Law Enforcement Organization and

Administration 1
By: Desseyme Bael-Bisnar, RCrim, MSCJ
INTRODUCTION
◈Course: LEA 1N
◈Course Title: Law Enforcement Administration and Organization (Inter-agency
Approach) Course Credits: 4 units
◈Contact Hours/week: 4hrs per week
◈Pre-requisite: NONE
◈Course Description:
◈ This course covers the organizational set-up of relevant various law
enforcement and public safety agencies, as legal mandate, functions and
responsibilities, and its functional relations, coordination and cooperation with
other Law enforcement and public safety agencies.
Course Outcomes: At the end of the semester, the students are expected
to have:

1. In-depth knowledge and understanding of the:

1. importance and purpose of the various law enforcement agencies
2. evolution of various law enforcement and public safety agencies
3. concepts and principles organization and administration in various
law enforcement and public safety agencies
4. principles and jurisprudence on law enforcement, public safety, and
criminal justice
5. powers and function of each law enforcement agencies
6. recruitment process, training, promotion, and benefits of the various
law enforcement agencies
7. disciplinary mechanism of the different law enforcement agencies

2. Demonstrate the roles and functions of each position in the

organizational charts in the tri-bureaus;
1. Perform on the tasks of a law enforcer during arrests, search and
seizures and court procedure;
2. Identify the different cases that may be filed against the law
enforcers;
Terminologies commonly used in Police
Organization
◈Administration
● The determination of objectives and major policies of an organization.

● Management
Fulfill the objectives the objectives according to the policies determined by the
administration. Regarded as eye of the of human being as it observes whether the work is
being performed according to the rules and policies

◈ Organization
● A group of people who work together in an organized way for a shared purpose
(Cambridge Dictionary, 2020).

◈Police
● The agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the law,
maintaining public order, and preventing and detecting crimes (Banton, Brodeur,
Kelling, Whetstone, & Walsh, 2019).
● The act of maintaining discipline or ensuring that the rules must be observed (Encarta
Word English Dictionary, 1999).
◈Police Administration
● An organizational process concerned with the implementation of the objectives
and plans, and internal operating efficiency of the police organization (Timpac,
2013).
● Otherwise known as police in action, the cooperative human effort to achieve
the purposes of the Criminal Justice System.

◈ Police management
includes the administrative activities of coordinating, controlling and
directing police resources, activities and personnel.
◈Police Organization
● A structured group of highly trained personnel dealt with achieving the
following goals and objectives (Padduyao, 2016)
◈Objective
● defines the specific, measurable actions (Forsey, 2019).
◈

◈Goals of Police Organization

● To protect lives and properties.
● To ensure public safety
● To maintain peace and order
◈
◈Objectives of Police Organization
● To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law
enforcers.
● To attain a low crime volume and crime rate.
● To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law
violators.
● To attain maximum degree in the protection of lives and properties.
 POLICE TERMINOLOGIES OR JARGONS

● Organize
● To form a police unit for the purpose of accomplishing a common objective.
● To arrange systematically a group of police unit/s.

◈Organizing
● The act of systematically arranging police units in hierarchical order to
perform specific functions and thus achieve desired objectives.
◈

◈Manage
● To direct or conduct the affairs or interests of various police units.
● To control the direction, operation, and business of a police unit or the police
organization as a whole.
◈
◈Police Management
● The art or manner of administering, controlling, or handling all the various
aspects of the police organization.
● The skillful use of means to accomplish the task, purpose or objective of a police
unit or organization.
◈

◈Police Politics
● The study of public administration or affairs of the government in relation to
police matters.
● Maneuvering for power within the police organization.
◈

◈Police Power
◈ The power of the government to impose what is considered a reasonable
restriction on the liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order
and safety. Legally speaking, it is the power of the government to enact laws or
regulations relative to persons and property that may promote public health,
public morals, public safety and the general welfare and convenience of the
people.
◈Police Accountability
● The inherent responsibility of the police organization to be answerable for the misconducts committed by
its members.
● It is the legal responsibility of the police officers to face any consequence that may arise while exercising
their powers, duties, and functions.
◈

◈Sworn Officer
● Personnel of the police department who took his oath of office and thus possesses the power to arrest.
◈

◈Superior Officer
● An officer having supervisory responsibilities (either temporary or permanent) over an officer of lower
rank.
◈

◈Subordinate
● An officer belonging to the lower or inferior rank.
◈

◈Commanding Officer
● An officer who is in command of a police department, bureau, division, district, or area/station.
◈

◈Ranking Officer
● An officer having the more senior/higher rank in a team or group of police officers.
◈

◈Commissioned Officer (PCO)

● A police officer with a rank of police inspector and higher.
◈

◈Non-Commissioned Officer (PCNO)

● A police officer with a rank of Senior Police Officer IV and lower.
◈
◈Length of Service
● The period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was administered to an officer;
previous active services maybe included or added.
◈

◈On-duty/Active Duty
● The period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of his duty.
◈

◈Special Duty
● It is the form of duty requiring an officer to be excused from the performance of his active
regular duty.

◈Off-duty
● The nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.
◈

◈Leave of Absence
● A specified period during which an officer is excused from active duty or direct participation
in police work.
◈

◈Sick Leave
● A period wherein an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.
◈

◈Suspension
● A consequence of an act that temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege of performing
his duties as a result of violating a directive or other departmental regulation.
◈Departmental Policies/Rules
● Rules established by the police department directors/administrators to control
the conduct of the members of the police force.
◈Duty Manual
● A book of instruction that describes the procedures and defines the duties of
officers designed to a specified post or position.
◈

◈Order
● An instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate either general, special,
and personal.
◈
◈Report
● It is usually a written communication unless otherwise specified to be verbal
report.
◈ Verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.
Historical Development
of Policing

Police???
Police:
Derived from the Roman
word “ Politia” which
means a condition of a
state, government and
administration.
Politia originated from
the Greek word “
Politeia” which means
government, citizenship,
or entire activity of a
“polis” a city.
The French changed
the word “Police” and
used it to those
authorized people who
actually enforce the
law.
The Americans
borrowed the word
from the French and
used to describe a law
enforcement officer.
Police???
Means the internal organization or
regulations of a state, the control and
regulation of a community or state
through the exercise of the constitutional
power of the government.
 The term ‘POLICE’ was derived from the following:
● “POLITEIA” (Greek word) which means Greek word and used to
describe the group of civil officers governing the city and not necessarily
the armed men guarding or policing the city.
● “POLITIA” (Romans) which means civil administration.
● “POLICE” (French) used it to those authorized people who enforce the
law.
● “PULIS” - Filipinos further translated the term police in a way for it to
be compatible in the manner they pronounce and spell words (Timpac,
2013).
 Historical
Background on
Policing:
1. Primitive Policing
1. Primitive Policing:
✔ Law enforcement can be
traced back to the cave
dwellers, who were expected
to follow certain rules or face
banishment or death.
✔ The customs depicted in
early cave dwelling may
represent the beginning of
1. Primitive Policing:
✔ The prehistoric social order
consisted of small family groups
living together as tribes or clans.
✔ Group living gave rise to customs
everyone was expected to observe.
The tribe’s chief had executive,
legislative and judicial powers and
often appointed tribe members to
perform special task to include
guarding the community against
depredationof lawless elements.
2. Ancient Law Enforcement:
 The Summerians:
✔ The early record of ancient
peoples need to standardize
rules and methods of
enforcement to control human
behaviour dates to
approximately 2300 BC., when
the Sumerian rulers
LIPITHSTAR and ESHUMMA set
 The Babylonians:
✔ The Code of King
Hammurabi (2100 BC)
✔ During the time of
Babylonian King Hammurabi,
he established rules for his
kingdom that designated not
only offenses but
punishment as well.
 The Babylonians:
✔ The principle of the code
was that strong shall not
injure the weak.
✔ Hammurabi originated the
legal principle of LEX
TALIONES – “the eye for
 Ancient Egypt:
✔ The early Egyptians
established laws and court
and a rudimentary rule of
law.
✔ The first account of
developing court system was
originated in approximately
1500 BC.
 Ancient Egypt:
✔ The court system was
presided by judges who were
appointed by the pharaoh.
✔ They later organized marine
patrols and customhouses to
protect commerce.
 Ancient Greece:
✔ The Greeks had an
empressive law enforcement
called EPHORI.
✔ Each year at Sparta, a body of
Ephors was elected and
given almost unlimited
powers as investigator, jury.
 Ancient Greece:
✔ These five men also
presided over the
senate and assembly,
assuring that their
rules and decrees
were followed.
 Ancient Greece:
✔ From the Greek philosopher
PLATO, who lived from 427
to 347 BC, was the idea of
punishment should serve the
purpose rather than simple
rataliation.
re·tal·i·a·tion
noun
noun: retaliation; plural noun:
retaliations
 Ancient Rome:
✔ The Romans had a high
development system
administering justice.
✔ The 12 Tabulae (12 Tables)
were the first written laws of
the Roman Empire.
 Ancient Rome:
✔ The 12 Tabulae (12 Tables):
✔ It deals with legal
procedures, property
ownership, building codes,
marriage customs and
punishment for crimes.
 Emperor Augustus:
✔ He created the so-called
VIGILES, who were
assigned as the fire fighters
and eventually given law
enforcement
responsibilities.
✔ As the first civilian police
force the VIGILES
 Ancient Rome:
✔ At the reign of Emperor
Augustus, he created the
PRAETORIAN GUARD,
which consisted of about
7000 men / soldiers to
protect the palace and the
city of Rome, together with
the URBAN COHORTS to
 Ancient Rome:
✔ Another important
event was the time of
Justinian I, ruler of
Eastern Roman
Empire (527 to 265
AD)
 Justinian I:
✔ He collected all Roman
laws and put it into his
Justinian Code – they
became known as the
Corpus Juris Civilis –
which means the Body of
Law.
 Development of
Policing in the
International Setting:
The Early
Policing
System:
A. ANGLO SAXON
( Ancient England)
Period – 600 – 1066 A.D.
 1. Thanes Policing System:
✔ It was introduced by King Alfred the
Great
✔ A type of internal Police force where
landowners throughout the
kingdom were responsible to police
their own territory.
✔ Landowners were empowered to
arrest offenders and deliver them to
the King.
✔ The landowners were also
2. Frankpledge Policing System:

✔ This policing system was carried out

under a system of mutual pledge.
✔ Every male over twelve (12) years old
joined nine (9) of his neighbors to
form Tythingmen.
✔ Said tythingmen performed police
works and anyone who failed to join
and perform his duty was severly
fined.
✔ Policing responsibility lies on the
3.Tun Policing System:

✔This policing system required

all male residents to guard the
town to preserve peace and
order, protect the life and
property of the people and
suppress other factors affecting
peace and order.
✔Tun was the forerunner of the
4. Hue and Cry Policing System:

✔Complainant or victim will go

to the middle of the
community and shout to call
all male residents to assemble.
✔Once heard, male residents will
automatically assemble to go
after the criminal and
 5. Royal Judge System:

✔The Royal Judge conducts

criminal investigation and
gives appropriate
punishment for the crime
committed.
✔It started the identification
of criminals.
6. Trial by Ordeal

✔ It requires a suspect to put his hands

over boiling water or is required to
perform any other act which may
hurt him.
✔ If he was hurt, the society considered
him guilty, otherwise, he was not
considered guilty.
✔ This was accordance with the belief
by the people before that God will
Development of
Policing in the
International
Setting:
B. Normal
Period
(1066-1285)
1. Shire-Reeve System:
✔ It was observed during the time when King
William Norman became the ruler of
England.
✔ King Norman divided the kingdom into 55
military districts known as Shire-reeves.
✔ Shire – used to refer to a district.
✔ Reeve – used to refer to the ruler of the
district who made laws, rendered
judgment, and imposed penalties.
2. Court of the Tourn:
✔It settles a range of cases,
more often dealing with
petty offenses and civil
matters.
✔From the Court, 12
tythingmen were selected
to hear serious cases.
3. Court Leet:
✔To handle local legal matters in
some, but all, communities, the
Normans established the Court
Leet looked after matters of
purely local interest and petty
village nuisances.
✔The head of the court was
appointed by the King to be
“Master of the House”
✔ The Comes Stable was also
appointed by the King to be
responsible in keeping peace and
order in a specific area. This
appointee was, however, under the
responsibility of the local officials
who could petition to remove him if
he did not perform his job properly.
✔ Comes Stable became Constable
which is used today to refer to
members of the police force.
4. Legis Henrie:
This law was passed during the time of
King Henry I which imposed the
following features:
✔ Law violations were classified as
offenses against the King and
individual.
✔ Policemen were considered as public
officials.
✔ The police and the citizens were given
the power to conduct arrest.
✔ Grand Jury was created to inquire on
5. Keepers of the Peace:
✔It was issued by King Richard
of England in 1195.
✔It requires the appointment
of knights to keep the King’s
peace.
✔The knights were posted on
bridges and gates to check
the people entering and
6. Magna Carta ( Great
Charter):
✔It was sealed by King John
of England on June 15, 1215
which became a law upon
the demand of the Knights
of the Round Table.
✔ It declares the following:
1. No freemen shall be taken or
imprisoned, disposed, outlawed, or
boowed except by legal judgment of
his peers.
2. No person shall be tried for murder
unless there is proof of the body of
the victim.
3. There should be national and local
government as well as the national
and local legislation
C. Westminster
Period
(1285- 1500)

BOW STREET RUNNERS

 1.Statute of Winchester
(1285)
✔It was enacted for law
and order
✔This law introduced the
Watch and Ward System
 2. Statute of 1295
✔It began the closing of
the gates of London
during sunset.
✔This started the
observation of the
curfew hours.
 3. Justice of the Peace:
✔This was a position given
to a respected citizen,
who has the power to
arrest, pursue and
imprison offenders.
4. Star Chamber Court:
✔This was established as a special
court that tried offenders against
the state.
✔Later on, it became both a court
of law to determine civil rights
and a court of revenue to enrich
treasury.
Modern Period
of Policing
This period came to the
limelight when a bill
creating the
SCOTLAND YARD was
passed by the
parliament of England.
It was sponsored and
expanded by Sir Robert
 Sir Robert Peel:
✔who was recorded to be the
first head of police
organization.
✔He was referred as the
Father of Modern Policing
System due to his
contributions in the “
 Peel’s Principles:
1. Stable and effective police force should
be under government control.
2. Absence of crime is the best proof of
efficiency.
3. Fast distribution of new laws to the
people is essential.
4. Proper distribution of personnel
according shift and by hour.
5. The best qualification of peace officers is
control of temper.
 Peel’s Principles:
6. Proper selection and training is
the basis of efficiency.
7. Police cannot function properly
without wholehearted support of
the people.
8. Every police must sell himself
to the people.
9. Police officers must go out of
their way to help and assist
1.Night Watchmen or
Bellmen:
✔ It was created by
virtue of a law
passed by King
Charles II in 1663.
2. Bow Street Runners
✔Thief Catchers
✔It was organized by Henry
Fielding, Chief Magistrate of
Bow Street in London in 1748.
✔Later on, he formed the Bow
Street Horse Patrol whose
duty was to patrol the main
roads thus secure the travelers
 3. London Metropolitan
Police:
✔ It was established by sir
Robert Peel in 1829 which
became the world’s first
modern organized police
force.
E. French Police
System
 th
1. During the 17 century,
King Louis XIV maintained a
small central police
organization consisting of
some 40 inspectors who,
with the help of numerous
paid informants, supplied
the government with details
2. Officers de Paix
(1791)
✔ It was the origin
of the term peace
officers.
3. Sergent de Ville
✔ Servant of the City
✔ These were called
the first uniformed
police officers.
4. Other contributions:
✔ Conceiving street lights
✔ Assigning house numbers
✔ Installing street lightning
✔ Creating emergency and
rescue services
✔ Use of police ambulances
✔ Use of warrant card and ID
signifying authority to arrest.
 F. American
Police System
1.Rattle watch:
✔ It was organized in New York,
Philadelphia and Boston which
was similar to the night
watchmen in London created
during the reign of King
Charles II.
✔ They carried rattles while on
duty to inform the public of
their watchful presence.
 2. Municipal Police Force:
a. Night watch (1638) –
Boston, Massachusetts
b. Rattle watch (1658) –
New York
c. Night Watch (1700) -
Philadelphia
d. Introduction of
police regulation
that “ No watchmen
has the liberty to
sleep” (1722) – New
Haven, Connecticut
e. It became a
government policy
that able-bodied
males over 16 years
old were required to
serve without Pay
f. Daytime police
with pay (1833)
g. Full police
uniform (1856) –
New York City
 3. State Police Force:
a. Texas Rangers (
1835)
b. State Constables
(1865) –
Massachusetts
c. Pennsylvania State
4. Federal Police
Force:
a. Post Office Inspection
System (1829)
b. Investigation on
crimes against the
government (1861)
c. Detective Forces
(1868)
✔ Were formed to
investigate
problems on
revenue services,
immigration and
d. In 1934, Federal
government
attention focused on
lotteries, drug
regulations, and
transportation
e. Enactment of
Anti-White Slavery
Act and Motor
Vehicle Act (1910)
white slav¦ery
noun: white
slavery
the practice of
tricking or
forcing white
women to
work as
f. In 1934, National
Kidnapping Act,
Banking Act, and
Racketeering Act
were passed by the
United States
National Kidnapping
Act
BANKING ACT
RAKETEERING
ACT
 Identify at least five (5) historical concepts and provide
its counterpart at present. (10 points)
HISTORICAL CONCEPT COUNTERPART
Example: Tythingmen Squad system – policemen will be assigned into group
of 10 led by a life coach in the PNP.
Module 3 : HISTORICAL
DEVELOPMENT OF
POLICING SYSTEM IN
THE PHILIPPINE
SETTING
 EVOLUTION OF POLICING
SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINE
SETTING ◈

A. Pre-Spanish Period
◈ The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the
practice of barangay chieftain to select-abled bodied young
men to protect their barangay during the night.

A. Spanish Period
1. Carabineros de Seguridad Publico (Mounted Police) - 1712
2. Guardrilleros (January 8, 1836)
3. Guardia Civil (February 12, 1852)

B. Japanese Occupation
1. Kempetai
2. Metropolitan Constabulary
◈A. American Occupation until the World War II broke out
1. Insular Police Force (November 30, 1890)
2. Insular Constabulary (July 18, 1901)
3. Manila Police Department (MPD) – July 31, 1901
◈Important Personalities
● Capt. George Curry – a U.S. Army officer appointed by the TAFT
Commission on August 7, 1901 as the first Chief of Police.
● Capt. Columbus Piatt – last American COP of MPD before World War II
broke out.
● Col. Antonio C. Torres – first Filipino COP when MPD became an all
Filipino police organization; declared Manila as an open city when World
War II broke out in 1941; during the World War II, MPD was placed again
under the American control.
● Col. Marcus Ellis Jones – a U.S. Provost Marshall who was named as MPD
COP just after the Manila Liberation.
● Col. Lamberto T. Javalera – the first Filipino COP of MPD appointed by
Pres. Roxas under the Republic Government.
1. Philippine Constabulary (1901)
◈
◈Important Personalities
◈ Capt. Henry T. Allen – first Chief of the Philippine
Constabulary from 1901-1907 such that he was called
as the Father of Constabulary in the Philippines.
◈ ● Brig/Gen. Rafael Crame – first Filipino Chief of
Police. He served as the PC Chief from 1917-1927.
 RELEVANT LAWS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
POLICE SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
◈
1. Act No. 3815- The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (January 1, 1932).
2. Philippine Constitution (1935) - (Section 9, Art. XIV).
3. Act No. 181- created the Bureau of Investigation (November 1938).
4. Republic Act No. 157 (June 19, 1947)- It provides for the creation of the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI).
5. Republic Act No. 2678 -It was enacted in 1960 which provides for the expansion and reorganization of
the NBI
6. Rules of Court (January 1, 1964) - to promote the broad objective of the criminal
◈ justice system and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every
legal action and proceeding.
1. Republic Act No. 4864 (September 18, 1966) - Police Act of 1966.
2. Republic Act No. 6040 (1969) - “Civil Service Act of 1969
3. Act No. 3815- The Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (January 1, 1932).
4. Philippine Constitution (1935) - (Section 9, Art. XIV).
5. Act No. 181- created the Bureau of Investigation (November 1938).
6. Republic Act No. 157 (June 19, 1947)- It provides for the creation of the National Bureau of
Investigation (NBI).
 RELEVANT LAWS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
POLICE SERVICE IN THE PHILIPPINES

1. Republic Act No. 2678 -It was enacted in 1960 which provides for the expansion and reorganization of
the NBI
2. Rules of Court (January 1, 1964) - to promote the broad objective of the criminal
◈ justice system and to assist the parties in obtaining just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every
legal action and proceeding.
1. Republic Act No. 4864 (September 18, 1966) - Police Act of 1966.
2. Republic Act No. 6040 (1969) - “Civil Service Act of 1969.
3. Republic Act No. 6506 (July 1, 1972) - “An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for
◈ Criminologists in the Philippines and for other purposes”.
1. Philippine Constitution (1973)- (Section 12, Article XV).
2. Presidential Decree No. 421 (1974)
3. Presidential Decree No. 765 (August 8, 1975)
4. Presidential Decree No. 1184 (August 26, 1977) -The Integrated National Police
◈ Personnel Professionalization Act of 1977”.
1. Philippine Constitution (1987)
2. Republic Act No. 6975 (December 13, 1990) -DILG Act of 1990
3. Republic Act No. 8551 (February 25, 1998) -PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998.
■ Related Laws
Republic Act # 4864 (Police Act of 1966) – it was enacted on
September 8, 1966 which created the Office of Police Commission
which was later called NAPOLCOM.
Presidential Decree # 765 – it was enacted on August 8, 1975 which
created the Integrated National Police and provides for the
NAPOLCOM to be under the Office of Ministry of National Defense
Republic Act #6040 (Tolentino Law) – empowering the Police
Commission to give appropriate examinations to officers and
members of police force aimed at professionalizing police services.
Republic Act #6975 (Department of Interior and Local Government
Act of 1990) – establishing the Philippine National Police. Enacted
December 13, 1990 which abolished the PC-INP and created
agencies under the DILG (PNP, BFP, BJMP & PPSC).
Republic Act #8551 (PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998) –
created on February 25, 1998 which provides for the reformation
and professionalization of the PNP.
 ACTIVITY
◈ Which of the following period do you think has the best
policing system in the Philippines? Why?
◈ Conduct an interview to at least two members of your family
about the policing system during the martial law period.
Compare and contrast their statement using a Venn diagram.
◈ Effective policing promotes public safety. Based on the
historical development of policing, identify, and discuss at
least three (3) major changes in policing systems throughout
the history. (15 points)
◈ QUIZ
 REFERENCES
◈
● Timpac, T.M. (2012). A handbook on police organization and administration
with police planning. Tarlac City: RMC Publishing Haus.
◈Additional Readings
● https://prezi.com/6ducle919lqk/brief-history-of-philippine-policing-system/
● GOVPH. (2020). The Philippine National Police. Retrieved from Official
Gazette: https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/about-the-pnp/
◈Watch

◈ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ennWsDiCt_c&t=7s
 Module 4:
Police in the modern
world
◈POLICE IN THE MODERN WORLD
◈ The police form part of a nation’s
criminal justice system (CJS), which
also includes the courts and correctional
institutions. In this sense, the police are
called law enforcers. In the CJS, they
compose the law enforcement pillar.
A. A. Set-up of Police Force in the United States
1. City Police - are mainly responsible for enforcing the law in their own city.
● New York Police Department has the largest city police department in the
United States.
2. County Police - powers extend throughout the county.
● Sheriff serves as the chief law enforcement officer in most counties elected by
the people.
3. State Police - sometimes called state troopers or highway patrol officers because they
were originally organized along military lines and often rode horses.
● Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) - the chief investigating branch of the
United Stated Department of Justice.
● National Crime Information Center (NCIC) - a computerized information system
that stores records n wanted persons and stolen property; operated by the FBI
based in Washington, D.C.
4. Private Police Agencies - are licensed by federal state government to perform limited
types of police work such as detective services to individuals and businesses.
● Pinkerton Private Detective Agency (Allan Pinkerton) - the earliest private
detective agency that was licensed by the federal state government.
A. B. National Police Agencies Around the World
1. Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) – Canada
2. London Metropolitan Police (Great Britain)
3. Australia Federal Police (Australia)
4. Surete Nationale (France)
5. Gendarmes
6. Ministry of Internal Affairs (Russia)
7. People’s Police (China)

◈ INTERNATIONAL POLICE
ORGANIZATION (INTERPOL) -
Members exchange information about
international crimes and cooperate in
fighting transnational crimes such as
counterfeiting, smuggling, and illegal
buying and selling of weapons.
 Module 5:
Theories, Philosophies and Concepts of Police
Service and Organization
 Theories, Philosophies and Concepts of Police Service

THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE

SERVICE

Theories of Police Service

1. Home Rule Theory
● Police are considered servants of the community.
● This is applied in countries that have decentralized
government structure.
2. Continental Theory
● Policemen are considered servants of a higher authority.
● This theory is applied in countries that have centralized
government.
Fundamental Concepts of Police Service
1. Old Concept
● Police is looked upon as a repressive machinery of the
government.
● The yardstick of police efficiency is more arrest.
2. Modern Concept
● Police is an instrument for crime prevention.
● The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence of crime.

Basic Police Mission

The basic police mission is preserving order by enforcing rules of
conduct or laws. This
was the same in ancient societies as it is today in sophisticated urban
communities.
 Police organization units
FUNCTIONS UNITS
These are parts/components of the police organization that are well-designed to
work or perform definite tasks. These are as follows:
1. BUREAU – the largest organic unit within a large department, each bureau is
composed of a number of divisions.
2. DIVISION – the primary subdivision of a bureau.
3. SECTION – A smaller functional unit within a division that is necessary for
specialization purposes.
4. UNIT – the smallest group within a section when further specialization is
needed.
B. GEOGRAPHICAL UNITS
1. Post
● - A fixed point or location where a police officer is
assigned for duty.
● - This may include designated desk, an intersection
or crosswalk, or a point of ingress or egress.
● - A permanent spot for general guard duty.
2. Route/Line Beat
● A length of street/s designated for patrol purposes.
3. Beat
● An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether by foot or motorized.
4. Sector
● An area containing two or more bats, routes or posts.
5. District
● A geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own station.
6. Area
● A section or territorial division of a large city or metropolis, each composed of designated districts.
 POLICE FUNCTIONS
Duties and responsibilities explicitly carried out by police agencies to meet the
demands concerning public order and public safety.

◈Types of Police Functions

1. Line Functions - these are designed to meet the basic police mission like patrol, traffic enforcement, or criminal investigation.
2. Staff Functions - those that exist to support line functions, either directly or indirectly like planning and research unit.
◈ a. Auxiliary Support Services
● Those charged with the responsibility of giving immediate assistance to the operations of line elements like communications and crime
laboratory services. b. Administrative Services
● Those that provide services that are of less immediate assistance and are supportive of the entire police department like personnel and
training.
 ◈Functions of the Police
1. Maintain peace and order
2. Enforce the laws in their respective assigned jurisdictions.
3. Prevent crimes.
4. Make arrests, searches, and seizure in accordance with law.
5. Investigate crimes.
6. Prosecute offenders.
◈ Ensure public safety.
◈ Protect life and property
 ACTIVITY
◈Read the article “what you need to know about Oplan Tokhang” in
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/416123 and identify the concept of police
service that was employed? Justify your answer. (15 points)
◈
 PRINCIPLES OF POLICE
ORGANIZATION
1. Principle of Unity Objectives - Every police officer should play a part in the attainment of the objectives of the police organization.
2. Principle of Organizational Efficiency - This principle requires that, in order that the PNP organization is effective, it must be structured in a
certain manner to accomplish the objectives with a minimum cost.
3. Scalar Principle - This principle requires a vertical hierarchy of an organization which defines the unbroken chain of units and command from
top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of authority.
a. Unity of Command
● It states that a group of police officers should only be under the control of one superior or ranking police officer.
b. Span of Control
● It states that a senior police officer should be provided with men not more than what he can effectively direct.
c. Delegation of Authority
● A superior officer must designate some of his immediate subordinates to exercise a part of his administrative power. However,
the power passed on by the superior officer carries an appropriate responsibility.
1. Functional Principle - This principle is otherwise known as division of work
according to type, place, time, and specialization.
2. Line and Staff Principle - It implies a system of varied functions arranged into
a workable pattern.
◈ Principle of Balance - Application of the principles of organization must be
balanced to ensure the effectiveness of the patrol force in accomplishing its
objectives.
 7. Principle of Absoluteness of Responsibility - It states that the responsibility for
performance of the deputy chief to the chief of police is absolute (unconditional) and
vice versa, and that the chief of police cannot escape his accountability on the activities
performed by his subordinates.
8. Principle of Flexibility - It states that there is higher tendency that the PNP can fulfill
its purpose if the organization receives more provisions for flexibility
(adaptability).
9. Principle of Authority Level (Hierarchy of Authority) - Decisions within the
authority of the police station commanders should be made by them and should not be
referred to their superiors, such as the police district commander (or PNP provincial
director).
10. Principle of Parity and Responsibility - The responsibility of the head of the
Investigation Section for the actions of his detectives cannot be greater than that
implied by the authority he has delegated, nor should it be less.
 THE PNP
ORGANIZATION
STRUCTURE
What is the organizational set-up
of the PNP?
■ The PNP shall be headed by A Chief, with a rank
of Director General, who shall be assisted by two
Deputy Chiefs: One for Administration, who
happens to be the second in command; and one
for Operation who is third in command with a
rank of Deputy Director General.
■ The head of the Directorial Staff with the rank
of Deputy Director General is known as Chief of
the Directorial Staff of the PNP.
■ The PNP organizational structure is composed
of a National Office, Regional Offices, Provincial
Offices, district Offices, and City/municipal
offices.
 What is the manning level in the
PNP?
■ On the average nationwide, the manning
levels of the PNP shall be approximately in
accordance with a police-to-population
ration of one policeman to every 500
persons. The actual strength of the city or
municipal police stations shall depend on the
state of peace and order, population density
and actual demands of the service in the
particular area. Provided, that the minimum
police-to-population ratio shall not be less
than one policeman to every 1000 persons.
 What are the different ranks in the
PNP and their equivalence in the
military?
■ Police Ranks
■ A. Commissioned Officers (PCO)
■

■ Director General (DG)

■ Deputy Director General (DDG)
■ Director (Dir)
■ Chief Superintendent (CSupt)
■ Senior Superintendent (SSupt)
Superintendent (Supt)
■ Chief Inspector (CInsp)
■ Senior Inspector (SInsp)
■ Inspector (Insp)
■ Non-Commissioned Officers (PNCO)

■ Senior Police Officer IV (SPO IV)

■ Senior Police Officer III (SPO III)
■ Senior Police Officer II (SPO II)
■ Senior Police Officer I (SPO I)
■ Police Officer III (PO III)
■ Police Officer II (PO II)
■ Police Officer I (PO I)

■ Cadets of the Philippine National Police Academy are

classified above the SPO4 and below Inspector rank in
the PNP
 What is the age, height, weight and
educational requirement in the PNP?
■ Age requirement – for new applicants, must
not be less than 21 years of age at the time of
application or more than 30 years of age
■ Height requirement – 5’4” (1.62m) for male
and 5’2” (1.57m) for females or 5’2” for males
and 5’0” for females under the waiver
program
■ Weight requirement – must not be more or
less 5 kilograms of the standard weight
corresponding to his/her height, age and sex.
■ Educational Requirement- baccalaureate
degree
■ What are the natures of appointment in the
PNP?
■ Temporary – if the applicant passes through
the waiver program as provided by RA 8551
■ Probationary – if the applicant passes
through the regular screening procedures
■ Permanent – if the applicant able to finish
the required field training program for
permanency.
■ How is appointment in the PNP affected?

■ PO1 to SPO4 – appointed by the PNP Regional

Director for Regional personnel or by the Chief PNP
for National Headquarters’ personnel and attested by
the Civil Service Commission (CSC)
■ Inspector to Superintendent – appointed by the Chief
PNP as recommended by their immediate supervisor
and attested by the CSC.
■ Sr. Supt. to Dep. Dir. Gen. – Appointed by the
President upon the recommendation of the Chief PNP
with the endorsement of the CSC and with
confirmation by the Commission on Appointment
(CA).
■ Director General – appointed by the President from
among the most senior officers down to the rank of
Chief Superintendent in the service subject to the
confirmation of the Commission on Appointments.
■ How is waiver for initial appointment
affected in the PNP?
The age, height and weight and educational requirements for initial
appointment to the PNP may be waived only when the number of qualified
applicants falls below the minimum annual quota.
The NAPOLCOM may grant waiver of age, height, weight or educational
requirements.
Waiver of age may be granted provided the applicant should not be less than
20 or over 35 years of age.
Waiver of the height requirement may be granted to male applicant who is at
least 1.57m and 1.52m for female applicants; provided that the NAPOLCOM
may set a lower height requirement for applicants who belong to cultural
minorities duly certified by the Office of Muslim Affairs of the Appropriate
Government Entity. Provided, further, that the NAPOLCOM may require said
applicant to submit their membership in a certain cultural minority.
An applicant who is granted a weight requirement shall be given reasonable
time but not exceeding 6 months within which to comply with said
requirements.
Waiver of educational requirements may be granted to an applicant who has
finished second year college or has earned at least 72 collegiate units
leading to a bachelor’s degree. Provided that any person who will enter the
service without a baccalaureate degree shall be given a maximum of four
years to obtain the required educational requirements.
 How is lateral entry affected in the
PNP?
■ In general, all original appointment for
Commissioned Officers (CO) shall commenced
with the rank of Inspector, such as dentist,
optometrist, nurses, engineers, and graduates of
forensic sciences. Doctors of Medicine,
members of the Bar and Chaplains shall be
appointed to the Rank of Senior Inspector in
their particular technical services. Graduates of
the PNPA shall be automatically appointed to
the initial rank of Inspector. Licensed
Criminologist may be appointed to the rank of
Inspector to fill up any vacancy.
 How is PNP performance evaluation
conducted?
■ Appraisal refers to the process of measuring
the performance of PNP members. It is also
known as “Performance Evaluation System”.
The Performance Evaluation in the PNP is
focused on two areas: administrative (40%),
and operational (60 %). It is conducted once
every 6 months or twice a year.
■ Promotion by Virtue of Exhibited Acts (Special
Promotion)
■ Promotion by Virtue of Position
■ Any PNP member designated to any key position whose
rank is lower than which is required for such position
shall, after 6 months of occupying the same, be entitled
to a promotion, subject to the availability of vacant
positions. Provided, that the member shall not be
reassigned to a position calling for a higher rank until
after two years form the date of such promotion.
Provided further, that any member designated to the
position who does not possess the established
minimum qualifications thereof shall occupy the same
for not more than 6 months without extension
■ How is PNP attrition?

Attrition by Attainment of Maximum tenure of PNP

members holding key positions as prescribed herein:
Position Maximum Tenure
PNP Chief 4 Years
PNP Dep. Director 4 Years
Director for Staff Service 4 Years
Regional Directors 6 Years
Provincial/City Director 9 Years

Attrition by Relief – A PNP uniformed personnel who has

been relieved for just cause and has not been given an
assignment within 2 years after such relief shall be retired or
separated.
■ Attrition by Demotion in Position or Rank - Any PNP
personnel, civilian or uniformed, who is relieved and
assigned to a position lower than what is established for
his or her grade in the PNP Staffing Pattern and who shall
not be assigned to a position commensurate to his or her
grade within 18 months after such demotion in position
shall be retired or separated.

■ Attrition by Non-promotion – Any PNP personnel

who has not been promoted for a continuous period
of 10 years shall be retired or separated.

■ Any personnel of the PNP who is dismissed pursuant

to attrition shall be retired if he or she has rendered at
least 20 years of service and separated if he or she has
rendered less than 20 years unless the personnel is
disqualified by law to receive such benefits.
 How is the salary of PNP members?
■ The uniformed members of the PNP are
considered employees of the National
Government and draw their salaries there
from. They have the same salary grade that of
a public school teacher, PNP member
assigned in Metropolitan Manila, Chartered
Cities and first class municipalities may be
paid financial incentives by the local
government unit concerned subject to the
availability of funds
 What are the PNP benefits and privileges?
Incentives and Awards – The DILG shall promulgate
standards on incentives and award system in the PNP
administered by the Board of Incentives and Awards.
Awards may be in the form of decorations, service
medals and citation badges or in monetary
considerations.
■ Authorized decorations are:
■ Police Medal of Valor
■ Police Medal of Merit
■ Wounded Police Medal
■ Police Efficiency Medal
■ Police Service Medal
■ Police Unit Citation badge
■ Posthumous Award – in case an individual who
distinguish himself dies before the granting of the
awards.
■ Longevity Pay and Allowances – Under RA 6975, PNP
personnel are entitled to longevity pay of 10% of their
basic monthly salaries for every five years of service but
the totality of such longevity pay does not exceed 50% of
the basic pay. However, they also continue to enjoy the:
■ Subsistence allowance
■ Quarter allowance
■ Clothing allowance
■ Cost of living allowance
■ Hazard pay
■ Others
■ Retirement Benefits – There is a monthly retirement pay
of 50% of the base pay and longevity pay of the retired
grade in case of 20 years of active service, increasing by
2.5% for every year of active service and rendered beyond
20 years to maximum of 90% for 36 years of service and
over. Payment of the retirement benefit in lump sum is
made within 6 months from effectivity date of retirement
and/or completion. Retirement pay of PNP members is
subject of adjustment based on prevailing scale of base
pay of Police personnel in the active service.
■ Permanent Physical Disability – A PNP member who
is permanently and totally disabled as a result of
injuries suffered or sickness contracted in the
performance of duty as certified by the NAPOLCOM,
upon finding and certification of a medical officer,
that the extent of disability or sickness render such
member unfit or unable to further perform the duties
of his/her position, is entitled to a gratuity pay
equivalent to a one years salary and to a lifetime
pension equivalent to 80% of his/her last salary, in
addition to other benefits as provided by existing
laws.
■ Early retirement Benefit – A PNP member at his or her
own request and with the approval of the
NAPOLCOM, retire from the police service and he
paid separation benefits corresponding to a position 2
ranks higher than hi/her present rank, whether
 What are the nature of complaints against
PNP members?
■ Citizen’s Complaint – Any complaint by a natural or
juridical person against any PNP member shall be
brought before the following:
■ Chiefs of Police – where the offense is punishable by
withholding of privileges, restriction to specified limits,
suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any combination
thereof, for a period not exceeding 15 days;
■ Mayors of cities and municipalities – where the offense is
punishable by withholding of privileges, restriction to
specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of salary, or any
combination thereof, for a period of not less than 16 days
but not exceeding 30 days;
■ People’s Law Enforcement Board (PLEB) - where the
offense is punishable by withholding of privileges,
restriction to specified limits, suspension or forfeiture of
salary, or any combination thereof, for a period exceeding
30 days or dismissal.
■ Breach of Internal Discipline – refers to any
offense committed by a PNP member affecting
order and discipline within the police
organization.
■ Chiefs of Police or equivalent supervisor may
summarily impose the administrative penalties in all
cases provided that it does not exceed 15 days.
■ Provincial Director or equivalent supervisor may
summarily impose the administrative penalties in all
cases provided that it does not exceed 30 days.
■ The Regional Director or equivalent supervisor may
summarily impose the administrative penalties in all
cases provided that it does not exceed 60 days.
■ The Chief PNP or equivalent supervisor may
summarily impose the administrative penalty of
dismissal from service. He may also impose the
penalty of admonition or reprimand, restrictive
custody, withholding of privileges, suspension or
forfeiture of salary, demotion, or any combination
thereof for a period not exceeding 180 days.
■ A “minor offense” shall refer to any act or omission
not involving moral turpitude, but affecting internal
discipline which include but not limited to the
following
■ a. Simple misconduct or negligence
■ b. Insubordination
■ c. Frequent absences or tardiness
■ d. Habitual Drunkenness
■ e. Gambling prohibited by law.
■ “Forum shopping” or multiple filing complaints –
When an administrative case is filed with a police
disciplinary authority, no other case involving the
same cause of action shall be filed with any other
disciplinary authority.
THE END
THANK YOU