alcohol abuse may damage cognitive
function and increase dementia risk. Knowing how these lifestyle factors affect dementia
may improve brain health and lessen the chance of illness.

Areas of improvement
The Healthy Eating initiative in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough has made excellent
strides in promoting a healthy diet, but it can be improved to better address dementia.

The Healthy Eating movement must first improve dementia awareness and education.
Good nutrition and mental health education should be the campaign's aims. Morris et al.
(2015) discovered that certain diets reduce dementia risk. Thus, the programme may
offer dementia-preventive foods and meal planning, preparation, and quantity
management.

Second, the campaign should collaborate with expert clinics and memory testing
programmes to assist dementia patients and their families with nutritional advice.
Dietary issues worsen dementia's cognitive decline (Roqué et al., 2013). Specialised
nutrition advice may help dementia patients and caretakers.
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Third, nutrition's impact on dementia needs more investigation. The Healthy Eating
movement may fund and promote this research alongside colleges and clinicians. This
might lead to scientifically based dementia preventive and treatment diets (Fares,
2020).

Finally, the effort should establish a dementia-friendly community. Restaurant owners

and personnel may benefit from training on dementia diets. If dining out were easier,
people with dementia and their families would feel less alone.

If these issues are rectified, the Cambridgeshire and Peterborough Healthy Eating
project may help fight dementia.

Recommendations
1. Maintaining overall strength in dementia patients is critical for memory. Dementia
patients have more physical problems than other people their age, yet they
usually receive little or no community medical coverage and find it difficult to seek
and organise treatment.
2. Dementia patients are confessed to the medical clinic at a higher rate than other
older people, in any event, for conditions that might be treated at home. A
tremendous level of them kicked the bucket because of the Coronavirus
pestilence.
3. Treatment is stressful and associated with poor results and high costs.
Healthcare workers should examine dementia in older adults who have been
hospitalised multiple times or have symptoms but do not have severe dementia.
4. In conclusion, these countries are better prepared to prevent dementia than
global forecasts based only on HIC data.
5. National policies addressing education access, the causes and maintenance of
high blood pressure, the sources and therapy of hearing loss, and or the
socioeconomic and promotional drivers of overweight, if not already in play,
might be implemented in many countries to reduce risk.

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Conclusion
This article covers severe dementia in London, Cambridgeshire. This article examines
how communities and individuals may enhance dementia patients' everyday lives.
Dementia mellitus, which involves cognitive impairment, is becoming a major
comorbidity. Age, progression, and probable causes affect cognitive features in
dementia-related social disruption phases. T2DM dementia and pre-dementia will be
highlighted. Dementia is a leading cause of death, disability, and addiction among the
elderly. Most UK residents are registered with NHS general practises and may arrange
appointments at their convenience. As individuals age, dementia will kill one in seven
English people. Genetics is a hard-to-control dementia risk factor.

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