Chapter 8 Probability

8.1 Experimental probability& Theoretical probability

Learning objectives:
1. Understanding the concept of impossible events and
certain events.
2. Calculating the experimental probability and theoretical
probability.
 Unit 8 Probability

8.1 Experimental probability& Theoretical probability

8.2 Using gridsDesigner
to find probabilities
Quiz 8.1-8.2 0
8.3 Multiplying probabilities
8.4 Using tree diagrams to find probabilities
Unit Review
Unit Test 0
Review
Probability: the size of the probability for the occurrence
of an event.
Denoted as: P ( A)

Tips: 1. if event A is a certain event, then P ( A) = 1

2. if event A is an impossible event, then P ( A) = 0
3. if event A is a random event, then 0 < P ( A) < 1
P(E)=1: A certain event which has 100%
chance of happening is assigned a probability
of 1.
P(E)=0: An impossible event which has 0%
chance of happening is assigned a probability
of 0.
All other events are assigned a probability
between 0 and 1.
 Determine whether the following event is a certain event or an
impossible event?

• The sun will rise from the east tomorrow. Certain event
• Drawing a blue ball from a bag that only Impossible event
contains red balls.
• In a standard dice game, the rolled number
Certain event
will be between 1 and 6.
• The Earth suddenly stops rotating. Impossible event
• Drawing a card with the number 100 from a
standard deck of 52 playing cards. Impossible event
• The final exam has been cancelled Impossible event
Things to think about:
• Which side do you think the prism is most likely to finish on?
• How can we estimate the probability of the prism ending up
on a triangular face?
• How can the estimate be improved?
Sample space

{a triangular face, a square face, a rectangular face}

The outcomes of an experiment are the different

possible results we could obtain in one trial.
A sample space is the set of possible outcomes of an
experiment.
Find the sample space

Tossing a coin Rolling a dice

The number of elements in the The number of elements in the

sample space is 2 sample space is 6
Practice: Find the number of elements in the
following sample space:

• taking a ticket at random from a box containing

red and blue tickets 2

• twirling a spinner with 6 segments marked A, B,

C, D, E, and F.
6

• choosing at random a day of the week

7
List the sample space for the genders of a litter
of two puppies. Let MF represent 'the first is
male and the second is female'.

{MM, MF, FM, FF}

Things to think about:
• Which side do you think the prism is most likely to finish on?
• How can we estimate the probability of the prism ending up
on a triangular face?
• How can the estimate be improved?
 实验次数

结果的不同情况

频数（出现的次数）

概率probability
Find the experimental probability of:

• rolling a pair of sixes with a pair of dice given that

when they were rolled 300 times a double six occurred
9 times.
The theoretical probability of a particular event is
the theoretical chance of that event occurring in
any trial of the experiment.

In general, for an event E containing equally likely

possible results:
Example

A ticket is randomly selected from a basket

containing 3 green, 4 yellow and 5 blue
tickets.

Determine the probability of getting:

• a green ticket
• a green or yellow ticket
• an orange ticket
• a green, yellow or blue ticket
Complementary events
Example 2

Which of the events listed are complementary?

Getting a 6 and not getting a 6 are complementary events.

Getting 1or 2 and not getting a 1 or 2 are complementary events.
 Homework
Workbook A P23 Q 3 5 7
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