LITERATUS

literature for social impact and cultural studies

e-ISSN:
2686-5009
A Study of Adjacency Pairs in the Late Late Show With James
Corden: (A Case Study in an Afternoon with Prince Harry and James
Corden Episode)

Mutiara Indah
Universitas Kebangsaan Republik Indonesia
mutiaraindah@ukri.ac.id

Nisa Nur Farida

Universitas Kebangsaan Republik Indonesia
nisanurfarida05@gmail.com

Abstract
This study is called "A Study of Adjacency Pairs in The Late Late Show with James Corden, A Case
Study in An Afternoon with Prince Harry and James Corden." The episode looks into certain social
actions that are shown by what a pair says and what they like. Data were analyzed using Harvey
Sack (1986) and Yule (1996) theory This research tries to find kind of adjacency pairs which are
included in conversation between James and Prince Harry, which are the dominant types of
adjacency pairs, and the particular social action that is revealed between James and Prince Harry.
The. This research applied descriptive qualitative method with case study design to obtain the result.
the data that were analyzed were taken from The Late Late Show with James Corden YouTube
channel that were including transcribing, identifying, coding, describing and interpreting. The
researcher found thirty-five pairs utterances that construct in the conversation between James
Corden and Prince Harry which are ten types of adjacency pairs found. At last, researcher found
that question-answer is the dominant types of adjacency pairs that relate with this research subject,
Talk Show, which absolutely will contain question answer segment and preferred response is the
dominant preference structure which indicates both James and Prince Harry close to each other in
pragmatic perspective.
Keywords: adjacency pairs, preference structure, talk show, distancei

INTRODUCTION

Humans are by nature always want to be connected with other humans. One of the
ways that humans can connect with each other is by communicating. For humans,
communication is something that cannot be separated from life, because according to Harold
D. Lasswell (Hafied Cangara, 2018), communication has three basic functions; first as a
human desire to control their environment; second as a human effort to adapt to their
environment; third as a human effort to transform the legacy of socialization. It can be
concluded that communicating with other human is very fundamental for human in their life.
Conveying their desire and studying other human communication skills through sign symbols
which are then followed by the ability to give meaning to each of these symbols in the form
of verbal language.
To summarize Hanson's (2018) definition of communication: talking to oneself.
Something as simple as a chat or a hug can show your mom how much you care. The face-to-
face method of communication is not the only one used by humans. Interpersonal contact can
occur by phone call, text message, email, or even a greeting card, albeit at a greater emotional
distance than in a face-to-face encounter. The goal of mass communication is to convey a
message to a diverse group of people, the vast majority of whom the communicator has never
met. The number of available channels for giving and receiving feedback is continuously
expanding as a result. Over the past few years, there has been a shift in the transmission of
media material away from legacy media channels and toward online digital media, which gives
viewers greater flexibility in viewing habits and location. It allows people to meet others
without really meeting them.
We can all know this from the news that is broadcast on various information media
platform which people in general, nowadays, are used to accessing, so that information can be
easily obtained. The news conveyed is usually obtained from survey results or through direct
interviews with sources wrapped in various types of programs, one of which is talk shows.
 https://doi.org/10.37010/lit.v4i2.909

A talk show is an entertaining form of media in which topics of contemporary social

importance are discussed in an informal setting. Talk shows on television are intended to
Vol. 4, No. 2, address a wide audience with the goal of informing and entertaining them through casual
October 2022, conversation. Interest in talk shows, which provide amusement and knowledge, has
pp. 730-737 increased throughout the 20th century.
Given the nature of a TV talk show's live broadcast, the host and guest are free to
speak their minds as the topic unfolds. Conversation, as a form of human activity, refers to
the spontaneous, participatory conversation through which people form and maintain
e-ISSN: relationships with one another. Communicating with one another verbally in order to
2686-5009 exchange information, thoughts, feelings, and opinions is one of the most fundamental
human activities. A conversation is defined as "a chat between two or more people in which
thoughts, feelings, and ideas are conveyed, questions are asked and answered, or news and
information are exchanged" (Cambridge Dictionary, 1995). According to Fairclough (2001:
9), conversations have a predetermined structure that can be seen in how each person plans
their turn in a discussion and how they respond to the turns of others. Conversation, as
defined by Levinson (1983: 284), is an intimate form of free-flowing discourse in which all
participants take turns talking. Furthermore, Yule (1996: 71) developed a conversational
A Study of analogue. He likened dialogue to a dance in which the participants moved in harmony with
Adjacency Pairs one another.
in the Late Late Most of the time, people respond to each other's comments in a discussion in a
Show With completely natural way. In-person meetings are preferable, however video calls and
James Corden: cellphones can also be used. Talk, according to Goffman (1964: 65), is socially organized
(A Case Study in not only in terms of who speaks to whom in what language, but also as a mini-system of
an Afternoon formally sanctioned and ritualistically regulated interpersonal interaction. Whether it's
with Prince
written or spoken, every statement has an implicit meaning that might shed light on the
Harry and James
Corden Episode) conversation's structure and the various factors at play inside it. It turns out that there are a
number of recurring rhythms in the organization of speech that are essentially unconscious.
These sequences are called adjacency pairs. Here is the example of adjacency pair in the
conversation by Yule:
(1) Anna : Hello. (Greeting 1)
Bill : Hi. (Response for greeting 1)
Anna : How are you? (Question 2)
Bill : Fine. (Answer 2 for question 2)
Anna : See ya! (Leave taking 3)
Bill : Bye. (Response for leave taking 3)
Adjacency pairs are utterances from two different speakers, when the first speaker
stops talking so the second can have their turn. The reaction is dependent on the second
speaker and is intrinsically linked to the first. That allows us to categorize the pairs based
on the initial statement and the subsequent response. Experts have proposed certain
common sorts of adjacency pairs, however these types may vary from one expert to the
next. Some examples of adjacency pairs compiled by various authorities are as follows:
declaration, assertion, assessment, blame, command, complaint, compliment, greeting,
Mutiara Indah, invitation, leave taking, offer, question, requesting, suggestion, summon, threat, and
Tika Yulianti warning. Additionally, there is a sizable audience for the study of conversations. Previous
research into adjacency pairs analysis includes Syarifah's (2018) attempt to determine the
most common types of adjacency pairs and sequences that reveal the similarities and
differences between two episodes of two talk shows in Indonesia based on the distribution
of adjacency pair types, the dis-preferred responses, and the topics that are discussed. In his
study, she revealed that Ini Talk show was found to be the most entertaining, while Sarah
Sechan was found to be the most enlightening.
Iswara's thesis (2019) looked into the ways in which adjacency pair patterns form
in the linguistic exchange of a roundtable discussion with Susi Pudjiastuti, as well as the
ways in which the discussion's communicative function was realized and the participants'
perceptions of power and status were affected. The results showed eleven patterns of

731 | Visit our Open Journal System at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus

adjacency pair that construct in the discussion, including Minister Susi's frequent
interruptions, which highlight the way in which she is more dominated by those in
authority.
This study by Tampubolon (2019) investigates the use of adjacency pair kinds LITERATUS is a
and patterns in a dialogue script with Malala Yousafzai on the Ellen DeGeneres show. journal published
by Neolectura,
When people follow the pattern, they can better comprehend one other's motivations for issued two times
using a given linguistic strategy and the intended meaning of their words. When Ellen in one year.
DeGeneres read the script for her interview with "Malala Yousafzai," she noticed that Literatus is a
there were six different sorts of adjacency pairs. scientific
Well, this research, the researcher interested to analyze adjacency pairs as the publication
media in the
topic that included in the conversation between the host and the guest in The Late Late form of
Show, ‘An Afternoon with Prince Harry and James Corden’ where Corden gave tour for conceptual paper
Prince Harry who now settled in Southern California to know the distance revealed from and field research
their utterances. related to social
impact and
From the explanation above, here some question that try to be analyze in this cultural studies.
research. It can be formulated as follows: It is hoped that
1. What types of adjacency pairs that are included in the conversation between James LITERATUS can
Corden and Prince Harry in The Late Late Show? become a media
2. Which type of adjacency pairs that is dominant in the conversation between James for academics
and researchers
Corden and Prince Harry in The Late Late Show? to publish their
3. Which particular social action happens in conversation between James Corden and scientific work
Price Harry in The Late Late Show? and become a
Based on the research questions above, there are several purposes of this research reference source
for the
as follows: development of
1. To find what kinds of adjacency pair that are included in the conversation between science and
James Corden and Prince Harry in The Late Late Show. knowledge.
2. To find out which type of adjacency pairs that is dominant in the conversation
between James Corden and Prince Harry in The Late Late Show.
To find the particular social action which happens in conversation between James
Corden and Price Harry in The Late Late Show.
Our focus:
Social and
METHOD Culture

Descriptive qualitative methodology was used to address the study question and
derive the results presented here. The purpose of qualitative research is to discover the
Our Scope:
significance that people and communities attach to a social or human issue (Creswell Humanities,
& Creswell, 2018). Pick your research strategy as well as your methodology. Study Education,
processes can be guided by a research design, which might be a subset of a qualitative, Management,
quantitative, or mixed methods research strategy. History,
In this kind of research, which is called a "applied case study," a detailed look Economics,
Linguistics,
at a single case is made. This case could be about a single person or event, or it could Literature,
be about a whole program or organization. Cases have time and action limits, and Religion,
researchers use a variety of methods to collect a lot of data over a long period of time. Politics,
The data that used in this research are in from channel YouTube The Late Late Show Sociology,
Anthropology,
with James Corden which joined in YouTube at November 21st, 35 2006 and had been and others.
viewed by more than 9, 7 billion views. This channel has more than 27, 5 million
subscribers, has more than 5,2 thousand videos.
The researcher has collected the data by Using library research and browsing
internet to get some information about adjacency pairs, Using Youtube channel of the
Late Late Show Official to get the video, Transcribing the conversation.
The data that used in this research are in from conversation between the host and the
guest in talk show. So, first the researcher choosing the kind of talk show. In this
research, the researcher chooses the Late Late Show. This talk show is chosen because
it has 27,4 million subscribers; has five thousand videos uploaded; has more than 1000

Join with us at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus | 732

 https://doi.org/10.37010/lit.v4i2.909

episodes; and has more than 9,6 billion averages viewers since joined YouTube in
November 21st, 2006.
Vol. 4, No. 2, Qualitative data analysis is a process that requires sequential steps to be followed,
October 2022, from the specific to the general and involving five steps to be followed. The researcher
pp. 730-737 will use these steps. The steps are transcribing, identifying, coding, describing and
interpreting (Creswell & Creswell, 2018). First is transcribing. The researcher will
transcribe the conversation between the host and the guest from the YouTube. Second is
identifying the pairs utterance that included to be analyzed based on topic. This step helps
e-ISSN: the researcher in finding the data.
2686-5009 Third is coding the pairs utterance to organizing the data. Then, the utterances are
divided based on the sequential position: a first pair part or a second pair part. To be more
specific, the response in the second pair part is also classified into a preferred response
or a dis-preferred response. In some utterances, there are also adjacency pair expansions.
This step is needed to find what kind of adjacency pair included in the conversation
between James Corden and Prince Harry.
Forth is descripting the data found.
Fifth is quantifying the amount of adjacency pairs of each adjacency pairs type
A Study of and expansion found. As the result, the dominant type of adjacency pairs and expansion
Adjacency Pairs can be seen. This step is used to find out which type of adjacency pairs that dominant in
in the Late Late the conversation between James Corden and Prince Harry.
Show With
James Corden: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(A Case Study in
an Afternoon Results
with Prince
Harry and James
Corden Episode) Table 1. Frequency of Each Types of Adjacency Pairs Found Types of
Adjacency Pairs Found
Types of Adjacency Pairs
Data Found Comm- Asses- Announ- Off- Asses- Ack- Ack- Off-
Req-Acc
Q-A Reject Agree Ack Acc Dis Den Acc Reject
Data 1 √
Data 2 √
Data 3 √
Data 4 √
Data 5 √
Data 6 √
Data 7 √
Data 8 √
Data 9 √
Data 10 √
Data 11 √
Mutiara Indah, Data 12 √
Tika Yulianti Data 13 √
Data 14 √
Data 15 √
Data 16 √
Data 17 √
Data 18 √
Data 19 √
Data 20 √
Data 21 √
Data 22 √
Data 23 √
Data 24 √ √
Data 25
Data 26 √

733 | Visit our Open Journal System at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus

 Data 27 √
Data 28 √
Data 29 √
Data 30 √
Data 31 √ LITERATUS is a
Data 32 √ journal published
Data 33 √ by Neolectura,
Data 34 √ issued two times
Data 35 √ in one year.
Amount 21 2 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 1 Literatus is a
of Data 35 scientific
publication
media in the
Table 2. Frequency of Preference Structure form of
Types of Adacency Pairs Amount of Data Percentage conceptual paper
No. and field research
1 Question-Answer 21 60% related to social
2 Command-Rejection 2 5,7% impact and
3 Assessment-Agreement 1 2,9% cultural studies.
4 Announcement- Acknowledgment 2 5,7% It is hoped that
LITERATUS can
5 Offer-Acceptance 3 8,6%
become a media
6 Request-Acceptance 2 5,7% for academics
7 Assessment-Disagreement 1 2,% and researchers
8 Acknowledgment-Denial 1 2,9% to publish their
Acknowledgment-Acceptance 1 2,9% scientific work
9 and become a
10 Offer-Rejection 1 2,9% reference source
for the
The above data table displays the total counts of the various categories. The development of
science and
question-answer pair is the most common, followed by the offer-acceptance pair, the knowledge.
command-rejection pair, the announcement-acknowledgment pair, the request-
acceptance pair, and the assessment-agreement pair, the assessment-disagreement pair,
the acknowledgment-denial pair, the offer-acceptance pair, and the offer-rejection pair.
In this example, question-answer pairs predominated the sorts of adjacency
pairs discovered, which suggests that the premise behind talk shows that discuss current Our focus:
events has been confirmed, as shows often involve a host asking a question in order to Social and
Culture
glean information from an expert witness.

Table 3. Frequency of Preference Structure Found

Preference Structure Our Scope:
Data Found
Preferred Dispreferred Humanities,
Data 1 √ Education,
Data 2 √ Management,
Data 3 √ History,
Data 4 √ Economics,
Data 5 √ Linguistics,
Data 6 √ Literature,
Data 7 √ Religion,
Data 8 √ Politics,
Data 9 √ Sociology,
Data 10 √ Anthropology,
Data 11 √ and others.
Data 12 √
Data 13 √
Data 14 √
Data 15 √
Data 16 √
Data 17 √
Data 18 √
Data 19 √
Data 20 √
Data 21 √
Data 22 √
Data 23 √

Join with us at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus | 734

 https://doi.org/10.37010/lit.v4i2.909

Data 24 √
Data 25 √
Vol. 4, No. 2, Data 26 √
Data 27 √
October 2022,
Data 28 √
pp. 730-737 Data 29 √
Data 30 √
Data 31 √
Data 32 √
Data 33 √
e-ISSN: Data 34 √
2686-5009 Data 35 √
Amount of Data 30 5

Table 4. Percentage of Preference Structure

No. Preference Structure Amount of Data Percentage
1 Preferred 30 85,7%
2 Dispreferred 5 14,3%

The table shows preference structure to explain social action done between James
A Study of and Prince Harry in The Late Late Show with James Corden. Here, the table shows that
Adjacency Pairs
preferred response is dominated the conversation around 30 data in amount 85,7% than
in the Late Late
Show With dispreferred response which indicate in 5 data in amount 14,3%. According to Yule
James Corden: (1996), preference used to indicate a socially determined structural pattern and does not
(A Case Study in refer to any individual’s mental or emotional desires. So preference observed pattern in
an Afternoon talk not personal wish. So, in talk pattern structurally James and Prince Harry close to
with Prince each other.
Harry and James
Corden Episode) Discussion

Based on explanation data above, there are ten types of adjacency pairs found and
preferred response which is dominant response of social action from second part. The
data found show that question-answer is the dominant types of adjacency pairs that relate
with this research subject, Talk Show, which absolutely will contain question answer
segment.
From the question-answer which done by James Corden and Prince Harry talked
about, they discussed about transportation Prince Harry want to use in that shoot, Prince
Harry first experience in an open top bus, Harry's activity since moved to LA, Harry asked
James about Henry Winkler house, sing bel-air song, James asked Harry Meghan name's
contact in his phone, James’ nickname, Harry's first date with Meghan, Harry's dating
activity, Harry's home activity, The Crown film, actor who appropriate to play Harry's
role, Harry's fatherhood, Harry's son first word, Harry's family zooming time with Queen
Elizabeth and her husband, Harry's life planning after moved to LA and out of lock down,
Harry's reason to step back from royal family, James’ feeling after doing the challenge,
Mutiara Indah, Harry's trick passed the mud obstacle, James’ trick to pass the climb obstacle, people who
Tika Yulianti responsible to that challenge segment. That was all about current issue after Prince Harry
stepped back from royal family and moved to LA.
Another interview, For Your Consideration, CBS Studio program, which had
done by James Corden, James said that Prince Harry was the one who offered to do
something in James CBS show in order to cheer up people in a way. This becomes
significance to The Late Late Show with James Corden for having first sit-down interview
with Prince Harry after his phenomenal decision and it becomes the latest way to produce
new segment of his program to keep it going as James cited in that interview.
According to Prince Harry as a royal family member who had a lot of rules should
be followed like he not allowed to speech without permission, he should dress modestly
and never overtly casual, having all-black outfit when travel, not expressing his opinion
on political matters, showing public display of affection, leaving table discreetly saying

735 | Visit our Open Journal System at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus

‘excuse me’ and slip away, not giving autographs or selfies, never complain, never
explain and others. But after stepped back from the royal family he is no longer forced
to follow4. In multiple occasion Prince Harry break some rules like he is showing
affection with his wife like in this episode in James Corden talk show he called Prince LITERATUS is a
Harry with nickname that Meghan gave to him (data 16), asking for toilet permission journal published
by Neolectura,
(data 14), casually calling names with his wife (data 19, 25, 27) or calling the Queen issued two times
with grandmother (data 25, 26), he can be honest about his feeling or complain and in one year.
explain about something (data 2, 4, 5, 6, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 27, 29) after being Literatus is a
a public servant. scientific
The data above also show that preferred response is the dominant preference publication
media in the
structure in this talk show. The data above show that in structural pattern in talk, James form of
and Harry practically close to each other judging by the preferred response that second conceptual paper
part given which dominated the conversation. Followed by the fact that they are from and field research
the same country and had a good relationship even before they both settled in America. related to social
impact and
It can be seen that James have made himself an officer of the Order of the British cultural studies.
Empire (cited in page 31) and his interview with Rupaul, Ben Winston who is producer It is hoped that
of The Late Late Show and Robb Crabbe who is executive producer of The Late Late LITERATUS can
Show in For Your Consideration, CBS Studio program. James said that Prince Harry become a media
asked him to do 10-minutes performance in Prince Harry wedding and he continuously for academics
and researchers
offered James to do something in James program.5 It was the reason why Prince Harry to publish their
doing the interview casually. This is in accordance with Sack and Coulthard theory scientific work
about topic of conversation. Sack (1971) in Coulthard said ‘it is general rule about and become a
conversation that is your business not to tell people what you can suppose they know’ reference source
for the
and Coulthard (1985) add ‘and the suitability of other topics depends on the person one development of
is talking to.’ So, according to that theory, James is the person Prince Harry thinks is science and
one of the people he can talk to about these topics. knowledge.

CONCLUSION

Topic of this research is about adjacency pairs and preference structure in pairs
Our focus:
utterances between James Corden and Prince Harry in the Late-Late Show. Based on Social and
three research question, here will present the conclusion. First research question focuses Culture
on finding kind of adjacency pairs in that talk show, second focus on finding dominant
type of its adjacency pairs which did by giving code to data, and the last focus on
interpreting data based on the theory to show how distance reveal from social act which
Our Scope:
was given. Research question number one is about what types of adjacency pairs that are Humanities,
included in the conversation between James Corden and Price Harry. After transcribe the Education,
conversation, researcher found thirty-five data of pairs utterance. Based on the result, Management,
there were ten types of adjacency pairs found from data. Then, research question number History,
two is about which types of adjacency pairs that are included in the conversation between Economics,
Linguistics,
James Corden and Price Harry. Based on the result of research question number one, after Literature,
coding data into types of adjacency pairs, researcher found that question-answer is Religion,
dominant types of adjacency pairs related to the subject of this research, talk show, which Politics,
absolutely contains question-answer segment. The topic that they discussed is showed Sociology,
Anthropology,
differences of Prince Harry who was the royal family and now is a public servant. And and others.
even though James Corden leads this talk show with casual way. So, the interview session
was carried out in relaxed way but still informative and entertaining for the audience.
And last, the third study question considers what kind of social activity takes
place during James Corden and Price Harry's chat. Preferring and disliking can be viewed
from two different angles, the pragmatic and the social, as stated by Yule (1996).
Pragmatically speaking, expressing a preference for one over another suggests a closeness
and speed of connection, while expressing a preference for the opposite suggests a
distance and a lack of connection. Given the hypothesis that the dominance of a preferred
or dispreferred response may be interpreted as the distance between the first and second
parts of a conversation, it is easy to see why people might strive to avoid setting the stage

Join with us at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus | 736

 https://doi.org/10.37010/lit.v4i2.909

for dispreferred. The research team determined that James Corden and Prince Harry's
dialogue was predominately dominated by preferred responses, which they based on the
Vol. 4, No. 2, preference structure finding. Since they are both originally from the United Kingdom and
October 2022, James has previously detailed their friendship in an interview, it is clear that they are close
pp. 730-737 friends and that their hometown connection is a strong indicator of their closeness.
Based on the result, researcher suggest to the further research for deeper analysis
about this topic to make it perfect or find other things can find from adjacency pairs analysis
field. For college student, this paper will help you to understand what is adjacency pairs
e-ISSN: analysis about, the types of adjacency pairs, what is preference structure, what things that
2686-5009 can reveal from adjacency pairs analysis

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Britannica, T. Information Architects of Encyclopedia (2022, March 10). Prince Harry,

duke of Sussex. Encyclopedia Britannica.
https://www.britannica.com/facts/Prince-Harry-of-Wales
Cabinet Office. (2015). Social action: Harnessing the potential: A discussion paper.
A Study of
Adjacency Pairs Retrieved 10:05, July 27, 2022
in the Late Late Coulthard, M. (1985). An Introduction to Discourse Analysis. England: Longman.
Show With Creswell, John W., Creswell J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and
James Corden: mixed methods approaches (5). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
(A Case Study in
an Afternoon Eggins, S., Slade, D. (1997). Analysing casual conversation. London: Equinox Publishing
with Prince Ltd.
Harry and James Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
Corden Episode)
Grundy, P. (2008). Doing Pragmatics (3). London: Hodder Education.
Hafied Cangara, Haji. (2018). Pengantar Ilmu Komunkasi (3). Jakarta: Rajawali Pers.
Hanson, Ralph E., (2019). Mass communication: Living in a media world (7). Los Angeles:
Sage Publications.
Iswara, J. W. (2019). The Application Of Adjacency Pair Patterns And Communicative
Functions In Spoken Interaction Of Roundtable Discussion With Susi
Pudjiastuti At Stimson Center (Doctoral dissertation Universitas Negeri
Semarang).
Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics. New York: Routledge.
Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved February 2, 2022,
from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary
Paltridge, B. (2000). Making Sense of Discourse Analysis. Australia: Gold Coast.
Schegloff, Emanuel A. (2007). Sequence Organization in Interaction: Volume 1: A Primer
Mutiara Indah, in conversation analysis. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Tika Yulianti
Syarifah, R.R. (2018). Adjacency Pairs Analysis On Two Indonesian Talk Shows: Ini Talk
Show And Sarah Sechan (Thesis, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia)
Tampubolon, T. (2019). A Conversation Analysis of Adjacency Pairs in the Ellen
DeGeneres’s Talk Show with Malala Yousafzai. Journal of Language
Learning and Research (JOLLAR), 2(1), 24-40.
https://doi.org/10.22236/jollar.v2i1.3492
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

737 | Visit our Open Journal System at http://journal.neolectura.com/index.php/Literatus