LESSON 1:HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS OF SCIENCE,TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY

SCIENCE
-deals with the learning new facts (discoveries) and solving problems (scientific method)

TECHNOLOGY
deals with creating or inventing things that fullfil our needs and desires or perform certain
functions.
-technology is the application of understanding of natural laws to the solution of practical
problems.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE ANCIENT TIMES (THROUGH 599 BCE)

● Stone age (paleolithic,mesolithic, and neolithic)
● Bronze age
● Iron age

STONE AGE:

PALEOLITHIC PERIOD (roughly 2.5 million years ago to 10,000 B.C)

-early humans lived in caves or simple huts or tapees and were hunters and gatherers.
-they used basic stone bone tools,as well as crude stone axes for hunting birds and wild
animals.

MESOLITHIC PERIOD (about 10,000 B.C to 8,000 B.C)

-humans used small stone tools,now also polished and sometimes crafted with points and
attached to antlers,bone or wood to serve as spear and arrows

NEOLITHIC PERIOD (roughly 8,000 B.C to 3,000 B.C)

-ancient human switched from hunter/gatherer mode to agriculture and food production.

BRONZE AGE (about 3,000 B.C to 1,300 B.C)

-metalworking advances were made as bronze,a copper and tin alloy was discovered
-also brought advances in architecture and art,including the invention of the potter's wheel and
textiles clothing consisted of mostly wool items such as skirts,kilts,tunics and cloaks
-organized law and welfare as well as beginnings of religion.
-ancient egyptians who built the pyramids during this time.

IRON AGE (roughly 1,300 B.C to 900 B.C)

-the discovery of ways to heat and forged iron
-metal was seen more precious than gold,(which would be replaced by steel with the advent of
smelting iron)was easier to manufacture than bronze.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY in ANTIQUITY (600 through 529 BCE)

-started with the rise of Greek civilization
-developed institutions such as academy,lyceum and museum
-characterized by war between religion and science (Dark ages)

MIDDLE AGES (530 through 1452)

-there was a decline of science in europe
-technological revolution took place
-use of currency replaced by barter
-chinese philosophy developed theories on matter and living beings

MODERN AGE
-the 20th century witnessed the greatest changes in technology and science that humans have
ever witnessed.
-these occured rapidly and affected such a broad range of people.

LESSON 2: THE IMPACT OF COPERNICAN AND DARWINIAN REVOLUTION TO THE

SOCIETY

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
-knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentially unchanged since the great
days of ancient greece,some 1,500 years before copernicus came.This continued up to
renaissance period.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543)

-Father of the modern astronomy.
-He was the first modern european scientist to propose that the earth and other planets revolve
around the sun,or the heliocentric theory of the universe.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS:AGAINST THE PTOLEMAIC SYSTEM

-the cosmology of early 16th-century europe held that earth sat stationary and motionless at the
center of the universe, ptolemy placed the earth at the center of his geocentric model

2nd century A.D,the alexandrian geogrrapher and astronomer Ptomely sought to resolve this
problem by arguing that the sun,planets,and moon move in a small circles around much larger
circles that revolve around Earth.

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS:DEATH AND LEGACY

-died in MAY 24,1543 in what is now frombork poland.
-He died the year his major work was published,saving him from the outrage of religious leaders
who later condemned his heliocentric view of the universe as heresy.

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

-copernican revolution (copernican heliocentrism)-nicolaus copernicus
-darwinian revolution (origin of species)-charles darwin

CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN (1809-1882)

-was a british naturalist and biologist
-known for his theory of evolution and his understanding of the process of natural selection.
-changed the concept of the world's creation and its evolution.
-in 1831,he embarked on a five-year voyage aroud the world on the HMS BEAGLE,darwin
collected a variety of natural specimen including birds,plants and fossils.
-1859 he pubished his landmark book,on the origin of species.
-the pacific islands and the galapagos archipelago were of particular interest to darwin as was
south america.

Theory of evolution
-Darwin's theory of evolution declared that species survived through a process called natural
selection

Origin of the species

-November 24,1859,he published a detailed explanation of his theory in his best known work,on
the origin of species by means of natural selection.

LESSON 4: THE IMPACT OF FREUDIAN AND MESO AMERICAN REVOLUTION TO THE

SOCIETY

SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

-he was an austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalysis
-born on May 6,1856
PSYCHOANALYSIS
-a method through which an analyst unpacks unscious conflicts based on free
associations,dreams and fantasiesof the patient.

THEORIES
-freud's psychoanalytic theory,inspired by his collegue josef breuer,posited that neuroses had
their origins in deeply traumatic experiences that had occured in the patient's past.

THREE ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE HUMAN PERSONALITY:

ID (INSTINCTS)
-Is the primitive,impulsive and irrational unconscious that operates solely on the outcome of
pleasure or pain is responsible for instincts to sex and aggression.

EGO(REALITY)
-is the "I" people percieve that evaluates the outside physical and social world and makes plans
accordingly.

SUPER EGO (MORALITY)

-is the moral voice and conscience that guides the ego;violating it results in feelings of guilt and
anxiety.

PSYCHIC ENERGY
-freud postulated that the id was the basic source of psychic energy or the force that drives all
mental processes.

OEDIPUS COMPLEX
-Between the ages of three and five,freud suggested that as a normal part of the development
process all kids are sexually attracted to the parent of the opposite sex and in competition with
the parent of the same sex.

DREAM ANALYSIS
-in his book the interpretation of dreams,freud believed that people dreamed for a reason:to
cope with problems the mind is struggling with subconsiously and can't deal with consciously.
-dreams was fueled by a person's wishes.

DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE IN MESOAMERICA

-Mesoamerica includes the entire area of central america from southern mexico up to the
border of south america.
-the mayan civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2,000
years.
- the mayans developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities
using ordinary machineries and tools.
-they built hydraulic system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different
communities.

PSCYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

1. ORAL STAGE (BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS)

-Child becomes focused on the oral pleasures such as sucking.
2. ANAL STAGE ( 18 MONTHS TO 3 YEARS OLD)
-focus of pleasure here is on eliminating and retaining feces and learning to control this
due to societal norms.
3. PHALLIC STAGE (AGES 3 TO 6 YEARS)
-during this phallic stage the child's pleasure move to the genitals
-this became known as the oedipus complex after the sophocles tragedy.

4. LATENCY STAGE (AGES 6 TO PUBERTY)

 -sexual urges remains largely repressed at this stage.

5. GENITAL STAGE (PUBERTY ONWARDS)

-This final stage leads to the individual switching their interest to members of the
opposite sex

INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

-Freudian revolution (psychoanalysis)-sigmund freud
-meso-american revolution ( argricultural revolution)-olmec,maya,toltec and aztec

LESSON 5:THE SCIENCE IN ARTS AND THE ART IN SCIENCE

visual arts
-has been used to document the natural world for thousand of years,from cave drawings of
animals that help today's researchers figure out yesterday's fauna to paintings of centuries old
expirements that show us how they were conducted.

-Traditionally,art and science have been treated as two separate disciplines,but when they are
studied together it's clear to see the impact one has on the other.

-one of the most famous examples of interconnection of art and science is the work of
renaissance master leonardo da vinci.

LESSON 6:SCIENCE AND CULTURE

CULTURAL-PERSONAL FACTORS INFLUENCED SCIENTIST

● psychological motives
● practical concerns
● metaphysical worldview
● ideological principles
● opinions of authorities
these five factors interact with each other and operate in a complex social context that involves
individuals,the scientific community and society as a whole.

CHARACTERISTICS OF SCIENTIFIC CULTURE

-originality
-dissent
-independence of thought

WAYS BY WHICH SCIENCE AFFECTS CULTURE

effects on healthcare
effects on lifestyle
GOOD LUCK SA EXAM,SANA AY MAKAPASA KA!!!!!!!!!!!