PUBLIC DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT, UTTARAKHAND

Report

Area Garhwal region

Circle …..

District Chamoli

Block ……

Division Provision Department

Name of Work Detailed Project Report for Sustainable Protective Measures of

landslides in Joshimath city of Uttarakhand.

Tentative Cost Rs ….. Lakh

Name of Work Detailed Project Report for Sustainable Protective Measures of landslides in
Joshimath city of Uttarakhand.

Index of Contents

SN Particulars Page no
From To
1 Title Page

2 Index of Contents

3 List of officers

4 Report

5 Reference

6 Solution & Specifications

7 Geotechnical Investigation Report

7 Analysis of Rates

8 Detail of Measurements

9 Bill of Quantity

10 Summary of Estimated cost

11 Drawings
 List of Officers
Name of Project: Detailed Project Report for Sustainable Protective Measures of landslides in
Joshimath city of Uttarakhand.

Sl no Name of Officials Designation Signature with date

Pro. Division, Nainital

1 Executive Engineer

2 Assistant Engineer

3 Addl Assistant Engineer

4 Junior Engineer (Tech)

Circle office

5 Superintending Engineer

6 Junior Engineer (Tech)

Chief office

7 Chief Engineer

8 Junior Engineer (Tech)

 Report
Name of Work: Detailed Project Report for Sustainable Protective Measures of landslides in
Joshimath city of Uttarakhand.

• In the recent times the entire Himalayan region is experiencing disaster that is leading to loss of
life and property.
• The magnitude and frequency of landslides, erosion, sinking, and subsidence is increasing day by
day.
• The most recent being the sinking/subsidence of Joshimath town & areas around the city.
• To ascertain the magnitude of subsidence and effects of sinking, the team of technical personnel
visited Joshimath along with P.W.D. officials and as finalized, core drilling started at site.

Probable cause
• Joshimath town is built on the debris of a landslide triggered by an earthquake more than a
century ago. Thus, the topsoil of the town is soft.
• There is no proper storm water drainage system in the town, which was earlier developed by
then rulers. The earlier drainage system was blocked and hence not in function due to
encroachments. Thus, sewage and rain water mixes with the subsoil thus making the scenario
more vulnerable for settlement.
• Geological fault line almost touches Joshimath town.
• Topsoil has a low cohesive value with a tendency of high pore pressure when saturated with
water, especially during monsoons.
• Large number of roads, hotels and residential buildings have been constructed in the town in last
couple of years, this has increased the overburden of the area.
• Toe cutting is also one of the causes for subsidence.

Tentative scope to finalise the Solutions

• Design of slope treatment/Structure with design calculation, also laboratory investigations of
samples collected from boreholes & submission of Geotechnical Report.
• Conducting Earth Resistivity tests(ERT) up to 100m depth.
• Conducting seismic refraction test (SRT) up to 30-40m depth.
• Hydrological Study of effected area & surroundings (Study of available documents).
• Proposal of various alternative slope treatment solution.
• Recommendation of most appropriate/economical/viable slope treatment solution with
justification (duly compared side by side).

Probable Solutions
1. Providing detailed arrangement for surface and sub-surface drainage system.
2. Slope protection using grouted solid soil nail/ground anchors along with welded/high tensile facia
mesh system, erosion control measures.
3. Reinforced soil slope, shored retaining structure and River training works for toe protection etc.

1. Specification:

Above work will be executed under supervision and time to time circulars by Engineer in Chief, PWD
Dehradun.
 Rate:
SOR rates (2021-2022) are considered to prepare the proposal, quotation rates have been considered for the
items on which SOR is not available.

Cost:
Total cost for permanent treatment of above mentioned work is
Rs 14101.89 Lakh only. Hereby, we are kindly presenting the DPR for administration and financial approval.

Assistant Engineer Executive Engineer

P.D. PWD Dehradun P.D. PWD Dehradun

REFERENCE
The Uttarakhand state had witnessed many huge landslides in the past, most of them had accrued
due to heavy rainfall, Geological setup, tectonic evolution, high relief, and meteorological
conditions make the Himalayas more sensitive towards the natural disaster. The upliftment of
Himalaya make the region tectonically active, this creates the weak lithology along the natural
discontinuity like major thrust, folds, faults and rugged topography. Landslide is one of the major
hazards of Himalayan terrain and recurring in nature.

Figure 1: Map showing important parts of State

Uttarakhand in a glance

Uttarakhand is relatively small state in India both in terms of area and population. It is largely
mountainous except for a few pockets bordering Uttar-Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh, with
significant forest cover. The state was carved out of Uttar-Pradesh in the year 2000 starting with
weak economic and institution base. However, political stability and the pursuit of sensible policies
have resulted in recent growth rates like the country average, low level of recorded poverty, and
reasonable success in human development. In many areas, the harsh climate causes seasonal
isolation and much of the state area is prone to natural disasters.
The state witnessed major cloud bursts, incessant rains, and flood in the upper valleys during 15-17
June 2013 that resulted in severe damages in several parts of Uttarakhand. The districts of
Bageshwar, Chamoli, Pithoragarh, Nainital, Rudraprayag and Uttarkashi were directly affected by
the disaster. These regions are among the country’s most important pilgrimage season. Several
towns were washed away by the unprecedented flash and landslide and in other areas many
houses, public buildings, roads and bridges, urban and rural infrastructure were severely damaged.
Disruption of water supply, electricity and telecommunication services added to the misery caused
by the disaster.

The state of Uttarakhand is highly vulnerable to landslide and cloudburst activities. Landslide
phenomena are common in the Himalayan region, but their frequency increased in recent past,
especially after heavy rains of 2010. Heavy rainfall creates a great problem in various parts of
Himalayan region in the form of Landslide and subsidence.

Project Location:

Joshimath, also known as Jyotirmath, is a town and a municipal board in Chamoli District in
the Indian state of Uttarakhand. Located at a height of 6,150 feet (1,875 m), it is a gateway to
several Himalayan mountain climbing expeditions, trekking trails and pilgrim centers like Badrinath. It is
home to one of the four cardinal pithas established by Adi Shankara.
As of 2011 India census, there are total 3,898 families residing in Joshimath city. The total population of
Joshimath is 16,709 out of which 9,988 are males and 6,721 are females. Thus the Average Sex Ratio of
Joshimath is 673.
Joshimath Cantonment is one of the important military stations of Indian Army, present in Uttarakhand.
It is the permanent station of "The Garhwal Scouts", the scout battalion of the Garhwal Rifles. It is the
closest army station to the Indo-Tibetan Border. It was used as a base camp for the rescue of the victims
of 2013 Kedarnath Floods.
The nearest airport is the Jolly Grant Airport near Dehradun 293 km (182 mi) away.The nearest railway
station is at Rishikesh, which has a small railway terminal. Haridwar railway junction, 24 km farther
from Rishikesh, has train connections to most of the major cities in India.

Figure 2: Pictures showing topography of Joshimath

The Joshimath-Auli road is also set to collapse as a result of the subsidence of the soil, according to
satellite photographs. The findings in the ISRO’s initial report are alarming, despite the fact that scientists
are still investigating the fissures that started to form in houses and roadways after the town’s ground
began to sink.

Fig 3 joshimath auli road after collapse

Land subsidence is currently posing a serious threat to Joshimath. Joshimath is not located on the main
rock but rather on a historic sand and stone landslide deposit, according to a 1976 investigation by the
Mishra Committee. This indicates that it is a part of landslide debris. The report also emphasised how the
Alaknanda and Dhauliganga rivers’ undercutting by currents contributed to the landslides.

According to the research, the region is characterised by dispersed rocks covered with old landslide
debris made up of boulders, gneissic rocks, and loose soil, all of which have a low bearing ability. Due to
their extreme weathering and poor cohesive value, these gneissic rocks are prone to significant pore
pressure when wet, especially during monsoon season.

Figure 4: Google image of the Landslide Location

Investigation Reports:
Electrical Resistivity Tomography Survey Report: 2023

Introduction:

Project: To Conduct Electrical Resistivity Tomography survey in Joshimath

Location Joshimath, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand

Total Area covered 1800 m

Client Technical Consultancy Services

Project Objective

The projective objective was to conduct an electrical tomography survey (ERT) to

determine stratigraphy along the route, presence of voids & other geological
features having contrast in resistivity with the surrounding soils. Electrode spacing
10 meters and electrode spread 600 m. The objectives of the survey are as the
following:
 To establish 2D Electrical Resistivity sections of the ground profile showing
different layers of overburden and bedrock.
 To conduct Resistivity imaging to establish resistivity of soil and rocks
showing different layers of overburdens and bedrocks
 To find out depths of rock head and rock mass condition up to the
depth of investigation.
 To find out weak zones and water bearing zones in the specified survey areas.
 To find out plane of weakness for slope stability, deformed zones in bedrock etc.
 To prepare analytical results in standard graphical format.
Assets Used

The following assets have been used for the execution of the project:

 Geomative GD -10

 Electrodes  Multicore Cable

 Hammer  GPS

Fig5: Geomative GD-10

Methodology: Electrical Resistivity Tomography

ERT Principle & resistivity of rock

The resistivity survey is carried out by injecting DC current into the ground through two
current electrodes, and measuring the resulting voltage differences at two potential
electrodes. For the current value (I) and the observed voltage difference value (V), an
apparent resistivity value (ρa) is calculated as follows.
(ρa) = k V/I

Where, k is the geometrical factor which depends on the arrangement of the four
electrodes. The calculated value (ρa) is not the true resistivity of the sub-surface
materials. An “apparent resistivity” value of a homogeneous ground will give the same
resistance value for the same electrode arrangement. The relationship between the
apparent resistivity and the “true” resistivity is a complex relationship. In fact, an
inversion of the measured apparent resistivity values using a computer program is
necessary to determine the true sub-surface resistivity.

Electrical resistivity of the rocks or sediments depends on the resistivity of the rock
mineral matrix and the fluid contained in its pore spaces. Rocks are composed
primarily of quartz, feldspar and mica or other silicate minerals, which are poor
conductors. They contain water in the pores, which is usually a better conductor.

Thus the resistivity of, say, sandstone, generally depends on geometry of its pore
spaces and the resistivity (or salinity) of its contained fluid. As permeability and
porosity decrease, resistivity usually increases, when there is no change in formation
fluid. The resistivity also depends upon the age of the rock or sediment as, with age,
they become compacted and/or weathered. Compacted rocks show very high
resistivity compared to unconsolidated sediments like clays, sands, gravels and so on
as there will be less fluid in it. The weathered rock shows low resistivity when there is
presence of water in it. Dry rocks or sediments have very high resistivity (of the order
of 10,000 to 100,000 Ohm-m), whereas water bearing rocks or saturated
sediments become much less resistant (10 to 1,000 Ohm-m). The resistivity of
different rocks and sediments are in Table 1.

In general, hard rocks are poor conductors of electricity, but geological processes like
weathering, dissolution, hydrothermal alteration, faulting and shearing can alter rock
to increase the porosity and permeability of rock and hence decreases resistivity.
By comparison, compaction of sedimentary rock and metamorphism of all types may
result in lower porosities and permeability. Resistivity is, therefore, a widely varying
parameter, which changes not only from lithology to lithology, but also within a
particular formation of same lithology.
Factors affecting the ERT acquisition

Field data are influenced by different types of noises of different origins. The degree of
influences depends on the quality of the equipment and accessories, methods of data
acquisition and geological and topographical setup. Selection of proper equipment and
accessories, and data acquisition system helps to gather reliable field data. Proper
selection of the orientation of the profiles or an additional cross profiles helps to
recognize noise due to the geological and morphological setup of the area. The selection
of the electrode arrangement is based on the requirement of depth of investigation and
resolution of the subsurface. Furthermore, it is related to the power of the transmitter
and signal resolving capacity of the receiver, SP cancellation capacity of the equipment
and quality of the peripheral parts and accessories. Some electrode arrangements
produce high level of signal but poor resolution whereas some produce low level of
signal but higher resolution of the subsurface. As the distance between transmitting and
the receiving electrodes increase the level of the noise also increases dramatically. The
type of the noises are capacitive coupling, induction and of telluric and cultural origin.
To avoid this adverse effect on the receiving signal it is necessary to have high quality
accessories and signal processing capacity of the receiver electronics.

It is necessary to understand that the geophysical methods look not only along vertical
and lateral along the profile but also look sideways. Geological variations that come
within the radius of influence in sideways also influence the data. Such influences could
clutter the section and make difficult to meaningful interpretation. So the noises
introduced into the data due to the geological setup that are not easily interpretable are
known as geological noises.

Interpretation of Electrical Resistivity Tomography Results

Data Processing & Interpretation

The fielded data were filtered, processed and treated with the software, RES2DINV.
However to check the quality of the acquired data, preliminary processing of the data
was carried out in the field itself by an experienced geophysicist. The software inverts
the field data and calculates the appropriate model in term of resistivity and provides
output in the form of resistivity contours. This inversion data is used to draw up the
lithological and geological information. The basic principle behind the relation between
resistivity data and lithology/geology are already dealt with in above sections.This
correlation table has been prepared based on the local geological information and
experience with similar works in other parts of the country. However, it should be
noted that the resistivity of certain lithology has wide variation. These inversion results
showing resistivity tomogram and interpretative cross sections of all profiles are
attached. Geological/ lithological information is extracted from the ERT result
(resistivity contour value) & are marked in the respective interpretative sections.
 Electrical Resistivity Resistivity class Expected Lithology
range, Ohm-
m Resistivity
Up to 400 Low Unconsolidated
alluvial,
colluvial
deposits with
pebble to
boulders with
coarse
san
d (saturated
400 to 1000 Moderate unsaturated Weak rock mass
layer zone (sheared or
s (with gravel fractured rock mass
boulders, coarse zone within
sand, rock bedrock)
fragments of slope
origin)
1000 to 2000 High Unsaturated layers Slightly fractured
(materials of slope jointed bedrock of,
origin, dry boulders micaceous
and rock quartzite, quartzite,
fragments), granite etc
saturated mass
with large boulders
2000 and above High Extremely dry
overburden with
rock fragments of
schist and gneiss
Intact bedrock
Quartzite granite.
Table-2: Conversion of Electrical Resistivity to Lithology

Pitfalls of the processing and interpretation

Every geophysical method has some advantages and limitations. The limitations are usually
posed by data density, quality of the instrument and accessories, signal resolving capacity,
geological, hydrogeological and topographical setup of the area, and by the physics of the
particular methods. Data obtained from the complicated geological and topographical
setup, and noise in the data combined with the processing techniques could result in
artifacts. There could be possibility of the over interpretation of such artifacts. In the
interpretation of resistivity tomograms following factors have been taken into account
 Resistivity values in range of 100 – 300 ohm-m at a depth of 20 to 35
m which indicates the formation encounter in this depth range may
be saturated with water on the ERT profile (Ch 470 to Ch 550).
 The underlying third layer is marked by high resistivity which suggests
presence of highly to moderately weathered Extremely dry
overburden with rock fragments and this layer depth vary from 60 to
 110m (Ch 5 to Ch 280).

Resistivity Tomogram and Lithological interpretation of ERT – 02 (BH-1)

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT-2) was conducted with a spread length

of 600 meters in the investigation area.
Starting Co-ordinates: 30.5556433,79.553259
Ending Co-ordinates: 30.557710, 79.547551

The lithological section can be interpreted as multi layered model.

 Lower range of resistivity contour value in the upper layer indicates

presence of soil of nearly 15 m thickness. The area is mostly capped by
alluvial dominated soil & alluvium sand.
 Between (Ch 120 to Ch 160, Ch 280 to Ch 330 and Ch 380 to Ch
420) comparatively higher resistivity observed, which might be due to
the presence of boulders within the The second layer has medium
electrical resistivity is the indication of unconsolidated & colluvial deposit
(dense, silty sand with many cobbles and boulders), slightly to
moderately weathered overburden layer. The depthof this layer varies
from 20 to 110 m (Ch 5 to Ch 180) and from 20 to 110 m (Ch 270 to Ch
580).
 Resistivity values in range of 200 – 300 ohm-m at a depth of 40 to 80 m
which indicates the formation encounter in this depth range may be
saturated with water on the ERT profile (Ch 80 to Ch 180).
 The Resistivity values in range of 100 – 200 ohm-m may be related to the
presence of saturated loose formation with boulders and depth vary from
55 to 80m (Ch 280 to Ch 360).
  The underlying third layer is marked by high resistivity which suggests
presence of highly to moderately weathered Extremely dry overburden with
rock fragments and this layer depth vary from 55 to 110m (Ch 180 to Ch 270).

Resistivity Tomogram and Lithological interpretation of ERT – 03 (BH-8)

Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT-3) was conducted with a spread length

of 600 meters in the investigation area.
Starting Co-ordinates: 30.556175,79.569224
Ending Co-ordinates: 30.555274, 79.575081
The lithological section can be interpreted as multi layered model.
 Lower range of resistivity contour value in the upper layer indicates
presence of soil of nearly 18 m thickness. The area is mostly capped by
alluvial dominated soil & alluvium sand.
 Between (Ch 150 to Ch 190, Ch 270 to ch 290 and ch 370 to ch 420)
comparatively higher resistivity observed, which might be due to
the presence of boulders within the first layer.
 The second layer has medium electrical resistivity is the indication of
unconsolidated & colluvial deposit (dense, silty sand with many
cobbles and boulders), slightly to moderately weathered overburden
layer. The depth of this layer varies from 20 to 110 m (Ch 150 to Ch
350).
 Resistivity values in range of 200 – 300 ohm-m at a depth of 20 to 42
m which indicates the formation encounter in this depth range may
be saturated with water on the ERT profile between (Ch 150 to Ch
350).
 Between (Ch 130 to Ch 180, Ch 230 to Ch 270 and Ch 330 to Ch 370)
comparatively lower resistivity (40 – 100 ohm-m) observed, which
might be due to the wet clay and sand within the second layer and
 depth varies from 20 to 40 m.
 The underlying third layer is marked by high resistivity which suggests
presence of highly to moderately weathered Extremely dry
overburden with rock fragments and this layer depth vary from 25 to
110m (Ch 5 to Ch 150) and (Ch 350 to Ch 580).

Conclusions
The geophysical investigation was conducted at 3 Locations, in Joshimath for Technical
Consultancy Services.
Based on the findings from Resistivity Tomogram of the ERT survey indicate that,
The upper layer mostly capped by alluvial dominated soil, alluvium sand, clay and
depth varies from surface to nearly 20 m.
The second layer is unconsolidated & colluvial deposit (dense, silty sand with many
cobbles and boulders), slightly to moderately weathered overburden layer and depth
varies from 20 to 110 m.
Third layer is highly to moderately weathered Extremely dry overburden with rock
fragments and depth vary from 60 to 110m in some location of the profiles.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the subsurface of the ERT Profile lines areas
surveyed is composed of three layers in general classified as follows,
Overburden as Soil strata/Sandy Silt/Silty Sand as Top soil.
Unconsolidated & colluvial deposit (dense, silty sand with many cobbles and boulders),
slightly to moderately weathered overburden layer with joints/Fractures.
Highly compacted moderately weathered strata with rock fragments.
The Geotechnical Investigations for determining the Shear Strength
Characteristics and Bearing Capacity of the Soil in the Joshimath
Region

This report contains the details of following five tests:

1. Plate Load Tests (PLT)
2. Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT).
3. MASW Tests: Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves along with HVSR.
4. Natural Moisture Contents (NMC) Tests
5. Grain Size Distribution (GSD) Analysis

(A) PLATE LOAD TEST (IS 1888: 1982)

For designing shallow foundations, it is necessary to know the bearing capacity of soil at the
desired depth. The plate load test (PLT) is performed on-site to determine the ultimate
bearing capacity of soil at the desired depth. Data from the plate load test is helpful
to confirm the design assumptions made from soil tests or can be used as a design
parameter. The plate load test is a field test, which is performed to determine the ultimate
bearing capacity of the soil and the probable settlement under a given load. This test is very
popular for the selection and design of the shallow foundation.

For performing this test, the plate is placed at the desired depth, then the load is applied
gradually and the settlement for each increment of the load is recorded. At one point
settlement occurs at a rapid rate, the total load up to that point is calculated and divided
bythe area of the plate to determine the ultimate bearing capacity of soil at that depth. The
ultimate bearing capacity is then divided by a safety factor (typically 2.5~3) to determine
the safe bearing capacity.

Procedure
A semi-direct method of determining bearing capacity in the field is by conducting a plate
bearing test according to the procedure laid down by IS:1888-1982. The method of
performing the test is as follows:
(i). The test is performed on a rough mild steel plates of 300 mm size, square in shape.
(ii). A pit of dimension not less than five times the width of plate is excavated up to
the
anticipated depth of foundation. If water table is above the level of foundation,
pump out the water carefully and it should be kept just at the level of foundation.
The ground should be levelled and the test plate is seated over the ground at the
centre of the pit.
(iii). The load on the plate is applied either by gravity loading or reaction loading. The
settlement of the plate is measured by a set of four dial gauges placed near each
corner of plate. The dial gauges are fixed to independent supports which do not get
disturbed during the test. A typical set-up of plate load test is shown in Fig. 2.
(iv). A seating load of 7 kN/m2 is first applied and released after some time. Loads are
applied on the test plate in increments of one-fifth of the estimated safe load up to
failure or at least until a settlement of 25 mm, whichever is earlier.
Fig. 1: Test Set Up for Vertical Plate Load Test
 Fig. 2: PLT Results for Site 1 (near PG College, Gandhinagar)

Analysis of Fig. 2 using asymptotes yields a minimum failure load as 42 t/m2, where using a
factor of safety equal to 3 it yields a safe bearing capacity as 14 t/m 2.

Fig. 3: PLT Results for Site 2 (near Malari Inn, CPWD, Manohar Bagh

Analysis of Fig. 3 using asymptotes yields a minimum failure load as 30 t/m2, where using a
factor of safety equal to 3 it yields a safe bearing capacity as 10 t/m2.
 (B) DYNAMIC CONE PENETRARTION TEST (IS 4968:1980)

The dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT) is a test carried out to find the resistance value
of the cone against the soil that helps us to determine bearing capacity of soil. It also gives
an idea about the thickness of sub-layers of the soil, the condition of granular layers. DCPT
consists of a standard-diameter steel rod, a hardened conical tip, and a hammer. The basic
principle of this test is to measure the resistance offered by the soil layers to the cone used
for conducting the test. It offers certain advantages over other methods. This test does not
need a borehole. This test can be performed quickly so that it covers a large area making it
economical.

Procedure: a 50-mm diameter 60o cone fitted to the driving rod (A rod) through an adopter
is driven into the soil by blows of 65 kg hammer falling freely from a height of 750 mm
(IS:4968-1980, Part I). Assembly of test equipment for DCPT is shown in Fig. 5. The blow
count for every 100 mm penetration of the cone is continuously recorded. The cone is
driven to the required depth or refusal. The drill rods are withdrawn leaving the cone behind
in the ground. The number of blows required for 300 mm penetration is termed as the
dynamic cone resistance, Ncd. The test gives a continuous record of Ncd with depth. In this
test no sample can be obtained.

Fig. 4: Typical Assembly for Cone Penetration Test

 Fig. 5: DCPT Results for Site 1 (near PG College, Gandhinagar)

In Fig. 5, Values of cone resistance is varying very much and indicating some cavities
between depth 1.5 m to 2.1 m. At a depth of 1.2m, number of blows (Ncd) is 80. Due to
refusal; cone could not be penetrated beyond 4.8 m as number of blows reaches 100.

Fig. 6: DCPT Results for Site 2 (near Malari Inn, CPWD, Manohar Bagh)

In Fig. 6, values of cone resistance is varying very much but maximum value of blows
(Ncd) at a depth of 1.5m is 38 only. The results of PLT and DCPT are consistent as both are
indicating better values at PG college as compared to that at Malari inn.
 (C) MASW & HVSR Studies
One of the objectives of the study is to investigate the stiffness variations of the shallow
subsurface strata, which would be responsible for bearing capacity of the foundations of
structures. In this study, the shallow subsurface stiffness of the layers is estimated using
MASW and HVSR. The near surface S-wave velocity (Vs) was estimated using the joint
inversion of MASW and HVSR. These methods are based on the measurement and analysis
of the seismic waves.
The MASW method utilizes the dispersive nature of Rayleigh type surface waves to
characterize materials in a very wide range of scales. Data were recorded using a
multichannel seismic system with a linear array of 4.5 Hz vertical-component geophones.
Theoretically minimum wavelength and depth resolution are governed by the spacing of
geophones, whereas the maximum wavelength and depth of penetration are controlled by
the geophone resonant frequency and spread length.
We used 9-channel system with 2m and 5m geophone spacing for a spread length of 16m
and 40 m, respectively (Fig. 7).The first geophone from source is used as trigger. Soil Spy
Rosina was used as a data acquisition system, which is a hardware and software platform of
multichannel digital system for active and passive seismic surveys. It allows the user to set
the acquisition parameters, view the recordings, and also preprocess the data. Data can be
acquired in two different modes: (1) continuous mode and (2) trigger mode (fixed duration
recording). For this study, we recorded continuous as well as fixed duration stacked data to
achieve best possible dispersion curve. The record length was kept at 2s to 4s based on
spread length and the sample interval was kept at 1 ms (1000 Hz). In each record, twelve
blows were stacked. Recording was started 0.128 s prior to trigger. Wooden hammer
was used as a source. Source to first receiver spacing was kept between 4m to 5 m.
Hammer strikes are not directly given on ground. Aluminum plate was used. The weight of
the wooden mallet was 10 kg. Hammer blows were given vertically on the respective
plates. Twelve blows were given at both the ends of the array and records were stacked
separately. This helps in eliminating effect of heterogeneity conditions existing along the
array/spread-length.

HVSR: MASW can provide data only up to shallow depths, though it is extremely popular. To
estimate soil condition at deeper depths, horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio (HVSR)method
has been used jointly with MASW test results. In a single layer one-dimensional (1D)
stratigraphy, the analysis of the H/V of the microtremor allows us to measure the principal
S- wave resonance frequency, f of the sedimentary cover overlying an infinite bedrock with
reasonable accuracy. Without any constraint, an H/V curve can be fitted by an infinite
number of synthetic models. By using joint inversion of HVSR and MASW, two objectives are
achieved: (i) solutions get constrained and (ii) information of deeper layers is obtained. It is
a single station method, which requires only one 3-component seismic recorder.

In the current study, microtremor data were collected using Micromed Tromino as shown in
Fig. 8. Tromino has three channels connected to three orthogonal electrodynamic velocity
meters with selectable gain for seismic tremor acquisition (Micromed, 2012). Microtremor
vibrations were recorded for 30 minutes at each location at a sampling rate of 256 Hz for
HVSR analysis.

Data Processing: Surface wave data processing was performed using software Grilla, which
allows us to analyze the recordings from Soil Spy Rosina and Tromino.
For MASW, data was processed for one record at a time. The experimental MASW data was
given as input in Grilla and the dispersion curves of the sites were obtained after processing.
In most of the active-source (MASW) surveys, dispersion curves can be picked from a
minimum frequency of 5–10 Hz to a maximum frequency of 30–50 Hz.
In case of the Tromino data, HVSR was computed from the tri-axial record obtained. Each
record was partitioned into 60s time windows hence providing 30 time windows for the
generation of HVSR spectra. Mean HVSR of both the horizontal components is calculated
from each window. Subsequently, all the 30 HVSRs are smoothened using Konno-Omachi
window with a bandwidth of 20% and mean of all these 30 smoothened HVSRs is presented
as final HVSR.
Finally, using the joint fit module of the software Grilla, the dispersion curve generated from
dispersion curve module and H/V curve from H/V module were put together, the Vs model
was obtained. HVSR curve obtained from microtremor recordings & dispersion curves
extracted from MASW test are shown.

Fig. 7: Array setup for MASW testing (Park & Miller, 2004)

Fig. 8: Micromed Tromino for recording microtremors

Test Results
Figs. 9 and 10 show the test results of Gandhinagar site. Fig. 9(a) shows dispersion curve
extracted from the measurements of MASW, while Fig. 9(b) shows the HVSR curve obtained
from the recordings of Micro-tremor.
Dispersion curves are found to be having high scatter in the image. In fact, scattering is
observed even from very high frequencies, which is not common in regular soil strata. As
noted later in the GSD analysis and field observations, the soil is a complex mixture of
variable sizes of boulders, gravel and sands. The presence of boulder and large size gravel is
responsible for such phenomenon. The wave velocity varies in different materials. Further,
impedance contrast between boulders and soil is leading to multiple reflections and
refractions, thus leading to very high scatter in the data.
HVSR curve is also found to be very peculiar as compared to regular soil site. No clear peak is
observed even at low frequencies. This implies that no clear contrast strata is present even
at greater depths. This further suggests that similar strata as seen at shallow depths may
extending to greater depth.

Fig. 9: (a) MASW & (b) HVSR Test Results for Site 1 (near PG College, Gandhinagar)

Based on the extensive analysis, the best fitting soil profile has been obtained and
presented in Fig. 10. It can be observed from Fig. 10, the Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) for
Gandhinagar site lies in the range of 260 to 550 m/s up to a depth of 26m.
 Fig. 10: Shear Wave Velocity Obtained (near PG College, Gandhinagar)

(D) Natural Moisture Content (NMC)

The natural moisture content also known as water content (w) is determined for all the
samples collected from the field. Natural moisture content is the ratio of the weight of
water to the weight of the solids in a given mass of soil. This ratio is usually expressed as
percentage. "Oven Dry method" is followed to find the moisture content of soil samples
as per the IS2720 (Part-II)-1973. Samples collected in the field at different depths were
properly sealed and transported to geotechnical laboratory, Soilex Consultants, Roorkee
where the water content of the samples were determined.
Water content of the soil samples collected from PG College, Gandhinagar at a depths
of 0.5m and 1.5m are found to be 4.75% and 3.97% respectively. While the water content of
the samples collected from Malari Inn, Manohar Bagh site from depths of 0.5m, 1m and
1.5m arefound to be 6.99%, 8.74% and 6.82% respectively.

(E) Grain Size Analysis

Grain size analysis is a typical geotechnical laboratory test conducted to derive the particle
size distribution of soils. Particle size distribution of samples helps in the classification of the
soils. The data obtained from grain size distribution curves is used to determine the
suitabilityof soil for construction of roads and foundations. The analysis is conducted via two
techniques: Sieve analysis for soil fraction +75 micro-m, and Hydrometer analysis for soil
fraction -75 micro-m. Sieve analysis is carried out with the utilization of a set of sieves with
different mesh sizes. The test is conducted by placing a series of sieves with progressively
smaller mesh sizes on top of each other and passing the soil sample through the stacked
sieve “tower”. A pan is also used to collect those particles that pass through the last sieve
(75 micro-m).
Results obtained from sieve analysis of samples collected from PG College, Gandhinagar and
Malari Inn, Manohar Bagh are provided in Tables 1 and 2 respectively. It is found from all
the samples that the fraction below 75 micro-m is not significant. Therefore, no hydrometer
analysis was carried out. Based on the grainsize analysis, the samples are predominantly
found to be Gravelly Sands. Further, the soil samples are found to be non-plastic.
Table 1: Grain size distribution of samples from PG College, Gandhinagar

Sieve Percentage Passing

Size (mm) Sample@0.5m Sample@1.5m
4.75 69.8 64.08
2.3 56.44 54.37
1.18 42.08 43.69
0.425 34.41 36.89
0.3 25 29.45
0.18 14.36 22.33
0.075 1.24 12.62
Pan 0 0

Using the data of Table 1, Grain Size Distribution (GSD) curves are drawn and analysis of
that yields for Gandhinagar Site:
(a) At a depth of 0.5m, strata consists 68.56% sand and 30.20% gravels, while silt
andclay is 1.24% only.
(b) At a depth of 1.5m, strata consists 51.46% sand and 35.92% gravels, while silt
andclay is 12.62%.
Thus strata predominantly contains coarse sand and gravels.
Table 2: Grain size distribution of samples from Malari Inn, Manohar Bagh

Sieve Percentage Passing

Size (mm) Sample@0.5m Sample@1m Sample@1.5m
4.75 58.36 62.09 59.18
2.3 48.33 50.71 47.57
1.18 42.75 40.28 42.32
0.425 19.7 17.06 19.1
0.3 14.5 11.85 13.11
0.18 10.04 7.11 9.18
0.075 4.09 1.9 3.56
Pan 0 0 0

Using the data of Table 2, Grain Size Distribution (GSD) curves are drawn and analysis of
that yields for Manohar Bagh Site:
(a) At a depth of 0.5m, strata consists 52.42% sand and 41.64% gravels, while silt
andclay is 5.95% only.
(b) At a depth of 1.0m, strata consists 60.19% sand and 37.91% gravels, while silt
andclay is 1.90% only.
(c) At a depth of 1.5m, strata consists 55.62% sand and 40.82% gravels, while silt
andclay is 3.56% only.
Thus strata predominantly contains coarse sand and gravels.
Summary and Conclusions

Following is the summary of the test results at 2 sites:

1. Plate Load Test (PLT) indicated that safe bearing capacity (SBC) at a depth of 1.5 m
are 14 t/m2 and 10 t/m2 for Gandhinagar and Manohar Bagh sites, respectively.
2. Dynamic Cone penetration Test (DCPT) indicated that the maximum number of
blows (Ncd) for Gandhinagar site, is 80 at a depth of 1.2m while for Manohar Bagh
site, it is just 38 at a depth of 1.5m. It shall be noted that (Ncd) values are varying
with depth and at some depths very low values including cavities are observed.
3. MASW test indicated Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) for Gandhinagar site lies in the range
of 260 to 550 m/s.
4. Natural Moisture Content (NMC) test in the laboratory indicated that for
Gandhinagar site its value is about 4% while for Manohar Bagh site its value is about
7 to 9% up to a depth of 1.5m.
5. Grain Size Distribution (GSD) analysis in the laboratory indicated that
(a) For Gandhinagar site: At a depth of 0.5m, strata consists about 69% sand and
30% gravels, while silt and clay is about 1% only. While at a depth of 1.5m, strata
consists about 52% sand and 36% gravels, while silt and clay is about 13%. Thus
strata predominantly contains coarse sand and gravels.
(b) For Manohar Bagh site: At a depth of 0.5m, strata consists about 52% sand and
42% gravels, while silt and clay is about 6%. At a depth of 1.0m, strata consists
about 60% sand and 38% gravels, while silt and clay is about 2% only. While at a
depth of 1.5m, strata consists about 56% sand and 41% gravels, while silt and
clay is about 3.5% only. Thus strata predominantly contains coarse sand and
gravels.
These data will be further analyzed for soil classification.

Both PLT and DCPT tests are indicating that the top strata in Gandhinagar is better than that
in Manohar-Bagh. However, these observations need to be cross-verified when the results
of field Direct Shear Tests (DST) are available. Based on the preliminary results, it is
recommended that in general, foundation at a level 1.5 m depth from ground level may be
designed assuming that the safe bearing capacity of strata is not more than 10 t/m 2.
Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority(USDMA)
report

Introduction

The present study was carried out in the Joshimath region of Uttarakhand, which has faced
enhanced rate of subsidence during last few months, followed by the emergence of a new
spring in the premises of Jaypee Colony and development of cracks in houses. Being close to
the holyshrine of Shri Badrinath, Shri Hemkund Sahib, the Valley of Flowers and Auli, the city
is also important in terms of pilgrimage and tourism. The town of Joshimath is located at an
altitude of approximately 1875 m in Higher Himalayas, along a narrow gorge at the confluence
of River Dhauliganga and Alaknanda. Joshimath town had a human population of 16,709
(Census, 2011) and might have reached at least 18630 as per 11.5% population growth. The
region is situated over paleo landslide deposits (Mishra, 1976) and is highly vulnerable in
view of enhanced erosion due to unprecedented human activities and intensified
monsoonal rainfall. Geomorphologically, the terrain around Joshimath encompasses both
glacial and glacio-fluvial landforms. The slopes are dominated by precipitous slopes covered
with gigantic fans and cones of active and stabilized landslide debris. Tectonically, Joshimath
is bounded in the northby a North West-South East (NW-SE) trending Pindari Thrust and the
north dipping Main Central Thrust (MCT) in the south west (Heim and Gansser, 1939;
Valdiya, 1998). The area around Joshimath is seismically very active with an exhumation rate
of ~2 mm/yr (Vance et al., 2003; Tyagi et al., 2009). Lithology of the area is comprised of
highly jointed gneisses with interlayers of schistose rockmass. High relief around the MCT
acts as an orographic barrier to the northward moving moisture laden winds of the Indian
Summer Monsoon (ISM), which accounts for around 80% of the annual precipitation
between June and September. Some precipitation is also received during winters through
western disturbances, and partly by localconvection in pre-monsoon season.

The NW Himalaya has witnessed ~51 % of all the landslides in India during the years 1800 to
2011 (Parkash 2011). However, in Joshimath area land subsidence has started from 1960’s,
which formed the basis of constitution of Mishra Committee in 1976. As evident from the
report of Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority (USDMA) on “Geological and
Geotechnical Survey of Land Subsidence Areas of Joshimath Town and Surrounding Regions,
Uttarakhand”, cases of land subsidence in different areas of Joshimath have been reported

31
during last couple of years. However, the subsidence occurred during the first week of
January, 2023 was intense, different from other events and drew the attention of people
from different sections of the country. Sudden subsidence in large part of Joshimath was
noticed in the night of 2nd Jan, 2023 with appearance of gush of water near badminton
court of Jaypee colony in Marwari area (Fig. 1 &2). This incidence coincided with land
subsidence in a pattern, with bottom near Jaypee colony main gate and top near Sunil ward
of Joshimath (Fig. 3). Most of the subsidence cases occured in Western part of the
Joshimath town.

32
Fig. 1: Photograph of the site of gushing water at Jaypee Colony (Date: 08.01.2023)

Fig. 2: Photograph of land subsidence very close to the gushing water site in the
Badminton court of Jaypee Colony

33
 Fig. 3: Pattern of the subsidence (concentrate in Western part of Joshimath town) as
observed during the visit of 08-09 Jan, 2023

Drainage Network of the Area

The drainage network of the region was delineated from the SOI toposheet no. 53N/10 (Fig.
4 &5). Most of the streams originats from the NW-SE trending ridge Auli area and flows
parallel to each other and joining the main river Alkananda almost perpendicularly and
displays trellised drainage pattern. No drainage network was observed in Singhdhara,
Manohar Bagh, Sunil Ward and JP Colony area in the toposheet (Fig.5), which indicated the
possibility of presence of subsurface channels, which normally dispose-off the water coming
from the upperreaches (Auli areas). This possibility is supported by the fact that a drainage line
marked in SoI toposheet, above the Manohar Bagh (Adjacent to the West of the top of the
Sunil ward) of Joshimath disappears after travelling for some distance (Fig. 5). This indicates
that water coming from steep slopes get opportunity to infiltrate in this area due to change of
slopes or soil material properties or both. Disappeared water may flow in the form of a
subsurface channels, which either feeds the local springs or directly discharges to the
river/streams as a base flow. However, detailed resistivity survey can be helpful to
captured the moisturesignature in the area to demarked the path of subsurface channels.

34
 Fig. 4: Drainage network extracted from toposheet (53N/10) of Survey of India

Fig. 5: Location of disappeared drainage channel and area where drainage channel
network is absence on the google earth satellite imagery

Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the area was downloaded from High Mountain Asia web
portal (8m resolution) (HMA, 2023) and depicted in the Fig. 6. The altitude of the area of

35
interest varies from about 1300 m (river at bottom) above mean sea level (amsl) to about
3200 amsl (peak of Auli) (Fig. 6). A large part of the region has steep (25-35o) to very steep
(>35o) slopes (Fig. 7) with major slope in Northwest, Northeast, North and West directions
(Fig. 8). The slopes are covered with debris of gigantic active and inactive/stabilized
landslides.

Fig. 6: DEM of the study area (8m resolution)

36
Fig. 7: Slope map of the area derived from DEM

37
 Fig. 8: Aspect map of the area derived from DEM

Drainage network have been also extracted from the DEM by considering 0.20 km2 as
thethreshold value of channel initiation in this region as per experiences and depicted in Fig.
9.

Fig. 9: Extracted drainage network in Joshimath region from the DEM

Developed drainage maps suggested that there has to be the presence of channels in the
westernside of Joshimath to dispose-off the surface runoff generated during the rain or
38
snowmelt fromthe upper reaches.

39
Mapping of Springs in the Joshimath Area

Total six (06) springs reported in SoI toposheet were digitized and are shown in Fig. 10a. All
the springs located in SoI toposheets were physically verified to confirm the chances of
disappear of any springs after the event of 02 January, 2023.

Fig. 10: Location of springs (a) as per SOI toposheet, and (b) identified during field
excursions

40
However, total 16 nos. of springs have been identified in the vicinity of Joshimath during the
field visits performed on 18 to 19 January, 2023. It was observed that most of the springs lie in
the Western side of Joshimath i.e., Sunil Ward, Manohar Bagh, Singhdhar, Marwari and JP
colony (Fig. 11). The details of the springs identified in the area is given in Table 1. It is noticed
that that most of the springs have been obsereved in the area of Subsidence (Fig. 3 & Fig.10b).

Table 1: Details of the springs identified in Joshimath area

Sample Latitude Longitude Elevation EC Temp Discharge

SN Location pH
Id (oN) (oE) (m,amsl) (µS/cm) (˚C) (LPM)
Below Jangalat
1 SP-01 30.5564 79.5517 1946 7.92 114 11.4 2.50
Gate
2 SP-02 Dadon 30.5512 79.5622 2053 8.01 68 10.0 ≈750
Sunil Dhara
3 SP-03 30.5508 79.5581 2106 7.98 105 10.7 1.22
(46)-1
4 SP-05 Manoti 30.5410 79.5729 2359 7.79 138 9.4 20
5 SP-06 Jyotirmath 30.5552 79.5595 1943 7.08 219 12.5 5
Near Swadeshi
6 SP-07 30.5544 79.5770 1785 7.74 271 13.5 5
Dhaba
7 SP-08 Sunil Ward 30.5478 79.5574 2272 7.5 69 9.6 11.29
8 SP-09 Singhdhara 30.5577 79.5548 1858 7.5 172 - -
9 SP-10 Above JPVL 30.5598 79.5546 1752 7.58 162 - -
Singhdhara
10 SP-11 30.5579 79.5566 1856 7.18 203 - -
Gopaldhar
JP Colony
11 SP-12 30.5612 79.5537 1662 7.47 123 12.88 NA
Gushing Water)
12 SP-13 Marwari 30.5640 79.5551 1543 6.94 275 15.46 6.25
13 SP-14 Marwari 30.5641 79.5543 1549 7.26 276 14 12.5
14 SP-15 Kamed 30.5587 79.5666 1699 7.53 288 12.7 18.82
Sunil Forest
15 SP-16 30.5463 79.5530 2400 - - - -
(Dry)
16 SP-17 Sunil Forest 30.5434 79.5523 2490 7.89 43 3.1 40

41
Fig. 11: Photographs of Springs in Joshimath area

42
Flow Behavior of Gushing Water

Discharge data of gushing water (new spring) have been measured by Jaypee Company twice
a day (8:30 AM and 5:30 PM) since 06.01.2023 and hydrograph of the gushing water is
depicted in Fig. 12. The discharge on 06.01.2023 was 540 LPM, which decreased to 17 LPM
on 02.02.2023. Hydrograph of the gushing water shows recession trend except for few
observations. Fig. 12 shows sudden rise in discharge of gushing water during Jan 19 to 20,
2023, which is due to rainfall followed by snowfall during that time in Joshimath area. This
indicated that the possibility of source is very near and the gushing water is feed by a shallow
subsurface channel. It can be seen from the Fig. 12 that after 01.02.2023, the discharge is almost
constant (about 17 LPM). It was estimated that 10.66 million liters of water have been
discharged from the gushing water before coming to its steady state (as on 02.02.2023). Now,
as per discharge data, it has become a spring having discharge about 17 LPM. This spring may
be kept in the Sixth category (0.1-1 LPS) based on Meinzer Spring classification. As per the
Table 1, most of the springs emerging in the Joshimath area comes under Sixth category
according to Meinzer Spring classification. However, long term spring discharge and rainfall
data (at least one complete hydrological year) will be helpful to understand the behavior of this
new spring emerged in the night of 02.01.2023 at Jaypee colony.

Fig. 12: Graph showing discharge variability of gushing water in the premises of Jaypee
colony

43
Sample Collection in the Field
Three field excursions were carried out during 06 Jan, 2023; 08-09 Jan, 2023; and 18-19 Jan,
2023 by the team of National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee (Fig. 13). A total of 05 water
samples during first visit, 08 samples during second visit and 27 samples during the third visit
were collected. The samples were collected from springs, drains, and river to study the
chemical characteristics through on-site measurements of physico-chemical parameters [i.e.,
pH, temperature, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO)]. The physico-
chemical parameters were measured onsite using portable measuring kits of Hach, USA make
HQ40d handheld multiparameter kit. The analysis of major ions and trace metals in collected
water samples have been carried out in the laboratory and details are provided in water quality
section. The samples were filtered through 0.45 µm nylon filter paper for the analysis of major
ions and trace metal concentration. In addition, identification of source of water has been
carried out at NIH Roorkee through stable isotopes of oxygen (δ18O) and hydrogen (δD).

Fig. 13: Survey of various water sources for onsite investigations and collection of
samples for laboratory analysis

Stable Isotope Analysis

A total of 40 samples (22 no. of samples collected from springs; 3 from hand pumps; 11
samples from drains; 5 samples from NTPC sites) were collected from Joshimath area in 3 field
visits and analysed for stable isotopes. Stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) in water were analysed

44
using GV-Isoprime Dual-Inlet Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer (DI-IRMS) with precision of
measurement for δD is ± 1‰ and that for δ18O is ± 0.1‰. The results of these samples are
presented in Fig 14. and Fig. 15. Based on the analysis results, the recharge sources are
identified.

18
Samples were analysed for stable isotopes (ẟ O and ẟD) and are shown in Fig. 14 . Some
inferences (based on analysis of ẟ18O) are given as below:

 High depleted values of ẟ18O in spring and drains indicate a possible recharge from
snow or glacial melt water.
 ẟ18O values of springs in the range of -9.4 to -10.2‰ indicate recharge source as melt
water from higher reaches (or recharge source may be intermittent rains) flowing in the
form of drains (-9.4 to -10.2‰) with slight enrichment and ẟ18O values are further
enriched in the groundwater samples taken from hand pumps (-8.9 to -9.7‰).
 The slope and intercept of the groundwater samples ẟD = 7.45ẟ18O + 9.14 is closer to
the Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) ẟD = 8ẟ18O + 10 clearly showing that
groundwater is formed from the rainfall.
 The slopes and intercepts of the drain and springs are less than the GMWL suggesting
origin from different source than the rainfall.

Fig. 14: ẟ18O v/s ẟD for the samples collected during the field visit.

45
Interaction of seepage water near JP site with the NTPC water samples

In order to find the interaction between seepage water and NTPC water samples, 5 samples
from inside and around the NTPC site were collected and plotted with the other analysed 40
samples including the sample collected from seepage water near JP site (SP-12). A plot
between EC and ẟ18O was drawn Fig. 15.

Fig. 15: EC v/s ẟ18O of the samples collected around Joshimath area and NTPC sites

ẟ18O values of NTPC sites samples ranged between -10.3 to -12‰ with an average value of -
10.7‰ showing highly depleted values, while the ẟ18O value of seepage water near JP site (SP-
12) was found -9.9‰, which is isotopically enriched and if the same water is reaching to the
JP site then the EC values do not support any interaction. The samples collected from NTPC
sites have EC values in the range of 280 to 480 µS/cm with an average value of 368 µS/cm
while the EC values of the seepage water (SP-12) was found 140 µS/cm which is much lower
than (< 163%) the values of NTPC sites water samples. These values do not support the
interaction since the EC values increase due to the dissolution of minerals on the way after
covering a significant distance. Thus, it is clear that there is no interaction between the water
samples from the NTPC sites to the gushing water near JP site (SP-12) and same can found in
Fig. 15, where the samples collected from NTPC are lying in isolation to the samples collected
from Joshimath area.

46
Water Quality

Sampling and analysis

The spring and drain water samples were collected in polypropylene (PP) bottles (500 mL)
using dip/grab sampling method, and for trace metals in PP bottles (125 mL) after acidification
to pH <2 with HNO3. The samples were transported in an ice box to the laboratory and kept at
4 ºC in a cold cabinet till the analysis of samples. All the chemicals used for preservation and
analysis were of analytical grade (Merck).

The pH, EC, and temperature of the samples were measured in situ with the help of a multi-
parameter analyzer calibrated in the field before sampling. The major cations (Li, NH 4, Ca,
Mg, K, and Na and anions (F, Cl, NO3, NO2, and SO4) were analyzed using Ion Chromatograph
(Metrohm 930 Compact IC Flex) with a conductivity detector, and the alkalinity (HCO 3) was
determined by the acid titration method (APHA 2017). The trace metals were analyzed by ICP-
MS (Agilent 7850 ICP-MS). The Ion chromatograph and ICP-MS were calibrated for the
intended use using Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) traceable to NIST (Merck) and the
standards/blank were also run after a periodic interval during the analytical run for the
continuing calibration verification (CCV). The analysis run was accepted if the percentage
recovery in CCV run was within ±10%. All the parameters were analyzed in triplicate for
quality control and the analysis correctness was checked by anion-cation balance and the
analyses were accepted with the difference of ±5%.

Statistical analysis

The descriptive analysis for minimum, maximum, range mean, standard deviation, and
Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) for different chemical and physical parameters and the
Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) in the study was conducted by SPSS version-22 software.
HCA is a statistical technique that classifies different objects into groups in such a way that the
similarity between two objects is maximal if they belong to the same group and minimal
otherwise.

Major Ions & Trace Metals

Thirty-Seven (37) samples covering springs, drains, rivers and groundwater were collected
from Joshimath in sampling expeditions during Jan 06-09, 2023 and Jan. 18-19, 2023. The

47
results of major ions and trace metals in the collected water samples is provided in Table 2 and
3, respectively. The water quality parameters (such as pH, TDS, F, Cl, NO3, SO4, HCO3, Ca,
and Mg) of the water samples were found within the limits prescribed by BIS (2012) for
drinking water.

The results of trace metals analysis indicate that most of the trace metals in the collected water
samples were within the acceptable limit prescribed by BIS (2012) for drinking water. The Al
content in one sample collected from a spring at JP Site (JM-SP-12) was 68.6 µg/L exceeded
the acceptable limit of 30 µg/L, however, was with the permissible limit of 200 µg/L. Similarly,
Fe concentration in the spring at JP site, Mn concentration in the handpump sample at Radha
Krishan Mandir, Marwari exceeded the maximum permissible limit of 300 µg/L. Hg
concentration exceeded the maximum permissible limit (1.0 µg/L) in the samples collected
from Sunil dhara (JM-SP-03) and Jogidhara (JM-D-05). Zn concentration in the samples
collected from Handpump near Sunil house exceeded the acceptable limit (5000 µg/L).

Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of Hydrochemical Data

To improve the understanding of the geochemical characteristics of the study area and to
identify the source of the new spring that appeared near JP company, the hierarchical cluster
analysis of 11 water quality parameters was performed using Ward’s method. HCA analysis
classified the water samples of the study area into five distinct groups, namely Cluster 1, 2,3 4,
and 5 (Fig.16). Cluster 1 comprises the lowest values of EC, TDS, and alkalinity, whereas,
cluster 5 sample (NTPC tunnel) was having highest TDS, F, SO 4, Ca, and HCO3. Cluster 2
samples were having all the parameters higher (around double) than cluster 1 samples. Cluster
3 samples were having higher TDS, F, Ca, and HCO3 and lower Cl, NO3, and SO4 as compared
to Cluster 1 samples. Cluster 4 sample (Vishnuprayag) was having TDS and SO 4 higher than
Cluster 1,2, and 3 and lower than cluster 5. The HCA analysis clearly indicates that the source
of water in the new spring appeared near JP company is in Cluster 1: Spring and is not linked
to the water in the NTPC tunnel.

48
 Table 2: Concentration of Major ions in the collected samples
Date of Location Sample Source pH EC TDS Turbidity F Cl NO SO HCO Na K Ca Mg
3 4 3
Sampling Code
-- (µS/cm) (mg/L) (NTU) (mg/l)

Jan 06- Vishnugad (NTPC- JM-NTPC- Drain - 370 271 35.80 1.1 2.3 0.3 86.5 147.4 9.3 6.6 57.4 9.2
08, 2023 Inlet) 4
Vishnugad (NTPC- JM-NTPC- Drain - 370 264 41.60 1.2 2.2 0.3 83.0 155.7 9.8 7.4 58.3 9.6
Outlet) 5
J P Company JM-SP-12 New Spring - 120 78 >800 0.2 1.9 3.4 19.9 41.3 3.6 5.4 13.7 3.5
(Joshimath)
Jan 08- Below Jangal Gate JM-SP-01 Spring - 140 70 0.1 3.7 8.1 9.9 40.2 4.1 4.1 12.7 4.6
09, 2023
Jyotirmath-53 JM-SP-06 Spring - 257 118 0.1 16.1 15.0 13.6 62.0 10.5 4.9 17.3 9.7

Near Swadeshi JM-SP-07 Spring - 303 151 0.1 15.8 35.3 16.2 59.4 11.3 14.3 21.3 7.4
Dhaba
Sunil Dhara (47)-2 JM-SP-08 Spring - 76 38 0.1 4.2 0.5 2.4 29.2 2.7 3.0 6.8 3.4

JP Site JM-SP-12 Spring - 140 70 0.1 1.6 3.4 22.5 33.2 3.2 6.1 12.3 4.14

Marwari-1 JM-SP-13 Spring - 321 149 0.1 19.0 19.8 20.7 71.1 11.0 7.2 23.6 10.9

JP Nala JM-D-01 Drain - 152 76 0.2 5.0 7.6 14.4 38.2 5.6 2.9 15.2 3.7

Vishnuprayag JM-R-01 River - 283 156 0.1 0.6 1.0 65.8 73.3 3.7 1.9 31.9 10.4

Below Jangal Gate JM-SP-01 Spring 7.92 114 75 0.1 4.9 8.8 1.6 49.2 4.8 4.7 16.3 4.6
Jan 18-
19, 2023 Dadon JM-SP-02 Spring 8.01 68 41 0.9 2.5 3.5 7.2 15.9 2.7 3.4 7.0 2.2

Sunil Dhara (46)-1 JM-SP-03 Spring 7.98 105 53 0.2 7.2 3.9 4.6 24.7 4.9 4.2 7.5 4.3

Manoti JM-SP-05 Spring 7.79 138 97 0.2 3.2 2.0 9.8 75.2 3.2 3.8 26.2 3.7

Jyotirmath-53 JM-SP-06 Spring 7.08 219 115 0.2 14.7 15.3 13.0 42.3 9.3 5.4 17.2 9.0

Near Swadeshi JM-SP-07 Spring 7.74 271 162 0.7 16.3 39.6 15.6 58.0 11.8 14.8 12.7 7.5
Dhaba
Sunil Dhara (47)-2 JM-SP-08 Spring 7.5 69 41 0.2 4.9 0.6 2.4 26.4 2.8 3.6 5.6 3.3
 Date of Location Sample Source pH EC TDS Turbidity F Cl NO SO HCO Na K Ca Mg
3 4 3
Sampling Code
-- (µS/cm) (mg/L) (NTU) (mg/l)

Singhdhara JM-SP-09 Spring 7.5 172 109 0.1 11.2 19.7 13.8 42.7 8.9 5.1 14.7 5.6

Above JPVL JM-SP-10 Spring 7.58 162 105 0.1 8.7 15.5 17.3 42.3 7.4 5.7 14.8 5.4

Singhdhara JM-SP-11 Spring 7.18 203 109 0.1 1.9 18.0 16.5 49.6 8.5 5.3 17.4 7.2
Gopaldhar
JP Site JM-SP-12 Spring 7.47 123 82 0.9 1.8 3.2 24.2 35.7 3.2 6.2 12.5 3.8

Marwari-1 JM-SP-13 Spring 6.94 275 142 0.1 19.1 2.3 19.6 71.8 11.9 7.4 23.6 11.1

Marwari-2 JM-SP-14 Spring 7.26 276 145 0.1 18.2 14.4 18.9 67.6 13.9 8.5 22.7 1.5

Kamed JM-SP-15 Spring 7.53 288 161 0.2 17.8 24.8 13.6 81.3 12.9 1.8 26.1 8.7

Sunil Forest JM-SP-17 Spring 7.89 43 29 1.0 0.9 1.3 4.5 16.4 1.8 1.9 4.0 1.9

JP Nala JM-D-01 Drain 7.63 142 77 0.2 6.3 1.8 13.6 38.6 6.3 3.5 14.2 3.8

Dawil/Dadon JM-D-02 Drain 7.99 154 64 0.2 13.3 4.7 8.7 17.8 1.4 3.7 13.8 3.5

Sunil Dhara (48)-3 JM-D-03 Drain 7.3 58 36 1.0 3.3 0.7 2.3 24.4 2.5 2.7 4.9 2.9

Parsari JM-D-04 Drain 8.39 154 93 0.7 1.5 4.4 6.8 73.0 1.7 2.4 28.1 2.6

Jogidhara JM-D-05 Drain 8.11 80 44 0.1 1.9 1.8 3.1 29.2 3.0 2.9 8.8 2.8

Kamed JM-D-06 Drain 8.16 297 139 0.1 20.0 15.7 16.4 65.5 12.9 7.0 13.2 8.2

Kamed Nala-2 JM-D-09 Drain 8.26 156 119 0.1 11.3 13.9 20.0 48.1 8.9 6.2 16.6 5.8

Manoti JM-D-10 Drain 8.34 240 132 0.7 3.4 3.5 6.3 113.8 2.9 3.6 39.7 4.5

Radha Krishan JM-HP-01 Handpump 6.38 230 112 0.1 12.2 0.5 3.4 85.7 7.5 5.4 19.5 9.4
Mandir, Marwari
O Bend Petrol Pump JM-HP-02 Handpump 5.99 224 126 0.9 1.4 26.7 15.3 54.2 7.4 6.9 21.2 7.3

Sunil JM-HP-03 Handpump 7.55 152 65 0.2 6.8 0.1 2.3 55.5 4.8 4.3 8.2 5.9
Table 3: Concentration of trace metals in the collected samples
Date Sample Code Source Be B Al Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu Zn As Se Sr Cd Ba Hg Pb U
JM-SP-01 Spring 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.7 0.8 4.8 0.4 1.7 8.1 0.5 0.1 26.9 0.2 15.3 0.3 0.5 0.2
Jan 18- JM-SP-02 Spring 0.0 0.0 4.8 0.5 0.6 4.2 0.0 1.4 9.2 0.1 0.1 16.7 0.3 1.5 0.6 0.5 0.1
19, 2023
JM-SP-03 Spring 0.0 0.0 6.1 0.6 0.8 5.8 0.3 2.3 17.8 0.2 0.1 19.4 0.4 16.9 13.3 0.7 0.2
JM-SP-05 Spring 0.1 0.0 2.8 0.2 0.3 3.1 0.2 2.8 16.9 0.1 0.4 49.3 0.3 32.4 0.3 0.2 0.8
JM-SP-06 Spring 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.5 0.5 1.6 0.0 0.9 8.0 0.6 0.0 51.2 0.2 3.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
JM-SP-07 Spring 0.0 3.4 2.8 0.7 0.3 5.1 0.0 1.7 12.1 2.5 0.2 58.9 0.3 32.4 0.8 0.3 0.4
JM-SP-08 Spring 0.0 0.0 3.5 0.7 2.8 3.3 0.0 0.9 35.6 0.5 0.0 12.4 0.1 1.5 0.1 0.3 0.5
JM-SP-09 Spring 0.0 0.0 8.5 0.5 1.4 6.4 0.0 0.6 11.7 0.4 0.3 3.6 0.2 15.3 0.8 0.2 0.7
JM-SP-10 Spring 0.0 0.0 29.2 0.3 0.5 3.3 0.0 0.8 5.3 0.6 0.6 31.5 0.1 15.1 0.1 0.9 0.4
JM-SP-11 Spring 0.0 0.0 2.9 0.4 0.6 4.2 0.0 0.4 2.3 0.3 0.2 33.6 0.1 2.9 0.7 0.2 0.5
JM-SP-12 Spring 0.1 0.0 68.6 1.1 15.8 713.6 1.1 2.5 11.6 0.7 0.9 42.7 0.2 26.6 0.8 1.1 0.1
JM-SP-13 Spring 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.6 0.5 4.8 0.0 1.6 13.5 0.1 0.0 63.9 0.2 35.9 0.1 0.4 0.5
JM-SP-14 Spring 0.0 0.0 3.2 0.5 0.5 4.8 0.0 2.4 7.4 0.7 0.0 61.4 0.2 3.9 0.5 0.3 0.6
JM-SP-15 Spring 0.0 7.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 1.5 1.7 0.6 0.9 76.0 0.2 63.6 0.1 0.1 0.2
JM-SP-17 Spring 0.0 0.0 2.6 0.4 0.4 5.7 0.0 0.3 11.8 0.1 0.2 1.4 0.1 7.0 0.1 0.3 0.4
JM-D-01 Drain 0.0 6.4 12.7 0.6 1.7 19.6 0.3 1.8 12.1 3.5 0.2 29.2 0.3 13.9 0.2 0.7 0.7
JM-D-02 Drain 0.0 0.0 13.7 0.8 0.7 5.8 0.2 2.3 14.4 0.3 0.0 29.4 0.4 15.9 0.9 1.3 0.2
JM-D-03 Drain 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.6 0.7 23.5 0.0 1.8 35.0 0.1 0.0 15.0 0.3 8.4 0.2 0.4 0.6
JM-D-04 Drain 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.3 0.7 5.3 0.2 1.6 11.7 0.7 0.3 53.6 0.2 17.5 0.9 0.3 0.2
JM-D-05 Drain 0.0 0.0 6.5 0.4 0.9 13.9 0.4 2.3 14.7 0.3 0.0 2.4 0.3 13.5 18.8 0.7 0.1
JM-D-06 Drain 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.2 0.3 2.4 0.0 1.5 7.0 0.8 0.0 9.1 0.2 3.7 0.8 0.1 0.7
JM-D-09 Drain 0.0 0.0 2.8 0.2 0.2 3.3 0.0 1.1 5.8 0.8 0.1 41.4 0.1 17.1 0.1 0.1 0.3
JM-D-10 Drain 0.0 0.0 5.1 0.4 0.4 6.2 0.0 1.4 8.8 0.8 0.0 64.9 0.2 23.1 0.1 0.4 0.1
JM-HP-01 Handpump 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.1 633.9 2.6 0.0 0.4 56.5 0.5 0.0 54.5 0.1 26.4 0.5 0.2 0.3
JM-HP-02 Handpump 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 19.3 1.6 0.0 1.3 63.7 0.2 0.2 55.5 0.2 22.8 0.5 0.9 0.3
JM-HP-03 Handpump 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.2 44.0 5.0 0.2 0.8 5726.4 0.5 0.3 18.2 0.7 18.4 0.1 0.1 0.3
Note: All values are in µg/L
Fig. 16: Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) of Samples
Bacteriological Analysis

Bacteriological analysis was performed for the gushing water from Jaypee colony and some
nearby drainages and springs and the results are presented in Table 4. It was found that the
Total Coliform count in the gushing water was detected 2 MPN/100 ml and E. Coli was absent
in the sample. It can be concluded that the gushing water is separated from the nearby drains
through geological formations.

Table 4: Results of bacteriological test of gushing water and nearby springs and drains

Total Coliform E. coli.

S.N. Location Sample code Date of Collection
(MPN/100 ml) (MPN/100 ml)

1 JP Site (Gushing water) JM-SP-12 18-01-2023 2 ND

2 JP Site Nala JM-D-1 18-01-2023 120330 3654

3 Marwari Spring JM-SP-13 18-01-2023 230.6 ND
4 Davil Nala JM-D-2 15-01-2023 54750 19863

5 Kamed Nala JM-D-6 19-01-2023 17329 4352

The presence of coliforms and E Coli bacteria in drain water indicate the mixing of faecal
matter in the freshwater sources of the Joshimath region may be due to leakage in the sewerage
network/septic tanks. However, E. Coli was absent in the spring water and is safe for human
consumption.

Concluding Remarks

Various spring, drainage network, areas of subsidence maps infer that land subsidence and
subsurface water in the Joshimath area may have some connections. The Western part of the
Joshimath has numerous springs which indicates good subsurface storage and transmitting
capacities. Unfortunately, the topography (cascade of flat and steep terrain from top to bottom)
and geological setting (presence of thick layers of galacio-fluvial and non-cohesive materials)
of this part is in such a way which creates unfavourable condition for the development of
permanent surface channels to dispose-off the water coming from upper reaches. Therefore,
water moves in shallow subsurface channel (disappeared Channel shown in SoI toposheet)
from upper reaches (after Sunil forest) to the lower reaches of the mountain and these channels
also feed some springs in the area. The isotopic analysis also suggested that the origin of the

53
gush water in Jaypee colony is from the upper reaches (Sunil forest and Auli area). Further, the
gush water, local springs and drains fall in a similar cluster as per Hierarchical Cluster Analysis
(HCA) of hydrochemical data. It also indicated the origin of springs and gush water in Jaypee
colony is same i.e., from Sunil forest and Auli area. The isotopic and water quality signature
of the samples taken from NTPC sites differs from the JP site as well as drains and springs in
the nearby area of Joshimath. The bacteriological analysis also suggested that the gush water
is fresh water and not contaminated by the local drains.

There may be a possibility that some temporary storage has been created due to the blockage
of any sub-surface channel(s), which eventually burst from the weak point of strata when the
hydrostatic pressure of stored water exceeded the soil-water bearing capacity of the area. The
stored water got emptied by 01 February, 2023 and now it appears as a spring (discharge about
17 LPM) feed by a shallow subsurface channel. However, long term time series discharge and
rainfall data will be helpful to develop an understanding regarding the hydro-geological
behaviour of the new spring as well as the subsurface channel, which is feeding this spring.
Based on the discharge data provided by Jaypee Company, a storage of 10.66 million litres is
estimated, which got emptied in about one month. It can be roughly estimated that 12 to 15
month time may required to store such amount of water, if it is assumed that the channel(s) are
blocked, which feed the new springs (discharge about 17 LPM) at present. Nevertheless, the
reasons are still unknown, but the possibility of heavy rainfall (190 mm in 24 hours) occurred
in October 2021 (about 15 months before the start of gushing water) (USDMA, 2022) might
be one of the prominent reasons for changing the soil/rock geomechanical and geotechnical
properties that may created obstacle in the path of subsurface channels. USDMA team had also
empathized in its report of August, 2022 that the pace of land erosion had accelerated that year,
with residents attributing this to heavy rainfall in October 2021 and catastrophic flash flooding
earlier in the same year.

Land subsidence is one of the most common geomechanical and geotechnical consequences of
the loss of a significant amount of groundwater. In general, when large amounts of water are
withdrawn, the subsoil compacts, thus reducing in size and open pore spaces in the soil
previously held water. Globally, ground subsidence resulting from rock mass drainage ranges
from a few centimetres to several meters (maximum reported subsidence is 14.5 m). Joshimath
has its locational disadvantage as it settles down on an old landslide deposit at the mid of the
hillslope, which is having excellent recharge area in the form of gentle slopes, huge depressions
and thick forest in the upper reaches (Auli area). Water move from upper reaches to lower

54
reaches in the form of subsurface flow due to a special kind of topography and geological setting
which always weaken the soil stability on the steep hill slopes. Furthermore, this slope instability is
exacerbated by unplanned and rampant construction in and around the town and natural calamities
(extreme weather events as well as frequent earthquakes).

Recommendations

Joshimath region particularly north facing slope is lying on a sliding zone where regular monitoring
of features with instrumentations is a must and calls for a need of controlled and regulated
development system. As the saying goes, 'you can't manage what you don't measure'. Recently,
satellite radar interferometry (InSAR) has contributed to significant progress in monitoring and
determining the spatio-temporal land subsidence distributions worldwide. Application of such
techniques will be immensely helpful to understand the compaction nature of the aquifer system
beneath the city. In addition, the density of Continuously Observed Reference System (CORS)
should be increased in the Himalayan regions, which are prone to subsidence as well as landslide.
Such data should be shared with the R& D organizations for modelling such subsidence and
development of alarming system.

Safely dispose-off the water coming from the upper reaches and waste of town should be the top
priority. However, the water requirement of local people and flora and fauna must be kept in mind
before channelization of the water. There is a need to identify the towns having Joshimath like
topographical locations as well as geological settings. These towns should be well equipped with the
desired instruments so that precautionary measures can be taken in advance.

Natural water springs (act as natural piezometers) are good indicators for any change in the
groundwater in the mountainous area. Therefore, there is an urgent need to inventories all springs
located in the vicinity of Joshimath like towns in the entire Indian Himalayan Region (IHR). Their
periodic monitoring will be a good tool for detecting any such events in advance in the mountainous
regions.

55
STUDY OF GROUND SUBSIDENCE IN JOSHIMATH FOLLOWING
THEEVENTS OF JANUARY 2023

INTRODUCTION

In light of the recent observations of accelerated development of cracks in houses and ground
in Joshimath, and eruption of new water channels, Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology,
Dehradun has been directed by USDMA to conduct the following scientific studies.

GEOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL STUDY

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun has taken up the transact from Pipalkoti to
Tapovan to understand the geological and structural setup, temporal evolution of the
deformation kinematics, signatures of active tectonics, geomorphology and slope stability in
vulnerable regions.

Faults, fractures and joints were mapped in details along the Pipalkoti-Joshimath-Tapovan
transect along with the penetrative structures.

Results of the study is expected to answer long-term structural deformation along with the
process of landform evolution and their subsequent modification during the Quaternary time
scale that probably led to land subsidence in the area.

The objectives of the survey is:

the characterization of the structural aspects of the Joshimath town with respect to the faults
and fractures
Temporal evolution of the debris as it is reported already that the town is situated on
unconsolidated to semi-consolidated debris
Stability analyses of vulnerable slopes in and around Joshimath The preliminary observations
from the field work are the following:

Penetrative structures, faults and fractures:

The penetrative planar fabric or foliation in the area is a gneissic segregation between quartz-
rich and micaceous layers consisting of both muscovite and biotite (Fig. 4a). Occasionally,
significant increase in mica-content gives a schistose appearance to these rocks resulting in the
intercalated occurrence of high grade schists within the gneisses. Tight to isoclinal folds (Fig. 4b)
are commonly observed both on the gneissic segregation as well as the schistose foliation.
Often these folds are overturned (Fig. 4c) with both limbs dipping towards

56
north or north-east. Immediately north of the Joshimath town, recumbent folds occur in the
Garnet- bearing gneisses of the Joshimath formation. Overturned antiform with wavelength of
about 30- 40 metres with subhorizontal hinge is detected on the northern bank of the
Dhauliganga River in

57
Vishnuprayag. Smaller scale drag folds occur on the limb of this overturned antiform with hinges
having attitude similar to the larger-scale fold (Fig. 4c). Consistent occurrence of consecutive
overturned antiformal and synformal structure on the gneissic and schistose foliation is
observed across the area. However, the wavelength of folds vary in accordance with the
competency contrasts between the layers that define the segregation as well as with the
thickness and spacing between the layers. Similar attitudes of the fold hinges suggest that these
folds with varying wavelengths were formed in the ductile regime during the same deformation.
S-C fabrics (Fig. 4d) occur in the MCT zone and also in zones of strain localization to its north
with prominent top-to- the-southwest or reverse sense kinematics (Fig. 4d) along north-
easterly dipping mylonitic foliation. The mylonitic foliation in the MCT is also defined by alternate
quartz-rich and micaceous layers, similar to the penetrative foliation on which the folds
described above, occur consistently. Quartz-rich domains of the mylonitic foliation often exhibit
prominent asymmetry with reverse kinematics. On the surface of the foliation a down-dip
lineation is detected in these zones of mylonitization.

The penetrative gneissic and schistose foliation are often truncated against faults and
fractures that displace the penetrative banding (Fig. 4e) or exhibit striations on their surfaces
(Fig. 4f). So far, three sets of faults and fractures that are regionally consistent, have been
characterized. One of these constitutes fractures that strike NW-SE to NNW-SSE and dips
steeply towards both east and west (Fig. 5a). Prominent normal-sense of displacement has been
observed for the easterly dipping fault that transects the gneissic foliation in the last in-situ
exposure, immediately south of the slope on which Joshimath is situated. Faults and fractures
with orientation similar to this fault plane occur in areas around Joshimath. The other fracture
set comprises of fractures that strike N- S to NNE-SSW and are subvertical or have very steep
dips (Fig. 5b). The third fracture set is parallel to the gneissic foliation in the studied area and
the mylonitic foliation in the MCT zone (Fig. 5c). It appears that Joshimath sits on the debris that
is located on the hanging wall of the NW- SE to NNW-SSE striking, easterly dipping normal fault.
Moreover, the N-S to NNE-SSW striking faults also occur on the western and eastern parts of the
slope on which Joshimath is situated. The continuation of the cracks on the central part of the
slope cannot be confirmed due to the absence of in situ rocks.

58
1. Cracks on roads and walls of houses:
The orientations of some recent cracks that came up on the roads and walls of the houses on
the slope (Fig. 6a) in Joshimath were also acquired in course of this study (Figs. 6b-d). Study of
the cracks revealed that most of the cracks have similar geometries i.e., narrowing downward
geometry (Figs. 6b and d) implying that the cracks propagated or are still propagating from top
to bottom. The top portions of the cracks being wider than the bottom portion suggest a major
component of tension involved in the formation of these cracks. Nevertheless, there are
domainal variations in the orientation of each crack (Fig. 6d) although a gross average
orientation can be understood (Figs. 6b and d). It is observed that the orientations of 18 cracks
(Fig. 5d) are similar to the normal faults observed on the last in situ rock immediately south of
the slope on which Joshimath is situated and also in the area around Joshimath (Fig. 5a). The
statistics of the rose diagrams (Figs. 5a and c) particularly in context of the mean vectors are
strikingly similar.

59
60
2. Discussion

 On the basis of the present study a detailed map showing the different formations and
their penetrative structures have been prepared for the area from Helang to Joshimath, in and
around Joshimath and the Joshimath-Tapovan transect.
 The Joshimath town is situated on a slope on which no in situ rock has been observed so
far. Rather the slope consists of loose boulders of varying sizes and soil material, the boulders
being composed of garnet-bearing gneisses of the Joshimath formation belonging to the lower
part of the Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) in the area.
 The slope comprising of loose boulders and soil occur on the hanging wall of the NNW-
SSE striking, easterly dipping fault set (Fig. 5a) that cuts across the penetrative gneissic foliation.
Moreover, the area is traversed by steep ESE-ward or WNW-ward dipping or subvertical faults
and fractures. A set of fractures parallel to the gneissic foliation and the mylonitic foliation in
the MCT has also been detected in course of the present study.
 There is striking similarity observed between the NNW-SSE striking fault set (Fig. 5a) and
some of the recent cracks (Fig. 5d) that came up on the roads and walls of the houses in
different locations of the Joshimath town.

61
Further study:
 Reactivation potential of the faults and fractures with respect to the contemporary
stress- field needs to be determined for delineating the fault/s that stand the best chance of
reactivation in view of the current subsidence phenomenon.
 Pits were excavated along the eastern as well as the western sections of the identified
subsidence zone, particularly in localities where some damage was detected (for example, Figs.
6b-d). Detrital charcoal and bulk soil samples were collected from these pits to understand the
timing of deposition of the paleo-landslide material and to understand the phenomenon of
landform evolution in the area. Results are awaited.
 Collection of geotechnical data for slope failure analysis have been undertaken to
understand the phenomenon of land subsidence in Joshimath. Data pertaining to slope
parameters (such as slope height, slope angle variation, and slope orientation), material
property, and various discontinuities were obtained in course of the field work. Data pertaining
to the physical condition of slope surface, weathering and erosion effect, more critical locations
and representative samples were obtained from the pits for the purpose of Rock Mass
Characterization and their classification.

62
RESISTIVITY INVESTIGATIONS IN AND AROUND JOSHIMATH

As a part of resistivity investigations in Joshimath region, the first phase of data acquisition for
electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is completed on 23 rd January. 5 channel ARES 2 with 48
electrodes being utilised for the data collection.

The objective of resistivity measurements are:-

 To characterise the subsurface in terms of resistivity variations. These variations can be
correlated with lithology.
 Estimation of the thickness of overburden along the profiles.
 To Identify the shear zones

Total 7 ERT profiles at following places have been acquired.

1. Parsari
2. Manohar Bagh (2 profiles)
3. Singhdhar
4. JP Colony
5. Sunil village
6. Marwari (Below JP Colony)

63
 Figure 1: ERT profile location map
1. Parsari

Parsari village is located toward South - East of Joshimath. An ERT profile orienting SW-NE is
taken (Fig 1). The length of the profile is 235 m. Total 48 electrodes are used at a spacing of 5 m.
Schulmberger Wenner Configuration is used to measure potential difference across different
combinations of electrodes. These measured potential differences are modelled for subsurface
resistivity variations. Figure 2 is the subsurface resistivity section beneath the profile.

64
 Figure 2: Resistivity variation beneath the Parsari
Resistivity variations at the Parsari profile indicate two distinct horizontal layerings. The bottom
layer beneath the depth level of 15 m has resistivity above 1000 ohm-m indicating the presence of
hard rock. Resistivity variations from surface to 15 m depth range are moderate and vary from 100
to 1000 ohm-m.

2. Sunil

Figure 2: Resistivity variation beneath the Sunil

65
The profile length at the Sunil village is 235 m with 5 m electrode spacing. Total 48 electrodes are
used in the ERT at the Sunil Village with Wenner Schulmberger configuration of electrodes.
Resistivity variations beneath the Sunil village (Fig 3) have lateral variations. The high resistive
feature is embedded with many moderately resistive and high resistive blocks. The bottom section
throughout the profile is moderately resistive.

3. Manohar Bagh

There are two ERT profiles at the Manohar Bagh. The first profile is along the slope and the length
of this ERT profile is 188 m with 4 m electrode spacing. The length of the profile is governed by
the availability of linear space for stretching the electric cable.

Figure 4: Resistivity variation beneath Manohar Bagh 1

Significant lateral variations are observed in the resistivity variations beneath this ERT profile.
The important feature in this section is presence of high conductive zones. The presence of ground
cracks above these zones are significant. The high conductivity of these zone indicates highly
saturated sediments or fracture zone filled with water.

66
Another profile at the Manohar Bagh is oriented approximately perpendicular to the above profile
and across the slope of hill. The length of this profile is 235 m with 5 m electrode spacing.
Interestingly the conductive feature is present beneath entire profile. This layer emerges to surface
at 135 m from the depth of 10 m at 10 m. The important observation along this profile is widening
of ground cracks toward the second half of profile.

Figure 5: Resistivity variation beneath Manohar Bagh 2

Significant resistivity variations are observed in profile along downslope at shallow depth, whereas
smooth variations are observed when profile is oriented approximately across the slope. Low
resistivity features signifying the saturation /aquifer is observed. Interpretation of resistivity
section is in progress and will be completed after modelling of all profiles.

4. Singhdhar

The length of the profile at the Singhdhar is 235 m and the orientation of profile is approximately
across the slope. The electrode spacing is 5 m and Wenner Schulmberger configuration is used
for measuring potential differences across appropriate combination of electrodes. The resistivity

67
variations beneath the profile (Fig 6) is having moderate to high resistivity except the two blocks
of low resistivity. One beneath the distance mark of 80 m and one beneath the distance mark of
170 m to 195 m. Ground cracks are observed at the horizontal distance of 77 m is above the low
resistive zone.

Figure 6: Resistivity variation beneath Singhdhar

5. JP Colony

The ERT profile inside JP Colony is all along the down slope and follow the orientation of Nala
above Badminton court. The length of the profile is 47 m. After this distance the ground is
cemented and it is not possible to extend the profile linearly. The 1m electrode spacing is used in
the ERT at this place. The resistivity variations are shown in figure 7. As can be seen, the most of
the part of ground imaged is covered with low resistivity to moderate resistivity indicating the
percolation of water from surface to depth of 9 m. The low resistivity at depth of 1-2 m indicate
the presence of water, which is gushing out near JP Colony gate.

68
 Figure 7: Resistivity variation beneath JP Colony

6. Marwari (Below JP Colony)

The length of the profile at the Marwari is 235 m and the orientation of profile is approximately
across the slope. The electrode spacing is 5 m and Wenner Schulmberger configuration is used for
measuring potential differences across appropriate combination of electrodes. The entire profile
(Fig 8) is covered with moderate resistivity feature.

69
 Figure 8: Resistivity variation beneath Marwari

Conclusion:
1) At Parsari resistivity shows that a consistent bedrock layer is present at a depth of 15 m.
There is no signature of water seepage.
2) At Sunil, presence of sub-surface boulders are seen. There is no significance seepage zones
in the section covered.
3) At Manohar Bagh 1, one Resistivity Section was covered from Auli Road towards
northwest near Tower 1. Here, highly water saturated zone is observed at a depth from 5 m to
35 m (maximum observation depth) dipping along the slope.
4) In another profile in Manohar Bagh (2), parallel to the Auli Road (SE to NW), signature of
water seepage is observed all along the profile at a depth of 5-10 m.
5) In Singdhar, isolated patches of water seepage is present along the profile. A big boulder
is present in the middle of the section upto a depth of 25 m.
6) At Jaypee Colony, water seepage is clearly observed at least up to a depth of 10 m
(maximum observation depth) along the profile. Presence of sub-surface boulder is seen.
7) In Marwari, signature of water seepage is seen in isolated patches, but at very shallow depth
of 4-5 m.

70
From the resistivity variations in different sections, it can be said that the seepage water is
natural and is not affected by anthropogenic activities.

71
SEISMICITY MONITORING AND SUBSURFACE IMAGING FROM A CLOSE
SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun, Uttrakhand has established a closely
spaced Seismological Network of 11 stations for monitoring of microseismic activity in and around
Joshimath area (Figure). The installation of the stations was completed by 20 January 2023. The
data of the stations till 19 January 2023 is being processed. For realtime monitoring of earthquake
activity in the area, GPRS modules are being installed to transmit waveform data from BBS sites
to the central recording Station at WIHG, Dehradun.

Objectives:
 Seismological monitoring to observe the seismic activity to micro-earthquake level.
Making it feasible for detecting lower than 1.0 magnitude earthquakes

 Monitoring of blasting activity

 Temporal assessment of Seismic noise

Table: Locations of the seismological stations installed by WIHG in and around Joshimath:

Sl. No. Station Name Latitude Longitude

1 Painka 30.571 79.586
2 Auli Rd., Sunil 30.546 79.554
3 Marwari 30.564 79.551
4 Bhauna, Sunil 30.555 79.549
5 Helang 30.532 79.519
6 Merag 30.528 79.594
7 Thang 30.563 79.516
8 Ravigram 30.546 79.576
9 Dadon, Upper Bazar 30.554 79.563
10 Tapovan 30.496 79.611
11 Garurganga 30.464 79.441

72
Joshimath region of Uttrakhand falls within the highest seismic zone of India where the recent
surface subsidence and cracks in roads have been reported recently. The epicenter of the 1999
Chamoli earthquake of magnitude 6.6 is close and to and south of Joshimath. Seismic activity is
high where the Himalayan seismic belt passes through the region. The Main Himalayan Thrust
within the upper crust is the major tectonic fault driving the seismic activity. The past seismicity
of ~50 years indicates high seismicity of small magnitude earthquakes along the epicenter of the
Chamoli earthquake (Figure 1). Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun
established a local seismic network in and around Joshimath (Figure 1) in January 2023 to monitor
the ongoing seismicity of micro-earthquake with magnitude threshold of ~1.0. The seismic stations
are connected online to extract the continuance seismic data at Central Recording station
Dehradun. The continuance seismic data is monitored on daily basis to extract the earthquake
events and obtain the earthquake source parameters.
During January 13 to April 12, the seismic network recorded 16 micro-earthquakes of maximum
magnitude ~1.5 within a distance of 50 km from the Joshimath. Hypocentes are within uppermost
crust of 10 km depth. Epicenters are mainly to the south and south-west of the Joshimath where
Vakrita Thrsut (VT) and Munsiary Thrust (MT) tectonic faults exists. The present and past seismic
activity has similar trend on increasing seismicity to the south and southwest mainly concentrated
around the epicenter of Chamoli earthquake. Therefore, this seismic activity of very small micro-
earthquake size is normal in this region. However, some light and higher magnitude earthquakes
are recorded within a distance of 100 km around the Joshumath which is on slightly higher scale
compared to adjoining pats of the Himalaya. The highest magnitude earthquake is 5.4 occurred 0n
24 January 2023 within western part of Nepal with a distance of ~100 km from Joshimath located
to its southeast.
We also processed the continuance data of each seismic stations to investigate the anomalous
signature in the waveform data. The background noise is observed on daily basis to assess the
temporal change in background noise. The analysis is also performed for the day time and night
time data where the culture noise is less in the night time. It is observed that noise was slightly
higher on the Marwari station which is located close to the Japee colony. Sometimes sudden
changes are noticed which are on very higher magnitude compared to the background noise level.
These changes are in all three component records with simple increasing and decreasing trends in
the vertical component. These changes are mainly noticed in the data of Marwari and Ravigram
stations. The amplitude and frequency of occurrence is on higher side in the data of Marwari

73
station. The Marwari station was installed first with temporary installation in the basement of Hotel
on January 11. Therefore, we are able to record long continuance records of this station. On
January 16, the station was shifted in a seismic hut which is very close built on bedrock. The other
seismic stations were installed before January 20, 2023.
An example of anomalous change in the background noise at Marwari station is shown in Figure
2 for raw data record of 1 hour. It indicates a very clear signal in all three components.

Figure 1: Seismic stations of the online WIHG seismic network of Joshimath.

74
Figure 2: Local recent and background seismicity in and around Joshimath. Blue triangles
represent the seismic stations of WIHG, Dehradun, red circles recent seismicity, green circles past
seismicity.

75
 Joshimath

Figure 3: Past background seismicity around Joshimath. Red star near Joshimath is the epicenter
location of the M6.6 Chamoli earthquake of 1999.

76
 Raw

Figure 4: Anomalous signature observed in the waveform on 24 January, 2023.

Displacement

77
 Velocity

Figure 5: Anomalous signature observed in the waveform on 24 January, 2023.

Figure 5: Waveform records of anomalous change along with corresponding spectrogram of

Marwari records on 24 January, 2023.

78
Figure 6: Records of anomalous signatures observed in the waveform during Jan-Mar 2023.

79
Conclusions:
1) Some micro-earthquake events of very small magnitudes (less than 1.8 M) are recorded at
shallow focal depths of less 10 km.
2) Reported micro-earthquake activities are so far seen to be normal.
3) The concentration of micro-earthquake activity increases towards south and south west of
the network region, which indicates that micro-earthquake activity is more prone to the 1999
Chamoli Earthquake epicenter zone.
4) In addition, some low magnitude earthquakes are also located from the adjoining parts
towards Uttarkashi in the west, and towards Pithoragarh in the south.
5) Some low-frequency noise signatures are observed in the continuous data in the Marwari
Station. Some noise is also observed in the Ravigram Station. The amplitude and frequency are
on higher side recorded in the Marwari Station. This frequency and amplitude was higher in the
month of January, especially before 20 January 2023. This noise is observed very less at present.

Requirement for further work:

1) The 11 station observation is in progress, however, more data is required for sub-surface
uppermost crustal structure investigation.
2) Further observations with the data from the network will provide information about
seismic activities in this region.

80
DIGITAL HIGH-RESOLUTION MAPPING OF JOSHIMATH USING AIRBORNE
LIDAR

In the light of the recent events of January 2023 where sudden appearance of cracks in
houses and on ground surface were seen, especially seen in the western part of Joshimath in the
wards of Sunil, Manohar Bagh, Singdhar and Marwari. This was accompanied by the gushing out
of sediment-laden water in Jaypee Colony at an elevation of about 1665 m asl. The number of
houses damaged and people displaced have been considerable. In this context, several Indian
research institutes and organizations have come together to study the geological setup of the
Joshimath town. The geophysical surveys show a saturated zone in the sub-strata around Manohar
Bagh and Singhdhar wards. It was, therefore, necessary to have a high-resolution and large scale
map of the region covering the entire town of Joshimath and surrounding regions, where
rehabilitation is envisioned. Since Joshimath lies on a steep slope, with quite dense concrete built-
up, along with some parts densely forested, Airborne-LiDAR technique of an elevation model
seemed to be the most suitable and viable option for mapping the area.

Upon receiving a Work Order from Uttarakhand State Disaster Management Authority
(USDMA), No. 1983/USDMA-1090(2023), dated 17 February 2023. Wadia Institute of
Himalayan Geology, Govt. of India, Dehradun has been assigned with the task of providing high
resolution map and digital elevation models of 100 sq km of Joshimath and the surrounding regions
for landslide mitigation and management purpose.

81
 Figure: LiDAR coverage and locations of GCPs for the Joshimath topographic mapping.
The two Base Stations at NTPC Helipad, Ravigram and Auli

The deliverables from the LiDAR survey are:

1. LiDAR data:
(a) raw data
(b) Classified (ground, building, vegetation), geo-referenced point cloud
2. Images:
(a) raw data
(b) ortho-rectified images, 5 cm GSD, geo-referenced in tiff format
3. Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with 25 cm x 25 cm grid, tif format, georeferenced
4. Digital Surface Model (DSM) with 25 cm x 25 cm grid, tif format, georeferenced
5. Contours with contour interval 10 cm (or higher as requested), georeferenced, in ArcGIS
Database
6. One set of deliverables in ITRF14 Ref. Frame, and WGS84 heights. Another set in ITRF14,
orthometric (MSL) heights

Survey and Acquisition of Data:

The ground team started on-site establishment of Ground Control Points by constructing slabs of
6 X 6 feet concrete slabs at 6 locations, painted in black and white, and two pillar base stations,
around the survey area (figure 1) starting from 23 February 2023. The airborne data collection

82
started on 25 February 2023. However, due to bad weather, the helicopter has to abort operations.
On 26th February 3 hours of flight survey could be completed before it started getting windy, with
clouds, rain and snow at places. Flight survey was aborted before completion of acquisition. On
27th February acquisition of data started early morning and was finally completed by around 9 am.

Figure 2: Setting up of Base Stations and GCPs

Thereafter, the ground team started GPS monitoring in 6 GCP locations, two base stations by
taking measurements in each GCP points for 8 hours. The team also started the search for Survey
of India benchmarks (BM) inside the survey area and close to the survey area, east, west, north
and south. However, it was seen while trying to locate the BMs that:
1. The SoI BMs in Joshimath are displaced. And unless corrected in the leveling, they cannot be
used. Some BMs are also missing.
2. The BMs towards east, Tapovan, Mirag and Raini are all destroyed during the 2021 Rishiganga
Flood disaster.
3. Out of the BMs south of Joshimath, the BMs with descriptions near Helang, could not be located
and looks like they are displaced. Only one Type B BM in the compound of Police Station of
Pipalkoti market could be found.

83
4. Out of all BMs north of Joshimath, the team searched for all BMs upto Mana. Even after digging
for a whole day the Mana Type B was not found. The Lambagarh Type B near the Jaypee Barrage
was washed out during the 2013 Kedarnath disaster. The Type M BM at Badrinath wad located in
the compound of PWD IB was located. The Type B BM was located in the compound of PWD IB
in Pandukeshwar.

Figure 3: Bad weather, and acquisition using helicopter on good weather days

After locating the Badrinath, Pandukeshwar and the Pipalkoti, and after completion of the GCPs,
GPS measurements were started for 24 hours in each SoI BMs.
After collection of all data, the team returned from field on 5 th March 2023. Thereafter, Survey of
India proceeded to correct their leveling data for their lines along the Alaknanda Valley. SoI height
data was also measured for the GCPs created for the LiDAR survey. The final SoI AoI data was
received on 10th April 2023.

84
 Figure 4: Photos acquired from the helicopter over coverage area

Thereafter, the processing for the LiDAR data started. The present status of the processing is as
follows:
1. Pre-processing of the raw tiff files for the photos completed and the trajectories generated.
2. Point-cloud data generated
3. Geoid Model for Joshimath developed using BM data. The Geoid model shows consistent
4. Vertical accuracy model assessment completed.
5. Classification completed for buildings, vegetation and ground.
6. Absolute height accuracy of LiDAR data in WGS 84 datum, derived using 5 GCPs shows
Standard Deviation of 8 cm, and RMSE 11 cm, which has been found to be good. This has been
obtained by comparing LiDAR derived heights with GPS derived heights measured using the
6X6 feet GCP points.
7. Manual removal of buildings and built-up area has been done.
8. Apply geoid model to point cloud

The next work in line is as follows:

1. Convert point cloud data to DEM. This will be provided, along with contours (10 cm/100 cm
according to requirement) in 7 days. The DEM (BARE GROUND) and the DSM (with all
features including buildings and vegetation) will be provided with top priority.

85
2. Orthophotos generation from photographs collected from survey.

Conclusions:
Some suggestions for constraining time-line of work includes:

1. SoI BM should be monitored and data upgraded regularly, even in other places of Uttarakhand,
Himalaya.
2. Since Uttarakhand is a mountain state, and often faces mountain disasters, it is of utmost
importance that LiDAR topographic mapping is done for the state. Planning of management
and mitigation is convenient if bare-ground topography and the surface models are available
to planners and decision makers.
Optimum utilization of the DEM derived from LiDAR is very important. As this is a
powerful base of information, WIHG will be able to guide Govt.

86
Study of Geological and Structural Setup of the Region

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, Dehradun has taken up the transact from
Pipalkoti to Tapovan to understand the geological and structural setup, temporal evolution of the
deformation kinematics, signatures of active tectonics, geomorphology and slope stability in
vulnerable regions.

Faults, fractures and joints were mapped in details along the Pipalkoti-Joshimath-
Tapovan transect along with the penetrative structures.

Results of the study is expected to answer long-term structural deformation along with
the process of landform evolution and their subsequent modification during the Quaternary time
scale that probably led to land subsidence in the area.

The objectives of the survey is:

1) the characterization of the structural aspects of the Joshimath town with respect to the
faults and fractures
2) Temporal evolution of the debris as it is reported already that the town is situated on
unconsolidated to semi-consolidated debris
3) Stability analyses of vulnerable slopes in and around Joshimath
The preliminary observations from the field work are the following:

Penetrative structures, faults and fractures:

The earliest planar fabric or foliation in the area is a gneissic segregation between quartz-
rich and micaceous layers consisting of both muscovite and biotite (Figs. 2a and b). This gneissic
segregation forms the penetrative foliation in the area. Occasionally, significant increase in mica-
content gives a schistose appearance to these rocks resulting in the intercalated occurrence of
high grade schists within the gneisses.
Tight to isoclinal folds with sub-horizontal hinge lines are commonly observed both on
the gneissic segregation as well as the schistose foliation. Often these folds are overturned with
both limbs dipping towards north or north-east (Fig. 2a). In the MCT zone, the mylonitic
foliation is also defined by alternate quartz-rich and micaceous layers. Quartz-rich domains of
the mylonitic foliation often exhibit prominent reverse kinematics.
Fig. 1. a) Folds on the initial gneissic segregation between quartz-rich and micaceous layers. b)
Gneissic segregation between quartz-rich and micaceous layers, displaced along a shear fracture
dipping towards south. Note the normal sense of displacement.
The penetrative gneissic and schistose foliation are often truncated against faults and
fractures that either exhibit striations on their surfaces or a prominent displacement of the marker
beds, for example the gneissic foliation is observed along the fault or fracture (Fig. 2b). In each
of the studied locations, one fracture set parallel to the gneissic banding and/or the schistose
foliation (Fig. 3) is observed invariably. N-S to NNE-SSW striking faults also occur on the
western and eastern parts of the slope on which Joshimath is situated. The continuation of the
fractures and faults on the central part of the slope cannot be confirmed due to the absence of in
situ rocks.

Fig. 2 Fractures generated parallel to the foliation in the MCT and the MT zone in and
around Joshimath town
Observations so far:

 The studied area is traversed by fractures parallel to the gneissic foliation and the
mylonitic foliation in the MCT and N-S to NNE-SSW striking faults and fractures.
 Reactivation potential of the faults and fractures with respect to the contemporary stress-
field needs to be determined for delineating the fault/s that stand the best chance of
reactivation in view of the current subsidence phenomenon.
 Pits were excavated along the eastern, as well as the western sections of the identified
subsidence zone, particularly in localities where some damage was detected. Detrital
charcoal and bulk soil samples were collected from these pits to understand the timing of
deposition of the paleo-landslide material and to understand the phenomenon of landform
evolution in the area. The charcoal samples will be analysed by the Accelerator Mass
Spectrometer C-14 radiocarbon dating method in due course in collaboration with
Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad.
 Collection of geotechnical data for slope failure analysis is a key objective to understand
the phenomenon of land subsidence in Joshimath. Toward this, data pertaining to slope
parameters (such as slope height, slope angle variation, and slope orientation), material
property, and various discontinuities were obtained during the field work along the
Pipalkoti-Tapovan transect. Also, data pertaining to the physical condition of slope
surface, weathering and erosion effect, more critical locations (or weak zones
representing low strength area) in individual slopes and representative samples from the
pits excavated at various locations were obtained for the purpose of Rock Mass
Characterization analyses and their classification.

Fig. 3. Fractures generated parallel to the foliation in the MCT and the MT zone in and around
Joshimath town
Seismic Monitoring

Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology (WIHG), Dehradun, Uttrakhand has established a

closely spaced Seismological Network of 9 stations for monitoring of microseismic activity in
and around Joshimath area (Figure). The installation of the stations was completed by 20 January
2023. The data of the stations till 19 January 2023 is being processed. For realtime monitoring of
earthquake activity in the area, GPRS modules are being installed to transmit waveform data
from BBS sites to the central recording Station at WIHG, Dehradun. Initially GPRS is being
installed at five sites. Continuous data is expected to be available from 27 January 2023 onwards.

The dense stations of WIHG will enable:

1) Observe micro-seismicity localized in and around Joshimath
2) Noise tomography to characterize sub-surface structure around Joshimath

In addition to these 5 stations, we are going to connect rest of the stations with the GPRS
system.

Fig. 1: Locations of installed seismic stations and ERT surveys of WIHG. Daily updates on
seismicity, including microearthquakes of even M 1, in and around Joshimath can be provided,
apart from noise tomography of the sub-surface.
Table: Locations of the seismological stations installed by WIHG in and around Joshimath:
Sl. No. Station Name Latitude Longitude
1 Painka 30.571 79.586
2 Auli Rd., Sunil 30.546 79.554
3 Marwari 30.564 79.551
4 Bhauna, Sunil 30.555 79.549
5 Helang 30.532 79.519
6 Merag 30.528 79.594
7 Thang 30.563 79.516
8 Ravigram 30.546 79.576
9 Dadon, Upper Bazar 30.554 79.563
Fig. 2 (a) and (b): Three component waveform of the M 2.9 Uttarkashi earthquake of Janurary
13, 2023, 02:12:10 (hr:min:sec, IST), recorded by newly installed broadband seismic station by
WIHG at Marwadi, Joshimath near Jaypee Colony

The continuous waveform data recorded at 9 stations have been scrutinized for extracting
information of local earthquakes for the period 13-27 January 2023. The network recorded 4
Microearthquakes in the Joshimath area with magnitude (M ~0.8-1.3). Besides these local
earthquakes the network also recorded 8 teleseismic and 5 regional earthquakes. The epicenter of
4 microearthquakes are shown in the Fig. 3 (indicated by yellow circles). The green symbols
show the locations of newly established BBS stations. The focal depth of most of the local
earthquakes are shallow (< 5.0 km). An example of waveform of a micro-earthquake detected
near Marvari (Joshimath) is shown in Fig. 4 and 5. The magnitude of the event is M~0.8 and
focal depth is 2.6 km.
Fig. 3 Locations of BBS stations in and around Joshimath. The epicenters of micro-earthquakes
are shown by yellow circles.

Fig. 4. Screenshot of online data transmission through GPRS Module from remote sites of
Joshimath to CRS Dehradun
Fig. 5 Example of waveform of a micro-earthquake detected near Marvari (Joshimath). The
magnitude of the event is M~0.8 and focal depth is 2.6 km.

ERT/MT Surveys by WIHG

As a part of resistivity investigations in Joshimath region, the first phase of data acquisition for
electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) is completed on 23 rd January. 5 channel ARES 2 with 48
electrodes being utilised for the data collection. Total 7 ERT profiles at following places have
been acquired.
1. Parsari
2. Manohar Bagh
3. ManoharBagh
4. JP Colony
5. Sunil village
6. Marwari (Below JP Colony)
7. SinghDhar
Fig. 1: ERT profile location map
Parsari

Parsari village is located toward South - East of Joshimath. An ERT profile orienting SW-NE is
taken (Fig 1). The length of the profile is 235 m. Total 48 electrodes are used at a spacing of 5
m. Schulmberger Wenner Configuration is used to measure potential difference across different
combinations of electrodes. These measured potential differences are modelled for subsurface
resistivity variations. Figure 2 is the subsurface resistivity section beneath the profile.

Figure 2: Resistivity variation beneath the Parsari

Resistivity variations at the Parsari profile indicate two distinct horizontal layering. The bottom
layer beneath the depth level of 15 m is having resistivity above 1000 ohm-m indicate the
presence of hard rock. Resistivity variations from surface to 15 m depth range are moderate and
vary from 100 to 1000 ohm-m.
Sunil

Figure 2: Resistivity variation beneath the Sunil

The profile length at the Sunil village is 235 m with 5 m electrode spacing. Total 48 electrodes
are used in the ERT at the Sunil Village with Wenner Schulmberger configuration of electrodes.
Resistivity variations beneath the Sunil village (Fig 3) have lateral variations. The high resistive
feature is embedded with many moderately resistive and high resistive blocks. The bottom
section throughout the profile is moderately resistive.
Manohar Bagh

There are two ERT profiles at the Manohar Bagh. The first profile is along the slope and the
length of this ERT profile is 188 m with 4 m electrode spacing. The length of the profile is
governed by the availability of linear space for stretching the electric cable.

Figure 4: Resistivity variation beneath Manohar Bagh

Significant lateral variations are observed in the resistivity variations beneath this ERT profile.
The important feature in this section is presence of high conductive zones. The presence of
ground cracks above these zones are significant. The high conductivity of these zone indicates
highly saturated sediments or fracture zone filled with water.
Another profile at the Manohar Bagh is oriented approximately perpendicular to the above
profile and across the slope of hill. The length of this profile is 235 m with 5 m electrode
spacing. Interestingly the conductive feature is present beneath entire profile. This layer emerges
to surface at 135 m from the depth of 10 m at 10 m. The important observation along this profile
is widening of ground cracks toward the second half of profile.

Figure 5: Resistivity variation beneath Manohar Bagh 2

Significant resistivity variations are observed in profile along downslope at shallow depth,
whereas smooth variations are observed when profile is oriented approximately across the slope.
Low resistivity features signifying the saturation /aquifer is observed. Interpretation of resistivity
section is in progress and will be completed after modelling of all profiles.
Singdhar

The length of the profile at the Singh Dhar is 235 m and the orientation of profile is
approximately across the slope. The electrode spacing is 5 m and Wenner Schulmberger
configuration is used for measuring potential differences across appropriate combination of
electrodes. The resistivity variations beneath the profile (Fig 6) is having moderate to high
resistivity except the two blocks of low resistivity. One beneath the distance mark of 80 m and
one beneath the distance mark of 170 m to 195 m. Ground cracks are observed at the horizontal
distance of 77 m is above the low resistive zone.

Figure 6: Resistivity variation beneath SinghDhar

JP Colony
The ERT profile inside JP Colony is all along the down slope and follow the orientation of Nala
above Badminton court. The length of the profile is 47 m. After this distance the ground is
cemented and it is not possible to extend the profile linearly. The 1m electrode spacing is used in
the ERT at this place. The resistivity variations are shown in figure 7. As can be seen, the most
of the part of ground imaged is covered with low resistivity to moderate resistivity indicating the
percolation of water from surface to depth of 9 m. The low resistivity at depth of 1-2 m indicate
the presence of water, which is gushing out near JP Colony gate.

Figure 7: Resistivity variation beneath JP Colony

Marwari (Below JP Colony)

The length of the profile at the Marwari is 235 m and the orientation of profile is approximately
across the slope. The electrode spacing is 5 m and Wenner Schulmberger configuration is used
for measuring potential differences across appropriate combination of electrodes. The entire
profile (Fig 8) is covered with moderate resistivity feature.

Figure 8: Resistivity variation beneath Marwari

A Hydrogeological Investigation Report on Land SubsidenceI Joshimath
Town, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand

1.0 Introduction
In context of recent land subsidence at Joshimath, a four-member
committee namely Sh Prashant Rai, Scientist- E, Dr Vikas Tomar, Assist. Hydrologist
from CGWB, Dehradun and Dr Shashikant Singh, Scientist- C, Sh Aniruddh Singh,
Assist. Geophysicist, CGWB, Lucknow visited the area from 09.01.2023 to 19.01.2023
to carry out Hydrogeological and Geophysical survey to decipher the water saturated
zone, nature of geological formation and extent of cracks.
Joshimath, also known as Jyotirmath, falls in Toposheet No 53 N/10 and
comes under Alaknanda Basin. (Figure- 1) River Alaknanda makes the northern
boundary of the study area. The Dauliganga river confluences with Alaknanda at
Vishnuprayag. Mostly dendritic pattern is observed in the area. High peaks, cliffs,
steep slopes, deep and narrow valley is characteristic of the study area.

Figure – 1 Location Map of Joshimath Town, Alaknanda Basin, Chamoli District,

Uttarakhand
It is a Tehsil and Block Headquarter of Chamoli district in Uttarakhand state.
The town is located at a height of 6150 feet (1875 m) in mighty Himalayan Mountain
Chain and falls in seismic zone IV to V. The average annual rainfall of Joshimath is
1337 mm with 80 days of duration. The average lowest and highest temperature
ranges from 9 oC to 19 oC (Source IMD 1971-2001).
As per 2011 census, total population is 16709 and density 1454 person/sq km. It

1
is a gateway to several Himalayan mountain climbing expeditions, trekking trails and
pilgrim centres like Badrinath. To accommodate the floating population, large numbers
of buildings like hotels, home stay are constructed in a small-town area of
11.49 sq km.

2
 2.0 Present Land Subsidence- Sequence of Events

In conversation with the local people in

Manoharbagh area, it comes to know that the
cracks in the agricultural land of Sh Suraj
Kaparuwan was noticed on last week of
November 2022. It was very less in its extent.
Cracks in the residential building have been
observed at about 9 PM on 2/ 3rd Jan 2023 as
told by Sh Salig Ram Prajapati, employ of J P
Power Project (Photo - 1). In the morning of 03
January 2023, the moderate to intensive land
subsidence was observed just below Auli,
Sunil Village upto Marvadi Village.(Photo-2)
The Cracks developed in North – South
direction having average width of 10-15 m.
Further, water burst out in JP residential
premise in Marwari Village. Initially,
discharge was about 650 lpm which is
reducing with time upto to the tune of 225 lpm.

(C)Vertical Cracks (about 3 ft) at

Photo- 2 Cracks developed at Different Location in Joshimath Town, Chamoli District

3
3.0 Geology

Geologically, the Joshimath belongs to the Higher Himalayas and occupied by

Central Crystalline Group (Vaikrita Group) i.e Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic
rocks. It represents the higher-grade metamorphism of the Higher Himalaya
pervasively penetrated by young Tertiary granite. The rocks comprising, this group,
are micaceous schists, talcose rocks, phyllites and gneisses overlying mainly the
granite gneisses. The Vaikrita group rocks are overlain by morainic deposits. These
morainic deposits are composed of irregular boulders and clay of varying thickness.
These morainic deposits are less cohesive and susceptible to land slide/subsidence.
The Main Central thrust (MCT) traverse in southern part of the study area.
Beside this there are number of weaker plains present in the area. The area along these
weaker plains is highly vulnerable for landslides/land subsidence. (Figure- 2).
Geological succession is furnished in Table -1

Figure- 2 Geology of Joshimath Area, Chamoli District

4
Table- 1 Geological Succession in Joshimath Area, Chamoli District

Group/ Formation Lithology

Quaternary Formation Loose Morainic Sediment with
large boulders

Central Crystalline Group Kyanite rich gneiss with Garnet-

( Vaikrita Group)
Biotite schist
Main Central Thrust
Munsiary Formation Mylonitised gneisses of ganitic
composition, schist
4.0 Hydrogeological Study
CGWB traced the subsidence zone and its detail. Springs and the Ground
Water abstraction structures such as hand pump are demarcated. Depth of water
level, discharge and temperature of ground water are also monitored.
A total of 46 cracks/subsidence zones are observed which are oriented in
North-West to South-East direction (Figure- 3 A) (Annexure- I). The slope direction
of the study area is South to North. (Figure- 3 B) The crown of the subsidence marks
at house of Sh Vinod Saklani, Village Upper Sunil and extend upto JP township at
Marwari village. The intensity of the cracks is increasing from south to north and it
maximum observed in Manohar Bagh area where one of the hotels building lean over
adjoining hotel building. The depth of the cracks observed in the agriculture land is
upto 03 ft deep and 1-2 ft wide.

Figure- 3 A Location of Cracks, Springs and Hand pumps in the Joshimath Town,
Chamoli District, Uttarakhand.

5
Figure- 3 B Location of Spring Monitored during CGWB Survey and Marked in
Toposheet 53 N/10 in and around Joshimath Town, Chamoli District, Uttarakhand.

Figure- 3 C Slope Configuration in the Joshimath Town, Chamoli District,

Uttarakhand.

6
 Joshimath town is situated on morainic deposit, comprising thick Quaternary
loose sediment. Big boulders are embedded in this deposit. The morainic deposit is
both porous and permeable and hence suitable for groundwater development. The
ground water is mainly developed through handpumps. The topography is highly
undulating and geological formations are moderately to steeply dipping. Due to
frequent undulations of high magnitude a continuous water table doesn’t exist.
However, permeable formation overlays an impermeable one, the water table exists, its
extension depends upon the distribution of the aquifer forming rocks and
topography. A total of 04 number of handpumps are present in the study area (Figure 3
A & 3 B) and as per the data available with Jal Sansthan, Joshimath, the handpump
are drilled upto the depth of about 80 m and the zone tapped ranges from 65-80 m
bgl. The depth of water level in these handpumps ranges between 18 to 48 m. Daily
depth of water level has been monitored and it is observed that water level is
declining in Singhdhar area, with various rate. 20- 60 cm per day, (Figure- 4) while
in other handpumps the water level is almost content. (Table-2) The decline in
Singhdhar handpump indicates that water bearing strata is linked with the land
subsidence. Land subsidence may be extended in and around Singhdhar Handpump.
The discharge of these handpumps was taken manually which is 17.65-
20.27 lpm

Table- 2– Hydrogeological Detail of Handpump, Joshimath Town, Chamoli District

S. 13 Discharge(lpm
N Location Long Lat 11 Jan Jan 14 Jan 18 Jan Temp )
1 Singhdhar 79.5590 30.5574 47.03 47.92 48.4 51.2
2 Ravigram 79.5773 30.5523 20.52 20.52 15 17.65
Marwari-
3 GREFP 79.5531 30.5635 22.8 22.73 15
4 Sunil 79.5580 30.5509 18.37 18.22 18.15 13 20.27

Depth to Water Level(m, bgl) at Singhdhar Hanpump

51
Depth to Water Level, m bgl

50

49

48

47 y = 0.6073x - 27244

46

Figure 4 – Hydrograph of Singhdhar Handpump Joshimath Town, Chamoli District

7
 The occurrence of springs is a common phenomenon in Joshimath area. The
moving groundwater emerges on ground in form of springs at the contact of different
rock types and through joints/fractures etc. The topographic breaks also are the
favourable location for spring formations. Many springs has been shown in Toposheet
No 53 N/10 (published year 1963) where present land subsidence occurred. One of the
springs marked in toposheet at Marwari village where J P residential colony situated,
another spring present near Hotel Auli, Ravigram. During the investigation eight
spring are also marked. (Figure 3B) Most of these springs are depression and contact
type. Discharge of these springs vary from 1 lpm to 600 lpm and temperature is about
130 C. (Table-3)
Table – 3 - Detail of Spring in and around Joshimath Town, Chamoli District
S,N Location Long Lat Discharge Temp Remarks
o (lpm) (deg C)
1 JPVL- 79.55356 30.56113 250-650 13 Badminton Hall-Inside
Marvadi Campus
2 Tapowan 79.65706 30.4887 --- 88
Hot spring
3 Nauganga 79.56227 30.55141 600 12 Sunil-Jal Sansthan
Water supply tank
4 Sunil 79.55802 30.55085 1 13 Near ITBP Campus
5 Dronagiri 79.55183 30.55618 35.8 13
6 Singhdhar 79.55475 30.55773 28.91 13 Near Bhatt House
7 Lower 79.5546 30.55978 --- 12.5 Just above JPVL
Singhdhar
8 Singhdhar- 79.55656 30.55789 35.29 13 Near Panchvati Hotel
Gopaldhar

Photo – 3 A Spring Monitoring at Singhdhar,

Joshimath
Photo – 3 B Water Level Monitoring at HP

Ravigram, Joshimath