aA Oe aS RNa ee LS g TY AKA OMT _ Z ae M z TF JL IHL, ie ENGINEER =: THE ORIGINAL — FOR MODEL ENGINEERS Golden AO, cleats Caffi 25) of ar Sul) ig ' Home Foundry LNER B1 Winding Engine antl R usa Cte + ELC UOT La way to line your whistle pitch gets a pair of furnace perfect eo U ay CasS=SILVER CREST, MARKET LEADER IN LARGE SCALE, READY-TO-RUN, LIVE STEAM x “Ste, ee, Road ae 1012.3,45, 86 shown Anmbin Request your free brochure today Request your fee brochure foday by e-mail, telephone, o yeti the eavpen apposite Telephone: 01327 705 259 E:moil info@silvererestmodelsco.uke Find mora information at wewsilvercrestmedel.co.uke ANNOUNCING OUR FIRST FULLY MACHINED, BOLT-TOGETHER, KIT GWR 15xx CLASS FOR 5” GAUGE The GWR 15xx Class ‘Alten locomotives of the clas were constructed in 1949 of Swindon and entered service onthe “Western Region of Bifah Railways. They were employed on heavy shunting duis of London Pedinglon. 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Fee pif ny oder received within 28 doys ‘VISA Theorie tockinnow open nde oe GD top ocean your oa non Sra dopoct ret 8998 We il ues on iti pont £2,480 n Nay she mandacre prereset Soe porinr sf 2,150 yond fel poet SFE in cco Mownoe 2084 Sn oaen conelefon Request your fee brothre onde inew byretuing the coupon honing 1027708259 ease vond, how ligation, ry fee brochure ond ros sample it Ades: Po Code 1 Coteau Pork, Heatonde Busnes ek, Dovey, Nerhonptonte NNT YL ‘Compony registered number 7425348MODEL ENGINEER Publenedty Marton NIOR Imetratoe Crahare Chambers Publisher: Sve Oars CUSTOMER SERVICES GROUP HEAD OF INVESTMENT - Lifestyle & "Tractor Publication | wor talkmedia uk ‘Mason Pot rmason@talkmediaceuk Home Sele and sation manager Co Sth ‘Marketing manager Chori Pk ‘Commercial dvector: Publishing director ton Ux suteeptone oe 2eorates the purposes ‘of Value Add Tae Enquiries: subscriptions @mortons.co.uk PRINT AND DISTRIBUTIONS caer Unatnied cove by way of ade annexes tor as part of ary pubscaton o advert ery ‘rate mame whatsoever MORTONS keommedelgirersetshop @ Gi tet Ours www.model-engineer.co.uk IN THIS ISSUE Vol.232 No.4741 19 April - 2 May 2024 548 SMOKE RINGS News, views and comment on the world of model engineering, 549 A TWIN TANDEM COMPOUND ‘STEAM ENGINE ‘Graeme Quayle presents an interesting design {fora compound winding engine 554 A VISIT TO THE CROSSNESS ENGINES Robert Hobos vis rather grand and ‘mate pumping station in SouthEast Londen, 557 BUILDING 3020 CORNWALL INS INCH GAUGE Jim Clark bil 2 model of Francis Treviiok’s LNW 22-2 locomotive 559 THE STATIONARY STEAM ENGINE Ron Fitzgerald tel the story ofthe evelopment ofthe stationary steam engin. 563 THUNDERBIRDS! Henk-Jan de iter recalls an conic TV puppet show. 565 REDESIGNING A GAS BURNER Graham Astbury modifies TE. Haynes's ‘ginal buner design for a hot air engine {orun on propane rather than town ga. 567 THE AGM OF THE FEDERATION OF MODEL ENGINEERS Jin Arrowsmith reports from this years [AGM eld at the Boscombe Down Aviation Museum J] ON THE COVER... A Type 231 Paoife ofthe Chemins de Fer - eS ) 01580 890066 ¥ |AIDSTONE-ENGINEERING.COM | One stop model engineering shop 41.5” ALLCHIN READY TO RUNay OSes EER Tees AND SAVE Enjoy 12 months for just £68 PRINT ONLY PRINT + DIGITAL DIGITAL ONLY Quarterly direct debit for£19 — Quarterly direct debit for £22" _1 year direct debit for £50" year direct debit for £68 year direct debit for £85° year credit/debit card for £54" year credit/debit card for £74 1 year credit/debit card for £88" >> Free UK delivery to your door or instant download to your digital device PAST OU MEU tie CMS URES PaCS se ET RU)classicmagazines.co.uk/MEDPS @ 01507 529529 MEDPSChanging Times them as a ‘nuisance’ and that with the name ofthe Over the Easter weekend! _not'eal' model engineers. article. Any content inthe Visited gardenrailwayin "They dont know how to drive message wil notbe relevantto Lincolnshire. twas good it, they dont ow how tothe ote. (This keeps counting ‘to see many old friends maintain it’, ‘what happens the votes simple for me.) again but the emphasis when it goes wrong? ~ these Alternatively if you don't have isontheword od. We are alllegtimate complaints access to emal, you can wte SMOKE are all getting older and but they also represent an tome with your vote. Inthe one ofthe main topics opportunity, The fst isthat___event ofa te the editor wl of conversation was these enthusiastshave atleast have the casting vote. and not being able to locomotive (at significant in June, enjoy our hobby as we expense) and joining the club used to. Times are changing ~ and they have paid their IMLEC \ = a8 they always do subscriptions. New members Here sa reminder that if you Ourhobbyis changing too are what clubs need and so. wish to compete in MLE = again asitalwayshas.it| they shoulddo everything they this year you need to get your isafterall onlyfora couple canto-encourage new entrants application in soon. |hope that af hundredyears orso that tothe hobby. Our discussion in you wil ready have applied we havehad the modern Lincolnshire focussed on what to Ben Pavier (publcty@ Centrelathe or standardised clubs could do tocultvate the southportmodelengieering screw threads. Mary model interest ofthese new members, club or mobile 07882 255848) engineers sil remember using The two most important things, for an application form or atreadle lathe. It seems the weagreed, were involvement requested one via the website fateof technological progress and education -get the new These should then be retumed steadily accelerates and members behind alocomotive to Ben. The closing date for DIANE now we have CAD, CNC, 3D fas soon as possible, teach applications is May 10th. Al printing and laser cutting, and them how to drive well, show This year's event is promising Allessily accessible Ihave them howtolookaftertheir to berather more than just a omitted nvestmentcasting locomotive. In other words, competion. We are promised asthatis infact one ofthe turn theminto ‘real model’ _trade stands, including Polly Oldest technologies we use engineers. Akey dea that Mode! Engineering and the Anclent Egyptians used came up was that clubs craft stalls. marquee wl ittomake goldjewellery, for shouldassigna'mentor to _be avallable so getting wet example. new members to guide them when trans will be optional Other aspects of our hobby through the process. There willbe lve music on have changed to. There Is ves,times are changing, Saturday evening and food will no denying thatitisasmaler but there are plenty of be availble. Currently his is hobby than itwas. Amajor opportunities for clubs to adapt _lkely tobe either curry or chil factor, think is thatthe sklls tochange and tomaintain Travelodge and Premier inn ofthe workforce have changed and encourage interest in our are nearby and camping is also overtime andfar ewer people hobby. avaliable are vained nthe sks that So ~ this isnot just any old underpin model engineering. Bradford Cup competion, this is a Southport remember we had woodwork The nominations for the MEC event and takes place and metalwork lasses at Bradford Cup are nowinand from Friday to Sunday, July School which atleast provided ifstime to stat voting! The T9th~ 21st. Further detail everyone withthe basic sklls, Cup isawardedtothebest_ can be found on the web at but thatappears no longer to” article or series in Mode! southportmodelengineeing bethe.case. This represents Engineer during the year ub higher barrier for entryto 2023, We have hed only three the hobby. One result is that nominations again this year, 2s many who come into the follows ME | tot ro longer build their The Stationary Steam Engine Martin Evans can own locomotives ~ they buy — Ron Fitzgerald Reaneence ue them second hand or new Radial Valve Gears Again ~ Record one from an increasing umber Duncan Webster ppm umes oF of manufacturers oras'boltit Fire Queen ~ Luker ier oes together kits Please register your vote with eee This represent a challenge me before the end of May ~ in the form of items to clubs. Purchasers of ‘one vote of course per reader. a ‘teadymade'locomotives The simplest way of doing (commsene we wrtidies. need to join a club if they are this is by email (MEeditor@ oranaeases Torenew abo create moronscouk). niet case . or therlocomative butt _please stant the subject ne peaieromotons.cok is too easy to see many of, with ‘Bradford Cup’ and follow 548 Model Engineer 19 April 2024A Twin Tandem Compound Steam Engine PART 2 “aa! a in Figs | . Whee — Graeme Bene) Teli aces so Sel Quayle mms 2 presents ee his own design for a (Bora peste Poets —f compound winding oe pues 1 engine. — hee le be Continued om p25 Wa Pit. 1| 4 we araa apa Si To Go a ec yt te 4 + 3) et ° ° ow Pressure Cylinder Low pressure cinder. the machining of the T sits nr co with the square blocks. ‘The holes for the bronze bushes were bored and the tone face was also skimmed at that time. That face should be marked so that itis used tomate to adjoining parts to ensure al the built-up parts = for the cylinder assemblies are kept truly inline. On my gras pi engine | added a pad to the i 7 base of the HP cylinders to 7 ‘make them up to the same A k level as the base on the LP " i} cylinder (figs 3 and 4). This LLRs ‘can be done away with if a 62mm long square piece of two inch square is used for Heh ress exter sha the HP cylinders, They were then spigotted together and High Pressure cinder. the mounting faces machined >= www.model-engineer.co.uk 549The clamping parts showing the stepped spigot, used again fr dling of the hoes. with a fy cutter (photo 4). The cylinder mounting holes for the HP and the LP cylinders were then drilled and tapped (photos Sand 6), The tapered connector was machined out of round aluminium bar and the first stage was to rough out the smaller end leaving a good chucking boss (photo 7 and fig 5). The second stage was to bore out the tapered inside and finish the outside portion of the big end (photo 8). Then by gently holding the part, the small half was finish tured (photo 9). Continuing with the connectors, the side holes were milled with a long series rill withthe vice angled to do the sloping sides (photo 10). ifa long series milling cutter is not available then each side can be done separately as these cut ‘outs only give access to the gland nuts. The trunk guides were then prepared and the parts silver soldered together (photo 11). After they had been cleaned up ‘and the flange face machined ‘square to the bore they were Final stage nshng the ouside. iling te side holes with fon series mil, 550 Model Engineer 19 April 2024COMPOUND ENGINE Dill 12 holes Dil 18 holes Dutt e102 515. fuspaced aul spocea ‘Tapan2 . B26ons Pc Bieon8 Poo. Cylinder Joiner 5 5--45~ Dri 1 holes at ar02 nora ape i Dri oles i eoanes Po cae equispoced ns / Topmn? GBeonaspco ‘gholesequespaced Low Pressure Cylinder Cover. ~~ ani¢2 too M25 High Pressure Cylinder Cover cylinder Covers And Joiner Section drt umintrn, 2 ff each, Oyinder covers and joiner section. The silver soldered trunk guides. set into the milling vice and the the driligs are being used slots milled (fig 6). Cautionary For the drilling of the radial rote here -the slots shouldbe holes in the various parts | opened out gradually and most made two drill jigs; the smaller important the milling cutters round one has a spigot hole in should be sharp (photo 12). the centre to match the bore of The other end covers.can be the HP cylinder and the other ‘machined up at this stage so larger square drill jig has the that they can be drilled while bore to suit the LP cylinder ling the sot inthe trunk guides. 551 www.model-entee © te Tee Brass oer, dil with Sof solder brass 74 (Basho man bush Bee doen. tmough [79 bea + / a SP een [72m é fobush Pi ve ot + AS TRebete bronze bush —~ Inopress dex Imm sumoetce —(\_Estersolterin pace Lg inetobore corer raze bush 9 =! orbusn ann Trunk Guide rn Dalsholes 208 Cylinder Covers And Trunk Guide Satta Soff eh LP Inner End Cover Matt Aluminium, 2 off Cylinder covers and trunk guide. The smalcircle dil ig dling the tapered part. The smal circle cig ding the HP cinder. 552 Model Engineer 19 April 2024The small crcl dil fg crilng the unk guide. The basic HP comector piece and LP cylinders assembled. (photos 13, 14, 15 and 16). The holes in the LP cylinder needed to be lined up to the ones in the HP cylinder and connector. By clamping the parts together, small punch was used to www.model-engineer.co.uk ‘mark the top hole in the LP cylinder, then the large drill jig was used to drill the holes inthe LP cylinder (photo 17), The holes in the outer ends of the cylinders do not have The onder components wth al redial oles done. to be exactly right radially (photo 18) Afterall the holes had been drilled it was time to tap the threaded holes and to drill out the clearance holes as COMPOUND ENGINE required. Drilling and tapping of the many holes is a time- ‘consuming job for which an aluminium tapping fluid is essential as well asa tapping lig to hold the taps straight. There are well over 200 tapped holes in the cylinders alone so if tapping holes snot your thing then do not start this model. At this stage the components were assembled to check that all was okay (photo 19). The final photograph shows the parts with all the radial holes done = still plenty more holes to do though (photo 20). (Tobe continued. 553A Visit to the Crossness Engin Robert Hobbs visits a preserved pumping station in South East London. Continued from p.531 M4740 ApailS Grossness ‘Amodel ofthe revised engine configuration. the fourengines in the Victoria, Prince Consort, Albert four plunger pumps with a building set around the Edward, and Alexandra. Watt _pair of nine foot diameter central octagon, were and Co. up-graded the engines pumps shifting over six tons of originally supplied by James —_in 1889 and again in 1892 sewage at each stroke. Anew Watt and Co. in 1864 and were when Benjamin Goodfellow engine house was builtin 1898 named aftermembers of the and Co. Of Hyde, Manchester, where Flemming and Ferguson royal family at that time,namely replaced each of the engines’ _ installed two triple expansion The main beam of Prince Consort. Themain beam pivot 554 Model Engineer 19 April 2024Panels onthe upper octagon, restored and urestred. aly, ‘eran, one ofthe two unrestored engines and pumps in 1899 and in 1901 Benjamin Goodfellow ‘and Co. commenced upgrading the original engines. The single cylinder and piston of each engine was replaced by anew triple cylinder arrangement, Which entailed rebalancing the engine with an intermediary beam and counterweights. In photo 12 a model of the engine installation operation www.model-engineer.co.uk isillustrated within the engine house. Ascending the beautifully detailed and painted staircase to the beam floor the enormity of the main beam is brought into perspective, weighing in at 47 tons each and moving so gracefully it is difficult to believe you are witnessing an engineering marvel that is over 158 years old, Photograph 13 shows the main beam on Prince Consort with the second engine, Victoria, undergoing its restoration in the background, The bright steel work of the James Watt straight line ‘mation on Prince Consort is finished to an incredibly high standard, as are al the controls, and valve gear on the engine, Photograph 13 shows the level of finish is extremely high and CROSSNESS a credit to the volunteers who look after this magnificent engine. Photograph 14 shows. the massive plummer block that provides the pivot for the ‘main beam and, once again, the {quality of the painting and lining of the installation is evident and this quality is further illustrated in photo 15 which shows a section of the upper octagon with a ‘before’ and ‘after’ painted panel. The main beams ‘supporting the roof of the building and their end supports were not neglected in their design extravagance with the ‘MBW logo being cast in each tend bracket, which was also ‘mounted on a carved pedestal at the lower end, These beams ‘and supports are shown in photo 16. The two remaining engines at the eastern end of the building are unlikely to be restored; the aim of the trust isto stabilise them so they do not deteriorate further. These two engines are no less impressive despite their dirty and dusty situation, Photograph 17 shows the main beam of Alexandra sitting serenely lke a sleeping giart. It was probably the sheer size of these four beams, 47 tons each, that saved these engines from being scrapped and dismantled in 1957 thanks to the significant economic problem of dealing with them in situ Having been wowed by the beautifully finished upper level of the Prince Consort engine, we returned to the lower floor ‘and were once again impressed by the overall beauty of it (photos 18 and 19). At this, time we were fortunate enough to be in conversation with the afternoon Engine Operative, Ray Fleming (photo 20). Ray > 555ra%a8 explained the working ofthe Porter governor (photo 21) that was beng readied for Veta tnd how the fora which werthought looked Ike sh scales (photo 22) was in fact representative ofthe waves inthe nearby Thames The grating floors together wth the ental octagon alowed ha s the natural ight to penetrate Vic's Pre goer, the ower levels and einate the accumulation ofthe ghly explosive methane gag a derivate of sewage, Candle, 88 and ol lghting were, of Course totally inappropriate. Prince Consort had been Stationary fora while and we were ited ose the restart Using the stam powered baring engine Thisis the square box on te let hand side of the main fyheel in photo 23. This small engine Fanoeuwes the massive 52 ton ywheel into the correct poston by engaging with teth tround the ywheel periphery This puts the valves inthe correct poston forthe engine to start running. n photo 24 you can see an arous the forge The fywheel is catin sections and Main wheel wih accompanying baring engine Jone 556 +, CC? 0690064, 9%6' eSeSCa” 4 ofe%6: gSeeCee ofo tate ee CeECSECC? Ge ose: vateeseses efeletete ratiecerere! Fish scale pattem onthe floor representing the waters of The Thames. of the flywheel; this is where {wo of the cast sections of the flywheel are joined. It se appropriate to finish our here withthe start-up of one of these magnificent engines. This is defintely a site worth visiting, whether you are an engineer or not; the people are friendly and the engines are magnificent. The valve house has an exhibition of pumping machinery and the engineering workshop has ‘an impressive array of lathes, and milling machines ete. sufficient to handle most refurbishment repairs on site The Trust has an ongoing plan committed to preservation, ‘education and awareness of the responsibilities of looking after this magnificent piece of Victorian engineering Many thanks to all of the volunteers on site, especially Bob and Ray for the most interesting discussions, for Kevin Ridley for patiently ‘answering my questions and to The Crossness Engines Trust. This can all be found at: The Old Works Thames Water S.7.W., Bazalgette Way London SE29AQ Tel, 0208311 3711 www. crossness.org.uk We are grateful to the Trust for allowing the publication Of this article in the Model Engineer magazine. Model Engineer 19 April 2024BUILDING 3020 CORNWALL in 5 Inch Gauge .... Jim Clark builds the famous LNWR 2-2-2 - the first locomotive earmarked for preservation. Continued from p.499 MEA740 ApailS ‘Smokebox and chimney details The smokebox as close as possible to the Ihad an off-cut of a large This is a very important item, original (fig 14) bronze hollow bar which | being literally front and centre The smokebox barrel was brazed into the end to form of the locomotive as you look rolled up from some 3mm. the door mounting ring. For atit,soltook some time and stainless steel sheet and convenience, | cast a brass effort o try andgetit looking —‘TIG welded alongthe seam. _—_slug which I Could machine up. es This shows the completed smokebox door, placed onthe ‘photo of the fullsize engine for comparison. think the model ‘oor tuned out tobe a pretty good replica of the rea thing! ough door casing at let barrel fabrication at ight 587Turing the door casting. The next job ensure the bast pipes clrected sralgh up the cent itvertca. For completeness, view inside the smokebox ofthe completed engine, showing the exhaust manifold peticoat and other interalitings br jokebox (photo 33). This, a In fact, | a great da Heres the smokebox and chimney completed, painted and ited. and working chassis and Iwas very satisfying seei able to test run the engine on otating under their own forthe smokebox door itself castings that | used in the power forthe first time! (photos 27 to 32). This turned whole build, but it could just as ‘out to be one of the only two easily be turned up from a slice Tobe continued, Model Engineer 19 April 2024The Stationary Steam Engine PART 56 - THE HIGH-PRESSURE STEAM ENGINE AND THE FIRST CORNISH STEAM WHIM ENGINES ; with the water pressure Ron Fitzgerald takes a Seat iaten a Tsk. look at the history and partly a reaction against development of the Boulton and Watt's restrictive stationary steam engine. practices but it was to bring significant positive consequences, Water engines Continued from p.462, were safely operating with Me. 4739, March 22, pressures up to 100 psi, whereas the Watt type engine rately approached 10 psi. Trevithick must have observed that such pressures meant ‘greater power with a relatively smaller cylinder diameter. Itwas also suspected that the water pressure engine operating without a draught tube incurred only a marginal loss of power which raised ‘the analogous question, what would the effect be on the steam engine if the condenser was removed and the steam pressure was correspondingly raised to compensate for the loss? Trevithick turned to Davies Giddy for a theoretical ‘answer to such questions, Giddy was three years older than Trevithick. His father, the Rev. Edward Giddy, was @ keen ‘amateur mathematician and after personally tutoring his son he sent him to study under the Rev. Malachy Hitchins, an Oxford trained mathematician who had worked with the Astronomer Royal, Nevil Maskelyne (ancestor of the Model Engineer's J.N.M). At the age of 17, Giddy joined the Bristol mathematical ‘academy of Benjamin Donne where he stayed for three years, subsequently attending Pembroke College, Oxford, and graduating M.A. in June, www.model-engineer.co.uk 11789. Giddy's competence in mathematics and the sciences was outstanding; amongst his achievements was one of the earliest English appreciations of Eulerian calculus, at that time an almost exclusively continental affair that, once accepted in Britain, was to supplant Newtonian fluxions as the mathematical orthodoxy. In 1791 Giddy was elected @ Fellow of the Royal Society and was later president. He was also a member of the Royal Institution and promoted his fellow Comishman, Humphrey Davy, as a candidate for his first scientific post as Demonstrator of Experiments inthe Institution's laboratory, Although heavily involved in London's intellectual society he maintained his native roots with a home in Cornwall. He was High Sheriff for the county from 1792 to 1793 and MP. for Helston and Bodmin. To the confusion of historians, Giddy changed his name to Davies Gilbert in 1816 when his father-in-law died, leaving Giddy his property in Sussex. By 1790, as an established consultant in matters of engineering he was on intimate terms with Thomas Telford whom he frequently advised The Comnish steam engine builders relied heavily upon his knowledge and in contending with the Comishmen, Boulton ‘and Watt found cause to fear him as an adversary, In 1839 J. Enys had written to him enquiring about his relationship with Richard Trevithick. Gilbert replied: about the year 1796 I remember hearing from Mr. Jonathan Hornblower that a tall and strong young man had made his. ‘appearance among engineers and that on more than one ‘occasion he had threatened some people who contradicted him to fling them into the engine shaft, In the latter part of November that year | was called to London to witness in a steam engine cause between Messrs. Boulton and Watt and Maberley. There | believe that | first saw (Mr. Richard Trevithick Jun, and certainly there | frst became acquainted with him. Our correspondence commenced soon afterwards and he was frequently in the habit of calling at Tredrea to ask my opinion on various projects that occurred to-his mind—some of them very ingenious and others so wild as ‘not to rest on any foundation ata (On one occasion Trevithick ‘came to me and inquired with great eagerness as to what | apprehended would be the loss of power in working {an engine by the force of steam raised to the pressure of several atmospheres but instead of condensing to let the steam escape. | of course answered at once that the loss of power would be one ‘atmosphere diminished power. (compensated for)... by the saving of an air pump with its friction and in many cases with the raising of condensing water. | never saw a man more delighted and | believe that within @ month several puffers were in actual work. Giddy confirmed Trevithick’s intuitive idea that the separate 559‘condenser might be eliminated without detriment if the engine was worked with a compensatory higher steam pressure. Unfortunately, Giddy does not give a precise date for the meeting but it must hhave been later than November 1796, the date which he gives for the Homblower/Maberley legal challenge. Firm dates are also lacking for the events that followed butit would seem that a series of models were built a progenitors to Trevithick’s fulkscale development of the non-condensing, high pressure steam engine. The source for this information Is Francis Trevithick, whose ‘mother, Jane, provided the original account (ref 289). Mrs. Trevithick recalled a model of a high-pressure engine built by William West in 1796 or 1797. West (1751-1831) was an established Cornish clockmaker and a versatile craftsman who was said by James Bolitho to have worked with Trevithick and Bull on ‘the Ding Dong engine in 1792 (ref 290). He was married to Joanna, daughter of the Hayle ironfounder, Edmund Harvey and sister of Jane who married Richard Trevithick. West was, tobe closely associated with Trevithick for the next twenty- five years, ‘Apparently, the model described by Mrs. Trevithick was made to support her husband's case in an impending law suit with Boulton and Watt of which no further evidence has come to KENSINGTON MODEL. Francis Treithic’s engraving ofthe second mode 560 light. The model was made of brass and the boiler resembled an iron kettle with a fire underneath. She remembered Davies Gilbert acting as stoker whilst blowing the bellows whilst Lady Dedunstanville was engine man. Jane Trevithick’s statement represents the extent of surviving knowledge concerning this, the first ‘model high-pressure engine. The description of the steam. generator as kettlelike gives the impression that it was probably modelled upon the ‘common brewers tun or haystack boiler and that it had a solid fuel fre which would require artificial drafting with bellows to sustain combustion. Jane Trevithick also described a second model which Francis identifies and illustrates in the Life (ref 291 and figs 179 and 180). She said thatit was built shorty after the first model and that it was capable of moving under its own power, describing how itran around the table. Through the agency of Francis, the model was identified in the eighteen-sixties as surviving in Manchester and eventually came into the possession of the Patent Office Museum, latterly the Science Museum. (ln 1804 the model was held by Whitehead and Co,, Soho Iron Works, Manchester, who were said to have used it as a guide when manufacturing Trevithick style engines. It passed into the hands of Joseph Radford's family in 1810 and remained so until 1850 when it was donated to the Patent Office Museum.) Jonathan Mins gave ita date of 1796 (ref 292) but this is almost certainly his interpretation of Francis Trevithick’s dates of 1796 or 11797. In the light of Giddy's statement regarding the date of his frst meeting with Trevithick, 1797 is probably more accurate. The boiler shell is made of beaten and soldered copper ‘and contains an internal ‘firebox’ at one end but without any exhaust flue system or chimney. According to Trevithick, the boiler was filled with boiling water and ebulltion was maintained by placing a piece of red-hot iron into the fire chamber, a technique used to heat tea urns at that period. The single, vertical, double- acting, cylinder has a bore of 1.55 inches and a stroke of 3.4 inches (fig 181). Itis located at the opposite end to the fire chamber and is sunk vertically into the boiler. Steam admission and exhaust are controlled by a semi-otative plug cock actuated by & vertical valve rod connected to and reciprocating with the crosshead. The valve rod is slotted anda lever connected to the plug cock is inserted into the slot tobe alternately tripped open and closed as it strikes the upper and lower ends of the slot. The two driving wheels of the model are rotated by cconneeting rods from the crosshead to crank pins set into the wheels. A single, smaller diameter, third wheel Is attached to the underside of the boiler atthe firing end. (One of the driving wheels has a {gear attached to its rim which engages with a spur wheel ona stub axle that carries a flywheel. This flywheel served to regularise the piston cycle butit was also a possible power take-off. Small screw Jacks are mounted under the driving wheel bearings which raised the wheels above the {ground when the engine was to be used as a stationary power This model represents 2 substantial departure from established beam engine practice for in addition to being an exploration of the potential for a high-pressure, ‘non-condensing steam engine it also provided the means to avoid Watt's other patents. By the direct connection between the piston rod and the crank, Trevithick secured rotative ‘motion without reference to the parallel motion patent and to a lesser extent, the ‘sun-and-planet gear patent, both enforceable until 1800, Itis a compact and portable source of rotative power and, as Trevithick would have appreciated, it could be readily Model Engineer 19 April 2024Trevithicks second mode is now in the Science Museum's collections. applied to meeting the need for shaft winding minerals There had been @ number of previous attempts to use ‘steam for the purpose of ‘mineral winding where horse and waterwheel power was not viable. Smeaton had designed a combined steam pumping engine and water wheel for Walker Colliery in ‘Northumberland and towards the end of the eighteenth- century atmospheric engines with cranks and weighted connecting rods had also been used to drive winding barrels; several were in use at the Middleton Colliery in Leeds by 1800. Steam winding became amore effective proposition with Watt's rotative engine. The earliest use of the Watt rotative engine in the Comish ‘mines was at Wheal Maid in 1784 when a non-reversing engine with sun-ané-planet ‘motion was applied to winding. It was not unduly successful as it was difficult to stop the engine with sufficient accuracy when landing loaded corves. www.model- The engine was removed and reerected at a South Wales coal pit but retumed ‘to Cornwall in 1806. Watt rotative engines were later used with more success at Curwen's Workington collieries and in 1794 Thomas Barnes Introduced them into the Newcastle coalfield at Walker Colliery to replace the Smeaton combined atmospheric steam engine and waterwheel winder Bames' Walker engine was a double-acting machine, gear- driving a winding bareel with ‘wo contra-wound ropes for raising and lowering the corves simultaneously. The loading was partially balanced by the Use of a heavy chain, winding onto a smaller barrel carried fon an extension of the main winding drum axle. As the chain Unwound it was hung in a pit so that the counterpoise weight was proportional to the length of freely suspended chain. Although the Life tries to advance a claim for Trevithick building winding engines as early as 1797, there is nothing THE STEAM ENGINE ‘TREVITHICKS LOCOMOTIVE MODEL. ‘Drawing of the cylinder ofthe Science Museum Model, The Science Museum’ collections) In the book to support anything before 1800 and Arthur Titley's paper to the Newcomen Society (ref 293) also offers no evidence for any winding engine previous to that date. The earliest engine referred toby Francis Trevithick with @ positive date was delivered ‘0 Wheal Hope in 1800. In 11800 Trevithick disbursed: For carrying the engine to Wheal Hope 10s 6d Francis Trevithick assumed that this was a self-contained engine on the lines of the ‘model, with winding gear and boiler, sufficiently small to be transported between mines. (If the Wheal Hope Mine referred ‘to was the same as that later famous for Grose’s 60 inch engine, then it was near to the Herland Mine in Gwinear where the last of Bull's engines had been erected in 1798 and with which Trevithick was almost certainly involved.) Another winding engine from 1800 is noted when Trevithick received 350 guineas from a Me. Millett for a steam whim, ‘a contraction of the word whimsy, the Cornish vernacular for winder. (The extract from the account book in the Life hhas Willet but Francis later refers to him as Mr. Millet) Titley (ref 294) suggests that Humphrey Millet may have been the Millett in question as he had interests in the East and West Great Works Mines and a further mine called Wheal Millett situated near to the Ding Dong mine. Ttley was also tempted to connect Millet’s ‘name with an engine at Wheal Malkin, pethaps one of Ding Dong's lodes, for which a crank was delivered in 1800. In the ‘same year another crank was conveyed to Wheal Margaret which in the following year was referred to as: P'd Mr. Harvey for Glasson’s Work at the We. Margaret Whim £19. 14. 00 third whim identified by Tiley was recorded at Trevenen Mine in November 1801. Further to the east of Wheal Hope, in the group of mines surrounding Dolcoath, a cluster of whim engines had appeared at about the same time. John Vivian told Francis Trevithick that he remembered: .when alittle boy in 1801/2 carrying the pay money to his uncle Captain Andrew Vivian for the ‘men working at Trevithick’s new high-pressure whim engine 561Which he favourably compares to the more complex plug rod {and tripped lever system of the Watt engine. Two other valves were used to regulate the stream supply from the boiler and the water feed to the boiler. The steam pressure Is stated by Trevithick to have been 25psi. Captain Thomas, the manager at Cook's Kitchen when Trevithick was pursuing his enquiries, said that the engine was erected by Trevithick in 1800 or 1801. At that time, it was drawing fram the 264 fathoms and the gross winding weight including the cchain was 70 cw, the mineral ineach kibble amounting to about 6 oF 7 ew (©To.be continued. REFERENCES: Ref 289 Trevithick, Life op. cit, p.103 Ref 290 Life Vol p. 61 Ref291 Op. cit, Life. Plate 3 opp. P.104. Ref 292 Model Roiwoy Engines, JE. Minn. ub, Octopus Books The Cook's Kitchen high-pressure condensing, beam, whim engine. at Stray Park mine. Crowds of high pressure steam with a ‘people came to see it. Boulton and Watt air pump. I Henry Vivian (Andrew's son) had a wooden beam. As a boy worked the first Trevithick high he watched the engine with the pressure puffer whim engine __beam...he also saw engines at Stray Park. It worked with a with beams and without beams. four-way cock and puffed the Vivian's account identifies, waste steam into the air; it was ‘a wonder at that time. James Richards worked with the Stray Park engine in its last days at that location in 1835, before it was moved to Camborne Vean and says that: Henry Vivian was the first ‘man to work her; she used to be called the first steam whim in Cornwall John Vivian added details of the engine and another whim engine at the same mine Captain Joseph Vivian about 1800 or 1801 saw Trevithick’s first puffer whim engine in Stray Park Mine. The cylinder was in the boiler and the piston rod worked horizontally. Trevithick put up another whim engine at the same mine working with ‘wo types of high pressure Whim engine working at Stray Park Mine between 1800 and 11801. The first was a combined engine and boiler with a horizontal cylinder inserted into the boiler. The engine exhausted to atmosphere whence the name puffer. The second had a conventional beam and an air pump indicating that condenser was used but the steam was supplied at higher pressure. Henry Clark is also cited by Francis Trevithick as recalling high-pressure condensing type whim engines in addition to ‘the non-condensing puffer and another witness, the youthful Charles Swaine, watched the wood beam: ... of Captain 562 1975 p.15 Ref 293 Richard Trevithick Dick's first high pressure steam and the Winding whim... going up and down. She Engine, TNS. VolX was not a puffer. 1929-30 Pp 55-68 ‘A further correspondent Ref 294 Titleyop. cit p. 57. of Francis Trevithick, Hugh Hunter, mentions that two other whims close by, in Cook’s itt kitchen, which worked with @- NEXT TIME condenser and set to work: long before | saw them. One of these engines was still working at Cook's Kitchen in 1869 and was illustrated by Francis in the Life (fig 182). ‘The cylinder was 19 inches in diameter by 5 feet stroke. ‘The drawing shows a Watt condenser and an air pump located together in a water filled cistern on the flywheel side of the bob wall Francis makes a point of saying that the parallel motion differed from Watt's more usual version but it was in fact the Z-type included in Watt's patent but used only infrequently by him. Again, a fourway cock controls the steam supply Trevithick patents the high-pressure steam engine. Model Engineer 19 April 2024Thunderbirds! ocother TV series using | and puppetry has had so = much impact and success as 4 Thunderbirds, the brainchild of expenences. Gerry and Sylvia Anderson. It the spell of was a further development of Supermarionation. their Supermarionation (ef 1) sees inthe early 1960 The name Thunderbirds was derived from an airfield called Thunderbird inthe USA and the series was launched on television by the TV Network inthe UK in 1965 and 1966. was also broadcast in around 30 countries worlwide, such as The Netherlands, Canada, Australia, New-Zealand and Tracy Island. Japan. twas filmed by APF craft was controlled by one of __ the popular cowboy western Films and distributed by TC the fve sons series Bonanza, a8 Syivia Entertainment, consisting of Other characters are Anderson felt thatthe series 32 episodes during a twoyear Grandma Tracy, Brains the should also appeal to the whole schedule engineer, Tin-Tinthe assistant family watching at home and Kyrano, Noto be left " The story outis Lady Penelope wither Technical aspects Ina nutshell the story plays personal chauffeur Parker, The puppets were made around the organisation IR- driving along in their pink from around 30 (mechanical) (international Rescue), manned modified Rolle Royce, the components, of which a by the Tracy familyon a remote FAB 1. ‘solenoid (ref 2) was the most island inthe Pacific Ocean, Gerry Anderson was important part, because doing all kinds of rescue inspired bythe idea tohave it synchronized the ip missions. The leader of the anorganisaton that could movements ofthe mouth of Dackisexastronaut Jeff Tracy, instantly send out special the puppet. The heads were Bssisted by his five sons. At’ rescue equipment worldwide mainly made from plasticine their disposal are several incase of anemergency. The or clay and ited with 10 advanced hightech vehicles, five sons were named after the tungsten (ref 3) steal wires for aircraft and spacecraft Mercury 7 astronauts, Scott movement and modified tape- The most important are the Carpenter, John Glenn Virgl decks were used to convert the Thunderbirds 1,2,3,4 and 5, Grissom, Gordon Cooper and feed of dialogue into electronic made for the film by Master Alan Shepard. The father and pulses to move the lips. Models, Middlesex, and each _sons idea was influenced by i ‘Anice feature ofthe Matchbox TB are the spring-loaded pullout legs ‘Thundetbirds 1 hypersonic rocketplane underneath and operated by two push Engineer rans explinng the working buttons ontop. ‘ofone of his spacecraft design TB 3. 563Thunderbird 2 supersonic transport airraft unloading ts TB 4 utility submersible When the series progressed, rods instead of wires were installed out of the studio floor. The faces themselves were moulded after some famous actors, like Sean Connery. All this was filmed in a scenic diorama in the APF Film studios where model kits from buildings, vehicles and aircraft were used as the main starting point and subsequently altered and modified for the film. Layouts showing rock formations were made from painted blocks of polystyrene, ‘a material not unfamiliar to ‘modelmakers. Special scale effects and weathering techniques, designed by Derek Meddings (who was later also involved in James Bond and Superman films), were used to add more realism to the episodes. Studio sound effects were used but they often also recorded sounds from outside, such as from aircraft flown by the RAF ‘aerobatic high precision flight display team, The Red Arrows. Merchandise Toy companies soon recognised its potential and designed all kinds of ‘toys around the subject Thunderbirds, For example, Matchbox introduced, in 1992, the Tracy Island’, which was such a smashing success that itimmediately sold out and has been a collectors’ item ever since. Diecast scale models entered the toy market, such as the famous Dinky-Toys Rolls- Royce FAB 1 in its original pink colour and the equally famous green Matchbox Thunderbird 2 spacecraft, both a valuable Tracy family discussing th damaged contin ofthe Mole, a vice used for underground tunneling 564 (Chauffeur Mr. Parker inspecting the Matchbox Rolls-Royce FAB 1 model car. addition to every model car collection. Meccano released, not long ago, a construction set depicting the Thunderbirds 2 spacecraft. When computer games came up in the late 1980s, it was no wonder that games were developed around the theme Thunderbirds Titles were released for the ZX Spectrum and the Commodore 64 computer, for the Sony Playstation 2 and also for the several types of the Nintendo Gameboy. The series was accompanied by compelling music soundtracks, such as The Thunderbirds March, composed by musical director Barry Gray, adding even more to the excitement of the adventures of the Tracy family, which has been released on music LP’s and DVD's. In total more than 3000 Thunderbird merchandise and collectors’ items were brought, onto the market. Thunderbirds in today's world After the first series, new series such as the Thunderbirds Are Go and Thunderbirds 2086 were released and broadcast, Incorporating new film techniques like CGI (Computer Generated Images) and 3D printing. In 2017 the first International Thunderbirds Day was celebrated by Thunderbirds enthusiasts all around the globe. Recently in 2023 the company Scalextric released the pink Rolls-Royce FAB 1 of Lady Penelope as a slot ca. All this proves that the Thunderbirds is stil alive and entertaining young and old Upto this day, because of its {great creativity, inventiveness, futuristic designs and extraordinary craftmanship. A performance where art meets engineering and engineering meets art! Sources: Wikipedia.org Books: Thunderbirds 50th Anniversary Technical Manual written by S. Denham - Haynes Publishing "National Science and Media ‘Museum, Pictureville Bradford UK Me REFERENCE Ref Supermarionation {sa combination of the words Super’ Marionette/ Animation, anidea of Gery Anderson, Ref2_Asolenoidis an electromagnet formed bya helical coil of (copper) wire which generates a controlled ‘magnetic field Ref Tungsten/Wolfram is araremetal often used in ORT's (Cathode Ray Tubes) and as electrodes in gas tungsten arc welding Model Engineer 19 April 2024