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2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science (ICoAAS 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012024

Yield and Quality Improvement of Candlenut Oil by

Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) Methods

Shintawati, YR Widodo, and D Ermaya

Politeknik Negeri Lampung. Jl Soekarno Hatta No 10 Bandar Lampung

*shintawati@polinela.ac.id
Abstract. Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana L) is a native plant of Indonesia and one of the six
spices with the highest export value. Candlenut is one of the nutraceutical ingredients, used as
raw material for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Candlenut is used as a pain
reliever and anti-inflammatory and has benefits in healing burns. The result of processed
candlenut seeds, namely candlenut oil is rich in omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids which are anti-
aging and strengthen and repair hair exposed to radiation. The problem faced in producing
candlenut oil is the low yield and quality of the oil which is indicated by the brownish color of
the oil and the long extraction time. This study aims to study increasing the yield of candlenut
oil through the application of solvent extraction and microwave assisted extraction (MAE)
methods and to identify the composition of the chemical compounds produced. The raw
material used in producing this candlenut oil is candlenut seeds from the protected forest area
of Register 21 PerentianBaru, Pringsewu Regency, Lampung Province. This research method
is an experimental design with a completely randomized design. The independent variables in
this study were the ratio of the sample to the amount of solvent with a level of 1;1; 1:2; 1:3 and
1:4. The observed responses were the yield, density and chemical composition of candlenut
oil. The MAE method produced the highest yield of 38,5% in the ratio of the sample to the
amount of solvent 1:2 with the characteristics of the oil produced, among others, a density of
0,864 g/ml and a refractive index of 1,4772. The GCMS results show that the chemical
compounds that make up candlenut oil include 31,1% linoleic acid, 27,85% oleic acid, 25,19%
linolenic acid and 4,54% palmitic acid.

1. Introduction
Candlenut (Aleurites moluccana L) is a native plant of Indonesia and belongs to the
Euphorbiaceaefamily. Candlenut grows at an altitude of 0-700 meters above sea level with rainfall of
640-4290 mm. Candlenut tree productivity reaches 80 kg of candlenut seeds per tree. The nature of the
candlenut tree which can grow and develop quickly on various soil textures with a tree age of 40-60
years, makes this plant one of the community forests plants that is currently being intensively launched
by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry.
Candlenut is used as a spice in cooking and is believed to be able to nourish hair from generation to
generation. Candlenut contains tocopherol and tocotrienol compounds which are isomers of vitamin E
[1] and amyronine which functions as pain relievers and anti-inflammatory [2].Chemical
compounds in candlenut seeds that are thought to have benefits in healing burns are saponins,
flavonoids and polyphenols [3]. Candlenut oil is rich in omega 3 unsaturated fatty acids which are
anti-aging and strengthen and repair hair exposed to radiation. Antioxidants in candlenut oil are
vitamins A and E which cause these compounds to penetrate into the skin so that the skin looks young

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2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science (ICoAAS 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012024

and radiant [4]. Constraints in candlenut oil extraction are the nature of candlenut oil which is unstable
at high temperatures and easily oxidized [5] so that the yield and quality of the oil produced is low [6].
One of the factors that affect the quality and yield of candlenut oil produced is the extraction
conditions. Generally, oil extraction from plants is obtained in 4 ways, namely cold pressing, solvent
extraction, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) and Super Critical Fluid Extraction (SFE). By
pressing method at a temperature of 900C, the yield of candlenut oil was 21.4% [7] but the quality of
the oil produced was not in accordance with SNI. Yield of candlenut oil through the Soxhlet extraction
method using n-Hexane solvent at a temperature of 700C was 52,44%[8]. Research [7]and [8]did not
identify the components contained in candlenut oil.
Microwave assisted extraction (MAE) method is widely applied to extract compounds in plants by
using microwaves. The mechanism that occurs is the migration of ions so as to create a rotational
dipole that changes the molecular structure and provides a temperature during extraction that is not too
high [9]. The energy transfer mechanism in the MAE extraction method provides several advantages,
including extraction can take place at low temperatures, reduce the amount of use of organic solvents
and short extraction time [10].
Extraction of antioxidants from the fruit of Gordoniaaxillaris using the microwave assisted
extraction (MAE) method, at a temperature of 400C, 1000W microwave power for 70 minutes
produces a strong antioxidant power compared to the maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods [10].
The study of the effect of the microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method of candlenut oil extraction
on the yield and quality of candlenut oil has not been carried out. This study intends to increase the
yield and quality of candlenut oil through the application of the MAE method by comparing it with the
solvent extraction method and identifying the composition of the chemical compounds produced.

2. Materials and Methods

Candlenut seeds were obtained from the protected forest area of Register 21 PerentianBaru,
Pringsewu Regency, Lampung Province, ethanol pa, NaOH, KOH, HCl and phenolphthalein. Before
use, the candlenut seeds are dried in the sun for 2 days to get a uniform moisture content.
The tools used in this study included a three-neck flask, heater, a condenser, a measuring flask, a
blender, an oven, a Sharp microwave oven, a basin, a glass clamp, an electronic scale, a beaker, a
sample bottle, a thermometer, vacuum filtration, GCMS and funnel

2.1. Extraction of Candlenut Oil by the Solvent Method

A total of 125 g of dried candlenutwere crushed using a blender then placed in a three-neck flask,
and then the oil was extracted using ethanol in a 1000 mL round flask. The ratio of candlenut weight
to ethanol volume was varied, namely 1:1; 1:2; 1:3 and 1:4. Each variation was repeated 3 times.Oil
extraction was carried out in round flask by heatingfor 70 minutes. After extraction the solid phase
was separated from the extract phase by vacuum filtration. The obtained filtrate was removed by
vacuum evaporation at a temperature of 50-600C until all the ethanol was evaporated from the
candlenut oil.

2.2. Extraction of Candlenut Oil by Microwave Assested Extraction (MAE) Method

A total of 125 g of dried candlenut was ground with water and then crushed using a blender. The
ratio of candlenut to the volume of the water was varied, namely 1:1; 1:2; 1:3 and 1:4. The mixture is
separated between the solid and liquid phases using a vacuum filtration. The filtrate was put into a
1000 ml three neck flask and then the oil was extracted using a 1200-watt microwave for 70 minutes.
After extraction, the solid phase was separated from the extract phase which was rich in candlenut oil.
Each variation was repeated 3 times.
Candlenut oil obtained from each method was tested for refractive index, specific gravity and yield
of candlenut oil. The yield of candlenut oil is calculated using the formula:

Yield (%v/w) = Volume of candlenut oil (ml)/ Weight of the candlenut seed (g) x 100%

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2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science (ICoAAS 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012024

Candlenut oil with the highest yield from each method was analyzedits chemical composition using
GCMS.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. The Effect of Extraction Method on the Yield of Candlenut Oil
Yield ofcandlenut oil produced from the MAE method is higher than the solvent extraction method.
The yield of candlenut oil using MAE and solvent methods ranged from 15,84-38,52% v/w and 8,70-
17,52% v/w, respectively, as shown in Figure1.

Figure 1. Candlenut Oil Yield by Solvent and MAE Extraction Methods

Figure 1 shows candlenut oil extraction using the MAE method resulted in a higher yield than
extraction using the solvent method. The highest yield using the MAE method was 38,52%v/w which
was achieved at a solvent ratio of 1:2. The highest yield of candlenut oil using the solvent method was
15,12% v/w which was achieved at a solvent ratio of 1:4. The results showed that in the solvent
extraction method, the smaller the ratio of the sample to the solvent resulted in the obtaining of higher
candlenut oil. This correlates with the research of [11] using the solvent method resulted in higher oil
recovery, namely 35,67% at a solvent ratio of 1:10.
This shows that extraction using solvents requires large amounts of chemicals and means higher
production costs. The use of the MAE method is more profitable than the solvent extraction method,
this is because the solvent used in MAE extraction is water so that production costs are lower. Besides
that, the ratio candlenut seeds to solvent by MAE extraction is higher than solvent it means the MAE
extraction need more smallextractor than solvent method.

3.2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Candlenut Oil

The density value of candlenut oil produced from the extraction process using the MAE method
is relatively the same as the density of candlenut oil produced from the extraction process, ranging
from 0,828-0,864 g/ml and 0,843-0,860 g/ml, respectively, as shown in Figure 2. The density depends
on the molecular weight and unsaturated degree [12]. Lower density means more low molecular
weight but high unsaturated degree. The oxidation makes the density lower. The density of this
research is lower than [12] that is 0,905-0,925 g/ml.

3
2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science (ICoAAS 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012024

Figure 2. Density of Candlenut Oil from Solvent Extraction and MAE Extraction

The same thing for the refractive index value, candlenut oil produced from MAE extraction and
solvent extraction has a value of 1,4770-1,4778 and 1,4770-1,4790, respectively, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Refractive Index of Candlenut Oil from Solvent Extraction and MAE Extraction

The value of the refractive index that is obtained is close to the value of the refractive index of
candlenut produced by [7], which is 1,4730 – 1,4785.The fatty acid compounds were produced from
the extraction of the MAE method are similar to the solvent extraction with the largest component of
each method as shown in Figure 4.

4
2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science (ICoAAS 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012024

Figure 4. Fatty Acids Content of Candlenut Oil from Solvent Extraction and MAE Extraction

Figure 4 shows the candlenut oil extracted by MAE and solvent extraction is high in unsaturated
fatty acids, namely oleic, linoleic and linolenic and low in saturated fatty acids, namely palmitic.
These unsaturated fatty acid compoundswere an excellent fatty acids compound for the cosmetic and
pharmaceutical industries.

4. Conclusion
The MAE method is able to produce higher yields and quality than the solvent extraction method.
The highest yield of 38,5% was obtained at the ratio of the sample to the amount of solvent 0,5 with
the characteristics of the oil produced, such as density 0,864 g/ml and refractive index 1,4772. The
GCMS results show that candlenut oil from microwave extraction consists of 31,1% linoleic acid,
27,85% oleic acid, 25,19% linolenic acid and 4,54% palmitic acid.

5. Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology,
Lampung State Polytechnic forfollowing the Beginner Lecturer Research Contract Number 209.8/PL
15.8/PT/2021,31 May 2021.

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2nd International Conference on Agriculture and Applied Science (ICoAAS 2021) IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1012 (2022) 012024 doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1012/1/012024

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