ENGLI

SHLANGUAGEANDCOMMUNI
CATI
ON(
GST111)

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Accordi
ngt otheaut
hors/
edit
ors,Engl
i
shLanguageandCommuni cat
ioniswr i
tt
entoexpl
ainthe
nat
ure&pur poseoftheEngli
shlanguageandalsotodemonstr
atehow languageisused,i
.e.I
tis
wri
tt
entoteachyouaboutthe“what’
’andthe”how’
’ofEngl
i
shLanguage.

Thi
scour
seisnotj usti
mportantbecauseitteachesy
ouaboutthe“what’
’andthe“how’’of
Engli
shbuti
t’
simport
antbecauselikeal
lGst’
s,ifyoudon’
tgetatl
eastaD,youcannotgraduat
e.
Whodoesnotwanttograduat
e?

Engli
shLanguageandCommuni cati
on( ELC)isdiv
idedi ntoSi
xPartsand26Chapter
s.Eachof
the26Chapt er
si st
reatedexhaustiv
ely.Thisisoneoft hechall
engesmoststudent
sfaceinthi
s
courseast heyfindt
het extbooktoobi gtocov erbef
oret heexam.Nevert
hel
ess,donottowor r
y,
thi
smat er
ialisspeci
all
ymade.I ti
slaconicalandvoidverbatim.

“Bet
terknownot
hingt
hanhal
fknowmanyt
hings”–Fr
iedr
ichNi
etzsche

I
NTRODUCTI
ONOFI
D'sGSTMATERI
ALS

Thi
sisaGSTmat
eri
alwr
it
tenbyAZI
EGBEMII
DEMUDI
AHENRY,
anEngl
i
shl
anguageand

Li
ter
atur
eSt
udentoft
hePr
est
igi
ousUni
ver
sit
yofBeni
n.

ID'
SGSTcut
sacr
osst
het
hree(
3)GSTs-USEOFENGLI
SH,
USEOFLI
BRARYANDPHI
LOSOPHYAND
LOGIC.

Unl
i
keot
herGSTmat
eri
als,
thi
sone;

Voidsver
bati
m:I D'
smat er
ialav
oidthosever
bosi
tyinwri
ti
ng.Thi
smakesitshort
eri
nlengt
hand
easytounder
stand.Thi
salsomakeittobeunder
stoodbyevent
heJSS3st
udents,

Contai
nssalientpoint
s:Poi
ntst
hatarenotusef
ult
oy ouarenoti
ncl
udedi
nthi
smater
ial
.Onl
ypoints
thatwil
lgiv
ey ouy our‘
A’ar
eincl
uded.Thismeanst hatpoi
ntsi
nthi
sbooksar
ewhatmightappear
i
ny ourexam ormighthaveappear
edinpastquest
ions,

Wri
tt
eninsimpleandclearEngl
ish:Idemudi
adi
dnotincl
udeanyambiguouswordi
nthesemat
eri
als
ast
heyhinderunder
standi
ng.Instead,I
demudi
ausessimpl
eandclearEngl
ishi
nwri
ti
ngthi
sbook,

Si
mpl
i
fiedl
i
keABC.

Aftereachchapt
erhasbeent
reat
ed,
quest
ionsar
esetont
hatchapt
ert
otesty
ourunder
standi
ngof
thatchapter
.
I
DEMUDI
Aal
soappr
eci
atecal
l
sorwhat
sappmessagesf
rom st
udent
sva0
i 8088017212
Ibel
i
evet
hatwi
thI
D'Smat
eri
als,
yourAi
ssur
e.

PARTONE

ENGLI
SHGRAMMER

Communi
cat
ionAndSent
enceConst
ruct
ion, Not
e:

Par
tOfSpeech Emphasi
swi
l
lbemadeon

Ti
me,
Tense,
AspectAndConcor
d t
hispar
tbecausequest
ionst
hat

Modal
AndModal
Auxi
l
ary appear
siny
ourexamsar
emost
ly

Root
sAndAf
fi
xes setf
rom t
hispar
t,somast
ereach

Di
rectAndI
ndi
rectSpel
l Chapt
er.

Regi
ster-I
dioms.

Doyouseeamanski l
l
edinhiswor
k?Hewil
lst
andi
nthepr
esenceofki
ngs.Hewi
l
lnotst
andi
nthe
pr
esenceofunknownmen._
Prover
bs2:
29

(
1) COMMUNI
CATI
ONANDSENTENCECONSTRUCTI
ON
 Communi
cat
ioni
sder
ivedf
rom t
hewor
dCommuni
cat
ewhi
chmeanst
oshar
e.

Communi cat
ionmeansshar
ingofel
ementofbehav
iorormodesofli
febytheexist
enceofsetof
rul
es.Theessenceofcommuni
cat
ioni
stoachi
eveOneness,
Unit
yorUnder
standi
ng.

Note:Thereisnocommuni cat
ionwi
thoutt
hesy
stem ofsi
gnsandt
hemeansbywhi
chhuman
communicat
eisLanguage.

SENTENCE

Sent
ence isthemi ni
mum uni
tofl anguageforthepur
poseofcommuni cat
ion.Itbegi
nswi
tha
capi
tal
let
terandendswit
haful
l-
stop,oraquesti
onmark,oranexcl
amat
ionmar k.

Sentencesconsi
stofwords.WhenWordsarespokentheyarecal
l
edPhonemes,whenwri
tt
enthey
areknownasGr apheme.I
fasequenceofwor
distoconsti
tut
easentence,i
tmustbemeani
ngf
ul.

Theint
ell
i
gentisboy - Notmeani
ngf
ul.The boyi
sint
ell
i
gent–meani
ngf
ul.Now l
et'
smov
eto
sent
enceconst
ruct
ion.

SENTENCECONSTRUCTI
ON

ELEMENT:Anelementisapartofasent
ence.I
tisasy ntacti
cunitf
uncti
oni
nginvar
iousposi
ti
ons
wit
hinasent
ence.I
tisal
soknownassynt
acti
cunit
,li
nguisti
cunitoraconst
it
uent
s.

Anel
ementcanbeawor
doragr
oupofwor
dsknownasphr
ase.

Theposi
ti
oneachel
ementoccupyi
sknownasf
unct
ionsl
ot

El
ement soccupyslot
sasar esul
toft heirf
unct
ion,(rol
esplaysinasentencest
ructur
e)orcl
ass
(Indiv
idualChar
act
eri
sti
cs)whi
chitshareswithotheruni
tsofthesamekindandwhichenabl
esi
tto
perfor
m aspecif
icf
uncti
oninasentence).Cl
assisalsoknownasacategory.

FUNCTI
ONPARTOFASENTENCE

Asent
encecanbeadi
vi
dedbasi
cal
l
yint
opar
ts.Thesear
eSUBJECTandPREDI
CATE.

SUBJECT:Itistheperformeroft heacti
oninthesentence.PREDICATE:Itisthestatementor
predi
cati
onmadeaboutt hepersonorthi
ng.I
tist
hatpar
tofasentencethatexpresseswhati
ssaid
aboutthesubj
ect
.Itst
art
swi t
hav erb.

(1)Exampl
es:Iam hi
ghl
yfavoured.'
I
'ist
hesubj
ect
,am highl
yf av
ouredi
sthepr
edi
cat
e(2)James
andJohnarebestoff
ri
ends.JohnandJames=S,
arebestoffr
iends=P

Thesubjectofasentenceisusuall
yreal
isedbyaNounPhr ase(NP)whi
l
epr edi
cat
eisgroupedunder
theti
tt
le,verbphrase(VP).Thepredi
cateIswhatcomesaf tertheNPhasbeeni dent
ifi
ed.Seethe
examolesabove.Thepredicat
eismadeupoft hefi
nit
everbphraseandi
tscomplement.Complement
i
sawor dorphraseusedafteraverbtocompletepredi
cat
ion.Thecomplementofasentencehasthe
samereferentwit
hsubjectortheobj
ectofthatsent
ence.

Theelement(
S)and(
V)mustal
way
sbepr
esenti
nasent
ence.Theyar
econst
anti
nanyf
ormal
sent
ence

Pl
easeNot
ethi
s.
 SENTENCEELEMENTSANDTHEI
RFEATURES

Thesent
enceel
ement
sthatwehav
ear
e:

TheSubj
ect(
S),
Ver
bphr
ase(
VP)
,theCompl
ement(
C),
theObj
ect(
O),
theAdv
erd.SVCOA

THESUBJECT

Asubjectast heperfor
merofanaction.Thesubj ectofasentencecanbeanoun,pronounand
deter
miner+anoun.Exampl
es:I
.Johnishighlyfav
oured(Johnisthesubj
ectwhichi
sasi
ngl
enoun)
.
2.Iam hi
ghlyf
avoured.I
=pr
onoun.3.
TheLor disgood(Thel or
d=determi
ner+noun)
.

Thesubjectcanalsobealongconst
ruct
.e.
gTher
easonJanecoul
dnotcomet
olect
urest
odaywas
becauseitrai
nedcatanddoginthemorni
ng.

Thesubj
ectcanbeal
sobeanor
mal
asi
n

Danci
ngi
smyhobby

Nor
minal
.Not
e:Nor
minal
arewor
dthatar
emeantt
obehav
eli
keanounbutt
heyar
enotnouns.

VERBPHRASE

I
tconsi
stofei
therAl
exi
cal
ver
b,pr
imar
yauxi
l
iar
ies(
do,
hav
e,be)andl
exi
cal
+auxi
l
iar
yver
b.

E.
G.Lect
urer
sreadbef
oret
hei
rcl
assesi
ntheuni
ver
styofBeni
n(l
exi
cal
)

Lect
urer
sshoul
dreadbef
oret
hei
rcl
asses(
lexi
cal
+aux
il
iar
y)

Lect
urer
shav
est
art
edr
eadi
ngbef
oret
hei
rcl
asses(
pri
mar
yauxi
l
iar
y)

Note:Lex
icalVer
bsaremai
nv er
bs.Theycanst
andal
oneonasent
ence.Auxi
l
aryVer
bsar
ehel
ping
ver
bs.Theyhelpthemai
nver
b.

Lexi
cal
ver
bsar
ecl
assi
fi
edi
nto3:

Tr
ansi
ti
ve2.I
ntr
ansi
ti
ve3.Copul
aver
bs.

Tr
ansi
ti
vever
bsareverbsthattakeatleastoneobj
ect
.Theycannotbeusedwi
thoutanobj
ect
,as
i
n,St
udent
sbuybooks.Int
ransi
ti
veverbsdonottakeobj
ect
sasindogsbar
k.

Copularv
erbsar eusedtoli
nkt
hesubjectofasent
encewit
hitscomplement
,asinJesusisLord.
Janeseemsdifferentt
oday
.Int
heset
woexamplesabove,
thesubj
ectandthecompl
ementrefer
sto
thesameperson.

Thever
bBehaseightinf
lect
ionalf
ormsunl
i
kemostv
erbswhi
chhav
efi
ve.Theei
ghti
nfl
ect
ional
for
ms:be,
bei
ng,
been,i
s,am,are,were.

TheCompl
ement

Compl
ementst
andsf
ort
hatwhi
chcompl
etesav
erb.

Theyar
e2t
ypesofcompl
ement
:subj
ectcompl
ement(
Cs)andt
heObj
ectcompl
ement(
Co)

TheCshast
hesamer
efer
ral
ast
hesubj
ect
,asi
n:Jesus i
s Lor
d.Jesusandl
ordt
hesameper
son.
 TheCohasthesamerefer
entast
heobject
,Asi
n:Thest
udentel
ect
ed hi
m pr
esi
dent
.(Her
e,hi
m
andpr
esi
dentref
erst
othesameperson.

OBJECT:
Obj
ectar
eoft
wot
ypes(
1)Di
rectobj
ect(
2)I
ndi
rectobj
ect
.

Dir
ectobjecti
sther
ecei
veroft
heact
ion.Jane hugged John.Johni
sthedi
rectr
ecei
veroft
he
act
ionhugged.

TheIndi
rectobj
ectisthebenef
ici
aryoft
heact
ionofbot
hthesubj
ectandt
hev
erb.I boughtmy
fat
heraplotofland.

Not
e:Myf
atheri
sthebenef
ici
aryoft
heact
ionbought
,hence,
anI
ndi
rectobj
ect
.

THEADVERB(A):TheAdver
bsareoft
hesamet
ype.Ther
ear
epl
aceorl
ocat
ion,
timeandmanner
.
Adv
erbsar
eopt
ional
inasent
ence

"
Theknowl
edgeofallt
hingsi
spossi
ble
_Leonar
doDaVinci

I
DEMUDI
AHENRY(
ID)car
es
08088017212

THEBASI
CSENTENCEPATTERN

Ther
eareaboutsev
en( 7)sent
encepat
ter
nofEngl
i
shwi
thspeci
fi
csent
enceposi
ti
on.Eachposi
ti
on
i
saslotofgr
ammer t
icalmeani
ng.

Grammat
icalmeani
ngisthemeani
ngofawor
dbyr
efer
encet
oit
sfunct
ionwi
thasent
encer
ather
t
hanwordoutsi
dethesent
ence.

Pat
ter
n1:
S+Vi
(SV)

Thepatt
ernismadeupofasubjectandi
ntr
ansi
ti
vev
erb.Ihopeyoust
il
lrememberwhatint
ransi
ti
ve
verbsar
e?Good.Theyarethoseverbst
hatdonott
akeobjects–nounorpronouns,buttheycan
takeAdver
bsandAdver
bial
s.

E.
g

1.Dogs(S) bar
k(Vi
)2.Li
ons(
S) r
oar
(Vi
)3.Thesi
zeofourf
acul
tybui
l
dings(
S_l
ongconst
ruct
)
var
ies(
Vi)

E.
goft
hoset
het
akeadv
erbsandadj
ect
ives.

1.Dogsbar
ksl
oudl
y.2.Li
onsr
oardeepl
y.3.Thesi
zeofourf
acul
tybui
l
dingsv
ari
est
remendi
ousl
y.

Doy
ouunder
stand?Good.

Pat
ter
n2:
S+Vt+Od(
SVO)
I
nthi
spat
ter
n,t
hev
erbt
akesanobj
ect(anounorapr
onoun)becausei
tist
ransi
ti
ve

Thi
sobj
ecti
scal
l
edt
hedi
rectobj
ect(t
her
ecei
verorsuf
fer
ersoft
heact
ion)
.E.
g

1.Jane(
S)stopped(V)John(
O)2.Dogs(S)eat
(V)meat
(O)
.3.We(
S)enj
oy(
V)chur
chser
vice(
O).
4.
JaneandJohn(S)l
ove(
V)eachot
her
(O).

Canyouli
sttheacti
onsinthesent
encesabov
e?Youar
egood.Good.I
nthesesent
encest
heobj
ect
s
ar
etherecei
versoftheact
ion.

Pat
ter
n3:
s+Vt+Oi
+Od(
SVOO)

Whatar
edi
rectandi
ndi
rectobj
ect
s?I
fyoudon'
trememberr
eferbackt
oit
.

1. Grace(
S)bought
(V)herf
ather
(Oi
)apl
otofl
and(
Od)
.2.I
feany
ibor
rowedNi
ger
ia(
Oi)aBi
l
li
on
Nai
ra(
Od).

Not
e:Indir
ectobject
snor mall
ypr
ecedest
hedirectobj
ectsbutifapr
eposi
ti
oncomesbef
orean
i
ndi
rectobject
,thedi
rectobj
ectwi
l
lcomebefor
etheindi
rectobj
ect
.

e.
g:(
i)Johnbui
l
tauni
ver
sit
y(Od)f
orher
(Oi
).

(
ii
)Iboughtapl
otofl
and(
Od)f
ormyf
ather
(Oi
).

Pat
ter
n4:
S+Vt+Od+Co(
SVOC)

Obj
ectcompl
ementt
ell
susmor
eaboutt
heobj
ect
.

John(
s)cal
l
ed(
Vt)Jane(
Od)
beaut
if
ul(
C).

‘
’
Beaut
if
ul’
’r
efer
stot
hedi
rectobj
ect'
Jane'
hence,
anobj
ectcompl
ement
.

Not
e:Obj
ectcompl
ementcanbeanoun,
Adj
ect
ive,
Adv
erborapr
onoun.

Pat
ter
n5:S+Vc+Cs(
SVC)

Subj
ectcompl
ement(
Cs)gi
vesmor
einf
ormat
ionaboutt
hesubj
ect
s.TheCsi
dent
if
yormodi
fyt
he
subj
ect
.

1.Lor d(
S)i s(
V)good(C)
.2.Jenni
fer
(S)seems(
V)smart
(C).'
good'and'smar
t'ar
ecompl
ement
s
becausetheygivemor
einf
ormat
ionaboutt
hesubj
ect
s'Lor
d'and'
Jennif
er'
.

Copul
arv
erbsar
eusedf
ort
hepat
ter
nbecauset
hel
i
nkt
hesubj
ectwi
tht
hesubj
ectcompl
ement
.

Pat
ter
n6

Thi
spat
ter
nar
eoft
wot
ypes

1.S+BE+Cs(
SVC)

BEinthispat
ternmeans‘’bei
dent
if
iedorcl
assif
ied’
’
,whil
et hesubj
ectmeans‘’t
hatwhi
chis
i
dent
if
iedorcl
assi
fi
ed’
’
.Thecompl
ementmeans‘
’thatwhichi
denti
fi
esorcl
assi
fi
est
hesubj
ect
’’
.

Elephant
(S)ar
e(V)clumsy(
C).I
nt hi
ssent
ence,El
ephantisthatwhi
chi
scl assi
fi
edor
i
dent
if
ied,whil
eclumsyisthatwhichi
dent
if
iesorcl
assi
fi
esthesubject
.Douunder
stand?No?go
t
hroughi
tagai
n.

Myf
ri
endi
sast
udent
.

I
nthi
ssent
encemyf
ri
endi
scl
assi
fi
edori
dent
if
iedasast
udent

2.S+BE+A(
SVA)

I
nthi
spat
ter
n,BEmeans‘
’l
ocat
ed’
’oroccur
red.

Jane(
S)i
s(V)i
nthemal
l
(A)
.Locat
ionofJane.

Thedance(
S)i
s(V)t
oday
(A_
time)

Thi
sisoneoft
hesi
mpl
epat
ter
ns.

Pat
ter
n7:
S+Vt+Od+Al
oc(
SVOA)

Thedi
ff
erencebetweenthi
spatter
nandpat
ter
n4–SVOCi
sthatCi
ssubst
it
utedf
orf
orAi
npat
ter
n
7wher
eAi sthelocat
ion/
place.

Fr
ancess(
S)put
(V)herbook(
O)ont
het
abl
e(A)
.

Not
e:Al
ocanswer
sthequest
ion'
wher
e'.Wher
edi
dFr
ancessputherbook?Ont
het
abl
e.

Doy
ouunder
stand?Good.

Not
e:pl
easeyouar
eadv i
sedt
oemphasi
sonv er
bsast heypredi
ctwhatsent
encepat
ter
nwi
l
loccur
e.
Thi
siswhyver
bsareknownasgr
ammatical
mot orofasentence.

I
ntensi
ve–i
ntr
ansi
ti
veand–t
ransi
ti
ve.

Int
ensi
vev
erbsar
ecopul
arv
erb.I
fav
erbf
unct
ioni
ntensi
vel
y,t
hepat
ter
nst
hatwi
l
loccurar
eSVC
andSVA

Whenav er
bisusedi
ntheInt
ransi
ti
vesenset
hepat
ter
nthatwi
l
loccurar
eSV:usedi
nthet
ransi
ti
ve
sense.Thepatt
ernwi
l
loccurareSvi.
e.SV

Whenav
erbi
susedi
nthet
ransi
ti
vesense,
thepat
ernt
hatwi
l
loccurar
e:SVO,
SVOO,
andSVOA.

SVOi
scal
l
edmonot
ransi
ti
ve

SVOOi
scal
l
eddi
transi
ti
ve

SVOAi
scal
l
edcompl
ex(mi
xed)t
ransi
ti
ve.

Pl
easemast
ert
his.

DoThi
s:

They
oungmanwast
hepr
esi
dentofZi
mbabwe.

S. V. C

Yest
erday
,Ipr
ayed
Pr
ayi
ngi
slov
ing

Jesuswept

Theman,
whowasr
uni
ngf
rom t
her
ain,
gotdr
enched

Thecl
assel
ect
edj
ohnpr
esi
dent

Geor
gef
ini
shedt
hewor
k

Shegi
vesmeexpensi
vepr
esent

Cent
ral
BankofNi
ger
iahasi
ssuednewbanknot
es

Thepai
nti
ngar
eont
heshel
f

TYPESOFSENTENCES

Ther
ear e3typesofsentences.Therearet heSi mpl
esentence,thecompl exsent
enceandthe
compoundsent
ence.Befor
ewedescr i
betheset ypesofsent
encesletf
ir
stofal l
knowwhatacl
ause
i
sanditsty
pesasitwi
llgi
veusabet t
erunderstandingoft
hetypesofsentences.

A cl
ausei
sasi
ngl
egr
ammat
ical
uni
tthatcanbeanal
ysedi
ntot
heel
ement
s.

S(
ubj
ect
)V(
erb)
,C(
ompl
ement
),O(
bject
)andA(
dver
b).

TYPESOFCLAUSE

Dependentcl
ausearecl
ausest
hatcanstandontheirown.I
ndependentclausecannotst
andont
hei
r
own.Dependentcl
auseneedsi
ndependentcl
auseforitt
omakecompl etesense.

Il
ovey
ou.(
Independentcl
ause)
. HadIl
ove.(
Dependentcl
ause)

TheUni
ver
sit
yofBeni
nist
hebestuni
ver
sit
y/i
nNi
ger
ia

Thi
sist
hei
ndependentcl
ausewhi
l
einNi
ger
iai
sthedependentcl
ause.

Not
e:I
ndependentcl
ausear
eal
socal
l
edsubor
dinat
ecl
ause.

Simplesentence:t
herearesentencet
hathav
easi
ngl
ecl
ause(asi
ngl
ever
b)whi
chi
sindependent
anditcannottakeanothercl
ause

Il
ovey
ou(
onev
erb)

Ideposecheat
ers(onev
erb)
.

Si
mplesent
encemusthav
easi
ngl
ever
bandt
heycanbedi
vi
dedi
ntot
hebasi
csent
encepat
ter
n
SVCOA

ComplexSent
ence:t
hesearesent
encest
hathav
eani
ndependentcl
auseandadependentcl
ause.
i
.e.t
heycont
aint
woclauses.

*
Ilov
eher becauseshei
sbeaut
if
ul

I
ndependentcl
ause dependentcl
ause

I
tcanst
andal
one i
tcannotst
andal
one

CompoundSent
ence:t
heyhav
emor
ethanonei
ndependentcl
auses.Thi
ssent
encesar
eusual
l
y
separ
atedbyaco-
ordi
nat
econj
uct
ion‘
’
and’
’
,‘’
or"and"
but
".

Ial
way
swant
edt
obecomeawr
it
erandShewant
edt
obecomeadoct
or–

I
ndependentcl
ause. Dependentcl
ause

Questi
onTime:li
stfourexampl
esofsi
mpl
e,compl
exandcompoundsent
enceanddi
vi
det
hem i
nto
t
heirbasi
csentencepatt
ern.

"
Iti
swhaty
our
eadwheny
oudon'
thav
etot
hatdet
ermi
neswhatyouwil
lbe.
..
"
_OscarWi
lde.

Mor
eloadi
ng.
..I
DEMUDI
A HENRY(
ID)car
es
08088017212