CONSTRUCTION OF TWO STANDARD WOODEN OFFICE TABLE

BY

MUSTAPHA OLAWUNMI MOTUNRAYO

CEC/ND/20/10046

A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL

ENGINEERING, SCHOOL OF ENGNINEERING TECHNOLOGY, DELTA
STATE POLYTECHNIC, OGWASHI-UKU.

IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA (ND) IN CIVIL ENGINEERING

OCTOBER 2023
 DECLARATION
I here declare that i carried out the project work reported in department Civil
Engineering, School of Engineering Technology, Delta State Polytechnic, Ogwashi-
Uku, Under the supervision of Eng. Obazie Isioma

I also declare to the best of my knowledge no part of this report has been presented in
any previous work

_______________________ ___________________

MUSTAPHA OLAWUNMI MOTUNRAYO DATE

 CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this research work titled " CONSTRUCTION OF TWO
STANDARD WOODEN OFFICE TABLE" was carried out by MUSTAPHA
OLAWUNMI MOTUNRAYO with matriculation number CEC/ND/20/10046, in
accordance with The Requirements For The Award Of National Diploma (ND) In
Civil engineering.

___________________ _________________

ENG. OBAZIE ISIOMA DATE

(PROJECT SUPERVISOR)

____________________ _________________

ENG. UZUH EMMANUEL OYEISI DATE

(HEAD OF DEPARTMENT)

____________________ _________________

ENG. CHIEJINE C.M DATE

(DEAN, SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING)

 DEDICATION
I dedicate this project work God Almighty who has made it possible the author and
finisher of my faith.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My earnest intention to express my profound gratitude to Almighty God for his
enabling grace and all that have contributed or help in one way or the other to the
successful completion of my project.

I wish to express my gratitude to my project supervisor Engineer Obazie Isioma who

not only supervised in spite of his other pressing duties was able to read the whole
scripts thoroughly and carefully made useful suggestion and correction of my errors.

i wish to express my joy to my Mr and Mrs Mustapha for their moral and financial
support throughout the period of caring out the research work and my academic
pursuit.
 ABSTRACT
The Construction Work was done in the wood workshop. Wooden stool are of
various types, some types of stools include metal stools and plastics, the wooden
stool was construction using zte wooden plank and board used for the seating , the
construction process or steps includes marking out cutting and nailing sand after
construction has the dimension as follow lenght of stool 27 (inches)Top cover with a
1/2
inch down with 13 (inches) seat size 11 and 10 (inches) certain safety precautions
were observed during the construction process to avoid accidents and as well produce
error free stool. This study will be of immense benefit to academic students and other
research work this study contributes to knowledge and could serve as a guide for
other study. the research work is on the construction of wooden stool which can be
put to use in laboratories workshop.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE....................................................................................i

DECLARATION............................................................................................II

APPROVAL..................................................................................................III

DEDICATION..............................................................................................IV

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...........................................................................V

ABSTRACT..................................................................................................VI

TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................VII

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL INTRODUCTION.........................................1

1.0 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1

1.1 HISTORY OF STOOL..........................................................1

1.2 TYPES OF STOOLS.............................................................5

1.3 DIMENSION OF STOOL HEIGHT AND WEIGHT...........6

1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.............................................6

1.5 SIGNIFICANT OF THE STUDY.........................................6

1.6 SCOPE OF THE STUDY......................................................7

1.7 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY.........................................8

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................10

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................10

2.1 TYPE OF WOOD...............................................................................10

2.2 DIFFERENT BETWEEN SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD
12

2.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF WOOD.....................................13

2.4 WOOD STABILIZATION..................................................16

2.5 WOOD DEFECTS...............................................................17

2.6 CLASSIFICATION OF TIMBER.......................................17

2.7 CONSERVATION OF WOOD...........................................17

2.8 WOOD PROCESSING........................................................19

2.9 WOOD COMPOSITION.....................................................21

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY.....................................................29

3.0 METHODOLOGY.................................................................................29

3.1 WOOD QUALITY..............................................................29

3.2 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIAL SELECTION ...............29

3.3 CUTTING OF WOOD BY SIZE ........................................29

3.4 WOOD ASSEMBLY PROCESS.........................................29

3.5 FINISH.................................................................................30

CHAPTER FOUR: TEST AND RESULT...................................................32

4.0 TEST AND RESULT...................................................................32

4.1 FURNITURE TESTING STANDARDS.............................32

4.2 EQUIPMENTS USED FOR TESTING..............................33

4.3. VARIOUS TYPES OF TEST MADE ................................34

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS...........37

5.0 CONLUSION.......................................................................37

5.1 RECOMMENDATIONS.....................................................38
 CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Wooden office table is deign to suit the office in which the demand is made this
project demand that we construct two office table. The material of construction
should be a strong one since it is a product of wood like mahogany or afromasia
should be used for a construction to ensure long lasting of the items being made.

The working of wood was practiced in prehistoric times through more resent
countries, it has been on important occupation in it's many branches and man skilled
in using his hands to make things from wood has been an honoured way to providing
fittings that ensure comfortability.

Anyone with a little experience can identify some woods by their appearance if only
in very general terms. But even amongst the common woods is by microscopic
examination and as most of us do not have facility to do this, we have to go take the
world of the suppliers.

Trees and be broadly divided into hardwood and softwood. In most cases that is a fair
description of relative hardness, but there are a few softwoods harder than some
hardness. Most softwood come from coniferous needle leaved trees that keep their
leaves during the winter.

In the cooler parts of the world, while many hard woods grow in the tropics, but there
is a considerable range of both varieties in all sorts of climate. Softwoods grow
quickly, maturing in 20 to 50 years. Some of them are grown to be pulped and made
into newsprints. The relative density of hardwood are so done that they will not float
in water, building or similar work. Hardwood is preferred to softwood for durability
and toughness.

1.1 AIM OF THE PROJECT

The aim of this project is to construct two standards wooden office tables for
department of civil engineering.

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT

1. To reduce unnecessary movement

2. To make the office look more attractive
3. To increase work efficiency
4. To promote better Working environment

1.3 SCOPE OF THE WORK

The study covers the design and construction of two standard office tables. It includes
but not restricted of the use of brown medium destiny fibers board.

1.4 LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

The following are Limitations to the project

● Cost of the transporting the materials to the department of civil engineering

● Unavailability of materials nearby
● Unseriousness among students
● Inability to pay project money on time
● Financial constraint

1.5 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

There are many problems associated with construction of wooden office tables, one
of the problem is there are limited space which is small wooden desk, to lectures to
place their belongings such as documents, notes e.t.c so to overcome this problem,
we should design a large and long wooden desk that would be easy for lectures.
Furthermore large wooden desk could make left-handed person to be more
comfortable. We should design the thickness to make it strong, high quality of steel
legs desk to make sure desk is stable.

1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

● It will beneficial to students and instructors in the carpentry workshop.

● To seek Consideration regards to increasing people's comfortability and I
productivity as well as industrial strength durability.
● Serves as a source of reference material for both the students and the
supervisor who may be interested in making Research.
 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

 CHAPTER THREE

3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Methodology is the specific procedures or Techniques used to identify,

select process and analyse information about a topic. This chapter talks about the
procedures to carry out the construction work and description of tools applicable to
carry out the construction.

3.1 TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING WOODEN OFFICE TABLE

1. Chisel:

A woodworking chisel is a small hand tool with a categorically shaped blade. The
edge of the blade bears different angles and sharpness for serving different cutting
purposes. The blade remains mounted on a handle typically made of wood but can be
of other materials too.

Uses of chisel

Chisel plays a vital role in woodworking. It is used for carving out wood. The outline
of the design is laid using a chisel. It helps in making small detailed cuts with the
help of smaller chisels. It helps in creating tenos, paring and scraping

2. Clamps

A clamp is very useful tool in any workshop, it is a fastening tool. It holds an object
in a place to work without drifting. Clamps are of various types based on their
usability and structure but all of them have the same purpose of preventing
movement by applying inward pressure.

Uses of clamps
Clamps are used in almost every field of construction such as metal working,
welding, carpentry and soon. In wood working, its importance is immense. It holds
wood pieces in a place to make a cut.

Handsaw

The saws which are used by hand manually to cut objects are handsaws. A typical
handsaw includes a wooden handle and a sharp blade with numerous pointed teeth.
Handsaws are of different types based on structure, shape and size.

Uses of Handsaw

Handsaw are used in woodworking to cut through wood pieces or other material as
per the requirement. They can make small to large cuts.

Carpenter square

is basically a scale. This form of scale is the combination of 2 scale joint together at
90° angle. The 2 scale resemble two arms. The 2 scales resemble which is named
“blade" and the other is narrower which is called "tongue". The wider armmm is
about 2” wide, whereas the narrower one is 1.5” wide.

Uses of Carpenter's square

Woodworking requires alot of measurements to gain accuracy. A slight Mis-

measurement might lead to a huge crisis.

3. Level

The level is an unusual type of measuring instrument. This measuring tool consist of
a glass vial with liquid inside. It may have a glass barrel or a circular glass vial with
curved glass. The liquid is moderately filled in the vial to leave a bubble in it. As for
the liquid, usually alcohol is used in it due to it's low surface tension and viscosity.

Uses of level

The level is used for checking all those arrangements. The level is used in
woodworking to examine the accuracy of the alignment of woods. Not only the wood
piece, the blade of the saw, the worktable and the designated wood piece all have to
be aligned precisely for obtaining flawless cuts, the level is used for checking all
those arrangement.

4. Measuring Tape

Measuring tape is a flexible scaling instrument, these might come in different forms,
but all have the same purpose of measuring. There are measuring tapes of the metal
strip, plastic, ribbon, polymer and others. All of them have a linear scaling mark in it.

Uses of measuring Tape

It is used in everyday work for delivery precise measurements.

5. Centre punch

Punch is a tool made of metal with a pointed fine tip the handle of the tool is usually
broad and rounded to facilitate hammering. An iron hammer or wooden mallet is
used to strike on the broad handle to insert the pointed edge on the targeted object.
Uses of centre punch

They are used for engraving letters or numbers on wood pieces. It is also used for
duplicating patterns of marking on different pieces.

6. Claw Hammer
A claw Hammer is the most common wood working tools in any workshop. It will be
one of the must have woodworking tools in your list if you are a serious DIY guy or
enthusiastic woodworker. The claw Hammer is like a normal hammer has a T-shaped
structure with a small change.

Uses of claw Hammer

It makes the task a lot easier

The claw Hammer is used in woodworking to take out nails from wood pieces. The
claw of the hammer is very useful for the purpose. By inserting the claw on the nails
head, the hammer is used to pull the nail out forming a lever.

7. Sliding Bevel

Sliding Bevel is an essential woodworking tool. The tool includes a pivoting blade of
the tool, creates angles with it's pivoting mechanism. The desired angle is fixed on a
position with the help of the screw. The tool also have a varying screwing system.
Some have wing-nuts or some have thumbscrew and lastly the handle. A typical
sliding Bevel consists of a wooden handle. It can be plastic too.

Uses of sliding Bevel

The Sliding bevel is mainly used for marking angles on the wood. It plays a vital role
in wood working.

8. Block plane

block plane is a small accessible device. It is wooden device made for manual use. It
has a blade embedded on the bottom of the wooden frame. The blade is like a chisel
that consists of the bevel on one side and plane on the other. In a typical block plane,
the bevel side remains up leaving the flat part on the down. The angles must be
turned properly to make necessary cuts. The ergonomic structure makes it very handy
to use.

Uses of block plane

The block planes are used for giving a finishing touch to the completed work.

9. Sanding block

A sanding block is sanding paper holding device. It is one of the most basic
woodworking tools. It is a small box-like Object. The typical sanding block is square
in shape. But the structure and shape changes based on usability. Woodworkers
normally make it with wood.

Uses of sanding block

The sanding block’s main purpose is to stick the sanding paper on it.

10. Wood drilling machine

Drilling machines are used in the second phases of wood processing, producing holes
or slot in solid wood, and are mostly for industrial Applications.

CONSTRUCTIONAL PROCEDURE

The constructional procedures are as follows;

1. Selection of materials for construction

2. Sketching and drawing
3. Making out and cutting operation
4. Creation of mortise and tendon
5. Dressing
6. Assembling and joining
7. Sand-papering
8. Spraying and painting

Selection of materials for construction:

The first and foremost thing to select constructional materials needed for
construction.
Sketching and drawing:
The table to be construction was represent in an isometric drawing on a drawing sheet
using a pair of pencil, meter rule, and other drawing equipments.
Making out and cutting operation:
Drawing, the dimension was used to marked out and cutting the dimensional parts
was done into respective sections.
Dressing:
After the creation of tendon and mortise, jack plan was used to dress the area that
required dressing to achieve smoothness of dimensioned edges.
Assembling and joining:
However, the mortise and tendons which was created on the legs and rails was joined
together in order to get the frame work using try will look like.
Sand-papering:
After the assembling of the table, the entire surface of table was sand papered mother
to obtain a smooth surface for easy spraying and point.
Spraying and painting:
Finally, the constructed table was sprayed to bring out its esthetical nature using
compressor machine with spraying materials.
 CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The office table is a device used either for the reading and writing of any document.
The whole parts these office table includes the turned legs. The connection nail, The
backseat, The top of the table, the foam and the fabrics e.t.c Are fixed to effected
efficiency in using it.

Generally considering all the material of construction it could be seen that for
instance, mahogany and other wood have their individual merits. But point
comparison between them will definitely show that in General, mahogany wood has
lots of advantage over other wood. For instance methogany cannot be attack, other
woods by these factors while mahogany wood is suitable to wide range of mechanical
stability than the other wood.

So, it can be said that the advantage of first cost cheapness of soft wood over
hardwood is of nominal consequences by the disadvantage of softwood.

When considering the case also, the first cost of materials is even not taken as an
efficient indicator on which to base the selection of construction materials.
 CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSION

This table can be used for both reading and writing of anything like writing document
and marking student exam e.t.c. It discussed earlier, that office table will be a more
advantage to chemical engineering student and their lectures.

The procedures by which the construction of tables was made by making a plan view
of it by sketching it on a paper. Those by costing and estimating the amount of
material needed for the construction after which marking out the procedures were
carried out where the required dimension were considered. After which we cut it into
part and finally nailed it to get our office table.

We used mahogany and before choosing mahogany for the construction, we

compared it with other material and found out other material because some other
wood can be attacked by things like termites and insects. But mahogany is
advantaged to this effect as it has a natural resistance over those woods attacking by
organism thereby helping to assure it's durability.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

The major advantage of this office table over tables is that with the use of these office
tables you can do both the office work and school work as well as some document
and the writing of anything. We also want to recommend to everybody who wants to
construct to use mahogany because of it's high advantage over other wood. Like high
resistance to termite and its durability.