Single Stage Centrifugal Compressor Apparatus INTRODUCTION: The EES® Single Stage Centrifugal Compressor Apparatus can be used for both students, experiments and for demonstrations. It is a part of the equipment series that can be used to conduct experiments on hydraulic prime movers and driven machines, such as pumps, fans and hydraulic turbines. Experiments can be performed on a single stage centrifugal compressor to measure flowrate and pressure using the digital pressure sensors. ¥ Volumetric flow characteristics curve for a centrifugal compressor v Pressure ratios / speed correlation ¥ Determining the compressor efficiency level This system is suitable both for actual hands-on training in vocational centers as well as for lab tests in technical colleges and universities. This system is designed solely for instruction (training) and testing applications. ‘A Centrifugal Compressor is a mechanical device that increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume. An air compressor is a specific type of gas compressor. Compressors are similar to pumps: both increase the pressure on a fluid and both can transport the fluid through a pipe. As gases are compressible, the compressor also reduces the volume of a gas. The main action of a pump is to pressurize and transport liquids.Single Stage. Centrifugal Compressor Ap, 2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION: 241 Unit Assembly: Airinlet 2. “Emergency Switch Frequency Modulator/Speed Controller 4, Power Meter Temperature, Flowrate & Pressure controllers | 6. RPM Meter Pressure Transmitter 8 Damper Knob for Damper Positioning 10. CompressorSingle Stago Comtritugal Compressor Apparatus SUMMARY OF THEORY: Compressors are c| classification based on the principle of operation, ied it many ways out of which the c mon one is the 3.1 ‘Types of Compressor: 1. Positive Displacement 2. Dy! 3.11 3.2. amic Compressors Positive Displacement Compressors: A type of compressor that delivers a fixed volume of air at high pressures is called positive displacement compressor. It works by mechanically changing the volume of working fluid Positive displacement compressors cab be further divided into further categories; a, Reciprocating Compressors b. Rotary Compressors Reciprocating Compressors have following sub types; © Single Acting Compressors = Double Acting Compressors © Diaphragm Compressor Rotary Compressors have following sub types; © Screw Compressors > Vane Type Compressors © Lobe and Scroll Compressor Dynamic Compressors: A type of compressor that works by mechanically changing the velocity of working fluid is called dynamic compressor. Following are the types of dynamic compressors; a, Centrifugal Compressors b, Axial Flow Compressors ‘The compressors are also classified based on other a spects like;‘Single Stage Centritugat Compressor Apparatus | 313 Number of Stages: It on suthete evey Pressure is low, a single-stage of compression is 10 bar and tit¥® that pressure, Ifthe required pressure demand is say | ae more, then it becomes more difficult for a single-stage mpressor to deliver to match as per the demand. Thus a two stage Compressor would be preferred and as the delivery pressure increases, the number of stages also increases, It may be a reciprocating compressor of @ rotary centrifugal compressor, the number of stages will increase if the demand on the delivery pressure is more. © Single-stage % Two-stage Multi-stage 3.14 Cooling Method and Medium: Air Compressors are cooled by either ambient air, water or sometimes with oil. Smaller capacity compressors are usually cooled by the atmospheric ambient air, which can sufficiently take the heat away from. the cylinder units to achieve near isothermal conditions. If the number of stages increases or the compression pressure ratio increases, the amount of heat generated while compressing air is so high that ambient air cannot cool it sufficiently. Thus in this case, the water cooling method is adopted. Water is forced under pressure around the cylinder walls to extract considerable amount of heat to achieve near isothermal conditions. Some of the special purpose compressors where there is no provision for water cooling; Oil is used for cooling from the in-built sump. ® Air Cooled = Water Cooled > Oil Cooled 3.5 Drive Types: Air compressors always have the option of choosing from a wide range of prime movers. Prime movers which are generally used are’electric motors, diesel engines, and sometimes turbine with reduction gearing and clutch arrangements. However turbine driven is unusual to find as it involves the complexity of the design. Electric motor driven is the most commonly used prime mover, as it can be well suited for automatic starting and stopping, not to forget the unloading and loading sequence. Irrespective of the prime movers, the compressors are also classified based on the type of movement transmitters. They are belt drives, gear trains, direct coupled and clutches. Depending upon the need, the compressors are suited for the above options. However, air compressors are usually found with direct coupled with the prime mover. Belt drives are popular with portable, small air compressors. a BS37 SInglo Stago Conteitugal Comprossor Apparatus gine Driven Motor Driven ‘Turbine Driven © BellChain Driven Lubrication Methods: Smaller compres the compress iereases, the splash Iubrication becomes ineffective lubricating oil pump driven by the compressor lubricating oil pump, takes suction from the lubricating oil sump inside the crankcase, through a suction strainer, and supply oil under Pressure (0 various parts of the compressor through drilled holes. This type of lubrication is called as Forced lubrication, Also there are compressors which do not use any oil for its lubrication. ‘These compressors are used for special purpose for filling air in breathing apparatus etc. requires a sepy Thus these are the various types of compressors that can be found anywhere in any industry. & Splash Lubricated © Forced Lubricated © Oil-Free Compressors Service Pressures: The compressors may also be divided on the delivering pressure of air. > Low Service Pressure > Medium Service Pressure © High Service Pressure + ———— .Single Stage Centrifugal Compressor Apparatus Centrifugal Compressor: ic ids on . i which depen The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air. i nnverting angular Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge aon nt). In order to momentum imparted by the rotating impeller (dynam Besar ‘ds than the other do this efficiently, centrifugal compressors rotate at higher SEC! TAN ier types of compressors. These types of compressors are al inuous. capacity because flow through the compressor is contin ntrol capacity of Adjusting the inet guide vanes i te most common method fo control CAPAC) a centrifugal compressor. By closing the guide vanes, capacity are reduced. compressor by design. The oil The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free a eh aac Iubricated running gear is separated from the air vents. 32.1 Construction of Centrifugal Compressor: Major parts of centrifugal compressor are; © Casing © Inlet guide vanes © Impeller © Diffuser © Collector 3.2.1.1 Casing: The case (casing or housing) is the pressure-containing component of ‘the compressor. The case houses the stationary internal components and the compressor rotor, Bearings are attached to the case to provide both radial and axial support of the rotor. The case also contains nozzles with inlet and discharge flange connections to introduce flow into and extract flow from the compressor. The flange connections must be properly sized to limit th s z © gus velocity as necessary. The case is manufactured in one of two basic types: © Horizontally (Axially) © Vertically split (Radially) Construction can be cast (iron or steel), forged, or fabricated by welding.Single Stage Centrifugal Compressor Apparatus 3243 ine compressor performance characteristic curve can be adjusted by ‘changing the direction of the Now of gas into the impeller. ‘When a system of variable inlet guide vanes i ployed, it is Upssible to adjust the inlet guide vane angles to maintain a desired discharge pressure over a range of capacity. Practical design limitations make it dificult to install variable vanes at al stages Ofer than the first stage. For single stage compressors, this method oF control is sometimes quite effective. However, for multistage CAUPressors, the range of control is less effective and becomes D2 D, —=84mm=0,084m Dr =50mm=0.050m Cr =0.63 (coefficient of flow) p 1.14 kg/m? AP, _ = Differential Pressure across Orifice (Pa) * Hydraulic Power of compressor; Pigg = AP, Q, AP2 _ = Differential pressure across compressor (Pa) Efficiency of the compressor, — Work done on Air per second Work doneon Compressor 100 p, n. 100 = Electrical Power supplied to compressor (W)Single Stage Centritugal Compressor Apparatus 4 EXPERIMEN “4.4 Objective: To perform the analysis on centrifugal compressor 42 Procedure 7 1. Switch On the main supply, 2. Press the RUN bution on the modulator, 3. Increase the speed by turning the variable potentiometer | 4. Set the desired speed and note down the readings on following Damper conditions; © Fully Open © Partially Open > Fully Close 4.3 Observations: 7 Damper Condition: cree Power Fcharge | Dilferential | Differential oe sr | Intake Air a oe Pressure | Pressure Across Bed cinerea T | Temperature yerature | Across Orifice | Compressor n : No. | 7 er ‘Tempera ae aes P ora | Pe ‘pair | Efficiency of Compressor i] Power Transferred [ Bao Comer | Volume flowrate of ai ; Qs ot er‘Single Stage Centrifugal Compressor Apparatus EXPERIMENT Damper Condition Fully Open Intake Air Differential | _ Differential Power Temperature Pressure | Pressure Across Provided to 1 Across Orifice | Compressor Compressor ary AP BR 166.5 1030 S51 380 127 30 Damper Condition: Partially Open Discharge] Diferenta | —Dilferentah Forer se | nakeair | PEGE | Tovesue | pres ers | neat | Prodedo No. | T™PE ‘Temperature | Across Orifice | Compressor N | Compressor 1 Tz APL AP, P. ae Dr 1503 0 2 467 a5 Be uy 20 Damper Condition: Fully Closed charge] Diferental | Differential Tower Intake Air a Ai i Pressure Pressure Across RPM Provided to Temperature | remperature | Across Orifice || Compressor N Compressor tN Ty AP, AP, PeSingle Stage Centrifvas! Compre. Sor A, Damper Condition: Partially Open —picharge | Diferentiad ] _ Differential sr | gymakeais | air Presure | Pressure Across | RPM | prem No. ‘Temperature | Across Orifice | Compressor N comp led ty Ts SP AP, ein Tz 1505 7380 To m5 S67 333 8 7 ‘olume flowrate of alr av 2AP, - 4 \pd-a) ap Q, = 0-63).14)(0.05)* [20503) a 1.14{1- .595)"] @, = 0.001236, |24503) ae 0.9971 : Xt Q, = 0.0679? / ye" 4 ot ww Pua =AP.0, ye Paya = (1480)(0.0679) * Pyg = 100.49 os Tyre = fe, 1gedeSingte Stage Centrtugay Compressor Apparatus Damper Condition: Eully Closed [_] Intake Air Discliarge : Differentiat Dilferentian Power st | a1 m ir Pressure | Pressure Across | repay Provided to ‘Temperature | | No, Uns ‘Temperature | Acrass Orifice Compressor N Compressor T% AP, AP; P, T 247 2B. 0 2700 17280) 500) 2 24 225 0 890, 10050) 3 28 26 0 200 Volume flowrate of air Power Transferred toair | Elfidency of Comprosar Q, Pog u 0 0 0 0 0 0 S54 ZAP, 2 pad) 0.63) (3.14)(0.05)? 2(0) o.= Uses ria -O5 o. 2, =0.001236 Foor Q, = 0m? I. Pru = AP,O, Pag = (2700)(0) Py, =0W ova =— x100 n r x S100 S00 1, =0%