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1
 Essentials

EDITION

14

We the People
An Introduction to American Politics

2
 Essentials

EDITION

14

We the People
An Introduction to American Politics

BENJAMIN GINSBERG

THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

THEODORE J. LOWI

LATE OF CORNELL UNIVERSITY

MARGARET WEIR

BROWN UNIVERSITY

CAROLINE J. TOLBERT

UNIVERSITY OF IOWA

ANDREA L. CAMPBELL

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

MEGAN MING FRANCIS

UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON

ROBERT J. SPITZER

SUNY CORTLAND

3
4
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in
1923, when William Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first
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To:

Sandy, Cindy, and Alex Ginsberg

David, Jackie, Eveline, and Ed Dowling

Dave, Marcella, Logan, and Kennah Campbell

Horace, Annette, and Peter Francis

7
 Brief Contents
PART I Foundations
1 Americans and Their Political Values 2
2 The Founding and the Constitution 30
3 Federalism 64
4 Civil Liberties 92
5 Civil Rights 124
PART II POLITICS
6 Public Opinion 160
7 The Media and Political Information 190
8 Political Parties and Interest Groups 222
9 Participation, Campaigns, and Elections 262
PART III INSTITUTIONS
10 Congress 302
11 The Presidency 342
12 The Bureaucracy 372
13 The Federal Courts 402
PART IV POLICY
14 Domestic Policy 438
15 Foreign Policy 472

8
 Contents
Preface xxiii
Acknowledgments xxix
About the Authors xxxv
PART I Foundations
1 Americans and Their Political Values 2
Government 5
Is Government Needed? 5
Different Forms of Government 5
Limiting Government 7
Democracy in the United States 8
Participation in Government Is How People Have a
Say in What Happens 8
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Forms of Government
9
Citizenship Is Based on Participation, Knowledge,
and Efficacy 11
Who Are Americans? 13
Immigration Has Changed American Identity 13
Who Are Americans in the Twenty-First Century? 14
WHO ARE AMERICANS? An Increasingly
Diverse Nation 15
Liberty, Equality, and Justice Are American Political
Values 20
Liberty Means Freedom 20
Equality Means Treating People Fairly 21
Justice Is an Unfinished Project 23
HOW TO Debate Respectfully 24
What Americans Think about Government 27
Trust in Government Has Declined 27
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Americans and Their
Political Values 29
2 The Founding and the Constitution30
The First Founding: Interests and Conflicts 33
Native Nations and Colonial Life 33
British Taxes and Colonial Interests 34
Political Strife Radicalized the Colonists 34

9
 Enslaved Africans and the Colonial Economy 35
The Declaration of Independence Explained Why the
Colonists Wanted to Break with Great Britain 36
The European Enlightenment Influenced the
Founders 37
The Articles of Confederation Created America’s
First National Government 38
The Failure of the Articles of Confederation Made
the “Second Founding” Necessary 39
Shays’ Rebellion 40
The Constitutional Convention and the Great
Compromise 41
The Constitution and Slavery 42
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Were the Framers
of the Constitution? 43
The Constitution Created Both Bold Powers and
Sharp Limits on Power 47
The Legislative Branch Was Designed to Be the
Most Powerful 49
The Executive Branch Created a Brand-New Office
50
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Democratic Systems
51
The Judicial Branch Was a Check on Too Much
Democracy 52
National Unity and Power Set the New Constitution
Apart from the Old Articles 52
The Constitution Establishes the Process for
Amendment and Ratification 53
Constitutional Limits on the National Government’s
Power 56
Ratification of the Constitution Was Difficult 59
Federalists and Antifederalists Fought Bitterly over
the Wisdom of the New Constitution 59
Compromise Contributed to the Success of the New
System 61
WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Constitution 62
3 Federalism 64
Federalism Is Established by the Constitution 67
Political Ramifications of Federalism 68

10
 The Powers of the National Government 69
The Powers of State Government 69
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Federal and Unitary
Countries 70
States’ Obligations to One Another 72
Local Government and the Constitution 73
HOW TO Make Your Voice Heard at a Local
Meeting 74
National and State Powers Have Shifted over Time
76
Restraining National Power with Dual Federalism 76
How the Supreme Court Responded to Demands for
a Larger Federal Role 77
The New Deal: New Roles for Government 79
Cooperative Federalism and the Use of Categorical
Grants 79
Regulated Federalism and the Rise of National
Standards 81
Federalism Today Is as Important as Ever 83
States’ Rights 83
State Control over National Policies 84
Federal–State Tensions in Two Issue Areas 86
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Benefits from
Federal Spending? 87
State–Local Tensions 89
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Federalism 91
4 Civil Liberties 92
The Bill of Rights Originated with Opponents of the
Constitution 95
The Fourteenth Amendment Nationalized the Bill of
Rights through Incorporation 96
The First Amendment Guarantees Freedom of
Religion 100
Separation between Church and State 100
Free Exercise of Religion 101
The First Amendment’s Freedom of Speech and of
the Press Ensure the Free Exchange of Ideas 103
Political Speech 103
Fighting Words and Hate Speech 104

11
 AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Civil Liberties in
Global Perspective 105
Student Speech 106
Commercial Speech 107
Symbolic Speech, Speech Plus, and the Rights of
Assembly and Petition 107
Freedom of the Press 108
The Second Amendment Protects the Right to Bear
Arms 110
Rights of the Criminally Accused Are Based on Due
Process of Law 113
The Fourth Amendment and Searches and Seizures
114
The Fifth Amendment 114
The Sixth Amendment and the Right to Counsel 116
The Eighth Amendment and Cruel and Unusual
Punishment 117
The Right to Privacy Means the Right to Be Left
Alone 119
Eminent Domain 119
Birth Control 119
Abortion 119
Sexual Orientation 120
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Abortion Rights after
Dobbs121
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Civil Liberties 123
5 Civil Rights 124
What Are Civil Rights, and How Are They
Achieved? 127
Defining Civil Rights 127
Achieving Civil Rights 127
Strategies Used by Social Movements 128
The Civil Rights Movement, 1600s–1960s 131
Slavery and the Abolitionist Movement 131
The Civil War Amendments and Their Aftermath
132
Organizing against Racial Violence 134
The Fight for Education Equality and the Weakening
of Jim Crow 134
The Civil Rights Movement after Brown 136

12
 The Civil Rights Acts 137
Civil Rights Have Been Extended to Other Groups
142
The Women’s Rights Movement 142
Latinos 144
Asian Americans 144
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Global Economic
Gender Equality 145
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Are America’s
Immigrants? 147
Native Americans 148
Disabled Americans 149
LGBTQ Americans 150
Civil Rights Today 152
Affirmative Action 152
Immigration 153
Arab, Middle Eastern, and Muslim Americans 155
The Criminal Justice System 156
The Racial Justice Movement 156
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Civil Rights 159
PART II Politics
6 Public Opinion 160
Public Opinion Is Defined by Basic Values and
Beliefs 163
Political Values 164
Political Ideology 164
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Are
Conservatives? Who Are Liberals? 167
How We Form Political Opinions 170
Political Socialization 170
Social Groups and Public Opinion 172
Political Leaders 176
Political Knowledge 176
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Comparative Trust in
Government 177
Public Opinion Can Shape Government Policy 179
Government Responsiveness to Public Opinion 180
Does Everyone’s Opinion Count Equally? 181
Measuring Public Opinion Is Crucial to
Understanding It 182

13
 Measuring Public Opinion from Surveys 182
When Polls Are Wrong 184
HOW TO Evaluate a Poll 186
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Public Opinion 189
7 The Media and Political Information190
The Media Are Indispensable to American
Democracy 193
Key Roles of the Media 193
Journalism 194
The Profit Motive 197
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Global Freedom of the
Press 199
How the Media Shape News and Information 201
There Are Many Sources of Political News 204
Sources of Political News 204
How the News Is Delivered 205
The Rise of Media Technology Companies 210
WHO ARE AMERICANS? How Do Americans
Get Their Political News? 211
The Quality of Political News 213
What Americans Think of the Media 214
Polarized Information Environments and Media Bias
214
Misinformation 216
HOW TO Evaluate a News Source 218
Government Regulation of the Media 219
Effects on Knowledge and Tolerance 219
WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Media 221
8 Political Parties and Interest Groups 222
What Are Political Parties? 225
Parties and Democracy 226
How Political Parties Form and Change 227
Party Polarization of Congress 232
Parties in Elections and Government 234
Recruiting Candidates 234
Party Rules and Organizations Define How Parties
Operate 234
Parties Seek to Control Government 235
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Comparing Party
Systems 236

14
 Party Identification and Polarization Guide Voters
238
Party Identification Today 239
Who Are Republicans and Democrats? 240
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Identifies with
Which Party? 241
Affective Polarization 243
Minor Parties 244
There Are Many Types of Interest Groups 245
Types of Interest Groups 246
Why Do Interest Groups Form? 248
HOW TO Start an Advocacy Group 250
What Interests Are Not Represented? 252
What Do Interest Groups Do? 253
Interest Groups Influence Congress through
Lobbying 254
Using the Courts 257
How Influential Are Interest Groups? 258
Measuring Interest Group Influence 259
Regulating Lobbying 259
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Political Parties and
Interest Groups 260
9 Participation, Campaigns, and Elections 262
Who Participates and How? 265
Riots and Protests 265
Political Participation in Elections 266
Online Political Participation 268
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Voter Turnout in
Comparison 269
Socioeconomic Status 270
Age 270
Race and Ethnicity 270
Gender 272
Religion 272
State Electoral Laws Regulate Most Voting 273
Registration Requirements 276
Voter Identification Requirements 277
The Ballot 277
HOW TO Register . . . and Vote 278
Presidential Elections 280

15
 Election Campaigns 282
Campaign Consultants and Volunteers 283
Fundraising 283
Campaign Strategy 284
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Are Presidential
Battleground States Representative of the Country?
289
How Voters Decide 291
Partisan Loyalty 291
Issues and Policy Preferences 291
Candidate Characteristics 292
The 2022 National Elections: A Contest between
Two Candidates Not on the Ballot? 292
The Backdrop: A Divided Nation 293
The Campaign 296
The Issues 297
The Results 298
The 2022 Elections and the Future of American
Politics 299
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Participation,
Campaigns, and Elections 301
PART III Institutions
10 Congress 302
Congress Represents the American People 305
House and Senate: Differences in Representation 305
Trustee versus Delegate Representation 306
Descriptive versus Substantive Representation 307
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Are the Members
of Congress? 309
Congressional Elections 311
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Women’s Legislative
Representation 313
HOW TO Contact Your Member of Congress 316
Congressional Organization Determines Power 318
Party Leadership 318
The Committee System 319
The Staff System 322
How a Bill Becomes a Law 323
Regular Order 325
Unorthodox Lawmaking 330

16
 Who Influences Congressional Decision-Making?
333
Constituency 334
Interest Groups 334
Party 335
When Congress Has Trouble Deciding 336
Congress Does More Than Make Laws 338
Oversight 338
Advice and Consent: Special Senate Powers 339
Impeachment 339
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Congress 341
11 The Presidency 342
Presidential Power Is Rooted in the Constitution 345
Expressed Powers 346
Implied Powers 352
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Comparative
Constitutional Executive Authority 353
Delegated Powers 354
Inherent Powers 355
Presidents Claim Many Institutional Powers 357
The Cabinet 358
The White House Staff 358
The Executive Office of the President 358
The Vice Presidency 359
The President’s Party 360
The First Spouse 360
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Are America’s
Presidents? 361
Presidential Power Grew in the Twentieth Century
363
Going Public 363
The Administrative Strategy 365
The Limits of Presidential Power: Checks and
Balances 369
WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Presidency 371
12 The Bureaucracy 372
What Is the Federal Bureaucracy? 375
What Bureaucrats Do 375
How the Bureaucracy Is Organized 379

17
 AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Bureaucracy in
Comparison 380
HOW TO Apply for a Federal Job 384
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Are Bureaucrats?
387
Who Are Federal Bureaucrats? 388
Populating the Bureaucracy 389
Size of the Bureaucracy 390
Private Contracting 391
Managing the Bureaucracy 392
The President as Chief Executive 393
Congressional Control 395
Presidential–Congressional Struggle for Bureaucratic
Control: A Case Study 397
Judicial Oversight 398
Whistleblowing 398
Citizen Oversight 399
The Difficulties of Bureaucratic Control 399
WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Bureaucracy 401
13 The Federal Courts 402
The Legal System Settles Disputes 405
Cases and the Law 405
Types of Courts 406
Federal Courts Hear a Small Percentage of All Cases
411
Federal Trial Courts 411
Federal Appellate Courts 412
The Supreme Court 412
Traditional Limitations on the Federal Courts 413
Federal Court Expansion 413
How Judges Are Appointed 414
Democracy and Supreme Court Appointments 417
The Power of the Supreme Court Is Judicial Review
418
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Are Federal
Judges? 419
Judicial Review of Acts of Congress 420
Judicial Review of State Actions 420
Judicial Review of Federal Agency Actions 422
Judicial Review and Presidential Power 422

18
 AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Courts in Comparison
423
Most Cases Reach the Supreme Court by Appeal 424
Accessing the Court 424
Beyond the Judges: Key Players in the Federal Court
Process 427
Lobbying for Access: Interests and the Court 427
The Supreme Court’s Procedures 428
Supreme Court Decisions Are Influenced by
Activism and Ideology 432
Influences on Supreme Court Decision-Making 432
WHAT DO YOU THINK? The Federal Courts 437
PART IV Policy
14 Domestic Policy 438
The Government Shapes Economic Policy with
Three Tools 441
Fiscal Policies 441
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Global Tax Rates 444
Monetary Policies 445
Regulation and Antitrust Policy 447
Economic Policy Is Inherently Political 449
How Much Should the Government Intervene in the
Economy? 449
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Pays the Most in
Taxes? 451
The Welfare State Was Created to Address Insecurity
453
Foundations of the Welfare State 454
Social Policies Open Opportunity 458
Education Policies 459
Health Policies 460
Housing Policies 464
Who Gets What from Social Policy? 465
Elderly People 465
The Middle and Upper Classes 466
The Working Poor 466
The Nonworking Poor 468
Racial and Ethnic Minorities, Women, and Children
468
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Domestic Policy 470

19
 15 Foreign Policy 472
The Goals of Foreign Policy 475
Security 475
Economic Prosperity 480
Promoting U.S. Ideals Overseas 481
American Foreign Policy Is Shaped by Government
and Nongovernment Actors 483
The President and the Executive Branch 483
AMERICA SIDE BY SIDE Foreign Aid in
Comparison 485
Congress 488
Interest Groups 490
Tools of American Foreign Policy: Diplomacy,
Money, and Force 491
Diplomacy 491
The United Nations 492
The International Monetary Structure 492
Economic Aid and Sanctions 493
Collective Security 494
Military Force 494
Soft Power 495
Arbitration 496
Daunting Foreign Policy Issues Face the United
States 497
A Powerful China and a Resurgent Russia 497
Nuclear Proliferation in Iran and North Korea 498
Trade Policy 499
Global Environmental Policy 500
WHO ARE AMERICANS? Who Benefits from
International Trade? 501
WHAT DO YOU THINK? Foreign Policy 503
Appendix
The Declaration of Independence A1
The Articles of Confederation A5
The Constitution of the United States of America A11
Amendments to the Constitution A21
The Federalist Papers A31
The Anti-Federalist Papers A39
Presidents and Vice Presidents A45
Endnotes A49

20
Credits A89
Glossary/Index A93

21
 Preface
When we wrote the First Edition of this book, our concern was to explain
to students why they should be interested in government and politics. But
today our pedagogical priorities are different. After two years in which
our nation has been confronted with a terrible pandemic, severe racial
strife, an attack on the Capitol, allegations of stolen elections, and
nuclear threats from Russia’s leader, many, if not most, students know
that politics can have a direct impact upon their lives. Indeed, they see
every day that politics can be a matter of life and death, and that
democracy itself may be in peril. Today’s students are eager to learn
what they need to know about politics and how they can affect the
political world. In this book we endeavor to provide students with a core
of political knowledge and to show them how they can apply that
knowledge as participants in the political process.

As events from the past several years have reminded us, “what
government does” inevitably raises questions about political
participation and political equality. The size and composition of the
electorate, for example, affect who is elected to public office and what
policy directions the government will pursue. Challenges to election
administration, from the reliability of voting machines to the ability of
local officials to handle the many complications of running a voting
operation during a global pandemic, became important in the 2020
election. Many questions arose about the integrity of the voting process,
from fears of foreign attacks to concerns that there was not enough mail-
in voting—or too much. Fierce debates about the policies of the Trump
and Biden administrations have heightened students’ interest in politics.
Other recent events have underscored how Americans from different
backgrounds experience politics. Arguments about immigration became
contentious as the nation once again debated the question of who is an
American and who should have a voice in determining what the
government does. Debates about who benefited from pandemic relief
legislation—and who slipped through the cracks—raised questions about
which interests have effective voices in government policy. And
concerns that the police sometimes use excessive force against members
of minority groups have raised questions about whether the government
treats all Americans fairly. Reflecting all of these trends, this new

22
Fourteenth Edition shows more than any other book on the market (1)
how students are connected to government, (2) why students should
think critically about government and politics, and (3) how Americans
from different backgrounds experience and shape politics.

What’s New in the Fourteenth Edition

To help us explore these themes, Professor Megan Ming Francis has
joined us as the most recent in a group of distinguished coauthors.
Professor Francis’s scholarly work focuses on the way all Americans, but
especially communities of color, have mobilized to foment change in the
American political system. In teaching the introduction to American
politics course at the University of Washington, Professor Francis is
committed to cultivating a learning environment where students of all
backgrounds and political persuasions see themselves in the course
content and feel empowered to speak and learn together. Among her
many contributions to the Fourteenth Edition are a broadened
perspective on American political values to include justice—as
expressed in the Constitution and recent mass movements (Chapter 1);
an expanded examination of how Native land dispossession and slavery
underpinned the development of the Constitution (Chapter 2); a heavily
revised and modernized chapter on civil rights that focuses on the
strategies of social movements and includes a longer and more expansive
civil rights timeline (Chapter 5); and a thoroughly updated chapter on the
federal courts, with greater emphasis on the importance of circuit courts
and new coverage of partisanship and the Supreme Court today (Chapter
13).

In order to highlight the book’s emphasis on the citizen’s role in

government and politics, Professor Andrea Campbell continues to write
and revise engaging chapter introductions that focus on stories of
individuals and how government has affected them. Many Americans,
particularly the young, have difficulty understanding the role of
government in their everyday lives. The Fourteenth Edition features 13
new chapter openers that profile various individuals and illustrate their
interactions with government, from a high school student taking what
she saw as a violation of her right to free speech all the way to the
Supreme Court (Chapter 4), to college Democrats and Republicans
working to overcome internal disagreements to support presidential

23
candidates (Chapter 8), to a whistleblower calling out Facebook for what
she saw as harmful algorithms and business practices (Chapter 10), to
people fighting groundwater contamination from “forever chemicals”
around local military bases (Chapter 12).

Several other elements of the book also help show students why politics
and government should matter to them. These include:

Who Are Americans? infographics—many new and updated for

the Fourteenth Edition—ask students to think critically about how
Americans from different backgrounds experience politics. These
sections use bold, engaging graphics to present a statistical snapshot
of the nation related to each chapter’s topic. Critical-thinking
questions are included in each infographic.
How To guides feature interviews with political experts to provide
students with concrete advice about how to participate in politics.
These guides offer easy-to-follow instructions about getting
involved in politics in effective ways.
America Side by Side boxes in every chapter use data figures and
tables to provide a comparative perspective. By comparing political
institutions and behavior across countries, students gain a better
understanding of how specific features of the American system
shape politics.
Up-to-date coverage features more than 20 pages and numerous
graphics on the 2022 elections, including a 12-page section devoted
to analysis of these momentous elections in Chapter 9, as well as
updated data, examples, and other information throughout the book.
Revised by Caroline Tolbert, a retitled and thoroughly updated
chapter, The Media and Political Information (Chapter 7), presents
students with a contemporary view of who makes the news, how it
is delivered, and how the interplay between content and platform
affects partisanship and political knowledge. Professor Tolbert also
provides updated coverage of political parties (Chapter 8), focusing
on parties as factions and growing political polarization in the
United States. Voting access has become a key issue since the 2020
election. Chapter 9 provides up-to-date information on state election
laws directly affecting the ability of Americans to vote, such as mail
voting, in-person early voting, automatic voter registration, voter
identification laws, and more. A new discussion highlights the

24
 importance of election administration—wait times, availability of
polling places, polling place staff, invalidated votes, and more.
For Critical Analysis questions are incorporated throughout the
text. These questions in the margins of every chapter prompt
students’ own critical thinking about the material in the chapter,
encouraging them to engage with the topic.
What Do You Think? chapter conclusions ask students to relate
the chapter content and the personal profiles that begin each chapter
to fundamental questions about the American political system and
to reflect on the significance of government to the lives of
individuals.
This Fourteenth Edition is accompanied by a Norton Illumine
Ebook that encourages students to check their understanding of
each section and provides a richer, more immersive reading and
learning experience through embedded animated infographics and
interactive data exercises.
InQuizitive, Norton’s award-winning formative, adaptive online
quizzing program, accompanies this Fourteenth Edition. The
InQuizitive course for We the People guides students through
questions organized around the text’s chapter learning objectives to
ensure mastery of the core information and to help with assessment.
Additional information and a demonstration are available at
digital.wwnorton.com/wethepeople14ess.

We miss working with past contributors Theodore Lowi, Margaret Weir,

and Robert Spitzer but continue to hear their voices and to benefit from
their wisdom in the pages of our book. We also continue to hope that our
book will itself be accepted as a form of enlightened political action.
This Fourteenth Edition is another chance. It is an advancement toward
our goal. We promise to keep trying.

Benjamin Ginsberg

Caroline J. Tolbert

Andrea L. Campbell

Megan Ming Francis

October 2022

25
 A Note from New Author Megan
Ming Francis

Credit: Jonathan Pilkington.

To my colleagues:

When the Norton editorial team approached me to become a coauthor of

We the People, I was hesitant at first. I hadn’t found the perfect textbook
for my intro American government course. In fact, I was unsure whether
a textbook could capture the richness and diversity in American political
life that I wanted to emphasize in my teaching. Ultimately, I realized that
if I wanted a better textbook experience for my students, and for students
across the country, I should do something about it. And working on We
the People has been a wonderful journey.

26
The changes I focused on spring from my research and my teaching at
Pepperdine University and the University of Washington. In my own
course, students from various racial and ethnic backgrounds often come
to my office hours and ask why they could only see themselves reflected
in the chapter on civil rights. And my research in American politics has
taught me that race has played a central role in the development of this
nation—from the Founding to the present. A major goal of this edition
was to integrate scholarship from the subfield of race, ethnicity, and
politics into the textbook in a more consistent way. While you will see
substantial changes in the chapters I took the lead on—1: Americans and
Their Political Values; 2: The Founding and the Constitution; 5: Civil
Rights; and 13: The Federal Courts—there is more on race throughout
the book, at key moments.

In addition, my revisions focused on amplifying We the People’s

hallmark themes: that the citizen’s role is central to American democracy
and that participation matters. No longer is history a disembodied march
of court cases and institutional action. I have focused on highlighting the
people and social movements that made their voices heard and pushed
political elites to support and make change. I hope that through these
examples and stories, students from all backgrounds and political
persuasions will see that their participation is critical to supporting the
issues they believe in, and to sustaining democracy itself.

One of the keys to the success of We the People has been the sustained
interaction and feedback between instructors, authors, publishers, and
students. I hope that when you see the Fourteenth Edition, you share
your thoughts and experiences with me. A great textbook, like American
democracy, is always unfinished, always in the process of being
perfected.

Thank you for your help and support,

Megan Ming Francis

G. Alan and Barbara Delsman Associate Professor of Political Science

27
University of Washington

meganmf@uw.edu

28
 Acknowledgments
We are pleased to acknowledge the many colleagues who had an active
role in criticism and preparation of the manuscript. Our thanks go to:

* Fourteenth Edition reviewer

Marisa Abrajano, The University of California, San Diego*

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38
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39
William Lyons, University of Tennessee at Knoxville

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40
Eric Miller, Blinn College

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41
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42
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44
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
put s’empêcher de monter dans la royale voiture ; en même temps,
elle avait le cœur bien gros en songeant à l’ange gardien qui se
mourait dans la chaumière, qui était peut-être mort, maintenant.

Elle fut reine, elle eut des palais merveilleux, et la joie des fêtes,
et la gloire d’être la plus illustre avec l’orgueil d’être la plus belle.
Mais ce qui la ravissait surtout, ce n’étaient pas les louanges des
chambellans et des ambassadeurs, ce n’était pas de marcher sur
des tapis de soie et d’or, de porter des robes fleuries de toutes les
roses et constellées de tous les diamants, non, c’était l’amour
toujours vivant, toujours grandissant, qui brûlait pour le roi, dans son
cœur, qui brûlait, dans le cœur du roi, pour elle. Ils éprouvaient l’un
pour l’autre une tendresse non pareille. Dans tout le vaste monde, ils
ne voyaient qu’eux seuls. Les affaires de l’État étaient le moindre de
leurs soucis ; qu’on leur permît de s’adorer en paix, ils n’avaient pas
d’autre désir ; et, sous leur règne, on ne fit point la guerre, tant ils
s’occupaient à faire l’amour. Au milieu d’une telle joie, Martine
songeait-elle au céleste messager qui avait pris sa place, par charité
pure ? Rarement. Son bonheur ne lui laissait pas le temps de ce
chagrin. Que si, — parfois, — un remords lui venait de n’avoir pas
accompli sa promesse, elle s’en délivrait en se disant que Martine,
dans la chaumière, n’était peut-être pas aussi malade qu’il
paraissait, et que l’ange avait dû guérir. D’ailleurs, elle ne s’inquiétait
guère de ce passé si obscur, si lointain, et elle ne pouvait pas avoir
de tristesse puisqu’elle s’endormait tous les soirs, la tête sur l’épaule
de son royal époux. Mais il advint une chose terrible : le roi disparut
un jour, pour ne plus reparaître, et personne ne put savoir ce qu’il
était devenu.
 VI

Dès qu’elle fut seule, dès qu’elle fut malheureuse, Martine se

souvint de l’ange qui l’avait attendue en vain. Quand on est à
plaindre, on est enclin à avoir pitié. Elle se reprocha amèrement
d’avoir condamné au trépas le miséricordieux immortel, — car,
depuis longtemps, sans doute, il avait cessé d’exister, — et, un jour,
s’étant revêtue d’un habit de pauvresse, d’un habit pareil à ceux
qu’elle portait jadis, elle s’achemina vers la chaumière au milieu du
champ. Espérait-elle qu’il serait temps encore de reprendre sa place
dans le lit fatal ? Oh ! non, elle savait bien qu’elle avait commis une
faute irréparable ; mais elle voulait revoir, pèlerine repentante, le lieu
où avait souffert celui qui s’exposa pour elle. La chaumière n’était
plus que décombres dans la plaine en jachère. En s’informant chez
les voisins qui se gardèrent bien de la reconnaître, Martine apprit
que les habitants de la demeure aujourd’hui ruinée avaient quitté le
pays, autrefois, après la mort d’une fille chérie ; et l’on ne savait pas
quel chemin ils avaient suivi. Quant à l’enfant, elle était enterrée
dans le petit cimetière, au flanc de la colline. Ainsi, c’était certain, le
céleste remplaçant était mort à l’heure où elle aurait dû mourir elle-
même, et on l’eût ensevelie si on ne l’avait pas enseveli. Du moins
elle irait prier sur la tombe de l’ange. Elle entra dans le cimetière,
s’agenouilla devant une croix basse où on lisait le nom de Martine
parmi les hautes herbes fleuries. Comme son cœur se déchirait !
Comme elle se jugeait coupable ! Avec quels sanglots elle implorait
la divine clémence ! Mais une voix lui dit, une voix si douce que,
malgré sa douleur, elle en eut l’ouïe enchantée :
— Ne vous désolez pas, Martine ; les choses n’ont pas aussi mal
tourné que vous pouvez le croire.
En même temps, elle voyait, derrière la croix, se lever une forme
blanche, un peu vague, avec des ailes.

La voix reprit :
 — Je suis votre ange gardien, et tout est bien puisque vous voilà.
Hâtez-vous de vous coucher sous cette pierre, et j’emporterai votre
âme au paradis, afin de l’y épouser.
— Hélas ! mon bon ange, combien vous avez dû souffrir, par ma
faute, en mourant, et combien vous avez dû vous ennuyer, seul si
longtemps, dans cette tombe !
— Bon ! dit-il, je m’étais bien douté que vous ne reviendriez pas
de sitôt, et j’avais pris mes précautions en conséquence. Une vaine
forme abusa vos parents, sous le drap, sur l’oreiller ; je vous ai suivie
à travers les branches ; et, pendant le temps où j’aurais dû dormir à
votre place dans la fosse, sous les hautes herbes fleuries…
— Oh ! pendant ce temps, en quel lieu étiez-vous, mon ange ?
— J’étais dans notre royal palais, ma reine, où vous m’aimiez
presque autant que vous m’aimerez tout à l’heure au Paradis !
 LA DERNIÈRE FÉE

Un jour, dans une calèche faite d’une coquille d’aveline et attelée

de quatre coccinelles, la fée Oriane, — qui n’était pas plus grande
que l’ongle du petit doigt, — s’en retournait vers la forêt de
Brocéliande où elle avait coutume de vivre avec ses pareilles. Elle
revenait d’un baptême de trois rouges-gorges, qu’on célébrait dans
le creux d’un mur tout fleuri de glycines ; la fête avait été fort
agréable dans le nid sous les feuilles ; les jolis cris des oiseaux
nouveau-nés remuant leurs ailerons roses à peine duvetés, avaient
permis d’espérer que les filleuls de la fée seraient un jour des
chanteurs excellents. Oriane était donc de très belle humeur, et,
comme la joie fait qu’on est bon, elle rendait service en chemin à
toutes les personnes et à toutes les choses qu’elle rencontrait ;
fourrant des bouquets de mûres dans le panier des gamines qui s’en
vont à l’école, soufflant, pour les aider à éclore, sur les boutons
d’églantines, mettant des brins d’avène par-dessus les gouttes de
rosée, de peur que les cirons courussent le risque de se noyer en
les traversant. Deux amoureux, paysan et paysanne, s’embrassaient
dans un champ où le blé vert leur venait à peine aux chevilles ; elle
fit mûrir et grandir les blés afin que, de la route, on ne vît point les
baisers. Et comme, à faire le bien que vous conseilla la joie, on
devient plus joyeux encore, la fée Oriane était à ce point pleine
d’aise que, si elle n’avait pas craint de renverser la voiture, elle se
serait mise à danser dans la coquille de noisette. Mais, bientôt, ce
ne fut plus le temps d’être contente. Hélas ! qu’était-il arrivé ? Elle
était bien sûre d’avoir suivi la bonne route, et là où naguère la forêt
de Brocéliande remuait dans la brise les mystères enchantés de ses
profondes verdures, il n’y avait plus qu’une vaste plaine, avec des
bâtisses éparses, sous un ciel sali de noires fumées. Qu’étiez-vous
devenues, clairières vertes et dorées où l’on dansait au clair des
étoiles, fourrés de roses, buissons d’épines épanouies, grottes où le
sommeil souriait sur les mousses d’or, dans les parfums et les
musiques, et vous, palais souterrains aux murailles de cristal,
qu’illuminaient, les jours de fêtes, mille lustres de vivantes
pierreries ? Qu’étiez-vous devenues, Urgande, Urgèle, Alcine,
Viviane, et Holda la païenne, et Mélusine la charmeuse, et vous,
Mélandre, et vous, Arie, et vous aussi Mab et Titania ? « C’est en
vain que tu les appellerais, pauvre Oriane, dit un lézard qui s’arrêta
de fuir entre les pierres. Des hommes se sont précipités en grand
nombre à travers vos chères solitudes ; pour qu’on pût bâtir des
maisons, pour ouvrir un passage à d’affreuses machines soufflant
des vapeurs et des flammes, ils ont abattu les arbres, incendié les
fourrés de roses et les buissons d’épines, comblé des pierres de vos
grottes vos mystérieux palais de cristal, et toutes les fées ont
succombé dans les désastres, sous les écroulements. J’ai vu
Habonde, qui allait s’échapper, mourir avec un petit cri sous le pied
d’un passant, comme une cigale qu’on écrase. » Entendant cela,
Oriane se mit à pleurer amèrement sur la destinée de ses
compagnes chéries, sur son propre destin aussi ; car, vraiment,
c’était une chose bien mélancolique que d’être la seule fée qui
demeurât au monde.
Que ferait-elle ? Où se cacherait-elle ? Qui la défendrait contre la
fureur des hommes méchants ? La première idée qui lui vint, ce fut
de s’enfuir, de n’être plus dans ce triste lieu où ses sœurs avaient
péri. Mais elle ne put pas voyager en carrosse, comme c’était sa
coutume ; les quatre coccinelles, — pour qui elle s’était toujours
montrée si bonne, — avaient entendu le discours du lézard et
venaient de prendre leur vol, avec l’ingratitude de toutes les ailes.
Ce fut un coup très dur pour la malheureuse Oriane ; d’autant plus
qu’elle ne détestait rien davantage que de marcher à pied. Elle s’y
résigna cependant, et se mit en route, à pas menus, parmi les
herbes plus hautes qu’elle. Elle avait résolu de se rendre chez les
rouges-gorges du mur fleuri de glycines ; le père et la mère de ses
filleuls ne manqueraient pas de la bien accueillir ; leur nid lui serait
un asile, du moins jusqu’à l’automne. On ne va pas si vite, avec de
toutes petites jambes, que dans une coquille d’avelines, emportée
par des bêtes-à-bon-Dieu qui voltigent. Trois longs jours se
passèrent avant qu’elle aperçût la muraille en fleur ; vous pensez
qu’elle était bien lasse. Mais elle allait pouvoir se reposer enfin.
« C’est moi, dit-elle en s’approchant, c’est moi, la fée marraine ;
venez me prendre, bons oiseaux, sur vos ailes, et portez-moi dans
votre logis de mousse. » Point de réponse ; pas même une petite
tête de rouge-gorge, sortant d’entre les feuilles pour regarder qui est
là ; et, en écarquillant les yeux, Oriane vit qu’on avait accroché au
mur, à la place où fut le nid, un morceau de faïence blanche, qui
traversait le fil d’une ligne de télégraphe.
Comme elle s’en allait, ne sachant ce qu’il adviendrait d’elle, elle
remarqua une femme qui portait dans les bras une corbeille pleine
de blé et poussait, pour entrer, la porte d’une grange. « Ah !
madame, dit-elle, si vous me gardez avec vous et si vous me
protégez, vous n’aurez point sujet de vous en repentir ; les fées,
comme les lutins, s’entendent mieux que personne à démêler les
bons grains d’avec la fâcheuse ivraie, et à vanner, même sans van.
Vraiment, vous aurez en moi une servante qui vous sera très utile et
vous épargnera beaucoup de peine. » La femme n’entendit point ou
feignit de ne pas entendre ; elle poussa tout à fait la porte et jeta le
contenu de sa corbeille sous les cylindres d’une machine qui nettoie
le blé sans qu’on ait besoin des lutins ni des fées. Oriane, un peu
plus loin, rencontra sur le bord d’une rivière des hommes qui se
tenaient immobiles autour de ballots énormes, et il y avait, près du
bord, un navire ; elle pensa que ces gens ne savaient comment s’y
prendre pour embarquer leurs marchandises. « Ah ! messieurs, dit-
elle, si vous me gardez avec vous et si vous me protégez, vous
n’aurez point sujet de vous en repentir. J’appellerai à votre aide des
gnomes très robustes, qui peuvent sauter même avec des fardeaux
sur les épaules ; ils auront bientôt fait de transporter toutes ces
lourdes choses. Vraiment, vous aurez en moi une bonne servante
qui vous sera très utile et vous épargnera beaucoup de peine. » Ils
n’entendirent point, ou feignirent de ne pas entendre ; un grand
crochet de fer, qu’aucune main ne tenait, s’abaissa, s’enfonça dans
l’un des ballots, et celui-ci, après un demi-tour dans l’air, s’abattit
lentement sur le pont du navire, sans qu’aucun gnome s’en fût mêlé.
Le jour montant, la petite fée vit par la porte ouverte d’un cabaret
deux hommes qui jouaient aux cartes, penchés vers une table ; à
cause de l’obscurité grandissante, il devait leur être fort difficile de
distinguer les figures et les couleurs. « Ah ! messieurs, dit-elle, si
vous me gardez avec vous et si vous me protégez, vous n’aurez
point sujet de vous en repentir. Je ferai venir dans cette salle tous
les vers-luisants qui s’allument aux lisières des bois ; vous ne
tarderez pas à y voir assez clair pour continuer votre jeu avec tout le
plaisir possible. Vraiment, vous aurez en moi une servante qui vous
sera très utile et vous épargnera beaucoup de peine. » Les joueurs
n’entendirent point, ou feignirent de ne pas entendre : l’un d’eux fit
un signe, et trois grands jets de lumière, hors de trois pointes de fer,
jaillirent vers le plafond, illuminant tout le cabaret, beaucoup mieux
que ne l’auraient pu faire trois mille vers luisants. Alors Oriane ne put
s’empêcher de pleurer, comprenant que les hommes et les femmes
étaient devenus trop savants pour avoir besoin d’une petite fée.
Mais le lendemain, elle se reprit à espérer. Ce fut à cause d’une
jeune fille qui rêvait, accoudée à sa fenêtre, en regardant voler les
hirondelles. « Il est certain, pensait Oriane, que les gens de ce
monde ont inventé beaucoup de choses extraordinaires, mais, dans
le triomphe de leur science et de leur puissance, ils n’ont dû
renoncer à l’éternel et doux plaisir de l’amour. Je suis bien folle de
n’avoir pas songé plus tôt à cela. » Et, parlant à la jeune fille de la
fenêtre :

« Mademoiselle, dit la dernière fée, je sais, dans un pays lointain,

un jeune homme plus beau que le jour, et qui, sans vous avoir
jamais vue, vous aime tendrement. Ce n’est pas le fils d’un roi, ni le
fils d’un homme riche, mais des cheveux blonds lui font une
couronne d’or, et il vous garde dans son cœur des trésors infinis de
tendresse. Si vous y consentez, je le ferai venir auprès de vous,
avant qu’il soit longtemps, et vous serez, grâce à lui, la plus
heureuse personne qui ait jamais existé.

— C’est une belle promesse que vous me faites là, dit la jeune
fille étonnée.
— Je la tiendrai, je vous assure.
— Mais que me demanderez-vous en échange d’un tel service ?
— Oh ! presque rien ! dit la fée ; vous me laisserez me blottir, —
je me ferai plus petite encore que je ne suis, pour ne pas vous
gêner, — dans l’une des fossettes que le sourire met aux coins de
votre bouche.
— Comme il vous plaira ! c’est marché conclu. »
La jeune fille avait à peine achevé qu’Oriane, pas plus grosse
qu’une perle presque invisible, était déjà nichée dans le joli nid rose.
Ah ! comme elle s’y trouvait bien ! Comme elle y serait bien,
toujours ! Maintenant, elle ne regrettait plus que les hommes eussent
saccagé la forêt de Brocéliande, et tout de suite, — car elle était trop
contente pour négliger de tenir sa parole, — elle fit venir du pays
lointain le jeune homme plus beau que le jour. Il parut dans la
chambre, couronné de boucles d’or, et s’agenouilla devant sa bien-
aimée, ayant dans le cœur d’infinis trésors de tendresse. Mais, à ce
moment, survint un fort laid personnage, vieillissant, l’œil chassieux,
la lèvre fanée ; il portait, dans un coffret ouvert, tout un million de
pierreries. La jeune fille courut à lui, l’embrassa, et le baisa sur la
bouche d’un si passionné baiser que la pauvre petite Oriane mourut
étouffée dans la fossette du sourire.
TABLE DES MATIÈRES

Pages
Le Soir d’une fleur 1
La Belle du monde 13
La Bonne Trouvaille 31
La Belle au bois rêvant 41
Le Vœu maladroit 53
Isoline-Isolin 65
Le Miroir 79
La Princesse Oiselle 97
Le Chemin du Paradis 113
Les Baisers d’or 123
Les Accordailles 137
Le Mauvais Convive 151
La Tire-lire 161
La Bonne Récompense 173
Les Mots perdus 185
La Mémoire du cœur 197
Les Trois Bonnes Fées 209
Le Ramasseur de bonnets 219
Les Trois Semeurs 231
 La Belle au cœur de neige 243
Les Deux Marguerites 257
L’Ange boiteux 271
Les Traîtrises de Puck 283
Les Larmes sur l’épée 299
La Petite Flamme bleue 311
Martine et son Ange 325
La Dernière Fée 343

Paris. — Typ. Ch. Unsinger, 83, rue du Bac.

 VICTOR-HAVARD, ÉDITEUR

Collection in-18 jésus à 3 fr. 50 le volume

Jules La Vie à Paris, années 1880, 1881, 1882,

Claretie. 1883, 1884, 1885 6 vol.
(Chaque volume se vend séparément).
Gyp. Le Druide, 20e édition 1 vol.
— Dans l’ train, 16e édition 1 vol.
René L’Adorée, 25e édition
Maizeroy. 1 vol.
— Les deux Femmes de Mlle, 14e édit. 1 vol.
— Le Boulet, 12e édition 1 vol.
— Souvenirs d’un Saint-Cyrien, 6e édit. 1 vol.
— Au Régiment, 6e édition 1 vol.
— Les Malchanceux, 4e édition 1 vol.
— La Dernière Croisade, 4e édition 1 vol.
— La Fin de Paris, 6e édition 1 vol.
— Masques, 5e édition 1 vol.
Guy de Mont-Oriol, 40e édition
Maupassant. 1 vol.
— Bel-Ami, 54e édition 1 vol.
— Une Vie, 30e édition 1 vol.
— La Maison Tellier, 17e édition 1 vol.
— Mademoiselle Fifi, 12e édition 1 vol.
— Au Soleil, 10e édition 1 vol.
— Miss Harriet, 13e édition 1 vol.
— Yvette, 15e édition 1 vol.
— La Petite Roque, 17e édition 1 vol.
— Contes de la Bécasse, 12e édition 1 vol.
Catulle Jeunes Filles, 6e édition 1 vol.
Mendès.
— Jupe Courte, 8e édition 1 vol.
— L’Homme tout nu, 12e édition 1 vol.
Jules de Le Père, 12e édition
Glouvet. 1 vol.
— La Fille adoptive, 5e édition 1 vol.
— L’Idéal, 3e édition 1 vol.
— Croquis de Femmes, 3e édition 1 vol.
— L’Étude Chandoux, 3e édition 1 vol.
Gustave Madame Lambelle, 10e édition
Toudouze. 1 vol.
— La Séductrice, 6e édition 1 vol.
— Le Vice, 4e édition 1 vol.
— La Baronne, 8e édition 1 vol.
— Le Père Froisset, 4e édition 1 vol.
— Madame, 6e édition 1 vol.
— Toinon, 5e édition 1 vol.
— Le Ménage Bolsec, 5e édition 1 vol.
— Fleur d’Oranger, 6e édition 1 vol.
— Le Pompon Vert, 4e édition 1 vol.
— La Tête-Noire, 4e édition 1 vol.
— Le Train Jaune, 8e édition 1 vol.

Paris. — Typ. Ch. Unsinger, 83, rue du Bac.

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