Cyber Security

Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, and sensitive information
from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction. This includes
protection against malware, viruses, hacking, phishing, and other types of cyber threats.

Best practice to stay safe online

1. Use strong, unique passwords and keep them confidential.

2. Enable two-factor authentication (2FA) whenever possible.
3. Keep your operating system, browser, and software up to date.
4. Be cautious when clicking on links or downloading attachments from unknown sources.
5. Use a reputable antivirus program and keep it updated.
6. Use a firewall to block unauthorized access to your computer.
7. Use encryption to protect sensitive data.
8. Use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) when using public Wi-Fi.
9. Regularly back up your important data.
10. Monitor your accounts and credit reports for suspicious activity.
11. Use privacy settings on social media and online accounts.
12. Be aware of phishing scams and verify the authenticity of emails and websites.
13. Use a secure search engine and browser.
14. Keep your personal information private and don't share it online.
15. Regularly update your browser and plugins.

Additionally, here are some general online safety tips:

- Be cautious when using public computers or public Wi-Fi.

- Avoid using the same password across multiple sites.
- Don't share sensitive information on public websites or social media.
- Be aware of online fraud and scams.
- Keep your software and operating system up to date.
- Use a reputable security program to scan your computer for malware.

By following these best practices, you can significantly reduce the risk of falling victim to online
threats and keep your personal information safe.

Types of Cyber threats

1. Malware (Viruses, Worms, Trojans, Ransomware)

2. Phishing (Email, SMS, Social Media)
3. Ransomware
4. Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks
5. SQL Injection
6. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)
7. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
8. Social Engineering
9. Identity Theft
10. Online Fraud (e.g. Credit Card Fraud)
11. Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs)
12. Zero-Day Exploits
13. Spear Phishing
14. Whaling (Targeted Phishing attacks on high-profile individuals)
15. Watering Hole Attacks
16. Insider Threats
17. Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) risks
18. IoT (Internet of Things) vulnerabilities
19. Cryptojacking (Unauthorized use of computer resources for cryptocurrency mining)
20. Nation-State Attacks (Cyber attacks sponsored by nation-states)

These threats can come from various sources, including:

- Hackers and cybercriminals

- Nation-states and governments
- Insiders (current or former employees)
- Accidental or intentional actions by employees or users
- Vulnerabilities in software or hardware

It’s important to note that new types of cyber threats are constantly emerging, so it’s essential to
stay informed and up-to-date on the latest threats and mitigation strategies.

Classification of cyber crime

1. *Hacking*: Unauthorized access to computer systems or networks.

2. *Phishing*: Fraudulent emails, texts, or messages that trick users into revealing sensitive
information.
3. *Ransomware*: Malicious software that demands payment in exchange for restoring access to
data.
4. *Identity Theft*: Stealing personal information to impersonate individuals or gain access to
sensitive information.
5. *Online Fraud*: Scams, such as investment fraud, romance scams, or fake online stores.
6. *Cyberstalking*: Using technology to harass, threaten, or intimidate individuals.
7. *Child Pornography*: Creating, distributing, or possessing sexually explicit images of minors.
8. *Cyber Espionage*: Stealing sensitive information, such as trade secrets or national security
information.
9. *Denial of Service (DoS) and Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks*: Overwhelming systems
or networks with traffic to make them unavailable.
10. *Malware*: Using malicious software, such as viruses, worms, or trojans, to harm or exploit
systems.
11. *Social Engineering*: Manipulating individuals into revealing sensitive information or performing
certain actions.
12. *Cyber Terrorism*: Using technology to threaten or attack individuals, organizations, or
governments.
13. *Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT) Fraud*: Unauthorized transfer of funds from bank accounts.
14. *Intellectual Property Crime*: Infringing on copyrights, trademarks, or patents online.
15. *Online Harassment*: Using technology to bully, threaten, or harass individuals.

Note that these categories are not mutually exclusive, and many cybercrimes can fit into multiple
categories.

Cyber security techniques.

Here are some common cyber security techniques:
1. _Firewalls_: Network security systems that control incoming and outgoing traffic.
2. _Encryption_: Protecting data by converting it into a code that can only be deciphered with a key
or password.
3. _Access Control_: Limiting user access to sensitive data and systems.
4. _Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS)_: Monitoring network traffic for potential
threats.
5. _Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) / Transport Layer Security (TLS)_: Encrypting data in transit.
6. _Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)_: Securely connecting to a network over the internet.
7. _Two-Factor Authentication (2FA)_: Requiring a second form of verification beyond passwords.
8. _Regular Software Updates and Patching_: Keeping software up-to-date to fix vulnerabilities.
9. _Network Segmentation_: Dividing networks into smaller segments to limit the spread of threats.
10. _Penetration Testing and Vulnerability Assessments_: Identifying weaknesses through simulated
attacks.
11. _Incident Response Planning_: Preparing for and responding to security breaches.
12. _Secure Coding Practices_: Writing code with security in mind.
13. _User Education and Awareness_: Teaching users about cyber security best practices.
14. _Network Monitoring_: Continuously monitoring network activity for suspicious behavior.
15. _Endpoint Security_: Protecting devices like laptops and smartphones from threats.
These techniques are essential for protecting against cyber threats and maintaining a robust cyber
security posture.

Wireless Lan
A Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) is a computer network that connects devices wirelessly,
without the use of cables or wires. It uses radio waves to transmit data between devices, allowing
users to move around freely while maintaining a connection to the network.

WLANs use a specific technology called IEEE 802.11, which defines the standards for wireless
networking. They typically consist of:

1. Access Points (APs): Devices that transmit and receive radio signals, connecting wireless devices to
the network.
2. Wireless Network Interface Cards (WNICs): Installed in devices to connect to the WLAN.
3. Wireless Routers: Connect multiple WLANs together and provide internet access.

WLANs are commonly used in:

1. Homes
2. Offices
3. Public Hotspots (e.g., coffee shops, airports)
4. Enterprises
5. Educational institutions
The benefits of WLANs include:
1. Convenience
2. Mobility
3. Cost-effective (no need for cables)
4. Easy installation
5. Scalability

However, WLANs also have security risks, such as:

1. Unauthorized access
2. Data interception
3. Malware and virus attacks

To mitigate these risks, it's essential to implement proper security measures, like:
1. Encryption (WPA2, WPA3)
2. Authentication (username/password, 2FA)
3. Firewall configuration
4. Regular updates and patches
5. Network segmentation
By understanding WLANs and their security implications, you can harness the benefits of wireless
networking while minimizing the risks.
Email and social media security are crucial to protect your online identity and prevent cyber threats.
Here are some tips to enhance your email and social media security:

Email Security:

1. Use strong passwords and enable two-factor authentication (2FA).

2. Be cautious with links and attachments from unknown senders.
3. Use a reputable antivirus program to scan emails.
4. Use encryption for sensitive emails.
5. Use a secure email provider (e.g., ProtonMail, Tutanota).
6. Avoid using public computers or public Wi-Fi for sensitive emails.
7. Monitor your email account activity regularly.
8. Use a spam filter and report suspicious emails.

Social Media Security:

1. Use strong passwords and enable 2FA.

2. Be cautious with links and attachments from unknown sources.
3. Use privacy settings to control who can see your content.
4. Avoid sharing sensitive information publicly.
5. Use a reputable antivirus program to scan social media links.
6. Be cautious with third-party apps and permissions.
7. Monitor your social media account activity regularly.
8. Use two-factor authentication for social media accounts.
Additional Tips:

1. Use a password manager to generate and store unique, strong passwords.

2. Keep your operating system, browser, and software up-to-date.
3. Use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) for secure browsing.
4. Use a reputable security software to scan your device regularly.
5. Be cautious with public Wi-Fi and use a VPN when using public networks.
6. Use a secure browser (e.g., Tor, Brave) for sensitive online activities.
7. Use end-to-end encryption for sensitive communications (e.g., Signal, WhatsApp).
8. Regularly review your online accounts and delete unused or suspicious ones.

By following these tips, you can significantly enhance your email and social media security,
protecting your online identity and preventing cyber threats.

Case Study on Zimbabwe

https://www.newsday.co.zw/opinion-amp-analysis/article/44687/understanding-cyber-threats-in-
zim

In conclusion, cyber security is a critical aspect of our increasingly digital lives. As technology
advances, so do the threats to our online safety and privacy. It's essential to stay informed and take
proactive measures to protect ourselves, our businesses, and our communities from cyber threats.

Key takeaways:

1. Cyber security is everyone's responsibility.

2. Password management, software updates, and backups are crucial.
3. Be cautious with links, attachments, and public Wi-Fi.
4. Use strong authentication, encryption, and antivirus software.
5. Regularly monitor and audit your online accounts and systems.
6. Educate yourself and others on cyber security best practices.
7. Implement incident response and disaster recovery plans.
8. Stay up-to-date with the latest cyber security threats and countermeasures.

Remember, cyber security is an ongoing effort. By working together and prioritizing online safety, we
can create a more secure digital world for all.