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Full Calculus Early Transcendentals 11Th Edition Anton Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter
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Principles of Integral Evaluation
Z
1 du 1 1
5. u = 2 + cos 3x, du = −3 sin 3xdx, − = − ln |u| + C = − ln(2 + cos 3x) + C.
3 u 3 3
Z
2 2 1 du 1 1 2
6. u = x, du = dx, 2
= tan−1 u + C = tan−1 x + C.
3 3 6 1+u 6 6 3
Z
7. u = ex , du = ex dx, sinh u du = cosh u + C = cosh ex + C.
Z
1
8. u = ln x, du = dx, sec u tan u du = sec u + C = sec(ln x) + C.
x
Z
9. u = tan x, du = sec2 xdx, eu du = eu + C = etan x + C.
Z
1 du 1 1
2
10. u = x , du = 2xdx, = sin−1 u + C = sin−1 (x2 ) + C.
√
2 1−u 2 2 2
Z
1 1 1
11. u = cos 5x, du = −5 sin 5xdx, − u5 du = − u6 + C = − cos6 5x + C.
5 30 30
Z √ p
du 1 + 1 + u2 1 + 1 + sin2 x
12. u = sin x, du = cos x dx, √ = − ln + C = − ln + C.
u u2 + 1 u sin x
Z p p
du
13. u = ex , du = ex dx, √ = ln u + u2 + 4 + C = ln ex + e2x + 4 + C.
4 + u2
Z
1 −1
14. u = tan−1 x, du = dx, eu du = eu + C = etan x + C.
1 + x2
Z
√ 1 √
15. u = x − 1, du = √ dx, 2 eu du = 2eu + C = 2e x−1
+ C.
2 x−1
335
336 Chapter 7
Z
1 1 1
16. u = x2 + 2x, du = (2x + 2)dx, cot u du = ln | sin u| + C = ln sin |x2 + 2x| + C.
2 2 2
Z
√ 1 √
17. u = x, du = √ dx, 2 cosh u du = 2 sinh u + C = 2 sinh x + C.
2 x
Z
dx du 1 1
18. u = ln x, du = , =− +C =− + C.
x u2 u ln x
Z Z
√ 1 2 du 2 −u ln 3 2 −√x
19. u = x, du = √ dx, =2 e−u ln 3 du = − e +C =− 3 + C.
2 x 3u ln 3 ln 3
Z
20. u = sin θ, du = cos θdθ, sec u tan u du = sec u + C = sec(sin θ) + C.
Z
2 2 1 1 1 2
21. u = , du = − 2 dx, − csch2 u du = coth u + C = coth + C.
x x 2 2 2 x
Z p
dx
22. √ = ln x + x2 − 4 + C.
x2 − 4
Z
du 1 2+u 1 2 + e−x
23. u = e−x , du = −e−x dx, − = − ln + C = − ln + C.
4−u 2 4 2−u 4 2 − e−x
Z
1
24. u = ln x, du = dx, cos u du = sin u + C = sin(ln x) + C.
x
Z Z
ex dx du
x
25. u = e , du = e dx, x √ = √ = sin−1 u + C = sin−1 ex + C.
1 − e2x 1 − u2
Z
1
26. u = x−1/2 , du = − dx, − 2 sinh u du = −2 cosh u + C = −2 cosh(x−1/2 ) + C.
2x3/2
Z Z
1 du 1 1 1
27. u = x2 , du = 2xdx, = sin u du = − cos u + C = − cos(x2 ) + C.
2 csc u 2 2 2
Z
2du
28. 2u = ex , 2du = ex dx, √ = sin−1 u + C = sin−1 (ex /2) + C.
4 − 4u2
Z
2 2 1 1 u 1 −x2 ln 4
29. 4−x = e−x ln 4
, u = −x2 ln 4, du = −2x ln 4 dx = −x ln 16 dx, − eu du = − e +C = − e +
ln 16 ln 16 ln 16
1 −x2
C=− 4 + C.
ln 16
Z
1 πx ln 2 1
30. 2πx =e πx ln 2
, 2πx dx = e +C = 2πx + C.
π ln 2 π ln 2
Z
1 2 1
31. (a) u = sin x, du = cos x dx, u du = u + C = sin2 x + C.
2 2
Z Z
1 1 1
(b) sin x cos x dx = sin 2x dx = − cos 2x + C = − (cos2 x − sin2 x) + C.
2 4 4
1 1 1 1
(c) − (cos2 x − sin2 x) + C = − (1 − sin2 x − sin2 x) + C = − + sin2 x + C, and this is the same as the answer
4 4 4 2
in part (a) except for the constants.
Exercise Set 7.2 337
1 1 sech2 x
32. (a) sech 2x = = 2 2 = .
cosh 2x cosh x + sinh x 1 + tanh2 x
Z Z Z
sech2 x
(b) sech2x dx = dx = tan−1 (tanh x)+C, or, by substituting u = 2x, we obtain that sechx dx =
1 + tanh2 x
2 tan−1 (tanh(x/2)) + C.
1 2 2ex
(c) sech x = = x −x
= 2x .
cosh x e +e e +1
Z Z
ex
(d) sech x dx = 2 dx = 2 tan−1 (ex ) + C.
e2x+1
−1 −1 x−y −1
(e) Using the identity tan x + tan y = tan , the difference between the two functions obtained is
1 + xy
e 3x/2
+ e−x/2
the constant tan−1 (ex ) − tan−1 (tanh(x/2)) = tan−1 3x/2 = tan−1 (1) = π/2.
e + e−x/2
sec2 x 1 1
33. (a) = = .
tan x cos2 x tan x cos x sin x
Z
1 1 1 sec2 x 1
(b) csc 2x = = = , so csc 2x dx = ln tan x + C, then using the substitution u = 2x
sin
Z 2x 2 sin x cos x 2 tan x 2
we obtain that csc x dx = ln(tan(x/2)) + C.
Z Z
1 1
(c) sec x = = = csc(π/2 − x), so sec x dx = − csc(π/2 − x) dx = − ln tan(π/4 − x/2) + C.
cos x sin(π/2 − x)
Z Z Z
1 1
4. u = x2 , dv = e−2x dx, du = 2x dx, v = − e−2x ; x2 e−2x dx = − x2 e−2x + xe−2x dx. For xe−2x dx use
Z 2 Z 2 Z
1 1 1 1
u = x, dv = e−2x dx to get xe−2x dx = − xe−2x + e−2x dx = − xe−2x − e−2x + C, so x2 e−2x dx =
2 2 2 4
1 1 1
− x2 e−2x − xe−2x − e−2x + C.
2 2 4
Z Z
1 1 1 1
5. u = x, dv = sin 3x dx, du = dx, v = − cos 3x; x sin 3x dx = − x cos 3x + cos 3x dx = − x cos 3x +
3 3 3 3
1
sin 3x + C.
9
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
6. u = x, dv = cos 2x dx, du = dx, v = sin 2x; x cos 2x dx = x sin 2x − sin 2x dx = x sin 2x + cos 2x + C.
2 2 2 2 4
338 Chapter 7
Z Z Z
7. u = x2 , dv = cos x dx, du = 2x dx, v = sin x; x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x − 2 x sin x dx. For x sin x dx use u = x,
Z Z
dv = sin x dx to get x sin x dx = −x cos x + sin x + C1 so x2 cos x dx = x2 sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C.
Z Z Z
2 2 2
8. u = x , dv = sin x dx, du = 2x dx, v = − cos x; x sin x dx = −x cos x + 2 x cos x dx; for x cos x dx use
Z Z
u = x, dv = cos x dx to get x cos x dx = x sin x + cos x + C1 so x2 sin x dx = −x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x + C.
Z Z
1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
9. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x2 ; x ln x dx = x ln x − x dx = x ln x − x2 + C.
x 2 2 2 2 4
Z Z
√ 1 2 √ 2 3/2 2 2 3/2 4
10. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x3/2 ; x ln x dx = x ln x − x1/2 dx = x ln x − x3/2 + C.
x 3 3 3 3 9
Z Z
ln x
11. u = (ln x)2 , dv = dx, du = 2 dx, v = x; (ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2 ln x dx. Use u = ln x, dv = dx to get
Z Z x Z
ln x dx = x ln x − dx = x ln x − x + C1 so (ln x)2 dx = x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x + C.
Z Z
1 1 √ ln x √ 1 √ √
12. u = ln x, dv = √ dx, du = dx, v = 2 x; √ dx = 2 x ln x − 2 √ dx = 2 x ln x − 4 x + C.
x x x x
Z Z Z
3 3x 3x
13. u = ln(3x − 2), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; ln(3x − 2)dx = x ln(3x − 2) − dx, but dx =
Z 3x − 2 Z 3x − 2 3x − 2
2 2 2
1+ dx = x + ln(3x − 2) + C1 so ln(3x − 2)dx = x ln(3x − 2) − x − ln(3x − 2) + C.
3x − 2 3 3
Z Z Z
2 2x 2 2 x2 x2
14. u = ln(x + 4), dv = dx, du = 2 dx, v = x; ln(x + 4)dx = x ln(x + 4) − 2 dx, but dx =
Z x +4 Z x2 + 4 x2 + 4
4 x x
1− 2 dx = x − 2 tan−1 + C1 so ln(x2 + 4)dx = x ln(x2 + 4) − 2x + 4 tan−1 + C.
x +4 2 2
Z Z p
−1
√ −1 −1
15. u = sin x, dv = dx, du = 1/ 1 − x2 dx, v = x; sin x dx = x sin x− x/ 1 − x2 dx = x sin−1 x +
p
1 − x2 + C.
Z Z
2 2x
16. u = cos−1 (2x), dv = dx, du = − √ dx, v = x; cos−1 (2x)dx = x cos−1 (2x) + √ dx =
1 − 4x 2 1 − 4x2
1 p
x cos−1 (2x) − 1 − 4x2 + C.
2
Z Z
3 3x
17. u = tan−1 (3x), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; tan −1
(3x)dx = x tan−1
(3x) − dx = x tan−1 (3x) −
1 + 9x2 1 + 9x2
1
ln(1 + 9x2 ) + C.
6
Z Z Z
1 1 2 −1 1 2 −1 1 x2 x2
18. u = tan−1 x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x ; x tan x dx = x tan x− dx, but dx =
Z 1 + x2 Z2 2 2 1 + x2 1 + x2
1 1 1 1
1− 2
dx = x − tan−1 x + C1 so x tan−1 x dx = x2 tan−1 x − x + tan−1 x + C.
1+x 2 2 2
Z Z Z
19. u = ex , dv = sin x dx, du = ex dx, v = − cos x; ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex cos x dx. For ex cos x dx use u =
Z Z Z Z
ex , dv = cos x dx to get ex cos x = ex sin x − ex sin x dx, so ex sin x dx = −ex cos x + ex sin x − ex sin x dx,
Exercise Set 7.2 339
Z Z
1 x
2 ex sin x dx = ex (sin x − cos x) + C1 , ex sin x dx = e (sin x − cos x) + C.
2
Z Z
1 3x 1 3x 3
3x 3x
20. u = e , dv = cos 2x dx, du = 3e dx, v = sin 2x; e cos 2x dx = e sin 2x − e3x sin 2x dx. Use u = e3x ,
Z 2 Z 2 Z2
1 3 1
dv = sin 2x dx to get e3x sin 2x dx = − e3x cos 2x + e3x cos 2x dx, so e3x cos 2x dx = e3x sin 2x +
Z Z 2 2 Z 2
3 3x 9 3x 13 3x 1 3x 3x 1 3x
e cos 2x− e cos 2x dx, e cos 2x dx = e (2 sin 2x+3 cos 2x)+C1 , e cos 2x dx = e (2 sin 2x+
4 4 4 4 13
3 cos 2x) + C.
Z Z
cos(ln x)
21. u = sin(ln x), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)dx. Use u =
Z x Z Z
cos(ln x), dv = dx to get cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)dx so sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) − x cos(ln x) −
Z Z
1
sin(ln x)dx, sin(ln x)dx = x[sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)] + C.
2
Z Z
1
22. u = cos(ln x), dv = dx, du = − sin(ln x)dx, v = x; cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)dx. Use u =
Z x Z Z
sin(ln x), dv = dx to get sin(ln x)dx = x sin(ln x) − cos(ln x)dx so cos(ln x)dx = x cos(ln x) + x sin(ln x) −
Z Z
1
cos(ln x)dx, cos(ln x)dx = x[cos(ln x) + sin(ln x)] + C.
2
Z Z Z
sin x
23. u = x, dv = sec2 x dx, du = dx, v = tan x; x sec2 x dx = x tan x − tan x dx = x tan x − dx =
cos x
x tan x + ln | cos x| + C.
Z Z
2 2 2 2
24. u = x, dv = tan x dx = (sec x − 1)dx, du = dx, v = tan x − x; x tan x dx = x tan x − x − (tan x − x)dx =
1 1
x tan x − x2 + ln | cos x| + x2 + C = x tan x − x2 + ln | cos x| + C.
2 2
Z Z
x2 1 x2 3 x2 1 2 x2 2 1 2 1 2
25. u = x , dv = xe dx, du = 2x dx, v = e ; x e dx = x e − xex dx = x2 ex − ex + C.
2
2 2 2 2
Z Z
1 1 xex xex xex
x
26. u = xe , dv = dx, du = (x+1)ex dx, v = − ; dx = − + ex dx = − +ex +C =
(x + 1)2 x+1 (x + 1)2 x+1 x+1
x
e
+ C.
x+1
Z 2 2 Z 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
27. u = x, dv = e dx, du = dx, v = e2x ;
2x
xe dx = xe2x
2x
− e dx = e − e2x
2x 4
= e4 − (e4 − 1) =
2 0 2 0 2 0 4 0 4
(3e4 + 1)/4.
Z 1 1 Z 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
28. u = x, dv = e −5x
dx, du = dx, v = − e−5x ; xe −5x
dx = − xe−5x + e −5x
dx = − e−5 − e−5x =
5 0 5 0 5 0 5 25 0
1 1
− e−5 − (e−5 − 1) = (1 − 6e−5 )/25.
5 25
Z e e Z e e
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3
29. u = ln x, dv = x dx, du = dx, v = x3 ;
2
x ln x dx = x3 ln x
2
− x dx = e3 − x3
2
= e − (e −
x 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 9 1 3 9
1) = (2e3 + 1)/9.
Z e e Z e e
1 1 1 ln x 1 1 1 1 √ 1
30. u = ln x, dv = 2
dx, du = dx, v = − ; √ 2
dx = − ln x + √ 2
dx = − + √ ln e − =
x x x e x x √
e e x e e x √
e
340 Chapter 7
√
1 1 1 1 3 e−4
− + √ − +√ = .
e 2 e e e 2e
Z 1 1 Z 1
1 x
31. u = ln(x + 2), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; ln(x + 2)dx = x ln(x + 2) − dx = ln 3 + ln 1 −
x+2 −1 −1 −1 x + 2
Z 1 1
2
1− dx = ln 3 − [x − 2 ln(x + 2)] = ln 3 − (1 − 2 ln 3) + (−1 − 2 ln 1) = 3 ln 3 − 2.
−1 x+2 −1
Z 4
√ 1 √ √ 4 1Z 4 1
33. u = sec−1 θ, dv = dθ, du = √ dθ, v = θ; sec−1 θdθ = θ sec−1 θ − √ dθ = 4 sec−1 2 −
2θ θ − 1 2 2 2 2 θ − 1
4 π π √
−1
√ √ 5π √
2 sec 2− θ−1 =4 −2 − 3+1= − 3 + 1.
2 3 4 6
Z 2 2 Z 2
1 1 1 2 −1 1 x
34. u = sec−1 x, dv = x dx, du = √ dx, v = x2 ; x sec−1 x dx = x sec x − √ dx =
x x2 − 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 x2 − 1
2
1 1p 2 √
[(4)(π/3) − (1)(0)] − x − 1 = 2π/3 − 3/2.
2 2 1
Z π π Z
1 1 1 π
35. u = x, dv = sin 2x dx, du = dx, v = − cos 2x; x sin 2x dx = − x cos 2x + cos 2x dx = −π/2 +
2 0 2 2 0
π 0
1
sin 2x = −π/2.
4 0
Z π π Z π Z π
1 2 π2
36. (x + x cos x)dx = x + x cos x dx = + x cos x dx; u = x, dv = cos x dx, du = dx, v = sin x;
2 2
Z0 π π 0Z π 0 π 0 Z π
x cos x dx = x sin x − sin x dx = cos x = −2, so (x + x cos x)dx = π 2 /2 − 2.
0 0 0 0 0
Z 3
−1
√ √ 1 2 3/2 √ −1
√ 2 3/2 −1
√ 3
37. u = tan x, dv = xdx, du = √ dx, v = x ; x tan xdx = x tan x −
2 x(1 + x) 3 1 3 1
Z 3 3 Z 3 3
1 x 2 3/2 √ 1 1 2 √ 1 1 √
dx = x tan−1 x − 1− dx = x3/2 tan−1 x − x + ln |1 + x| = (2 3π −
3 1 1+x 3 1 3 1 1+x 3 3 3 1
π/2 − 2 + ln 2)/3.
Z 2 2 Z 2
2 2x 2 2 2x2
38. u = ln(x + 1), dv = dx, du = 2 dx, v = x; ln(x + 1)dx = x ln(x + 1) − 2
dx = 2 ln 5 −
x +1 0 0 0 x +1
Z 2 2
1
2 1− 2 dx = 2 ln 5 − 2(x − tan−1 x) = 2 ln 5 − 4 + 2 tan−1 2.
0 x + 1 0
39. True.
Z √ Z Z √ Z
√
43. t = x, t2 = x, dx = 2t dt, e x dx = 2 tet dt; u = t, dv = et dt, du = dt, v = et , e x dx = 2tet − 2 et dt =
√ √
2(t − 1)et + C = 2( x − 1)e x + C.
Z Z Z
√ √ √
44. t = x, t2 = x, dx = 2t dt, cos x dx = 2 t cos t dt; u = t, dv = cos tdt, du = dt, v = sin t, cos x dx =
Z
√ √ √
2t sin t − 2 sin tdt = 2t sin t + 2 cos t + C = 2 x sin x + 2 cos x + C.
45. Let f1 (x), f2 (x), f3 (x) denote successive antiderivatives of f (x), so that f30 (x) = f2 (x), f20 (x) = f1 (x), f10 (x) = f (x).
Let p(x) = ax2 + bx + c.
diff. antidiff.
ax2 + bx + c f (x)
&+
2ax + b f1 (x)
&−
2a f2 (x)
&+
0 f3 (x)
Z
d
Then [(ax2 + bx + c)f1 (x) − (2ax +
p(x)f (x) dx = (ax2 + bx + c)f1 (x) − (2ax + b)f2 (x) + 2af3 (x) + C. Check:
dx
b)f2 (x) + 2af3 (x)] = (2ax + b)f1 (x) + (ax2 + bx + c)f (x) − 2af2 (x) − (2ax + b)f1 (x) + 2af2 (x) = p(x)f (x).
Z
46. Let I denote ex cos x dx. Then (Method 1)
diff. antidiff.
ex cos x
&+
ex sin x
&−
ex − cos x
1 x
and thus I = ex (sin x + cos x) − I, so I = e (sin x + cos x) + C.
2
On the other hand (Method 2)
diff. antidiff.
cos x ex
&+
− sin x ex
&−
− cos x ex
1 x
and thus I = ex (sin x + cos x) − I, so I = e (sin x + cos x) + C, as before.
2
Z
47. Let I denote (3x2 − x + 2)e−x dx. Then
diff. antidiff.
3x2 − x + 2 e−x
&+
6x − 1 −e−x
&−
6 e−x
&+
0 −e−x
342 Chapter 7
Z
I= (3x2 − x + 2)e−x = −(3x2 − x + 2)e−x − (6x − 1)e−x − 6e−x + C = −e−x [3x2 + 5x + 7] + C.
Z
48. Let I denote (x2 + x + 1) sin x dx. Then
diff. antidiff.
2
x +x+1 sin x
&+
2x + 1 − cos x
&−
2 − sin x
&+
0 cos x
Z
I= (x2 +x+1) sin x dx = −(x2 +x+1) cos x+(2x+1) sin x+2 cos x+C = −(x2 +x−1) cos x+(2x+1) sin x+C.
Z
49. Let I denote 4x4 sin 2x dx. Then
diff. antidiff.
4x4 sin 2x
&+
1
16x3 − cos 2x
2
&−
1
48x2 − sin 2x
4
&+
1
96x cos 2x
8
&−
1
96 sin 2x
16
&+
1
0 − cos 2x
32
Z
I = 4x4 sin 2x dx = (−2x4 + 6x2 − 3) cos 2x + (4x3 − 6x) sin 2x + C.
Z
√
50. Let I denote x3 2x + 1 dx. Then
diff. antidiff.
√
x3 2x + 1
&+
1
3x 2
(2x + 1)3/2
3
&−
1
6x (2x + 1)5/2
15
&+
1
6 (2x + 1)7/2
105
&−
1
0 (2x + 1)9/2
945
Z
√ 1 1 2 2
I = x3 2x + 1 dx = x3 (2x + 1)3/2 − x2 (2x + 1)5/2 + x(2x + 1)7/2 − (2x + 1)9/2 + C.
3 5 35 315
Exercise Set 7.2 343
Z
51. Let I denote eax sin bx dx. Then
diff. antidiff.
eax sin bx
&+
1
aeax − cos bx
b
&−
1
a2 eax − 2 sin bx
b
Z
1 a a2 eax
I = eax sin bx dx = − eax cos bx + 2 eax sin bx − 2 I, so I = 2 (a sin bx − b cos bx) + C.
b b b a + b2
e−3θ
52. From Exercise 51 with a = −3, b = 5, x = θ, answer = (−3 sin 5θ − 5 cos 5θ) + C.
34
53. (a) We perform a single integration by parts: u = cos x, dv = sin x dx, du = − sin x dx, v = − cos x,
Z Z Z Z
sin x cos x dx = − cos2 x − sin x cos x dx. This implies that 2 sin x cos x dx = − cos2 x + C, sin x cos x dx =
1
− cos2 x + C.
2
Z Z
1 2 1
Alternatively, u = sin x, du = cos x dx, sin x cos x dx = u du = u + C = sin2 x + C.
2 2
(b) Since sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, they are equal (although the symbol ’C’ refers to different constants in the two
equations).
p Z 1 p 1 Z 1 p
x x3
54. (a) u = x , dv = √ 2
, du = 2x dx, v = x2 + 1, √ dx = x2 x2 + 1 − 2x x2 + 1 dx =
x2 + 1 0 x2 + 1 0 0
1
√ 2 1√ 2
2 − (x2 + 1)3/2 = − 2+ .
3 0 3 3
p Z √ √2
x 2
1 3 2√ √ 1 1√ 2
(b) u = x2 + 1, du = √ dx, (u2 − 1) du = u −u = 2− 2− +1=− 2+ .
x2 + 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 3
Z e e
55. (a) A = ln x dx = (x ln x − x) = 1.
1 1
Z e h ie
(b) V = π (ln x)2 dx = π (x(ln x)2 − 2x ln x + 2x) = π(e − 2).
1 1
Z π π
57. V = 2π x sin x dx = 2π(−x cos x + sin x) = 2π 2 .
0 0
Z π/2 π/2
58. V = 2π x cos x dx = 2π(cos x + x sin x) = π(π − 2).
0 0
Z π
59. Distance = t3 sin tdt;
0
344 Chapter 7
diff. antidiff.
t3 sin t
&+
3t2 − cos t
&−
6t − sin t
&+
6 cos t
&−
0 sin t
Z π π
3 3 2
t sin t dx = [(−t cos t + 3t sin t + 6t cos t − 6 sin t)] = π 3 − 6π.
0 0
Z π/ω
1
60. u = 2t, dv = sin(kωt)dt, du = 2dt, v = − cos(kωt); the integrand is an even function of t so t sin(kωt) dt =
kω −π/ω
Z π/ω π/ω Z π/ω π/ω
2 1 2π(−1)k+1 2 2π(−1)k+1
2 t sin(kωt) dt = − t cos(kωt) +2 cos(kωt) dt = + sin(kωt) = .
0 kω 0 0 kω kω 2 k2 ω2 0 kω 2
Z 20
e0.12(20−t)
61. (a) u = 1000 + 5t, dv = e0.12(20−t) dt, du = 5dt, v = − , FV = (1000 + 5t)e0.12(20−t) dt =
0.12 0
20 Z 20 0.12(20−t) 20
(1000 + 5t)e0.12(20−t) 5e 25000e2.4 − 27500 5e0.12(20−t)
− + dt = − ≈ 86, 173.41.
0.12 0 0 0.12 3 0.122 0
Z 20 20
e−0.12t (1000 + 5t)e−0.12t
(b) u = 1000+5t, dv = e−0.12t dt, du = 5dt, v = − , PV = (1000+5t)e−0.12t dt = − +
0.12 0 0.12 0
Z 20 −0.12t 20
5e 25000 − 27500e−2.4 5e−0.12t
dt = − ≈ 7817.48.
0 0.12 3 0.122 0
Z 20
e−0.12(t−5)
(b) u = 1000 + 5t, dv = e −0.12(t−5)
dt, du = 5dt, v = − , PV = (1000 + 5t)e−0.12(t−5) dt =
0.12 5
20 Z 20 20
(1000 + 5t)e−0.12(t−5) 5e−0.12(t−5) 25625 − 27500e−1.8 5e−0.12(t−5)
− + dt = − ≈ 7316.25.
0.12 5 5 0.12 3 0.122 5
Z 10
−0.05t
(b) u = 20000 − 200t , dv = e 2 −0.05t
dt, du = −400tdt, v = −20e , PV = (20000 − 200t2 )e−0.05t dt =
0
Exercise Set 7.2 345
Z 10 Z 10
10
−20(20000 − 200t2 )e−0.05t 0 − 8000te−0.05t dt = 400000−8000 te−0.05t dt; u = t, dv = e−0.05t dt, du = dt,
Z 10 0 Z 10 0
−0.05t −0.05t
−0.05t 10 −0.05t
10
v = −20e , te dt = −20te 0
+ 20e dt = −200e−0.5 − 400e−0.05t 0 = −600e−0.5 +400,
0 0
thus P V = 400000 − 8000(−600e−0.5 + 400) ≈ 111, 347.17.
Z 10
(b) u = 20000−200t2 , dv = e−0.05(t−2) dt, du = −400tdt, v = −20e−0.05(t−2) , P V = (20000−200t2 )e−0.05(t−2) dt =
i10 Z 10 Z 10 2
2 −0.05(t−2) −0.05(t−2)
−20(20000 − 200t )e − 8000te dt = 384000 − 8000 te−0.05(t−2) dt; u = t, dv =
2 2 2
Z 10 i10 Z 10
e−0.05(t−2) dt, du = dt, v = −20e−0.05(t−2) , te−0.05(t−2) dt = −20te−0.05(t−2) + 20e−0.05(t−2) dt =
2 2 2
i10
−200e−0.4 + 40 − 400e−0.05(t−2) = −600e−0.4 + 440, thus P V = 384000 − 8000(−600e−0.4 + 440) ≈ 81, 536.22.
2
400 −25
− (e − e2 ) ≈ 1, 374, 316.72.
1.08
Z 25
25
(b) u = 2000t, dv = e−0.08t dt, du = 2000dt, v = − e−0.08t , P V = (2000t + 400e−t )e−0.08t dt =
2 0
Z 25 Z 25 25 Z 25 25
−0.08t −1.08t 25 −0.08t 25 −0.08t 400 −1.08t
2000te dt + 400 e dt = − 2000te + 2000e dt − e =
0 0 2 0 0 2 1.08 0
25
25000 −0.08t 400 −27 400 25000 −2 400 −27
−625000e−2 − e −( e − ) = −625000e−2 − (e −1)− (e −1) ≈ 185, 993.54.
0.08 0 1.08 1.08 0.08 1.08
67. (a) The area of a ring of width ∆x feet, x feet from the center is given by A(x) = ((x + ∆x)2 − x2 )π =
(2x∆x + (∆x)2 )π ≈ 2x∆xπ, if we assume ∆x is small. Thus the number of ants (in thousands) in this ring is
about 2πxd(x)∆x = 6πxe−0.25x ∆x.
(b) Using the result of the previous part, the total number of ants within six feet of the center of the colony is given
Z 6 Z 6
−0.25x
by 6πxe dx; using u = 6πx, dv = e −0.25x
dx, du = 6πdx, v = −4e −0.25x
, we obtain 6πxe−0.25x dx =
0 Z 6 0
6 6
−24πxe−0.25x 0 + 24πe−0.25x dx = −144πe−3/2 − 96πe−0.25x 0 = −240πe−3/2 + 96π ≈ 133.357 (thousand)
0
ants.
68. (a) The area of a ring of width ∆x feet, x feet from the center is given by A(x) = ((x + ∆x)2 − x2 )π =
(2x∆x + (∆x)2 )π ≈ 2x∆xπ, if we assume ∆x is small. Thus the number of ants (in thousands) in this ring is
about 2πxd(x)∆x = 2πx(10 − x)e−0.4x ∆x.
(b) Using the result of the previous part, the total number of ants within six feet of the center of the colony is
Z 6
given by 2πx(10 − x)e−0.4x dx; using u = 2πx(10 − x), dv = e−0.4x dx, du = (20π − 4πx)dx, v = −2.5e−0.4x , we
Z 6 0 Z 6 Z 6
6
obtain 2πx(10 − x)e−0.4x dx = −5πx(10 − x)e−0.4x 0 + (50 − 10x)πe−0.4x dx = −120πe−2.4 + (50 −
0 0 0
Z 6
10x)πe−0.4x dx; using u = (50 − 10x)π, dv = e−0.4x dx, du = −10πdx, v = −2.5e−0.4x , we get (50 −
0
Z 6 6
6 125 −0.4x
10x)πe−0.4x dx = −2.5(50 − 10x)πe−0.4x 0 − 25πe−0.4x dx = −2.5 · (−10)πe−2.4 + 2.5 · 50π + πe =
0 2 0
175 −2.4 125 175 −2.4 125
πe + π; thus the population size is about −120πe−2.4 + πe + π ≈ 187.087 (thousand) ants.
2 2 2 2
Z Z
1 3 1 3 1 1 1
69. (a) sin x dx = − sin3 x cos x+
4
sin x dx = − sin3 x cos x+
2
− sin x cos x + x +C = − sin3 x cos x−
4 4 4 4 2 2 4
3 3
sin x cos x + x + C.
8 8
Z π/2 Z π/2 Z !
π/2 π/2 π/2
1 4 4 1 2
(b) sin x dx = − sin4 x cos x
5
+ 3
sin x dx = − sin2 x cos x + sin x dx
0 5 0 5 0 5 3 0 3 0
π/2
8 8
= − cos x = .
15 0 15
Z Z
1 4 1 4 1 2 1
70. (a) cos5 x dx = cos4 x sin x+ cos3 x dx = cos4 x sin x+ cos2 x sin x + sin x +C = cos4 x sin x+
5 5 5 5 3 3 5
4 8
cos2 x sin x + sin x + C.
15 15
Exercise Set 7.2 347
Z Z Z
1 5 1 5 1 3 1
(b) cos6 x dx = cos5 x sin x+ cos4 x dx = cos5 x sin x+ cos3 x sin x + cos2 x dx = cos5 x sin x+
6 6 6 6 4 4 6
π/2
5 5 1 1 1 5 5 5
cos3 x sin x + cos x sin x + x + C, so cos5 x sin x + cos3 x sin x + cos x sin x + x = 5π/32.
24 8 2 2 6 24 16 16 0
Z
71. u = sinn−1 x, dv = sin x dx, du = (n − 1) sinn−2 x cos x dx, v = − cos x; sinn x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x +
Z Z
(n − 1) sinn−2 x cos2 x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n − 1) sinn−2 x (1 − sin2 x)dx = − sinn−1 x cos x + (n −
Z Z Z Z Z
1) sinn−2 x dx−(n−1) sinn x dx, so n sinn x dx = − sinn−1 x cos x+(n−1) sinn−2 x dx, and sinn x dx =
Z
1 n−1 n−1
− sin x cos x + sinn−2 x dx.
n n
Z
72. (a) u = secn−2 x, dv = sec2 x dx, du = (n − 2) secn−2 x tan x dx, v = tan x; secn x dx = secn−2 x tan x − (n −
Z Z Z
n−2 2 n−2 n−2 2 n−2
2) sec x tan x dx = sec x tan x − (n − 2) sec x (sec x − 1)dx = sec x tan x − (n − 2) secn x dx +
Z Z Z
(n − 2) secn−2 x dx, so (n − 1) secn x dx = secn−2 x tan x + (n − 2) secn−2 x dx, and then
Z Z
1 n−2
secn x dx = secn−2 x tan x + secn−2 x dx.
n−1 n−1
Z Z Z Z
n n−2 2 n−2 2 1
(b) tan x dx = tan x (sec x − 1) dx = tan x sec x dx − tann−2 x dx = tann−1 x −
Z n−1
tann−2 x dx.
Z Z
(c) u = xn , dv = ex dx, du = nxn−1 dx, v = ex ; xn ex dx = xn ex − n xn−1 ex dx.
Z Z Z
1 1 1
73. (a) tan4 x dx = tan3 x − tan2 x dx = tan3 x − tan x + dx = tan3 x − tan x + x + C.
3 3 3
Z Z
1 2 1 2
(b) sec x dx = sec2 x tan x +
4
sec2 x dx = sec2 x tan x + tan x + C.
3 3 3 3
Z Z Z Z
3 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 3 xx 3 x 2 x x x
(c) x e dx = x e − 3 x e dx = x e − 3 x e − 2 xe dx = x e − 3x e + 6 xe − e dx =
x3 ex − 3x2 ex + 6xex − 6ex + C.
Z
Z Z Z
1 2 u 2 3x 1 2 u u 1 2 u 2 u u 1 2 u
74. (a) u = 3x, x e dx = u e du = u e − 2 ue du = u e − ue − e du = u e −
27 27 27 27 27
2 u 2 1 2 2
ue + eu + C = x2 e3x − xe3x + e3x + C.
27 27 3 9 27
Z Z −1
1 Z Z Z
√ √
(b) u = − x, xe− x dx = 2 u3 eu du, u3 eu du = u3 eu − 3 u2 eu du = u3 eu − 3 u2 eu − 2 ueu du =
0 Z 0 Z −1 −1
u3 eu −3u2 eu +6 ueu − eu du = u3 eu −3u2 eu +6ueu −6eu +C, so 2 u3 eu du = 2(u3 − 3u2 + 6u − 6)eu =
0 0
12 − 32e−1 .
Z 1 1 Z 1 1
00 0 00 0 0 0 0
75. u = x, dv = f (x)dx, du = dx, v = f (x); x f (x)dx = xf (x) − f (x)dx = f (1) + f (−1) − f (x) =
−1 −1 −1 −1
f 0 (1) + f 0 (−1) − f (1) + f (−1).
348 Chapter 7
Z Z
76. (a) u dv = uv − v du = x(sin x + C1 ) + cos x − C1 x + C2 = x sin x + cos x + C2 ; the constant C1 cancels out
and hence plays no role in the answer.
Z Z Z
(b) u(v + C1 ) − (v + C1 )du = uv + C1 u − v du − C1 u = uv − v du.
Z Z Z Z
dx
77. u = ln(x + 1), dv = dx, du = , v = x + 1; ln(x + 1) dx = u dv = uv − v du = (x + 1) ln(x + 1) − dx =
x+1
(x + 1) ln(x + 1) − x + C.
Z Z Z
3dx 2 2
78. u = ln(3x − 2), dv = dx, du = , v = x − ; ln(3x − 2) dx = u dv = uv − v du = x − ln(3x − 2) −
Z 3x −2 3 3
2 1 2 2
x− dx = x − ln(3x − 2) − x − + C.
3 x − 2/3 3 3
Z Z Z
1 1 1 2
79. u = tan−1 x, dv = x dx, du = 2
dx, v = (x2 + 1) x tan−1 x dx = u dv = uv − v du = (x +
Z 1 + x 2 2
−1 1 1 2 −1 1
1) tan x − dx = (x + 1) tan x − x + C.
2 2 2
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
80. u = , dv = dx, du = − 2
dx, v = ln x, dx = 1 + dx. This seems to imply that
ln x x x(ln x) x ln x x ln x
1 = 0, but recall that both sides represent a function plus an arbitrary constant; these two arbitrary constants will
take care of the 1.
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1
11. sin2 x cos2 x dx = sin2 2x dx = (1 − cos 4x)dx = x− sin 4x + C.
4 8 8 32
Z Z Z
1 1
12. sin2 x cos4 x dx = (1 − cos 2x)(1 + cos 2x)2 dx = (1 − cos2 2x)(1 + cos 2x)dx
8 8
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= sin2 2x dx + sin2 2x cos 2x dx = (1 − cos 4x)dx + sin3 2x = x− sin 4x + sin3 2x + C.
8 8 16 48 16 64 48
Z Z
1 1 1
13. sin 2x cos 3x dx = (sin 5x − sin x)dx = − cos 5x + cos x + C.
2 10 2
Z Z
1 1 1
14. sin 3θ cos 2θdθ = (sin 5θ + sin θ)dθ = − cos 5θ − cos θ + C.
2 10 2
Z Z
1 1
15. sin x cos(x/2)dx = [sin(3x/2) + sin(x/2)]dx = − cos(3x/2) − cos(x/2) + C.
2 3
Z
3
16. u = cos x, − u1/3 du = − cos4/3 x + C.
4
Z π Z π π
2 1 1 1
20. cos 5θ dθ = (1 + cos 10θ)dθ = θ+ sin 10θ = π.
−π 2 −π 2 10 −π
Z 2π Z 2π 2π
2 1 1 1 1
22. sin kx dx = (1 − cos 2kx)dx = x− sin 2kx =π− sin 4πk. (k 6= 0)
0 2 0 2 2k 0 4k
Z
1 1
23. u = 2x − 1, du = 2dx, sec2 u du = tan(2x − 1) + C.
2 2
Z
1 1
24. u = 5x, du = 5dx, tan u du = − ln | cos 5x| + C.
5 5
Z
25. u = e −x
, du = −e −x
dx; − tan u du = ln | cos u| + C = ln | cos(e−x )| + C.
Z
1 1
26. u = 3x, du = 3dx, cot u du = ln | sin 3x| + C.
3 3
Z
1 1
27. u = 4x, du = 4dx, sec u du = ln | sec 4x + tan 4x| + C.
4 4
350 Chapter 7
Z
√ 1 √ √
28. u = x, du = √ dx; 2 sec u du = 2 ln | sec u + tan u| + C = 2 ln sec x + tan x + C.
2 x
Z
1
29. u = tan x, u2 du = tan3 x + C.
3
Z Z
1 1
30. tan5 x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx = (tan5 x + tan7 x) sec2 x dx = tan6 x + tan8 x + C.
6 8
Z Z
2 2 1 1
31. tan 4x(1 + tan 4x) sec 4x dx = (tan 4x + tan3 4x) sec2 4x dx = tan2 4x + tan4 4x + C.
8 16
Z
1 1
32. tan4 θ(1 + tan2 θ) sec2 θ dθ = tan5 θ + tan7 θ + C.
5 7
Z Z
4 2 1 1
33. sec x(sec x − 1) sec x tan x dx = (sec6 x − sec4 x) sec x tan x dx = sec7 x − sec5 x + C.
7 5
Z Z
2 2 1 2
34. (sec θ − 1) sec θ tan θdθ = (sec4 θ − 2 sec2 θ + 1) sec θ tan θdθ = sec5 θ − sec3 θ + sec θ + C.
5 3
Z Z Z Z Z
1
35. (sec x−1) sec x dx = (sec x−2 sec x+ sec x)dx = sec x dx−2 sec x dx+ sec x dx = sec3 x tan x+
2 2 5 3 5 3
Z Z 4
3 1 5 1 1
sec3 x dx−2 sec3 x dx+ln | sec x+tan x| = sec3 x tan x− sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| +ln | sec x+
4 4 4 2 2
1 3 5 3
tan x| + C = sec x tan x − sec x tan x + ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
4 8 8
Z Z Z Z
1 3 1
36. [sec2 x − 1] sec3 x dx = [sec5 x − sec3 x]dx = sec3 x tan x + sec3 x dx − sec3 x dx = sec3 x tan x −
Z 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
sec3 x dx = sec3 x tan x − sec x tan x − ln | sec x + tan x| + C.
4 4 8 8
Z
1
37. sec2 t(sec t tan t)dt = sec3 t + C.
3
Z
1
38. sec4 x(sec x tan x)dx = sec5 x + C.
5
Z Z Z
1
39. sec4 x dx = (1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx = (sec2 x + tan2 x sec2 x)dx = tan x + tan3 x + C.
3
Z Z
1 3 1 3 3
40. Using equation (20), sec5 x dx = sec3 x tan x + sec3 x dx = sec3 x tan x + sec x tan x + ln | sec x +
4 4 4 8 8
tan x| + C.
Z
1 3 1 1 1 1
41. u = 4x, use equation (19) to get tan u du = tan u + ln | cos u| + C = tan2 4x + ln | cos 4x| + C.
2
4 4 2 8 4
Z
1
42. Use equation (19) to get tan4 x dx = tan3 x − tan x + x + C.
3
Z √
2 2
43. tan x(1 + tan2 x) sec2 x dx = tan3/2 x + tan7/2 x + C.
3 7
Z
2
44. sec1/2 x(sec x tan x)dx = sec3/2 x + C.
3
Exercise Set 7.3 351
Z π/8 π/8
2 1
45. (sec 2x − 1)dx = tan 2x − x = 1/2 − π/8.
0 2 0
Z π/6 π/6
1
46. sec2 2θ(sec 2θ tan 2θ)dθ = sec3 2θ = (1/6)(2)3 − (1/6)(1) = 7/6.
0 6 0
Z π/4
π/4
5 1 √
47. u = x/2, 2 tan u du = tan4 u − tan2 u − 2 ln | cos u| = 1/2 − 1 − 2 ln(1/ 2) = −1/2 + ln 2.
0 2 0
Z π/4
1 π/4
1 √
48. u = πx, sec u tan u du = sec u = ( 2 − 1)/π.
π 0 π 0
Z Z
1 1
49. (csc2 x − 1) csc2 x(csc x cot x)dx = (csc4 x − csc2 x)(csc x cot x)dx = − csc5 x + csc3 x + C.
5 3
Z Z
cos2 3t 1 1
50. 2 · dt = csc 3t cot 3t dt = − csc 3t + C.
sin 3t cos 3t 3
Z Z Z
cos x 1
51. (csc2 x − 1) cot x dx = csc x(csc x cot x)dx − dx = − csc2 x − ln | sin x| + C.
sin x 2
Z
1
52. (cot2 x + 1) csc2 x dx = − cot3 x − cot x + C.
3
53. True.
54. False; the method would work but is tedious. Better to use the identity cos2 x = 1 − sin2 x and the substitution
u = sin x.
55. False.
56. True.
Z 2π Z 2π
1 2π cos(m + n)x cos(m − n)x
57. (a) sin mx cos nx dx = [sin(m + n)x + sin(m − n)x]dx = − − , but we know
0 2 0 2(m + n) 2(m − n) 0
2π 2π
that cos(m + n)x = 0, cos(m − n)x = 0.
0 0
Z 2π Z 2π
1
(b) cos mx cos nx dx = [cos(m + n)x + cos(m − n)x]dx; since m 6= n, evaluate sine at integer multiples
0 2 0
of 2π to get 0.
Z 2π Z 2π
1
(c) sin mx sin nx dx = [cos(m − n)x − cos(m + n)x] dx; since m 6= n, evaluate sine at integer multiples
0 2 0
of 2π to get 0.
Z 2π Z 2π
2π
1 1
58. (a) sin mx cos mx dx = sin 2mx dx = − cos 2mx = 0.
0 2 0 4m
0
Z 2π Z 2π 2π
2 1 1 1
(b) cos mx dx = (1 + cos 2mx) dx = x+ sin 2mx = π.
0 2 0 2 2m
0
352 Chapter 7
Z 2π Z 2π 2π
1 1 1
(c) sin2 mx dx = (1 − cos 2mx) dx = x− sin 2mx = π.
0 2 0 2 2m
0
Z π/4 √ Z π/4
π/4
59. y 0 = tan x, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + tan2 x = sec2 x, L = sec2 x dx = sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x|]0 =
√ 0 0
ln( 2 + 1).
Z Z #π/4
π/4 π/4
2 2 1
61. V = π (cos x − sin x)dx = π cos 2x dx = π sin 2x = π/2.
0 0 2
0
π Z Z π
2 π π π 1
62. V = π sin x dx = (1 − cos 2x)dx = x − sin 2x = π 2 /2.
0 2 0 2 2 0
Z #βπ/180
βπ/180
L L L sec β ◦ + tan β ◦
63. With 0 < α < β, D = Dβ − Dα = sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| = ln .
2π απ/180 2π 2π sec α◦ + tan α◦
απ/180
100
64. (a) D = ln(sec 25◦ + tan 25◦ ) = 7.18 cm.
2π
1 | csc x − cot x|
(b) − ln | csc x + cot x| = ln = ln = ln | csc x − cot x|, − ln | csc x + cot x| =
| csc x + cot x| | csc2 x − cot2 x|
1 cos x sin x 2 sin(x/2) cos(x/2)
− ln + = ln = ln = ln | tan(x/2)|.
sin x sin x 1 + cos x 2 cos2 (x/2)
√ h √ √ i √ √
66. sin x + cos x = 2 (1/ 2) sin x + (1/ 2) cos x = 2 [sin x cos(π/4) + cos x sin(π/4)] = 2 sin(x + π/4),
Z Z √
dx 1 −1 −1 2 + cos x − sin x
=√ csc(x+π/4)dx = √ ln | csc(x+π/4)+cot(x+π/4)|+C = √ ln +C.
sin x + cos x 2 2 2 sin x + cos x
p p
a b
67. a sin x + b cos x = + √ a2 b2
sin x + √ cos x = a2 + b2 (sin x cos θ + cos x sin θ), where cos θ =
a 2 + b2 a2 + b2
√ √ √
a/ a2 + b2 and sin θ = b/ a2 + b2 , so a sin x + b cos x = a2 + b2 sin(x + θ) and then we obtain that
Z Z
dx 1 1
=√ csc(x + θ)dx = − √ ln | csc(x + θ) + cot(x + θ)| + C =
a sin x + b cos x 2
a +b 2 a + b2
2
√
1 a2 + b2 + a cos x − b sin x
= −√ ln + C.
2
a +b 2 a sin x + b cos x
Z π/2 π/2 Z Z
n 1 n−1 n − 1 π/2 n−2 n − 1 π/2 n−2
68. (a) sin x dx = − sin x cos x + sin x dx = sin x dx.
0 n 0 n 0 n 0
Z π/2 Z π/2
3 2 1·3 π
69. (a) sin x dx = . (b) sin4 x dx = · = 3π/16.
0 3 0 2·4 2
Z π/2 Z π/2
5 2·4 1·3·5 π
(c) sin x dx = = 8/15. (d) sin6 x dx = · = 5π/32.
0 3·5 0 2·4·6 2
√ √ √ Z √ 1 1 5
10. x = 5 sin θ, dx = 5 cos θ dθ, 25 5 sin3 θ cos2 θ dθ = 25 5 − cos3 θ + cos5 θ + C = − (5 − x2 )3/2 +
3 5 3
1
(5 − x2 )5/2 + C.
5
Z Z
2 2 3 1 3 3 1 p 2
11. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ + C = 9x − 4 + C.
3 3 4 sec θ 4 4 4x
Z Z Z
2 sec3 θ tan2 θ + 1
12. t = tan θ, dt = sec θ dθ, dθ = sec θ dθ = (sec θ tan θ + csc θ)dθ = sec θ + ln | csc θ − cot θ| +
√ tan θ tan θ
p 1 + t2 − 1
C = 1 + t2 + ln + C.
|t|
Z Z p
1
13. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, dθ = sec2 θ dθ = tan θ + C = x/ 1 − x2 + C.
cos2 θ
Z Z √
1 2 sec θ 1 1 x2 + 25
14. x = 5 tan θ, dx = 5 sec θ dθ, dθ = csc θ cot θ dθ = − csc θ + C = − + C.
25 tan2 θ 25 25 25x
Z
1 1p 2
15. x = 3 sec θ, dx = 3 sec θ tan θ dθ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C = ln x+ x − 9 + C.
3 3
Z Z Z
1 1 1 1
16. 1 + 2x2 + x4 = (1 + x2 )2 , x = tan θ, dx = sec2 θ dθ, dθ = cos2 θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = θ + sin 2θ +
sec2 θ 2 2 4
1 1 1 x
C= θ + sin θ cos θ + C = tan−1 x + + C.
2 2 2 2(1 + x2 )
Z Z
3 3 3 sec θ tan θ dθ 1 cos θ 1 1 1
17. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, 3 = 2 dθ = − + C = − csc θ + C =
2 2 2 27 tan θ 18 sin θ 18 sin θ 18
x
− √ + C.
9 4x2 − 9
Z Z
18. x = 5 sec θ, dx = 5 sec θ tan θ dθ, 375 sec4 θ dθ = 125 sec2 θ tan θ + 250 sec2 θ dθ = 125 sec2 θ tan θ + 250 tan θ +
p p
C = x2 x2 − 25 + 50 x2 − 25 + C.
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1 p
19. ex = sin θ, ex dx = cos θ dθ, cos2 θ dθ = (1 + cos 2θ)dθ = θ + sin 2θ + C = sin−1 (ex ) + ex 1 − e2x + C.
2 2 4 2 2
Z
1 sin θ
20. u = sin θ, √ du = sin−1 √ + C.
2 − u2 2
Z 1 π/2
3 2 1 3 1 5
21. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, 5 sin θ cos θ dθ = 5 − cos θ + cos θ = 5(1/3 − 1/5) = 2/3.
0 3 5 0
Z π/6 π/6
3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
22. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ| = √ √ + ln( √ + √ =
0 2 2 0 2 3 3 2 3 3
1 1
+ ln 3.
3 4
Z π/3 Z π/3 √ √
1 π/3
23. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, dθ = cos θ dθ = sin θ]π/4 = ( 3 − 2)/2.
π/4 sec θ π/4
Z π/4 π/4
√ √ 2
24. x = 2 sec θ, dx = 2 sec θ tan θ dθ, 2 tan θ dθ = 2 tan θ − 2θ = 2 − π/2.
0 0
Exercise Set 7.4 355
Z Z π/3 Z
√ √ sec θ 2 1 π/3 cos3 θ
1 1 π/3 1 − sin2 θ
25. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec θ dθ,
4 dθ = 9 4 dθ = 9 cos θ dθ
π/6 tan θ 9 π/6 sin θ π/6 sin4 θ
Z √3/2 Z √3/2 √3/2 √
1 1 − u2 1 −4 −2 1 1 1 10 3 + 18
= du (with u = sin θ) = (u − u )du = − 3+ = .
9 1/2 u4 9 1/2 9 3u u 1/2 243
√ Z π/3 √ Z π/3 √ Z π/3
√ 3 √
tan3 θ 3 3 3
26. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec θ dθ, dθ =2
sin θ dθ = 1 − cos2 θ sin θ dθ =
3 0 sec3 θ 3 0 3 0
√ π/3 √
3 1 3 1 1 1 √
− cos θ + cos3 θ = − + − −1 + = 5 3/72.
3 3 0 3 2 24 3
27. True.
Z Z
2 1 1 1 1 2 2
31. u = x + 4, du = 2x dx, du = ln |u| + C = ln(x + 4) + C; or x = 2 tan θ, dx = 2 sec θ dθ, tan θ dθ =
√ 2 u 2 2
2
x +4 1
ln | sec θ| + C1 = ln + C1 = ln(x2 + 4)1/2 − ln 2 + C1 = ln(x2 + 4) + C with C = C1 − ln 2.
2 2
Z Z
2 2 −1 x x2
32. x = 2 tan θ, dx = 2 sec θ dθ, 2 tan θ dθ = 2 tan θ − 2θ + C = x − 2 tan + C; alternatively dx =
Z Z 2 x2 + 4
dx x
dx − 4 = x − 2 tan−1 + C.
x2 + 4 2
Z 2r 2 Z tan−1 (2)
0 1 0 2 1 x2 + 1 x +1 2 sec3 θ
33. y = , 1 + (y ) = 1 + 2 = 2
, L = 2
dx; x = tan θ, dx = sec θ dθ, L = dθ =
x x x 1 x π/4 tan θ
Z tan−1 (2) Z tan−1 (2) tan−1 (2)
tan2 θ + 1
sec θ dθ = (sec θ tan θ + csc θ)dθ = sec θ + ln | csc θ − cot θ|
π/4 tan θ π/4 π/4
√ ! √
√ 5 1 h√ √ i √ √ 2+2 2
= 5 + ln − − 2 + ln | 2 − 1| = 5 − 2 + ln √ .
2 2 1+ 5
Z 1p Z −1
1 1 1 tan 2 3
34. y 0 = 2x, 1 + (y 0 )2 = 1 + 4x2 , L = 1 + 4x2 dx; x = tan θ, dx = sec2 θ dθ, L = sec θ dθ =
0 2 2 2 0
tan−1 2
1 1 1 1 √ 1 √ 1√ 1 √
sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ| = ( 5)(2) + ln | 5 + 2| = 5 + ln(2 + 5).
2 2 2 0 4 4 2 4
Z 1 p Z tan−1 2
2 1 1 π
0 0 2
35. y = 2x, 1+(y ) = 1+4x , S = 2π 2
x 1+ 4x2 dx; x = tan θ, dx = sec2 θ dθ, S = tan2 θ sec3 θ dθ =
0 2 2 4 0
Z tan−1 2 Z tan−1 2
π π
(sec2 θ − 1) sec3 θ dθ = (sec5 θ − sec3 θ)dθ =
4 0 4 0
tan−1 2
π 1 3 1 1 π √ √
= sec θ tan θ − sec θ tan θ − ln | sec θ + tan θ| = [18 5 − ln(2 + 5)].
4 4 8 8 0 32
Z 1 p Z π/2 Z π/2 Z π/2
2 2 2 π 2 π
36. V = π y 1− y 2 dy; y = sin θ, dy = cos θ dθ, V = π sin θ cos θ dθ = sin 2θ dθ = (1 −
0 0 4 0 8 0
356 Chapter 7
π/2
π 1 π2
cos 4θ)dθ = θ − sin 4θ = .
8 4 0 16
Z
1
37. dx = tan−1 (x − 2) + C.
(x − 2)2 + 1
Z
1
38. p dx = sin−1 (x − 1) + C.
1 − (x − 1)2
Z
1 x−1
39. p dx = sin−1 +C
4 − (x − 1)2 2
Z Z
1 1 1
40. dx = dx = tan−1 (4x + 2) + C.
16(x + 1/2)2 + 1 2
(4x + 2) + 1 4
Z p
1
41. p dx = ln x − 3 + (x − 3)2 + 1 + C.
(x − 3)2 + 1
Z Z Z
x u−1 u 1 1
42. dx, let u = x + 1, du = − 2 du = ln(u2 + 1) − tan−1 u + C =
(x + 1)2 + 1 u2 + 1 2
u +1 u +1 2
1
ln(x2 + 2x + 2) − tan−1 (x + 1) + C.
2
Z p Z Z
2 −1 x+1
43. 4 − (x + 1)2
dx, let x + 1 = 2 sin θ, 4 cos θ dθ = 2(1 + cos 2θ) dθ = 2θ + sin 2θ + C = 2 sin +
2
1 p
(x + 1) 3 − 2x − x2 + C.
2
Z Z x
ex 1 √ −1 2e + 1
−1
p p x √
44. dx, let u = e + 1/2, du = sinh (2u/ 3) + C = sinh + C; or,
(ex + 1/2)2 + 3/4 u2 + 3/4 3 !
√ Z √
3 2 e2x + ex + 1 2ex + 1
alternatively, let ex + 1/2 = tan θ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C = ln √ + √ + C1 =
2 3 3
p
ln(2 e2x + ex + 1 + 2ex + 1) + C.
Z Z p
1 1 1 1
45. 2
dx = 2
dx = √ tan−1 2/5(x + 1) + C.
2(x + 1) + 5 2 (x + 1) + 5/2 10
Z Z Z
2x + 3 2u + 2 1 u 1 1 1
46. dx, let u = x+1/2, du = + du = ln(u2 +1)+ tan−1 u+C =
4(x + 1/2)2 + 4 4u2 + 4 2 u2 + 1 u2 + 1 4 2
1 1
ln(x2 + x + 5/4) + tan−1 (x + 1/2) + C.
4 2
Z 2 Z 2 2
1 1 x−2
47. √ dx = p dx = sin−1 = π/6.
1 4x − x2 1 4 − (x − 2)2 2 1
Z p Z Z π/2
4 4 p π/2
48. 4x − x2 dx = 4 − (x − 2)2 dx, let x − 2 = 2 sin θ, 4 cos2 θ dθ = 2θ + sin 2θ = 2π.
0 0 −π/2 −π/2
Z p
1 1h p i
49. u = sin2 x, du = 2 sin x cos x dx; 1 − u2 du = u 1 − u2 + sin−1 u + C =
2 4
1h 2 p i
sin x 1 − sin4 x + sin−1 (sin2 x) + C.
4
Exercise Set 7.5 357
Z p p
1 p 1 1
50. u = x sin x, du = (x cos x + sin x) dx; 1 + u2 du = u 1 + u2 + sinh−1 u + C = x sin x 1 + x2 sin2 x +
2 2 2
1
sinh−1 (x sin x) + C.
2
Z
51. (a) x = 3 sinh u, dx = 3 cosh u du, du = u + C = sinh−1 (x/3) + C.
Z p
(b) x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ+tan θ|+C = ln x2 + 9/3 + x/3 +C, but sinh−1 (x/3) =
p √
ln x/3 + x2 /9 + 1 = ln x/3 + x2 + 9/3 , so the results agree.
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
52. x = cosh u, dx = sinh u du, sinh2 u du = (cosh 2u−1)du = sinh 2u− u+C = = sinh u cosh u− u+C =
2 4 2 2 2
1 p 2 1 p √
−1 2 2
x x − 1 − cosh x + C, because cosh u = x, and sinh u = cosh u − 1 = x − 1.
2 2
5 A B C
2. = + + .
x(x − 2)(x + 2) x x−2 x+2
2x − 3 A B C
3. = + 2+ .
x2 (x
− 1) x x x−1
x2 A B C
4. = + + .
(x + 2)3 x + 2 (x + 2)2 (x + 2)3
1 − x2 A B C Dx + E
5. = + 2+ 3+ 2 .
x3 (x2+ 2) x x x x +2
3x A Bx + C
6. = + 2 .
(x − 1)(x2 + 6) x−1 x +6
4x3 − x Ax + B Cx + D
7. 2 2
= 2 + 2 .
(x + 5) x +5 (x + 5)2
1 − 3x4 A Bx + C Dx + E
8. = + 2 + 2 .
(x − 2)(x2 + 1)2 x−2 x +1 (x + 1)2
Z Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
9. = + ; A = , B = − , so dx− dx = ln |x−4|− ln |x+1|+C =
(x − 4)(x + 1) x−4 x+1 5 5 5 x−4 5 x+1 5 5
1 x−4
ln + C.
5 x+1
Z Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
10. = + ; A = − , B = , so − dx + dx = − ln |x + 1| + ln |x −
(x + 1)(x − 7) x+1 x−7 8 8 8 x+1 8 x−7 8 8
1 x−7
7| + C = ln + C.
8 x+1
Z Z
11x + 17 A B 1 1 5
11. = + ; A = 5, B = 3, so 5 dx + 3 dx = ln |2x − 1| + 3 ln |x + 4| + C.
(2x − 1)(x + 4) 2x − 1 x + 4 2x − 1 x+4 2
358 Chapter 7
Z Z
5x − 5 A B 1 1 2
12. = + ; A = 1, B = 2, so dx + 2 dx = ln |x − 3| + ln |3x + 1| + C.
(x − 3)(3x + 1) x − 3 3x + 1 x−3 3x + 1 3
Z Z Z
2x2 − 9x − 9 A B C 1 1 1
13. = + + ; A = 1, B = 2, C = −1, so dx + 2 dx − dx =
x(x + 3)(x − 3) x x+3 x−3 x x+3 x−3
x(x + 3)2
ln |x| + 2 ln |x + 3| − ln |x − 3| + C = ln + C. Note that the symbol C has been recycled; to save space
x−3
this recycling is usually not mentioned.
Z Z Z
1 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
14. = + + ; A = −1, B = , C = , so − dx + dx + dx
x(x + 1)(x − 1) x x+1 x−1 2 2 x 2 x+1 2 x−1
1 1 1 (x + 1)(x − 1) 1 |x2 − 1|
= − ln |x| + ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 1| + C = ln + C = ln + C.
2 2 2 x2 2 x2
Z
x2 − 8 1 1 1 2
15. =x−3+ , x−3+ dx = x − 3x + ln |x + 3| + C.
x+3 x+3 x+3 2
Z
x2 + 1 2 2 1 2
16. =x+1+ , x+1+ dx = x + x + 2 ln |x − 1| + C.
x−1 x−1 x−1 2
Z Z
3x2 − 10 12x − 22 12x − 22 A B 1
17. 2
= 3+ 2 , = + ; A = 12, B = 2, so 3dx + 12 dx +
xZ − 4x + 4 x − 4x + 4 (x − 2)2 x−2 (x − 2)2 x−2
1
2 dx = 3x + 12 ln |x − 2| − 2/(x − 2) + C.
(x − 2)2
Z Z
x2 3x − 2 3x − 2 A B 1
18. 2 = 1+ 2 , = + ; A = −1, B = 4, so dx − dx +
xZ − 3x + 2 x − 3x + 2 (x − 1)(x − 2) x−1 x−2 x−1
1
4 dx = x − ln |x − 1| + 4 ln |x − 2| + C.
x−2
Z
du
2
19. u = x − 3x − 10, du = (2x − 3) dx, = ln |u| + C = ln |x2 − 3x − 10| + C.
u
Z
1 du 1 1
2
20. u = 3x + 2x − 1, du = (6x + 2) dx, = ln |u| + C = ln |3x2 + 2x − 1| + C.
2 u 2 2
Z
x5 + x2 + 2 2 x2 + x + 2 x2 + x + 2 A B C
21. 3−x
= x +1+ 3−x
, = + + ; A = −2, B = 1, C = 2, so (x2 +1)dx−
Z x Z Z x x(x + 1)(x − 1) x x + 1 x − 1
2 1 2 1 1 (x + 1)(x − 1)2
dx+ dx+ dx = x3 +x−2 ln |x|+ln |x+1|+2 ln |x−1|+C = x3 +x+ln +C.
x x+1 x−1 3 3 x2
Z
x5 − 4x3 + 1 1 1 A B C 1 1 1
22. 3 − 4x
= x2 + 3 , = + + ; A = − , B = , C = , so x2 dx −
Zx Z x − 4x Z x(x + 2)(x − 2) x x + 2 x − 2 4 8 8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
dx + dx + dx = x3 − ln |x| + ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 2| + C.
4 x 8 x+2 8 x−2 3 4 8 8
Z Z Z
2x2 + 3 A B C 1 1 1
23. 2
= + + ; A = 3, B = −1, C = 5, so 3 dx − dx + 5 dx =
x(x − 1) x x−1 (x − 1)2 x x−1 (x − 1)2
3 ln |x| − ln |x − 1| − 5/(x − 1) + C.
Z Z
3x2 − x + 1 A B C 1 1
24. = + 2+ ; A = 0, B = −1, C = 3, so − dx + 3 dx = 1/x + 3 ln |x − 1| + C.
x2 (x − 1) x x x−1 x2 x−1
Z Z Z
2x2 − 10x + 4 A B C 1 1 2
25. = + + ; A = 1, B = 1, C = −2, so dx+ dx− dx =
(x + 1)(x − 3)2 x + 1 x − 3 (x − 3)2 x+1 x−3 (x − 3)2
Exercise Set 7.5 359
2
ln |x + 1| + ln |x − 3| + + C1 .
x−3
Z Z Z
2x2 − 2x − 1 A B C 1 1 1 1
26. = + 2 + ; A = 3, B = 1, C = −1, so 3 dx + dx − dx = 3 ln |x| − −
x2 (x − 1) x x x−1 x x2 x−1 x
ln |x − 1| + C.
Z Z Z
x2 A B C 1 2 1
27. 3
= + 2
+ ; A = 1, B = −2, C = 1, so dx − dx + dx =
(x + 1) x + 1 (x + 1) (x + 1)3 x+1 (x + 1)2 (x + 1)3
2 1
ln |x + 1| + − + C.
x + 1 2(x + 1)2
Z Z
2x2 + 3x + 3 A B C 1 1
28. 3
= + 2
+ ; A = 2, B = −1, C = 2, so 2 dx − dx +
Z(x + 1) x + 1 (x + 1) (x + 1)3 x+1 (x + 1)2
1 1 1
2 dx = 2 ln |x + 1| + − + C.
(x + 1)3 x + 1 (x + 1)2
Z
2x2 − 1 A Bx + C 2x2 − 1
29. = + 2 ; A = −14/17, B = 12/17, C = 3/17, so dx =
(4x − 1)(x2 + 1) 4x − 1 x +1 (4x − 1)(x2 + 1)
7 6 3
− ln |4x − 1| + ln(x2 + 1) + tan−1 x + C.
34 17 17
Z
1 A Bx + C 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 x2
30. 2
= + 2 ; A = , B = − , C = 0, so dx = ln |x|− ln(x +2)+C = ln +C.
x(x + 2) x x +2 2 2 x3 + 2x 2 4 4 x2 + 2
Z
x3 + 3x2 + x + 9 Ax + B Cx + D x3 + 3x2 + x + 9
31. = 2 + 2 ; A = 0, B = 3, C = 1, D = 0, so dx = 3 tan−1 x +
(x2 + 1)(x2 + 3) x +1 x +3 (x2 + 1)(x2 + 3)
1
ln(x2 + 3) + C.
2
Z
x3 + x2 + x + 2 Ax + B Cx + D x3 + x2 + x + 2 1
32. 2 2
= 2 + 2 ; A = D = 0, B = C = 1, so 2 2
dx = tan−1 x + ln(x2 +
(x + 1)(x + 2) x +1 x +2 (x + 1)(x + 2) 2
2) + C.
Z
x3 − 2x2 + 2x − 2 x x3 − 3x2 + 2x − 3 1 1
33. =x−2+ 2 , so dx = x2 − 2x + ln(x2 + 1) + C.
x2 + 1 x +1 x2 + 1 2 2
Z Z Z
x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 + x 2 x x x u−3
34. = x + , dx = dx = du, u = x + 3 =
x2 + 6x + 10 x2 +Z6x + 10 x2 + 6x + 10 (x + 3)2 + 1 u2 + 1
1 x4 + 6x3 + 10x2 + x 1 1
ln(u2 + 1) − 3 tan−1 u + C1 , so dx = x3 + ln(x2 + 6x + 10) − 3 tan−1 (x + 3) + C.
2 x2 + 6x + 10 3 2
35. True.
37. True.
38. True.
Z
1 1 A B
39. Let x = sin θ to get 2 + 4x − 5
dx, and = + ; A = −1/6, B = 1/6, so we get
Z Z x (x + 5)(x − 1)
x + 5
x −1
1 1 1 1 1 x−1 1 1 − sin θ
− dx + dx = ln + C = ln + C.
6 x+5 6 x−1 6 x+5 6 5 + sin θ
360 Chapter 7
Z Z
et 1 1 A B
40. Let x = et ; then 2t
dt = 2
dx, = + ; A = −1/4, B = 1/4, so
Z Z e −4 x −4 (x + 2)(x − 2) x+2 x−2
1 1 1 1 1 x−2 1 et − 2
− dx + dx = ln + C = ln t + C.
4 x+2 4 x−2 4 x+2 4 e +2
Z Z
e3x u2 u
41. u = ex , du = ex dx, dx = du = u − 2 tan−1 + C = ex − 2 tan−1 (ex /2) + C.
e2x + 4 2
u +4 2
Z Z
1 5 + 2 ln x 3 + 2u 3 3
42. Set u = 1 + ln x, du = dx, dx = du = − + 2 ln |u| + C = − + 2 ln |1 + ln x| + C.
x x(1 + ln x)2 u2 u 1 + ln x
Z 2
x4 x4 18x2 − 81 18x2 − 81 18x2 − 81 A B
43. V = π 2 )2
dx, 4 − 18x2 + 81
= 1+ ,
4 − 18x2 + 81 (9 − x2 )2
= 2 (x − 3)2
= + +
0 (9 − x x x (x + 3) x + 3 (x + 3)2
2
C D 9 9 9 9 9 9/4 9 9/4
+ 2
; A = − , B = , C = , D = , so V = π x − ln |x + 3| − + ln |x − 3| − =
x− 3 (x − 3) 4 4 4 4 4 x + 3 4 x −3 0
19 9
π − ln 5 .
5 4
Z ln 5 Z ln 5 Z 5
x dx ex dx du 1 A B
44. Let u = e to get x
= x (1 + ex )
= , = + ; A = 1, B = −1;
− ln 5 1 + e − ln 5 e 1/5 u(1 + u) u(1 + u) u 1 + u
Z 5 5
du
= (ln u − ln(1 + u)) = ln 5.
1/5 u(1 + u) 1/5
Z
x2 + 1 Ax + B Cx + D x2 + 1
45. 2 + 2x + 3)2
= 2 + 2 ; A = 0, B = 1, C = D = −2, so dx =
(x
Z xZ + 2x + 3 (x + 2x + 3)2 (x2 + 2x + 3)2
1 2x + 2 1 x+1
dx − dx = √ tan−1 √ + 1/(x2 + 2x + 3) + C.
(x + 1)2 + 2 (x2 + 2x + 3)2 2 2
x5 + x4 + 4x3 + 4x2 + 4x + 4 Ax + B Cx + D Ex + F
46. 2 + 2)3
= 2+2
+ 2 2
+ 2 ; A = B = 1, C = D = E = F = 0, so
Z (x x (x + 2) (x + 2)3
x+1 1 1 √
2
dx = ln(x2 + 2) + √ tan−1 (x/ 2) + C.
x +2 2 2
1 A B C D
47. x4 −3x3 −7x2 +27x−18 = (x−1)(x−2)(x−3)(x+3), = + + + ;
(x
Z − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3)(x + 3) x − 1 x − 2 x − 3 x +3
dx 1 1
A = 1/8, B = −1/5, C = 1/12, D = −1/120, so = ln |x − 1| − ln |x − 2| +
x4 − 3x3 − 7x2 + 27x − 18 8 5
1 1
ln |x − 3| − ln |x + 3| + C.
12 120
1 A Bx + C
48. 16x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 1 = (4x − 1)(4x2 + 1), 2 + 1)
= + 2 ; A = 4/5, B = −4/5, C = −1/5,
Z (4x − 1)(4x 4x − 1 4x + 1
dx 1 1 1
so = ln |4x − 1| − ln(4x2 + 1) − tan−1 (2x) + C.
16x3 − 4x2 + 4x − 1 5 10 10
Z 1 Z 1 1
x 1 1 1 −1 1π π
49. Let u = x2 , du = 2x dx, dx = du = tan u = = .
0 x4 + 1 2 0 1 + u2 2 0 2 4 8
Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1
50. 2 2
= + ;A = ,B = , so + dx = (− ln |a − x| + ln |a + x| ) + C =
a −x a−x a+x 2a 2a 2a a−x a+x 2a
1 a+x
ln + C.
2a a−x
51. If the polynomial has distinct roots r1 , r2 , r1 6= r2 , then the partial fraction decomposition will contain terms of
Exercise Set 7.6 361
A B
the form , , and they will give logarithms and no inverse tangents. If there are two roots not distinct,
x − r1 x − r2
A B
say x = r, then the terms , will appear, and neither will give an inverse tangent term. The only
x − r (x − r)2
1
other possibility is no real roots, and the integrand can be written in the form , which will
b 2 b2
a x + 2a + c − 4a
−1 b
yield an inverse tangent, specifically of the form tan A x+ for some constant A.
2a
52. Since there are no inverse tangent terms, the roots are real. Since there are no logarithmic terms, there are no
1
terms of the form , so the only terms that can arise in the partial fraction decomposition form is one like
x−r
1
. Therefore the original quadratic had a multiple root.
(x − a)2
1
53. Yes, for instance the integrand , whose integral is precisely tan−1 x + C.
x2 + 1
1 x
3. Formula (65): ln + C.
5 5 + 2x
1 1 − 5x
4. Formula (66): − − 5 ln + C.
x x
1
5. Formula (102): (x − 1)(2x + 3)3/2 + C.
5
2 √
6. Formula (105): (−x − 4) 2 − x + C.
3
√
1 4 − 3x − 2
7. Formula (108): ln √ + C.
2 4 − 3x + 2
√
−1 3x − 4
8. Formula (108): tan + C.
2
1 x+4
9. Formula (69): ln + C.
8 x−4
1 x−3
10. Formula (70): ln + C.
6 x+3
xp 2 3 p
11. Formula (73): x − 3 − ln x + x2 − 3 + C.
2 2
√
x2 − 5 p
12. Formula (94): − + ln(x + x2 − 5) + C.
x
xp 2 p
13. Formula (95): x + 4 − 2 ln(x + x2 + 4) + C.
2
362 Chapter 7
√
x2 − 2
14. Formula (90): + C.
2x
xp 9 x
15. Formula (74): 9 − x2 + sin−1 + C.
2 2 3
√
4 − x2 x
16. Formula (80): − − sin−1 + C.
x 2
√
√ 2+ 4 − x2
17. Formula (79): 4 − x2 − 2 ln + C.
x
√
6x − x2
18. Formula (117): − + C.
3x
1 1
19. Formula (38): − sin(7x) + sin x + C.
14 2
1 1
20. Formula (40): − cos(7x) + cos(3x) + C.
14 6
x4
21. Formula (50): [4 ln x − 1] + C.
16
ln x + 2
22. Formula (50): −2 √ + C.
x
e−2x
23. Formula (42): (−2 sin(3x) − 3 cos(3x)) + C.
13
ex
24. Formula (43): (cos(2x) + 2 sin(2x)) + C.
5
Z
2x 2x 1 u du 1 4 2x
25. u = e , du = 2e dx, Formula (62): = + ln 4 − 3e + C.
2 (4 − 3u)2 18 4 − 3e2x
Z
du 1 cos 2x
26. u = cos 2x, du = −2 sin 2xdx, Formula (65): − = − ln + C.
2u(3 − u) 6 3 − cos 2x
Z √
√ 3 2 du 1 −1 3 x
27. u = 3 x, du = √ dx, Formula (68): = tan + C.
2 x 3 u2 + 4 3 2
Z
1 du 1 sin 4x
28. u = sin 4x, du = 4 cos 4xdx, Formula (68): = tan−1 + C.
4 9 + u2 12 3
Z p
1 du 1
29. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (76): √ = ln 2x + 4x2 − 9 + C.
2 u2 − 9 2
Z p √
√ √ 1 x2 p 4 3 p
30. u = 2x2 , du = 2 2xdx, Formula (72): √ u2 + 3 du = 2x + 3 + √ ln 2x2 + 2x4 + 3 + C.
2 2 4 4 2
Z
1 u2 du x2 p 1 √
2 2 5
31. u = 2x , du = 4xdx, u du = 16x dx, Formula (81): √ =− 2 − 4x4 + sin−1 ( 2x2 ) + C.
4 2 − u2 4 4
Z
du 1 p
32. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (83): 2 √ =− 3 − 4x2 + C.
u2 3 − u2 3x
Exercise Set 7.6 363
Z
1 1
33. u = ln x, du = dx/x, Formula (26): sin2 u du = ln x − sin(2 ln x) + C.
2 4
Z
1 1 1
34. u = e −2x
, du = −2e −2x
, Formula (27): − cos2 u du = − e−2x − sin 2e−2x + C.
2 4 8
Z
1 1
35. u = −2x, du = −2dx, Formula (51): ueu du = (−2x − 1)e−2x + C.
4 4
Z
1 1 1
36. u = 3x + 1, du = 3 dx, Formula (11): ln u du = (u ln u − u) + C = (3x + 1)[ln(3x + 1) − 1] + C.
3 3 3
Z
1 du 1 1 sin 3x
37. u = sin 3x, du = 3 cos 3x dx, Formula (67): = + ln + C.
3 u(u + 1)2 3 1 + sin 3x 1 + sin 3x
Z
1 u du 1 √
38. u = ln x, du = dx, Formula (105): √ = (2 ln x + 1) 4 ln x − 1 + C.
x 4u − 1 12
Z
2 1 du 1 4x2 − 1
39. u = 4x , du = 8xdx, Formula (70): = ln + C.
8 u2 − 1 16 4x2 + 1
Z √
x x 1 du 1 2ex + 3
40. u = 2e , du = 2e dx, Formula (69): = √ ln √ + C.
2 3 − u2 4 3 2ex − 3
Z
1 p 1 p 3 √ 1 p
x x
41. u = 2e , du = 2e dx, Formula (74): 3 − u2 du = u 3 − u2 + sin−1 (u/ 3) + C = ex 3 − 4e2x +
2 4 4 2
3 −1 x
√
sin (2e / 3) + C.
4
Z √ √ √
4 − u2 du 4 − u2 −1 4 − 9x2
42. u = 3x, du = 3dx, Formula (80): 3 2
= −3 −3 sin (u/2)+C = − −3 sin−1 (3x/2)+
u u x
C.
Z r r
1 5 2
1 5 5 2
25 −1 6u − 5
43. u = 3x, du = 3dx, Formula (112): u − u du = u− u−u + sin +C =
3 3 6 6 3 216 5
18x − 5 p 25 18x − 5
5x − 9x2 + sin−1 + C.
36 216 5
q √
Z √
√ √ du (u/ 5) − u2 x − 5x2
44. u = 5x, du = 5 dx, Formula (117): q √ =− √ + C = −2 + C.
u/(2 5) x
u (u/ 5) − u2
Z
45. u = 2x, du = 2dx, Formula (44): u sin u du = (sin u − u cos u) + C = sin 2x − 2x cos 2x + C.
Z
√ √ √ √
46. u = x, u2 = x, 2udu = dx, Formula (45): 2 u cos u du = 2 cos x + 2 x sin x + C.
Z
√ √ √
2
47. u = − x, u = x, 2udu = dx, Formula (51): 2 ueu du = −2( x + 1)e− x + C.
Z
1 1 1 1
2
48. u = 2 + x , du = 2x dx, Formula (11): ln u du = (u ln u − u) + C = (2 + x2 ) ln(2 + x2 ) − (2 + x2 ) + C.
2 2 2 2
Z
2 2 du 1 u−4 1 x−1
49. x + 6x − 7 = (x + 3) − 16; u = x + 3, du = dx, Formula (70): = ln + C = ln + C.
u2 − 16 8 u+4 8 x+7
364 Chapter 7
Z p
1 p
50. x2 + 2x − 3 = (x + 1)2 − 4, u = x + 1, du = dx, Formula (74): 4 − u2 du = u 4 − u2 + 2 sin−1 (u/2) + C
2
1 p
= (x + 1) 3 − 2x − x2 + 2 sin−1 ((x + 1)/2) + C.
2
Z Z Z
u+2 u du du
51. x2 − 4x − 5 = (x − 2)2 − 9, u = x − 2, du = dx, Formula (77): √ du = √ +2 √ =
9−u 2 9−u 2 9 − u2
p p
u x−2
− 9 − u2 + 2 sin−1 + C = − 5 + 4x − x2 + 2 sin−1 + C.
3 3
Z
(u − 3) du 1 3
52. x2 + 6x + 13 = (x + 3)2 + 4, u = x + 3, du = dx, Formula (71): = ln(u2 + 4) − tan−1 (u/2) + C =
u2 + 4 2 2
1 3
ln(x2 + 6x + 13) − tan−1 ((x + 3)/2) + C.
2 2
Z Z
√ 2 4 2 4
53. u = x − 2, x = u + 2, dx = 2u du; 2u (u + 2)du = 2 (u4 + 2u2 )du = u5 + u3 + C = (x − 2)5/2 + (x −
2 2 2
5 3 5 3
2)3/2 + C.
Z
√ 2 3 2 √
54. u = 2
x + 1, x = u − 1, dx = 2u du; 2 (u2 − 1)du = u − 2u + C = (x + 1)3/2 − 2 x + 1 + C.
3 3
Z Z
√ 2 2 2 5 2 3 2 3
55. u = x3 + 1, x3 = u2 − 1, 3x2 dx = 2u du; u2 (u2 − 1)du = (u4 − u2 )du = u − u +C = (x +
3 3 15 9 15
2
1)5/2 − (x3 + 1)3/2 + C.
9
Z p
√ 3 2 2 2 1 2 −1 2 −1
56. u = x3 − 1, x = u + 1, 3x dx = 2u du; du = tan u + C = tan x3 − 1 + C.
3 u2 + 1 3 3
Z Z Z
3u2 u 1 1 3
57. u = x 1/3 3
, x = u , dx = 3u du; 2
du = 3 du = 3 + du = ln |x1/3 + 1| +
u3 − u u2 − 1 2(u + 1) 2(u − 1) 2
3
ln |x1/3 − 1| + C.
2
Z Z Z
6u5 u3 1
58. u = x1/6 , x = u6 , dx = 6u5 du; du = 6 du = 6 u2 − u + 1 − du = 2x1/2 − 3x1/3 +
u + u2
3 u+1 u+1
6x1/6 − 6 ln(x1/6 + 1) + C.
Z Z
1 1 1 x1/4
59. u = x1/4 , x = u4 , dx = 4u3 du; 4 du = 4 + du = 4 ln + C.
u(1 − u) u 1−u |1 − x1/4 |
Z Z
2u2 u2 + 1 − 1 √ √
60. u = x 1/2 2
, x = u , dx = 2u du; du = 2 du = 2u − 2 tan−1 u + C = 2 x − 2 tan−1 x + C.
u2 + 1 u2 + 1
Z Z
u3 1
61. u = x 1/6 6 5
, x = u , dx = 6u du; 6 du = 6 u2 + u + 1 + du = 2x1/2 + 3x1/3 + 6x1/6 + 6 ln |x1/6 −
u−1 u−1
1| + C.
Z Z
√ 2 u2 + u 2 √ √
62. u = x, x = u , dx = 2u du; −2 du = −2 u+2+ du = −x − 4 x − 4 ln | x − 1| + C.
u−1 u−1
Z
√ 1
63. u = 1 + x2 , x2 = u2 − 1, 2x dx = 2u du, x dx = u du; (u2 − 1)du = (1 + x2 )3/2 − (1 + x2 )1/2 + C.
3
Z
5 15
64. u = (x + 3)1/5 , x = u5 − 3, dx = 5u4 du; 5 (u8 − 3u3 )du = (x + 3)9/5 − (x + 3)4/5 + C.
9 4
Exercise Set 7.6 365
Z Z
1 2 1
65. u = tan(x/2), 2 du = du = ln | tan(x/2) + 1| + C.
2u 1−u 1 + u2 u+1
1+ +
1 + u2 1 + u2
Z Z Z
1 2 1 1 2 2 tan(x/2) + 1
66. du = du = du = √ tan−1 √ + C.
2u 1 + u2 u2 + u + 1 (u + 1/2)2 + 3/4 3 3
2+
1 + u2
Z Z
dθ 1 1
67. u = tan(θ/2), = du = − + C = − cot(θ/2) + C.
1 − cos θ u2 u
Z Z Z
2 2 1 2 1
68. u = tan(x/2), 2
du = 2
du = 2
dz (using z = u + 4/3) =
3u + 8u − 3 3 (u + 4/3) − 25/9 3 z − 25/9
1 z − 5/3 1 tan(x/2) − 1/3
ln + C = ln + C.
5 z + 5/3 5 tan(x/2) + 3
Z Z
1 1 − u2 1 1 1
69. u = tan(x/2), du = (1/u − u)du = ln | tan(x/2)| − tan2 (x/2) + C.
2 u 2 2 4
Z
1 − u2
70. u = tan(x/2), du = −u + 2 tan−1 u + C = x − tan(x/2) + C.
1 + u2
Z x x
1 1 t 1 x 1 x 1 x
71. dt = ln (Formula (65), a = 4, b = −1) = ln − ln 1 = ln , ln =
2 t(4 − t) 4 4−t 2 4 4−x 4 4−x 4 4−x
x x
0.5, ln = 2, = e2 , x = 4e2 − e2 x, x(1 + e2 ) = 4e2 , x = 4e2 /(1 + e2 ) ≈ 3.523188312.
4−x 4−x
Z x x
1 √ √
72. √ dt = 2 tan−1 2t − 1 (Formula (108), a = −1, b = 2) = 2 tan−1 2x − 1 − tan−1 1 =
1 t 2t − 1 1
√ √ √ √
= 2 tan−1 2x − 1 − π/4 , 2(tan−1 2x − 1 − π/4) = 1, tan−1 2x − 1 = 1/2 + π/4, 2x − 1 = tan(1/2 + π/4),
x = [1 + tan2 (1/2 + π/4)]/2 ≈ 6.307993516.
Z p 4
4
1 p 25 x 25 4
73. A = 25 − x2 dx = x 25 − x2 + sin−1 (Formula (74), a = 5) = 6 + sin−1 ≈ 17.59119023.
0 2 2 5 0 2 5
Z p Z p 6
2
1 p 2
1 6 p 1
74. A = 9x2 − 4 dx; u = 3x, A = u2 − 4 du =
u u − 4 − 2 ln u + u2 − 4
2/3 2 2 3 2 3
1 √ √ √ 2 √
(Formula (73), a2 = 4) = 3 32 − 2 ln(6 + 32) + 2 ln 2 = 4 2 − ln(3 + 2 2) ≈ 4.481689467.
3 3
Z 1 Z 4 4
1 1 1 1 u+5 1
75. A = dx; u = 4x, A = du = ln = ln 9 ≈ 0.054930614. (Formula (69),
0 25 − 16x2 4 0 25 − u2 40 u−5 0 40
a = 5)
Z 4 4
√ 4 3 4
76. A = x ln x dx = x3/2 ln x − 1 (Formula (50), n = 1/2) = (12 ln 4 − 7) ≈ 4.282458815.
1 9 2 1 9
Z π/2 π/2
77. V = 2π x cos x dx = 2π(cos x + x sin x) = π(π − 2) ≈ 3.586419094. (Formula (45))
0 0
Z 8 8
√ 4π 1024
78. V = 2π x x − 4 dx = (3x + 8)(x − 4)3/2 (Formula (102), a = −4, b = 1) = π ≈ 214.4660585.
4 15 4 15
366 Chapter 7
Z 3 Z −3 −3
−x
79. V = 2π xe dx; u = −x, V = 2π u
ue du = 2πe (u − 1)u
= 2π(1 − 4e−3 ) ≈ 5.031899801. (Formula (51))
0 0 0
Z 5 5
π
80. V = 2π x ln x dx = x2 (2 ln x − 1) = π(25 ln 5 − 12) ≈ 88.70584621. (Formula (50), n = 1)
1 2 1
Z Z 8
2 p 1 8p 1 up 1 p
81. L = 1+ dx; u = 4x, L = 16x2 2
1 + u du = 2
1 + u + ln u + 1 + u2
0 4 0 4 2 2 0
√ 1 √
(Formula (72), a2 = 1) = 65 + ln(8 + 65) ≈ 8.409316783.
8
Z Z √ √ !#3 √
3 p x2 + 9 3 p 3+ x2 + 9 √ √ 3 + 10
82. L = 1 + 9/x2 dx = dx = x2 + 9 − 3 ln = 3 2− 10 + 3 ln √ ≈
1 1 x x 1+ 2
1
3.891581644. (Formula (89), a = 3)
Z π p Z −1p Z 1p
2 2
83. S = 2π (sin x) 1 + cos x dx; u = cos x, a = 1, S = −2π 1+ u2 du = 4π 1 + u2 du
0 1 0
p 1
u 1 p h√ √ i
= 4π 1 + u2 + ln u + 1 + u2 = 2π 2 + ln(1 + 2) ≈ 14.42359945. (Formula (72))
2 2 0
Z Z 16 √ 2 Z √
4
1p x4 + 1 2 u +1 4
84. S = 2π 1 + 1/x4 dx = 2π
3
dx; u = x , S = π du =
1 x 1 x 1 u2
√ !# √ √ !
u2 + 1 p 16 √ 257 16 + 257
= π − 2
+ ln u + u + 1 = π 2− + ln √ ≈ 9.417237485. (Formula (93),
u 16 1+ 2
1
a2 = 1)
Z t
20 40 166
85. (a) s(t) = 2 + 20 cos6 u sin3 u du = − sin2 t cos7 t − cos7 t + .
0 9 63 63
s(t)
4
1
t
3 6 9 12 15
(b)
Z t
1 −t 1 1 3 1 1
86. (a) v(t) = a(u) du = − e cos 2t + e−t sin 2t + e−t cos 6t − e−t sin 6t + −
0 10 5 74 37 10 74
Z t
3 −t 2 35 −t 6 −t 16 343866
s(t) = 10 + v(u) du = − e cos 2t − e−t sin 2t + e cos 6t + e sin 6t + t+ .
0 50 25 2738 1369 185 34225
s(t)
12
10
8
6
4
2 t
(b) 2 6 10 14 18
Exercise Set 7.7 367
Z Z Z
1 2 1+u 1 + tan(x/2)
87. (a) sec x dx = dx = 2
du = ln + C = ln +C =
cos x 1−u 1−u 1 − tan(x/2)
cos(x/2) + sin(x/2) cos(x/2) + sin(x/2) 1 + sin x
= ln + C = ln + C = ln |sec x + tan x| + C.
cos(x/2) − sin(x/2) cos(x/2) + sin(x/2) cos x
π x x
π
x tan + tan 1 + tan
(b) tan + = 4 2 2
4 2 π x = x.
1 − tan tan 1 − tan
4 2 2
Z Z Z
1 1 sin2 (x/2) 1 (1 − cos x)/2
88. csc x dx = dx = 1/u du = ln | tan(x/2)|+C, but ln | tan(x/2)| = ln = ln =
sin x 2 cos2 (x/2) 2 (1 + cos x)/2
2
1 1 − cos x 1 − cos x 1 − cos x 1 1 1 − cos x
ln ; also, = 2
= 2
so ln = − ln | csc x + cot x|.
2 1 + cos x 1 + cos x (1 + cos x) (csc x + cot x) 2 1 + cos x
q √
89. Let u = tanh(x/2) then cosh(x/2) = 1/ sech(x/2) = 1/ 1 − tanh2 (x/2) = 1/ 1 − u2 ,
√
sinh(x/2) = tanh(x/2) cosh(x/2) = u/ 1 − u2 , so sinh x = 2 sinh(x/2) cosh(x/2) = 2u/(1Z − u2 ), cosh x =
dx
cosh2 (x/2) + sinh2 (x/2) = (1 + u2 )/(1 − u2 ), x = 2 tanh−1 u, dx = [2/(1 − u2 )]du; =
Z 2 cosh x + sinh x
1 2 2u + 1 2 2 tanh(x/2) + 1
du = √ tan−1 √ + C = √ tan−1 √ + C.
u2 + u + 1 3 3 3 3
Z
1 1 1 1
4
90. Let u = x to get √ du = sin−1 u + C = sin−1 (x4 ) + C.
4 1−u2 4 4
Z Z Z
1
91. (cos32 x sin30 x − cos30 x sin32 x)dx = cos30 x sin30 x(cos2 x − sin2 x)dx = sin30 2x cos 2x dx =
230
sin31 2x
= + C.
31(231 )
Z q Z √
p 1 √ √ 2
92. x− x2 − 4dx = √ ( x + 2 − x − 2)dx = [(x + 2)3/2 − (x − 2)3/2 ] + C.
2 3
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
93. dx = − du = − ln |u| + C = − ln |1 + x−9 | + C.
x10 (1 + x−9 ) 9 u 9 9
A B Cx + D Ex + F
94. (a) (x + 4)(x − 5)(x2 + 1)2 ; + + 2 + 2 .
x+4 x−5 x +1 (x + 1)2
3 2 x−2 3
(b) − + − − .
x + 4 x − 5 x2 + 1 (x2 + 1)2
1 3 x −1
(c) −3 ln |x + 4| + 2 ln |x − 5| + 2 tan −1
x − ln(x2 + 1) − + tan x + C.
2 2 x2 + 1
2. Exact value = 2.
(a) 1.999542900, |EM | ≈ 0.000457100. (b) 2.000915091, |ET | ≈ 0.000915091. (c) 2.000000019, |ES | ≈ 2.97 · 10−7 .
368 Chapter 7
3. Exact value = 1.
(a) 1.001028824, |EM | ≈ 0.001028824. (b) 0.997942986, |ET | ≈ 0.002057013. (c) 1.000000013, |ES | ≈ 2.12 · 10−7 .
1 −2
5. Exact value = (e − e−6 ) ≈ 0.06642826551.
2
(a) 0.065987468, |EM | ≈ 0.000440797. (b) 0.067311623, |ET | ≈ 0.000883357. (c) 0.066428302, |ES | ≈ 5.88 · 10−7 .
1
6. Exact value = ln 10 ≈ 0.7675283641.
3
(a) 0.757580075, |EM | ≈ 0.009948289. (b) 0.788404810, |ET | ≈ 0.020876446. (c) 0.767855, |ES | ≈ 0.0003266.
√ 1 15
7. f (x) = x + 1, f 00 (x) = − (x + 1)−3/2 , f (4) (x) = − (x + 1)−7/2 ; K2 = 1/4, K4 = 15/16.
4 16
27 27
(a) |EM | ≤ (1/4) = 0.002812500. (b) |ET | ≤ (1/4) = 0.00562500.
2400 1200
81
(c) |ES | ≤ ≈ 0.000007910156250.
10240000
√ 3 105 −9/2
8. f (x) = 1/ x, f 00 (x) = x−5/2 , f (4) (x) = x ; K2 = 3/128, K4 = 105/8192.
4 16
125 125
(a) |EM | ≤ (3/128) = 0.001220703125 (b) |ET | ≤ (3/128) = 0.002441406250.
2400 1200
35
(c) |ES | ≤ ≈ 0.000001390775045.
25165824
π 5 /32
(c) |ES | ≤ (1) ≈ 3.320526095 · 10−7 .
180 × 204
11. f (x) = e−2x , f 00 (x) = 4e−2x ; f (4) (x) = 16e−2x ; K2 = 4e−2 ; K4 = 16e−2 .
8 8
(a) |EM | ≤ (4e−2 ) ≈ 0.0018044704. (b) |ET | ≤ (4e−2 ) ≈ 0.0036089409.
2400 1200
32
(c) |ES | ≤ (16e−2 ) ≈ 0.00000240596.
180 × 204
12. f (x) = 1/(3x + 1), f 00 (x) = 18(3x + 1)−3 , f (4) (x) = 1944(3x + 1)−5 ; K2 = 18, K4 = 1944.
27 27
(a) |EM | ≤ (18) ≈ 0.202500. (b) |ET | ≤ (18) ≈ 0.4050000000.
2400 1200
243
(c) |ES | ≤ (1944) ≈ 0.0164025.
180 × 204
Exercise Set 7.7 369
1/2 1/2
(27)(1/4) (27)(1/4)
13. (a) n > ≈ 23.7; n = 24. (b) n > ≈ 33.5; n = 34.
(24)(5 × 10−4 ) (12)(5 × 10−4 )
1/4
(243)(15/16)
(c) n > ≈ 7.1; n = 8.
(180)(5 × 10−4 )
1/2 1/2
(125)(3/128) (125)(3/128)
14. (a) n > ≈ 15.6; n = 16. (b) n > ≈ 22.1; n = 23.
(24)(5 × 10−4 ) (12)(5 × 10−4 )
1/4
(3125)(105/8192)
(c) n > ≈ 4.59; n = 6.
(180)(5 × 10−4 )
1/2 1/2
(π 3 /8)(1) (π 3 /8)(1)
15. (a) n > ≈ 12.7; n = 13. (b) n > ≈ 17.97; n = 18.
(24)(10−3 ) (12)(10−3 )
1/4
(π 5 /32)(1)
(c) n > ≈ 2.7; n = 4.
(180)(10−3 )
1/2 1/2
(8)(1) (8)(1)
16. (a) n > ≈ 18.26; n = 19. (b) n > ≈ 25.8; n = 26.
(24)(10−3 ) (12)(10−3 )
1/4
(32)(1)
(c) n > ≈ 3.7; n = 4.
(180)(10−3 )
1/2 1/2
(8)(4e−2 ) (8)(4e−2 )
17. (a) n > ≈ 42.5; n = 43. (b) n > ≈ 60.2; n = 61.
(24)(10−6 ) (12)(10−6 )
1/4
(32)(16e−2 )
(c) n > ≈ 7.9; n = 8.
(180)(10−6 )
1/2 1/2
(27)(18) (27)(18)
18. (a) n > = 450; n = 451. (b) n > ≈ 636.4; n = 637.
(24)(10−6 ) (12)(10−6 )
1/4
(243)(1944)
(c) n > ≈ 71.6; n = 72.
(180)(10−6 )
22. True.
23. g(X0 ) = aX02 + bX0 + c = 4a + 2b + c = f (X0 ) = 1/X0 = 1/2; similarly 9a + 3b + c = 1/3, 16a + 4b + c = 1/4.
Three equations in three unknowns, with solution a = 1/24, b = −3/8, c = 13/12, g(x) = x2 /24 − 3x/8 + 13/12.
Z 4 Z 4 2
x 3x 13 25 ∆x 1 1 4 1 25
g(x) dx = − + dx = , [f (X0 ) + 4f (X1 ) + f (X2 )] = + + = .
2 2 24 8 12 36 3 3 2 3 4 36
24. Suppose g(x) = ax2 +bx+c passes through the points (0, f (0)) = (0, 0), (m, f (m)) = (1/6, 1/4), and (1/3, f (2m)) =
(1/3, 3/4). Then g(0) = c = 0, 1/4 = g(1/6) = a/36 + b/6, and 3/4 = g(1/3) = a/9 + b/3, with solution
370 Chapter 7
a = 9/2, b = 3/4 or g(x) = 9x2 /2 + 3x/4. Then (∆x/3)(Y0 + 4Y1 + Y2 ) = (1/18)(0 + 4(1/4) + 3/4) = 7/72, and
Z 1/3 1/3
g(x) dx = (3/2)x3 + (3/8)x2 = 1/18 + 1/24 = 7/72.
0 0
33. S14 = 0.693147984, |ES | ≈ 0.000000803 = 8.03 × 10−7 ; the method used in Example 6 results in a value of n which
ensures that the magnitude of the error will be less than 10−6 , this is not necessarily the smallest value of n.
34. (a) Underestimates, because the graph of cos x2 is concave down on the interval (0, 1).
(b) Overestimates, because the graph of cos x2 is concave up on the interval (3/2, 2).
35. f (x) = x sin x, f 00 (x) = 2 cos x − x sin x, |f 00 (x)| ≤ 2| cos x| + |x| | sin x| ≤ 2 + 2 = 4, so K2 ≤ 4, n >
1/2
(8)(4)
≈ 115.5; n = 116 (a smaller n might suffice).
(24)(10−4 )
36. f (x) = ecos x , f 00 (x) = (sin2 x)ecos x − (cos x)ecos x , |f 00 (x)| ≤ ecos x (sin2 x + | cos x|) ≤ 2e, so K2 ≤ 2e, n >
1/2
(1)(2e)
≈ 47.6; n = 48 (a smaller n might suffice).
(24)(10−4 )
√ 3
37. f (x) = x x, f 00 (x) = √ , lim+ |f 00 (x)| = +∞.
4 x x→0
√ √ √
√ x sin x + cos x
38. f (x) = sin x, f 00 (x) = − , lim+ |f 00 (x)| = +∞.
4x3/2 x→0
Z xp Z xp Z πp
39. s(x) = 1 + (y 0 (t))2 dt = 1 + cos2 t dt, ` = 1 + cos2 t dt ≈ 3.820187624.
0 0 0
Z x p Z x p Z 2 p
40. s(x) = 1 + (y 0 (t))2 dt = 1 + 4/t6 dt, ` = 1 + 4/t6 dt ≈ 1.296827279.
1 1 1
Exercise Set 7.7 371
Z 30
30 22
41. v dt ≈ [0 + 4(60) + 2(90) + 4(110) + 2(126) + 4(138) + 146] ≈ 4424 ft.
0 (3)(6) 15
t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
42.
a 0 0.02 0.08 0.20 0.40 0.60 0.70 0.60 0
Z 8
8
a dt ≈ [0 + 4(0.02) + 2(0.08) + 4(0.20) + 2(0.40) + 4(0.60) + 2(0.70) + 4(0.60) + 0] ≈ 2.7 cm/s.
0 (3)(8)
Z 180
180
43. v dt ≈ [0.00 + 4(0.03) + 2(0.08) + 4(0.16) + 2(0.27) + 4(0.42) + 0.65] = 37.9 mi.
0 (3)(6)
Z 1800
1800 1 4 2 4 2 4 1
44. (1/v)dx ≈ + + + + + + ≈ 0.71 s.
0 (3)(6) 3100 2908 2725 2549 2379 2216 2059
Z 16 Z 16
2 16
45. V = πr dy = π r2 dy ≈ π [(8.5)2 + 4(11.5)2 + 2(13.8)2 + 4(15.4)2 + (16.8)2 ] ≈ 9270 cm3 ≈ 9.3 L.
0 0 (3)(4)
Z 600
600
46. A = h dx ≈ [0+4(7)+2(16)+4(24)+2(25)+4(16)+0] = 9000 ft2 , V = 75A ≈ 75(9000) = 675, 000 ft3 .
0 (3)(6)
47. (a) The maximum value of |f 00 (x)| is approximately 3.8442. (b) n = 18. (c) 0.9047406684.
48. (a) The maximum value of |f 00 (x)| is approximately 1.46789. (b) n = 12. (c) 1.112830350.
(b − a)5 K4 104 K4
(b) 4
< 10−4 provided n4 > , n > 5.12, so n ≥ 6.
180n 180
K4 4
(c) · 6 ≈ 0.0000531 with S6 ≈ 0.983347.
180
(b − a)5 K4 106 K4
(b) 4
< 10−6 provided n4 > ≈ 21896.5, n > 12.2 and even, so n ≥ 14.
180n 180
(b − a)5 K4
(c) With n = 14, S14 ≈ 1.497185037, with possible error |ES | ≤ ≈ 0.00000057.
180n4
b−a b−a
51. (a) Left endpoint approximation ≈ [y0 +y1 +. . .+yn−2 +yn−1 ]. Right endpoint approximation ≈ [y1 +
n n
b−a1
y2 + . . . + yn−1 + yn ]. Average of the two = [y0 + 2y1 + 2y2 + . . . + 2yn−2 + 2yn−1 + yn ].
n 2
yk + yk+1
(b) Area of trapezoid = (xk+1 − xk ) . If we sum from k = 0 to k = n − 1 then we get the right hand
2
side of (2).
372 Chapter 7
y
3
1
yk
yk + 1 t
xk xk + 1
53. Given g(x) = Ax2 + Bx + C, suppose ∆x = 1 and m = 0. Then set Y0 = g(−1), Y1 = g(0), Y2 = g(1). Also
Y0 = g(−1) = A − B + C, Y1 = g(0) = C, Y2 = g(1) = A + B + C, with solution C = Y1 , B = 21 (Y2 − Y0 ), and
Z 1 Z 1
2 1 2 1
A = 21 (Y0 +Y2 )−Y1 . Then g(x) dx = 2 (Ax2 +C) dx = A+2C = (Y0 +Y2 )− Y1 +2Y1 = (Y0 +4Y1 +Y2 ),
−1 0 3 3 3 3
which is exactly what one gets applying the Simpson’s Rule. The general case with the interval (m − ∆x, m + ∆x)
x−m
and values Y0 , Y1 , Y2 , can be converted by the change of variables z = . Set g(x) = h(z) = h((x − m)/∆x) to
Z Z ∆x
m+∆x 1
get dx = ∆x dz and ∆x h(z) dz = g(x) dx. Finally, Y0 = g(m − ∆x) = h(−1), Y1 = g(m) = h(0), Y2 =
m−∆x −1
g(m + ∆x) = h(1).
Z x2i+2
1b−a b−a
54. From Exercise 53 we know, for i = 0, 1, . . . , n−1 that gi (x) dx =
[y2i +4y2i+1 +y2i+2 ], because is
x2i 3 2n 2n
the width of the partition and acts as ∆x in Exercise 53. Summing over all the subintervals note that y0 and y2n are
Z b X Z x2i+2
n−1
1b−a
only listed once; so f (x) dx = gi (x) dx = [y0 +4y1 +2y2 +4y3 +. . .+4y2n−2 +2y2n−1 +y2n ].
a i=0 x2i 3 2n
`
1 1
4. lim ln(1 + x2 ) = lim [ln(1 + `2 ) − ln 2] = +∞, divergent.
`→+∞ 2 −1 `→+∞ 2
`
5. lim −2 coth−1 x = lim 2 coth−1 3 − 2 coth−1 ` = 2 coth−1 3.
`→+∞ 3 `→+∞
`
1 2 1 −`2
6. lim − e−x = lim −e + 1 = 1/2.
`→+∞ 2 0 `→+∞ 2
Exercise Set 7.8 373
`
1 1 1 1
7. lim − = lim − 2 + 2 = 2.
`→+∞ 2 ln2 x e `→+∞ 2 ln `
`
√ √ √
8. lim 2 ln x = lim (2 ln ` − 2 ln 2) = +∞, divergent.
`→+∞ 2 `→+∞
0
1 1
9. lim − = lim [−1 + 1/(2` − 1)2 ] = −1/4.
`→−∞ 4(2x − 1)2 ` `→−∞ 4
3
1 x 1 π ` 1
10. limtan−1 = lim − tan−1 = [π/4 − (−π/2)] = π/4.
`→−∞ 3 3 ` `→−∞ 3 4 3 3
0
1 3x 1 1 3` 1
11. lime = lim − e = .
`→−∞ 3 ` `→−∞ 3 3 3
0
1 1 1
12. lim − ln(3 − 2ex ) = lim ln(3 − 2e` ) = ln 3.
`→−∞ 2 ` `→−∞ 2 2
Z +∞ Z 0 Z +∞ Z +∞
13. x dx converges if x dx and x dx both converge; it diverges if either (or both) diverges. x dx =
−∞ −∞ 0 0
` Z +∞
1 1
lim x2 = lim `2 = +∞, so x dx is divergent.
`→+∞ 2 0 `→+∞ 2 −∞
Z p ` p Z ∞
+∞
x √ x
14. √ dx = lim x2 + 2 = lim ( `2 + 2 − 2) = +∞, so √ dx is divergent.
0 x2 +2 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ −∞ x2 +2
Z +∞ ` Z 0
x 1 1 2 1 x
15. 2 + 3)2
dx = lim − 2 + 3)
= lim [−1/(` + 3) + 1/3] = , similarly 2 + 3)2
dx = −1/6,
0Z (x `→+∞ 2(x 0 `→+∞ 2 6 −∞ (x
∞
x
so 2 + 3)2
dx = 1/6 + (−1/6) = 0.
−∞ (x
Z ` h
+∞
e−t −1 −t −1 −` πi π
16. dt = lim − tan (e ) = lim − tan (e ) + = ,
0 1 + e−2t `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 4 4
Z 0 0 h π i π Z +∞
e−t −1 −t −1 −` e−t π π π
dt = lim − tan (e ) = lim − + tan (e ) = , so dt = + = .
−∞ 1 + e−2t `→−∞ ` `→−∞ 4 4 −∞ 1 + e−2t 4 4 2
`
1 1 1
17. lim− − = lim− − − = +∞, divergent.
`→4 x−4 0 `→4 `−4 4
8
3 3
18. lim+ x2/3 = lim+ (4 − `2/3 ) = 6.
`→0 2 ` `→0 2
`
19. lim − − ln(cos x) = lim − ln(cos `) = +∞, divergent.
`→π/2 0 `→π/2−
`
√ √
20. lim −2 4 − x = lim 2(− 4 − ` + 2) = 4.
`→4− 0 `→4−
`
−1
21. lim− sin x = lim− sin−1 ` = π/2.
`→1 0 `→1
374 Chapter 7
p 1 p
√ √
22. lim − 9− x2 = lim (− 8 + 9 − `2 ) = − 8.
`→−3+ ` `→−3+
π/2
√ √
23. lim 1 − 2 cos x = lim (1 − 1 − 2 cos `) = 1.
`→π/3+ ` `→π/3+
`
24. lim − − ln(1 − tan x) = lim − ln(1 − tan `) = +∞, divergent.
`→π/4 0 `→π/4−
Z 2 ` Z 3
dx dx
25. = lim ln |x − 2| = lim (ln |` − 2| − ln 2) = −∞, so is divergent.
0 x−2 `→2− 0 `→2−
0 x −2
Z 2 2 Z 2
dx dx
26. = lim+ −1/x = lim+ (−1/2 + 1/`) = +∞, so is divergent.
0 x2 `→0 ` `→0 −2 x2
Z 8 8 Z 0 `
3 3 3 3
27. x−1/3 dx = lim+ x2/3 = lim+ (4 − `2/3 ) = 6, x−1/3 dx = lim− x2/3 = lim− (`2/3 − 1) = −3/2,
0 `→0 2 ` `→0 2 −1 `→0 2 −1 `→0 2
Z 8
so x−1/3 dx = 6 + (−3/2) = 9/2.
−1
Z 1 `
dx
28. = lim− 3(x − 1)1/3 = lim− 3[(` − 1)1/3 − (−1)1/3 ] = 3.
0 (x − 1)2/3 `→1 0 `→1
Z +∞ Z +∞Z a Z 1 1
1 1 1 1
29. dx = dx + dx where a > 0; take a = 1 for convenience, dx = lim+ (−1/x) =
0 x2 0 x
2
a x2 0 x
2 `→0 `
Z +∞
1
lim (1/` − 1) = +∞ so dx is divergent.
`→0+ 0 x2
Z +∞ Z a Z +∞ Z 2
dx dx dx dx
30. √ = √ + √ where a > 1, take a = 2 for convenience to get √ =
2
x x −1 2 2 2
1 1 x x −1 a x x −1 1 x x −1
2 Z +∞ ` Z +∞
dx dx
lim sec−1 x = lim+ (π/3−sec−1 `) = π/3, √ = lim sec−1 x = π/2−π/3, so √ =
`→1+ `→1 2
x x −1 `→+∞ x x2 − 1
` 2 2 1
π/2.
Z Z
√ dx du √
31. Let u = x, x = u , dx = 2u du. Then √ 2
= 2 2 = 2 tan−1 u + C = 2 tan−1 x + C and
x(x + 1) u +1
Z 1 1
dx √ √
√ = 2 lim+ tan−1 x = 2 lim+ (π/4 − tan−1 ) = π/2.
0 x(x + 1) →0 →0
Z +∞ Z 1 Z +∞
32. = . The first integral was studied in Exercise 31 through the transformation x = u2 . We apply the
+
0 0 1 Z +∞ Z A
dx 2du
same transformation to the second integral and obtain √ = lim 2
= lim [2 tan−1 A−
1 x(x + 1) A→+∞ 1 u + 1 A→+∞
Z +∞
π π π dx
2 tan−1 1] = 2 − 2 = , and thus √ = π.
2 4 2 0 x(x + 1)
35. False, neither 0 nor 3 lies in [1, 2], so the integrand is continuous.
Exercise Set 7.8 375
Z Z `
+∞
dx +∞
du 1 u ` √ π
38. √ =2 √ = 2 lim tan−1 = lim tan−1 − tan−1 3 = .
12 x(x + 4) 2 3 u2 + 4 `→+∞ 2 2 √
2 3 `→+∞ 2 6
Z Z
+∞
e−x 1
du √ 1 √
39. √ dx = √ = lim 2 u = lim 2(1 − `) = 2.
0 1 − e−x 0 u `→0+
` `→0 +
Z +∞ Z 0 Z 1 `
e−x du du π
40. √ dx = − √ = √ = lim sin−1 u = lim sin−1 ` = .
0 1 − e−2x 1 1 − u2 0 1 − u2 `→1 0 `→1 2
Z ` `
−x 1 −x
41. lim e cos x dx = lim e (sin x − cos x) = 1/2.
`→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 2 0
Z +∞ `
−3x 1
42. A = xe dx = lim − (3x + 1)e−3x = 1/9.
0 `→+∞ 9 0
2 Z #8
8
dy 4 − x2/3 4 2 2/3
45. 1 + =1+ 2/3
= 2/3 ; the arc length is dx = 3x = 12.
dx x x 0 x1/3
0
2 Z 2r Z ` `
dy x2 4 4 2 −1 x
46. 1 + = 1+ = ; the arc length is dx = lim √ dx = lim 2 sin =
dx 4 − x2 4 − x2 0 4 − x2 `→2− 0 4 − x2 `→2− 2 0
2 sin−1 1 = π.
Z Z 1 Z 1 1
47. ln x dx = x ln x − x + C, ln x dx = lim+ ln x dx = lim+ (x ln x − x) = lim+ (−1 − ` ln ` + `), but
`→0 ` 0 `→0 ` `→0
Z 1
ln `
lim ` ln ` = lim+ = lim (−`) = 0, so ln x dx = −1.
`→0+ `→0 1/` `→0+ 0
Z Z +∞ Z ` `
ln x ln x 1 ln x ln x ln x 1 ln ` 1
48. dx = − − + C, dx = lim dx = lim − − = lim − − +1 ,
x2 x x 1 x2 `→+∞ 1 x2 `→+∞ x x 1 `→+∞ ` `
Z +∞
ln ` 1 ln x
but lim = lim = 0, so = 1.
`→+∞ ` `→+∞ ` 1 x2
Z ∞ Z ` `
1 1
49. e−3x dx = lim e−3x dx = lim − e−3x = .
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 3 0 3
Z ∞ Z ` `
8 8 x−2
50. dx = lim dx = lim 2 ln = 2 ln 3.
4 x2 − 4 `→+∞ 4 x2 − 4 `→+∞ x+2 4
Z +∞ `
−2x π −2x
51. (a) V = π e dx = − lim e = π/2.
0 2 `→+∞ 0
Z +∞ p
(b) S = π + 2π e−x 1 + e−2x dx, let u = e−x to get
0
376 Chapter 7
Z p 1 h√
0 p u 1 p √ i
S = π − 2π 1+ u2 du = π + 2π 2
1 + u + ln u + 1 + u2 =π+π 2 + ln(1 + 2) .
1 2 2 0
2
53. (a) For x ≥ 1, x2 ≥ x, e−x ≤ e−x .
Z +∞ Z ` i`
−x
(b) e dx = lim e−x dx = lim −e−x = lim (e−1 − e−` ) = 1/e.
1 `→+∞ 1 `→+∞ 1 `→+∞
Z +∞
2
(c) By parts (a) and (b) and Exercise 52(b), e−x dx is convergent and is ≤ 1/e.
1
1 ex
54. (a) If x ≥ 0 then ex ≥ 1, ≤ .
2x + 1 2x + 1
Z ` `
dx 1
(b) lim = lim ln(2x + 1) = +∞.
`→+∞ 0 2x + 1 `→+∞ 2 0
Z +∞
ex
(c) By parts (a) and (b) and Exercise 52(a), dx is divergent.
0 2x + 1
Z ` i` Z ` p
55. V = lim (π/x2 ) dx = lim −(π/x) = lim (π − π/`) = π, A = π + lim 2π(1/x) 1 + 1/x4 dx; use
`→+∞ 1 `→+∞ 1 `→+∞ `→+∞ 1
p
Exercise 52(a) with f (x) = 2π/x, g(x) = (2π/x) 1 + 1/x4 and a = 1 to see that the area is infinite.
√ Z +∞
x3 + 1
56. (a) 1 ≤ for x ≥ 2, 1dx = +∞.
x 2
Z +∞ Z +∞ `
x dx 1
(b) dx ≤ = lim − 3 = 1/24.
2 x5 + 1 2 x4 `→+∞ 3x 2
Z ∞ Z +∞ Z +∞
xex xex dx
(c) dx ≥ ≥ = +∞.
0 2x + 1 1 2x + 1 1 2x + 1
Z ∞
1 1
57. The area under the curve y = , above the x-axis, and to the right of the y-axis is given by .
r 1 + x2 1 + x2
Z 1r 0
1−y 1−y
Solving for x = , the area is also given by the improper integral dy.
y 0 y
y
0.5
x
1 2 3 4 5
Z +∞ √ Z +∞ Z +∞
√ cos x
58. (b) u = x, √ dx = 2 cos u du; cos u du diverges by part (a).
0 x 0 0
Z Z
dx 1 1 x
59. Let x = r tan θ to get = 2 cos θ dθ = sin θ + C = √ + C, so
(r2 + x2 )3/2 r r2 r r 2 + x2
2
Exercise Set 7.8 377
` p p p
2πN Ir x 2πN I 2πN I
u= lim √ = lim (`/ r2 + `2 − a/ r2 + a2 )] = (1 − a/ r2 + a2 ).
k `→+∞ r 2 r 2 + x2 a kr `→+∞ kr
M
60. Let a2 = to get
2RT
3/2 −2 r r
4 M 1 M 2 2RT 8RT
(a) v̄ = √ =√ = .
π 2RT 2 2RT π M πM
3/2 √ −5/2 r
2 4 M 3 π M 3RT 3RT
(b) vrms =√ = so vrms = .
π 2RT 8 2RT M M
Z +∞ Z +∞ `
` 4
61. 5(e−0.2t −e−t ) dt = lim −25e−0.2t + 5e−t 0
= 20; 4(e−0.2t −e−3t ) dt = lim −20e−0.2t + e−3t =
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ 3 0
56
, so Method 1 provides greater availability.
3
Z +∞ ` Z +∞
6 −1.3t 135
62. 6(e−0.4t − e−1.3t ) dt = lim −15e−0.4t + e = ; 5(e−0.4t − e−3t ) dt =
0 `→+∞ 1.3 0 13 0
`
5 65
= lim −12.5e−0.4t + e−3t = , so Method 2 provides greater availability.
`→+∞ 3 0 6
63. (a) Satellite’s weight = w(x) = k/x2 lb when x = distance from center of Earth; w(4000) = 6000, so k = 9.6×1010
Z 4000+b
and W = 9.6 × 1010 x−2 dx mi·lb.
4000
Z +∞ `
(b) 9.6 × 1010 x−2 dx = lim −9.6 × 1010 /x = 2.4 × 107 mi·lb.
4000 `→+∞ 4000
Z +∞ `
−st 1 1
64. (a) L{1} = e dt = lim − e−st = .
0 `→+∞ s 0 s
Z +∞ Z +∞ `
2t −st 2t −(s−2)t 1 −(s−2)t 1
(b) L{e } = e e dt = e dt = lim − e = .
0 0 `→+∞ s−2 0 s−2
Z +∞ `
e−st 1
(c) L{sin t} = e−st sin t dt = lim (−s sin t − cos t) = .
0 `→+∞ s2 + 1 0 s2 +1
Z +∞ `
−st e−st s
(d) L{cos t} = e cos t dt = lim 2 (−s cos t + sin t) = .
0 `→+∞ s + 1 0 s2 +1
Z +∞ `
1
65. (a) L{f (t)} = te−st dt = lim −(t/s + 1/s2 )e−st = .
0 `→+∞ 0 s2
Z +∞ `
2 −st 2 2 3 −st 2
(b) L{f (t)} = t e dt = lim −(t /s + 2t/s + 2/s )e = .
0 `→+∞ 0 s3
Z +∞ `
−st 1 e−3s
(c) L{f (t)} = e dt = lim − e−st = .
3 `→+∞ s 3 s
378 Chapter 7
Z +∞ Z +∞ p
√ √ −ax2 2 2
67. (a) u = ax, du = a dx, 2 e dx = √ e−u du = π/a.
0 a 0
Z +∞ Z +∞
√ √ 2 2
/2σ 2 2 2
(b) x = 2σu, dx = 2σ du, √ e−x dx = √ e−u du = 1.
2πσ 0 π 0
Z 3
2 √
68. (a) e−x dx ≈ 0.8862; π/2 ≈ 0.8862.
0
Z +∞ Z 3 Z +∞ Z +∞ Z +∞ ∞
−x2 2
−x2 −x2 1 2 1 2 1 −9
(b) e dx = e−x dx+ e dx, so E = e dx < xe−x dx = − e−x = e < 2.1×10−5 .
0 0 3 3 3 3 6 3 6
Z 4
1
69. (a) dx ≈ 1.047; π/3 ≈ 1.047
0 x6 + 1
Z +∞ Z 4 Z +∞ Z +∞ Z +∞
1 1 1 1 1 1
(b) 6
dx = 6
dx + 6
dx, so E = 6
dx < 6
dx = < 2 × 10−4 .
0 x +1 0 x +1 4 x +1 4 x +1 4 x 5(4)5
Z +∞ ` Z +∞ `
1 px 1 p`
70. If p = 0, then (1)dx = lim x = +∞, if p 6= 0, then epx dx = lim e = lim (e − 1) =
`→+∞ `→+∞ p `→+∞ p
0 0 0 0
−1/p, p < 0
, so the integral converges for p < 0.
+∞, p>0
Z 1 1 Z 1 1
dx dx x1−p
71. If p = 1, then = lim+ ln x = +∞; if p 6= 1, then = lim = lim+ [(1 − `1−p )/(1 − p)] =
0 x `→0 ` 0 xp `→0+ 1 − p ` `→0
1/(1 − p), p < 1
.
+∞, p>1
Z 0 p Z 1 p h p √ i1
√
72. u = 1 − x, u2 = 1 − x, 2u du = −dx; −2 2 − u2 du = 2 2 − u2 du = u 2 − u2 + 2 sin−1 (u/ 2) =
1 0 0
1 + π/2.
Z 1
73. 2 cos(u2 )du ≈ 1.809.
0
Z 0 Z 1
2
74. −2 sin(1 − u )du = 2 sin(1 − u2 )du ≈ 1.187.
1 0
Z
dx du
4. u = ln x, du = , = ln |u| + C = ln |ln x| + C.
x u
Z
1 1
5. u = tan(x2 ), u2 du = tan3 (x2 ) + C.
2 6
Z Z 3
√ 2
3
u2 3
9 −1 u 3
6. u = x, x = u , dx = 2u du, 2 du = 2 1− 2 du = 2u − 6 tan = 6 − π.
0 u2 + 9 0 u +9 3 0 2
Z Z √ p
√
1 1
7. (a) With u = x: √ √ dx = 2 √ du = 2 sin−1 (u/ 2) + C = 2 sin−1 ( x/2) + C; with u =
Z x 2 −Zx 2 − u2
√ 1 1 √ √ √
2−x : √ √ dx = −2 √ du = −2 sin−1 (u/ 2) + C = −2 sin−1 ( 2 − x/ 2) + C1 ; completing
Z x 2−x 2−u 2
1
the square: p dx = sin−1 (x − 1) + C.
1 − (x − 1)2
p
(b) In the three results
√ in part (a) the antiderivatives differ by a constant, in particular 2 sin−1 ( x/2) =
√
π − 2 sin−1 ( 2 − x/ 2) = π/2 + sin−1 (x − 1).
Z 1 p i1 Z 1
x √ x3
8. (a) u = x , dv = √2
dx, du = 2x dx, v = x2 + 1; √ dx = x2 x2 + 1 − 2 x(x2 +
x2 + 1 0 x2 + 1 0 0
√ 1 √
2 2 √ √
1)1/2 dx = 2 − (x2 + 1)3/2 = 2 − [2 2 − 1] = (2 − 2)/3.
3 0 3
Z Z Z √
1 1 2
2 2 2 2 x3 x2 u2 − 1
(b) u = x +1, x = u −1, 2x dx = 2u du, x dx = u du; √ dx = √ x dx = u du =
0 x2 + 1 0 x2 + 1 1 u
Z √2 √2
2 1 3 √
(u − 1)du = u −u = (2 − 2)/3.
1 3 1
Z Z
9. u = x, dv = e−x dx, du = dx, v = −e−x ; xe−x dx = −xe−x + e−x dx = −xe−x − e−x + C.
Z Z
1 1 1 1
10. u = x, dv = sin 2x dx, du = dx, v = − cos 2x; x sin 2x dx = − x cos 2x + cos 2x dx = − x cos 2x +
2 2 2 2
1
sin 2x + C.
4
Z Z Z
2 2x 2x
11. u = ln(2x + 3), dv = dx, du = dx, v = x; ln(2x + 3)dx = x ln(2x + 3) − dx, but dx =
Z 2x + 3 Z 2x + 3 2x + 3
3 3 3
1− dx = x − ln(2x + 3) + C1 , so ln(2x + 3)dx = x ln(2x + 3) − x + ln(2x + 3) + C.
2x + 3 2 2
Z Z
−1 2 −1 −1 2x
12. u = tan (2x), dv = dx, du = 2
dx, v = x; tan (2x)dx = x tan (2x) − dx = x tan−1 (2x) −
1 + 4x 1 + 4x2
Z 1/2
1 1 1
ln(1 + 4x2 ) + C, thus tan−1 (2x) dx = (1/2)(π/4) − ln 2 = π/8 − ln 2.
4 0 4 4
Z
13. Let I denote 8x4 cos 2x dx. Then
380 Chapter 7
diff. antidiff.
8x4 cos 2x
&+
3 1
32x sin 2x
2
&−
2 1
96x − cos 2x
4
&+
1
192x − sin 2x
8
&−
1
192 cos 2x
16
&+
1
0 sin 2x
32
Z
I = 8x4 cos 2x dx = (4x4 − 12x2 + 6) sin 2x + (8x3 − 12x) cos 2x + C.
Z 5 i5 Z 5
14. Distance = t2 e−t dt; u = t2 , dv = e−t dt, du = 2tdt, v = −e−t , so distance = −t2 e−t + 2 te−t dt; u =
0 0 0
i5 Z 5 i5
−t −t −5
2t, dv = e dt, du = 2dt, v = −e , so distance = −25e − 2te −t
+2 e−t dt = −25e−5 − 10e−5 − 2e−t =
0 0 0
−25e−5 − 10e−5 − 2e−5 + 2 = −37e−5 + 2.
Z Z
2 1 1 1
15. sin 5θ dθ = (1 − cos 10θ)dθ = θ− sin 10θ + C.
2 2 20
Z Z Z
1 1
16. sin3 2x cos2 2x dx = (1−cos2 2x) cos2 2x sin 2x dx = (cos2 2x−cos4 2x) sin 2x dx = − cos3 2x+ cos5 2x+
6 10
C.
Z Z
1 1 1
17. sin x cos 2x dx = (sin 3x − sin x)dx = − cos 3x + cos x + C.
2 6 2
Z Z √
1 1 1 1 16 − x2
22. x = 4 sin θ, dx = 4 cos θ dθ, dθ = csc2 θ dθ = − cot θ + C = − + C.
16 sin2 θ 16 16 16x
Z p
23. x = sec θ, dx = sec θ tan θ dθ, sec θ dθ = ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C = ln x + x2 − 1 + C.
Z
25 25 1 p
24. x = 5 sec θ, dx = 5 sec θ tan θ dθ, 25 sec3 θ dθ = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ| + C1 = x x2 − 25 +
2 2 2
25 p
2
ln |x + x − 25| + C.
2
Z Z Z
2 2 3 9 9
25. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec θ dθ, 9 tan θ sec θ dθ = 9 sec θ dθ−9 sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ− ln | sec θ+tan θ|+C
2 2
1 p 9 1p 1
= x 9 + x2 − ln | 9 + x2 + x| + C.
2 2 3 3
Z Z p
26. 2x = tan θ, 2 dx = sec2 θ dθ, sec2 θ csc θ dθ = (sec θ tan θ+csc θ) dθ = sec θ−ln | csc θ+cot θ|+C = 1 + 4x2 −
√
1 + 4x2 1
ln + + C.
2x 2x
Z Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
27. = + ; A = − , B = , so − dx + dx = − ln |x + 4| + ln |x −
(x + 4)(x − 1) x+4 x−1 5 5 5 x+4 5 x−1 5 5
1 x−1
1| + C = ln + C.
5 x+4
Z Z
1 A B 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
28. = + ; A = , B = − , so dx− dx = ln |x+1|− ln |x+7|+C =
(x + 1)(x + 7) x+1 x+7 6 6 6 x+1 6 x+7 6 6
1 x+1
ln + C.
6 x+7
Z
x2 + 2 6 6 1 2
29. =x−2+ , x−2+ dx = x − 2x + 6 ln |x + 2| + C.
x+2 x+2 x+2 2
Z Z
x2 + x − 16 A B C 7 1 9 1
30. = + + ; A = −7/2, B = 9/2, C = −2, so − dx + dx −
(xZ − 1)(x − 3)2 x − 1 x − 3 (x − 3)2 2 x−1 2 x−3
1 7 9 2
2 dx = − ln |x − 1| + ln |x − 3| + + C.
(x − 3)2 2 2 x−3
Z Z Z
x2 A B C 1 1 1
31. = + + ; A = 1, B = −4, C = 4, so dx−4 dx+4 dx =
(x + 2)3 x + 2 (x + 2)2 (x + 2)3 x+2 (x + 2)2 (x + 2)3
4 2
ln |x + 2| + − + C.
x + 2 (x + 2)2
Z
1 A Bx + C 1 1 2 1 x2
32. 2
= + 2 ; A = 1, B = −1, C = 0, so dx = ln |x| − ln(x + 1) + C = ln + C.
x(x + 1) x x +1 x3 + x 2 2 x2 + 1
Z Z √
1 x2 − 1
33. (a) With x = sec θ: 3
dx = cot θ dθ = ln | sin θ| + C = ln + C; valid for |x| > 1.
x −x |x|
Z Z Z
1 1
(b) With x = sin θ: dx = − dθ = − 2 csc 2θ dθ = − ln | csc 2θ − cot 2θ| + C = ln | cot θ| +
√ x3 − x sin θ cos θ
1 − x2
C = ln + C, 0 < |x| < 1.
|x|
382 Chapter 7
Z
1 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 3
= + + =− + + ; dx = − ln |x|+ ln |x−1|+ ln |x+1|+C,
x −x x x−1 x+1 x 2(x − 1) 2(x + 1) x3 −x 2 2
valid on any interval not containing the numbers x = 0, ±1.
Z 2 2
3−x 3−x A B C 3
34. A = 3 2
dx, = + + ; A = −4, B = 3, C = 4, A = −4 ln |x| − + 4 ln |x + 1| =
1 x +x x2 (x + 1) x x2 x+1 x 1
3 3 3 3
(−4 ln 2 − + 4 ln 3) − (−4 ln 1 − 3 + 4 ln 2) = − 8 ln 2 + 4 ln 3 = + 4 ln .
2 2 2 4
1 1
35. Formula (40); cos 2x − cos 16x + C.
4 32
1 p 1
37. Formula (113); (8x2 − 2x − 3) x − x2 + sin−1 (2x − 1) + C.
24 16
r
2 −1 4x + 3
38. Formula (108); − √ tanh .
3 3
1
39. Formula (28); tan 2x − x + C.
2
1 x 3
40. Formula (71); − √ tan−1 √ + ln(2 + x2 ) + C.
2 2 2
√
41. Exact value = 4 − 2 2 ≈ 1.17157.
(a) 1.17138, |EM | ≈ 0.000190169. (b) 1.17195, |ET | ≈ 0.000380588. (c) 1.17157, |ES | ≈ 8.35 × 10−8 .
π
42. exact value = ≈ 1.57080.
2
(a) 1.57246, |EM | ≈ 0.00166661. (b) 1.56746, |ET | ≈ 0.00333327. (c) 1.57080, |ES | ≈ 2.0 × 10−8 .
1 3 105 3 105
43. f (x) = √ , f 00 (x) = 5/2
, f (4) (x) = 9/2
(x + 1)−7/2 ; K2 = √ , K4 = √ .
x+1 4(x + 1) 16(x + 1) 4
2 2 28 2
3
2 3 1
(a) |EM | ≤ √ = √ ≈ 4.419417 × 10−4 .
2400 2 2 4 10 24 2
2
23 3
(b) |ET | ≤ √ = 8.838834 × 10−4 .
1200 24 2
25 105 7
(c) |ES | ≤ √ = √ ≈ 3.2224918 × 10−7 .
180 × 204 28 2 3 · 10 · 29 2
4
1
44. Let f (x) = and use a CAS to compute and then plot f 00 (x) and f (4) (x). One sees that the absolute maxima
1 + x2
|f 00 (x)| and |f (4) (x)| both occur at x = 0, and hence K2 = 2, K4 = 24.
8
(a) |EM | ≤ (2) ≈ 0.006666667.
2400
8
(b) |ET | ≤ (2) ≈ 0.013333333.
1200
25 · 24
(c) |ES | ≤ ≈ 0.000026666667.
180 · 24 · 104
Chapter 7 Review Exercises 383
8·3 102
45. (a) n2 ≥ 104 √ , so n ≥ 2 1/4 ≈ 21.02, n ≥ 22.
4
24 × 2 2 2 2
104 102
(b) n2 ≥ √ , so n ≥ ≈ 29.73, n ≥ 30.
23 2 2 · 23/4
1/4
25 K4 25 105 7 7
(c) Let n = 2k, then want 4
≤ 10−4 , or k 4 ≥ 104 √ = 104 √ , so k ≥ 10 √ ≈
180(2k) 180 24 · 28 2 29 · 3 2 3 · 29 2
2.38; so k ≥ 3, n ≥ 6
2
1 x 1 π ` 1
48. limtan−1 = lim − tan−1 = [π/4 − (−π/2)] = 3π/8.
`→−∞ 2 2 ` `→−∞ 2 4 2 2
`
√ √
49. lim− −2 9 − x = lim− 2(− 9 − ` + 3) = 6.
`→9 0 `→9
Z 1 Z 1/2 Z 1
1 1 1 1 1
50. dx = dx + dx = lim − ln(1 − 2`) + lim + ln(2` − 1) + C; neither limit
0 2x − 1 0 2x − 1 1/2 2x − 1 `→1/2 2 `→1/2 2
exists hence the integral diverges.
Z +∞ `
ln x − 1 ln x
51. A = dx = lim c − = 1/e.
e x2 `→+∞ x e
Z +∞ `
−x −x
`+1
52. V = 2π xe dx = 2π lim −e (x + 1) = 2π lim 1 − e−` (` + 1) , but lim e−` (`+1) = lim =
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞ `→+∞ `→+∞ e`
1
lim = 0, so V = 2π.
`→+∞ e`
Z +∞ `
dx 1 −1 1 π
53. = lim tan (x/a) = lim tan−1 (`/a) = = 1, a = π/2.
0 x2 + a2 `→+∞ a 0 `→+∞ a 2a
(i) u-substitution: u = 4 − x2 .
384 Chapter 7
Z Z
√ √ 1 1 1 1 x
55. x = 3 tan θ, dx = 3 sec2 θ dθ, sin θ + C = √
dθ = + C.cos θ dθ =
3 sec θ
3 3 3 3 + x2
Z Z
1 1 1 1 1
56. u = x, dv = cos 3x dx, du = dx, v = sin 3x; x cos 3x dx = x sin 3x − sin 3x dx = x sin 3x + cos 3x + C.
3 3 3 3 9
Z π/4 π/4 π/4 π/4 π/4
1 1 1
57. Use Endpaper Formula (31) to get tan7 θ dθ = tan6 θ − tan4 θ + tan2 θ + ln | cos θ| =
0 6 0 4 0 2 0 0
1 1 1 √ 5 √
− + − ln 2 = − ln 2.
6 4 2 12
Z Z √
cos θ 1 1
58. dθ, let u = sin θ − 3, du = √ tan−1 [(sin θ − 3)/ 3] + C.
(sin θ − 3)2 + 3 u2 + 3 3
Z Z Z
1 1
59. sin2 2x cos3 2x dx = sin2 2x(1−sin2 2x) cos 2x dx = (sin2 2x−sin4 2x) cos 2x dx = sin3 2x − sin5 2x+C.
6 10
Z 3 Z ` ` Z 4
1 1 1 1
60. dx = lim− dx = lim− − which is clearly divergent, so dx diverges.
0 (x − 3)2 `→3 0 (x − 3) 2 `→3 x−3 0 0 (x − 3)2
Z Z
1 1 2
61. u = e2x , dv = cos 3x dx, du = 2e2x dx, v = sin 3x; e2x cos 3x dx = e2x sin 3x − e2x sin 3x dx. Use u = e2x ,
Z 3 Z 3 Z 3
1 2 1
dv = sin 3x dx to get e2x sin 3x dx = − e2x cos 3x + e2x cos 3x dx, so e2x cos 3x dx = e2x sin 3x +
Z Z 3 3 Z 3
2 2x 4 2x 13 2x 1 2x 2x 1 2x
e cos 3x− e cos 3x dx, e cos 3x dx = e (3 sin 3x+2 cos 3x)+C1 , e cos 3x dx = e (3 sin 3x+
9 9 9 9 13
2 cos 3x) + C.
Z ( π/2 Z )
√ √ π/2 π/2
1 4 1 1 3
62. x = (1/ 2) sin θ, dx = (1/ 2) cos θ dθ, √ cos θ dθ = √ cos3 θ sin θ + 2
cos θ dθ =
2 −π/2 2 4 −π/2 4 −π/2
( π/2 Z )
3 1 1 π/2 3 1 3π
√ cos θ sin θ + dθ = √ π= √ .
4 2 2 −π/2 2 −π/2 4 22 8 2
Z Z
1 A B C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
63. = + + ;A=− ,B= ,C= , so − dx + dx +
(x −
Z 1)(x + 2)(x − 3) x − 1 x + 2 x − 3 6 15 10 6 x−1 15 x+2
1 1 1 1 1
dx = − ln |x − 1| + ln |x + 2| + ln |x − 3| + C.
10 x−3 6 15 10
Z π/6 Z π/6 π/6
2 2 1 1 1 3 1 1
64. x = sin θ, dx = cos θ dθ, dθ = sec θ dθ = sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ|
3 3 24 0 cos3 θ 24 0 48 48 0
1 √ √ √ √ 1 2 1
= [(2/ 3)(1/ 3) + ln |2/ 3 + 1/ 3|] = + ln 3 .
48 48 3 2
Z 2 Z 2 2
√ 2u2 4 −1
65. u = x − 4, x = u2 + 4, dx = 2u du, du = 2 1− du = 2u − 4 tan (u/2) = 4 − π.
0 u2 + 4 0 u2 + 4 0
Z 1 Z 1
√ x 2 2u 2 2u2 1
66. u = ex
− 1, e = u + 1, x = ln(u + 1), dx = 2 du, du = 2 1− du =
u +1 0 u2 + 1 0 u2 + 1
1 π
= (2u − 2 tan−1 u) 0 = 2 − .
2
Z Z
√ 2u 2 1 1
67. u = ex + 1, ex = u2 − 1, x = ln(u2 − 1), dx = 2 du, du = − du = ln |u − 1| −
√ x u −1 u2 − 1 u−1 u+1
e +1−1
ln |u + 1| + C = ln √ x + C.
e +1+1
Chapter 7 Making Connections 385
Z Z
1 A Bx + C −x − 1 x+1
68. 2
= + 2
; A = 1, B = C = −1, so 2
dx = − dx =
x(x
Z + x + 1) x x +x+1 x +x+1 Z (x + 1/2)2 + 3/4
u + 1/2 1 1 √ dx
− 2
du, u = x + 1/2; = − ln(u2 + 3/4) − √ tan−1 (2u/ 3) + C1 , so 2
= ln |x| −
u + 3/4 2 3 x(x + x + 1)
1 1 2x + 1
ln(x2 + x + 1) − √ tan−1 √ + C.
2 3 3
`
1 1 1 1
73. lim − = lim − + = .
`→+∞ 2(x2 + 1) a `→+∞ 2(`2 + 1) 2(a2 + 1) 2(a2 + 1)
`
1 bx 1 b` π
74. lim tan−1 = lim tan−1 = .
`→+∞ ab a 0 `→+∞ ab a 2ab
Z b Z f (b)
(b) Substitute y = f (x), dy = f 0 (x) dx, x = a when y = f (a), x = b when y = f (b), xf 0 (x) dx = x dy =
a f (a)
Z f (b)
f −1 (y) dy.
f (a)
Z β
(c) From a = f −1 (α) and b = f −1 (β), we get bf (b) − af (a) = βf −1 (β) − αf −1 (α); then f −1 (x) dx =
α
Z β Z f (b) Z β Z b
−1 −1 −1
f (y) dy = f (y) dy, which, by part (b), yields f (x) dx = bf (b) − af (a) − f (x) dx =
α f (a) α a
Z f −1 (β) Z β Z f −1 (β)
βf −1 (β) − αf −1 (α) − f (x) dx. Note from the figure that A1 = f −1 (x) dx, A2 = f (x) dx,
f −1 (α) α f −1 (α)
and A1 + A2 = βf −1 (β) − αf −1
(α), a ”picture proof”.
386 Chapter 7
y
b
A1
a A2
x
a = f –1(a) b = f –1(b)
Z
1/2 Z sin−1 (1/2)
1 −1 1 −1 −1 1 −1 1
2. (a) Use Exercise 1(c); sin x dx = sin − 0 · sin 0 − sin x dx = sin −
0 2 2 −1
sin (0) 2 2
Z π/6 Z 1/2 p i1/2 √
sin x dx. Now sin−1 (1/2)/2 = π/12, sin−1 x dx = 1 − x2 + x sin−1 x = π/12 + 3/2 − 1 and
0
Z0 π/6 √
0
π/6
sin x dx = − cos x]0 = 1 − 3/2.
0
Z e2 Z ln e2 Z 2 Z 2
(b) Use Exercise 1(b); ln x dx = e2 ln e2 − e ln e − f −1 (y) dy = 2e2 − e − ey dy = 2e2 − e − ex dx.
e ln e 1 1
Z e2 Z 2
e2
Also, ln x dx = x ln x − x]e = e2 and ex dx = e2 − e.
e 1
Z +∞ `
−t −t
3. (a) Γ(1) = e dt = lim −e = lim (−e−` + 1) = 1.
0 `→+∞ 0 `→+∞
Z +∞ +∞ Z +∞
(b) Γ(x + 1) = tx e−t dt; let u = tx , dv = e−t dt to get Γ(x + 1) = −tx e−t +x tx−1 e−t dt =
0 0 0
+∞
x −t x −t tx
−t e +xΓ(x), lim t e = lim t = 0 (by multiple applications of L’Hôpital’s rule), so Γ(x+1) = xΓ(x).
t→+∞ t→+∞ e
0
(c) Γ(2) = (1)Γ(1) = (1)(1) = 1, Γ(3) = 2Γ(2) = (2)(1) = 2, Γ(4) = 3Γ(3) = (3)(2) = 6. Thus Γ(n) = (n − 1)! if
n is a positive integer.
Z +∞ Z +∞
1 2 √ √ √
(d) Γ = t−1/2 e−t dt = 2 e−u du (with u = t) = 2( π/2) = π.
2 0 0
3 1 1 1√ 5 3 3 3√
(e) Γ = Γ = π, Γ = Γ = π.
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
Z 1 Z 0 Z +∞
4. (a) t = − ln x, x = e−t , dx = −e−t dt, (ln x)n dx = − (−t)n e−t dt = (−1)n tn e−t dt = (−1)n Γ(n + 1).
0 +∞ 0
Z +∞ Z +∞
−xn
(b) t = x , x = t n 1/n
, dx = (1/n)t 1/n−1
dt, e dx = (1/n) t1/n−1 e−t dt = (1/n)Γ(1/n) = Γ(1/n + 1).
0 0
p q q p √
5. (a) cos θ − cos θ0 = 2 sin (θ0 /2) − sin (θ/2) = 2(k 2 − k 2 sin2 φ) = 2k 2 cos2 φ = 2 k cos φ; k sin φ =
2 2
q q
1 1 2 1 2k cos φ
sin(θ/2), so k cos φ dφ = cos(θ/2) dθ = 1 − sin (θ/2) dθ = 1 − k 2 sin2 φ dθ, thus dθ = p dφ
2 2 2 1 − k 2 sin2 φ
s Z s Z
8L π/2 1 2k cos φ L π/2 1
and hence T = √ ·p dφ = 4 p dφ.
g 0 2k cos φ 2 2
1 − k sin φ g 0 1 − k 2 sin2 φ
√ Z π/2
3 dφ
(b) If L = 1.5 ft and θ0 = (π/180)(20) = π/9, then T = q ≈ 1.37 s.
2 0 1 − sin2 (π/18) sin2 φ
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