THE UNIVERSITY OF DA NANG

UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF ADVANCED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

COURSE’S TITLE:
LABORATORY – CIRCUIT II

Supervisor: Dr. Nguyen Huu Lap Truong

Students:
Phan Nu Kieu Hanh
Doan Minh Hieu
Nguyen Minh Hoang
Doan Vinh Hoang
Vo Pham Quoc Nguyen

Class: 22ECE

Da Nang, 4/2024

1
LABORATORY 1:
SIMULATE AND DESIGN HALF-WAVE / FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
PART 1: HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
1. Build a circuit as in Figure 1 with Proteus, simulate Vin(t) by an AC source:
Amplitude = 10V, f = 60Hz. Use oscilloscope to observe Vin(t) and Vout(t)
in 2 cases: an ideal diode and a practical diode.

• Set up:

2
 • Measurement: 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 10𝑉, 𝑓 = 60𝐻𝑧. Use oscillocope to observe 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡 ) và 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝑡)

One-way correction diode: half cycle passes through the diode and gives the output current the
same direction as the input current and eliminates the current.

3
 2. Now let’s add a capacitor into the circuit as shown in Figure 2. Use the
same parameters for Vin as the step above. Firstly, pick a capacitor as long
as RC  T, run the simulation, watch the signal of Vin and 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡. After that,
change the value of the capacitor so long as RC >> T.

• Set up:

4
• Measurement: R = 180, T = 1/f = 1/60, 𝑉 𝑖𝑛 = 10V.

• Simulation:
➢ Case 1: 𝑅𝐶 ≅ 𝑇
To select a capacitor as long as 𝑅𝐶𝑇, thus 𝐶  33𝜇𝐹. With the ripple
voltage, the dc current is not stable and efficient.

5
 ➢ Case 2: 𝑅𝐶 ≫ 𝑇
Changing value of capacitor, 𝑅𝐶 >> 𝑇

➢ Summarize:
More energy can be stored by capacitor when the value of capacitor as RC
>> T and it will supply higher and more efficient voltage for diode when it
open. Thus, it has a steady and efficient DC current at the output.

6
3. In both Proteus and in the lab, adjust the RC time constant to be
approximately 10x larger and then approximately 10x smaller. Comment
on the effect on the ripple voltage that you observe.

➢ Case 1: The RC time constant to be approximately 10x larger.

1. Adjust the RC time constant to be approximately 10x larger by 10𝐶 =1
2. From the formula 𝑉
𝑉𝑚
𝑟=
𝑓𝑅𝐶

We can see that if we grow C, the ripple voltage decreases.

7
 ➢ Case 2: The RC time constant to be approximately 10x smaller.
𝐶 33𝑢𝐹
- Adjust the RC time constant to be approximately 10x smaller by = = 0.33µ𝐹
10 10
Vm
- From the formula 𝑉𝑟 = we can see that if C decreases, the ripple
fRC
voltage increases.

- In the lab:

8
 4. Now you are supposed to use a transformer to get the desired AC voltage
source from our 220V AC. In Proteus, build a circuit as shown in Figure 1
with a transformer; use the oscilloscope to observe the signal.
Set up:

In Lab:

9
Measurement:

10
PART 2: FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER
5. A more efficient rectifier is the full-wave rectifier using a center-tapped
transformer as shown in Figure 3. Using Proteus to observe Vin(t) and
Vout(t) on the same graph for this circuit.

- The simulation:

11
 Full wave rectification utilizes a bridge rectifier with four diodes. In a positive cycle, two
diodes function, while in a negative cycle, the other two diodes operate. These diodes
convert AC to pulsing DC. Full wave rectification is effective as it utilizes both positive
and negative input cycles to produce a positive output cycle.
• 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 − 2𝑉𝑑 𝑉 (2𝑉𝑑 because two diodes are used, and we have to
minus them from input voltage)
• -𝑉𝑚 is input voltage amplitude and 𝑉𝑑 is voltage drop across diode.

12
6. Another way to to build a full-wave rectifier: using a diode bridge.

13
Laboratory

14
The four diodes labelled D1 to D4 are arranged in “series pairs” with only two diodes
conducting current during each half cycle. In Proteus, build a circuit as in Figure 4 with
the same parameters as steps above to observe the input and output waves.

15
In your report, draw proper arrows aside the devices to clearly explain the current flow in the
positive half-cycle as well as negative half-cycle.
The Positive Half-cycle

The Negative Half-cycle

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17
LABORATORY 4:
RC AND RL LOW PASS FILTERS
I. INTRODUCTION.
Resistors, capacitors, and inductors can be combined to form filters. Waveform
such as those originating from voice, music, or transducers can often be decomposed
into a sum of many sinusoidal signals with different frequencies.
When such a waveform is applied to a low-pass filter, only the low-frequency
sinusoidal components pass through the filter during the high-frequency components
are attenuated. Such a filter could be useful for removing additive high-frequency
noise from a low-frequency signal such as the signal from a temperature sensor.
Other types of filters include high pass, band pass, and band-reject filters. In
this experiment, two simple low-pass filters will be studied. The experimentally
determined frequency responses will be compared with responses using theoretical
calculations.
II. EQUIPMENT AND PARTS.
Signal generator.
Oscilloscope.
Digital Multimeter.
Resistor 470Ω.
Inductor 20mH.
Capacitor 0.1µF.
HP 467 amplifier.
RC and RL Low Pass Filters.

18
III. PROCEDURE.
3.1. RC Filter Frequency Response

3.1.1. After measuring R and C, construct the circuit shown in Figure 1.

19
3.1.2. Vary the frequency of the generator over the following values: 100 Hz, 300 Hz, 600 Hz,
1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 3000 Hz, 3500 Hz, 4000 Hz, 4500 Hz,5000 Hz, 6000 Hz.

f=100Hz

f=300Hz

f=600Hz

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f=1000Hz

f=2000Hz

f=3000Hz

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 f=3500Hz

f=4000Hz

f=4500Hz

22
 f=5000Hz

f=6000Hz

f=10000Hz

23
f=50000Hz

f=100000Hz

f=200000Hz

24
Proteus simulation

25
Frequency (𝑓) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
100𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 4.00𝑉
300𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.96𝑉
600𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.72𝑉
1000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.58𝑉
2000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.42𝑉
3000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.84𝑉
3500𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.58𝑉
4000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.37𝑉
4500𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 1.76𝑉
5000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 1.53𝑉
6000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 1.36𝑉
10000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 0.68𝑉
50000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 0.34𝑉

Frequency (Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (V) 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V)

100 4.00 4.00 2.83 2.83

300 4.00 3.96 2.83 2.80

600 4.00 3.72 2.83 2.63

1000 4.00 3.58 2.83 2.53

2000 4.00 3.42 2.83 2.41

3000 4.00 2.84 2.83 2.01

3500 4.00 2.58 2.83 1.82

4000 4.00 2.37 2.83 1.68

4500 4.00 1.76 2.83 1.24

5000 4.00 1.53 2.83 1.08

6000 4.00 1.36 2.83 0.96

10000 4.00 0.68 2.83 0.48

50000 4.00 0.34 2.83 0.24

26
Find the frequency where the amplitude of 𝑉(𝑡) is 0.707 times the amplitude of 𝑉(𝑡) when the
source frequency is close to 0. This frequency is referred to as the experimental -3 dB
frequency or the experimental bandwidth of the circuit.

We know that the frequency where 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 is cut-off frequency.
For 𝑓 = 3500𝐻𝑧

Frequency (Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (V) 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V)

3500 4.00 2.58 2.83 1.82

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 2.58
= = 0.65
𝑉𝑖𝑛 4.00

Theoretical
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 0.7071
𝑉𝑖𝑛

Experimental
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 2.58
= = 0.65
𝑉𝑖𝑛 4.00
The theoretical value (0.7071) is slightly higher than the experimental value (0.65).

27
Frequency (Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (V) 20 ∗ log10(𝑉/𝑉𝑖𝑛 )

300 2.80 2.83 -0.212

600 2.63 2.83 -0.946

1000 2.53 2.83 -1.269

2000 2.41 2.83 -1.729

3000 2.01 2.83 -4.074

3500 1.82 2.83 -5.086

4000 1.68 2.83 -6.206

4500 1.24 2.83 -9.642

5000 1.08 2.83 -11.518

6000 0.96 2.83 -13.054

10000 0.48 2.83 -19.358

50000 0.24 2.83 -25.358

3.1.3. It can be shown that the theoretical relationship between the RMS value of V(t) and the
RMS of Vin(t) is given by

|𝑉 (𝜔)| 1
= (1)
|𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝜔)| √1 + (𝜔𝑅𝐶 )2

In this expression 𝑉 (𝜔) and 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝜔) refer to the phasor representations of 𝑉 (𝑡 ) and 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡),
|𝑉(𝑓)|
respectively. Use MATLAB to plot 20 log10 versus frequency in Hz.
|𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑓)|

Over the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 KHz. Use a 3 cycle semilog scale for the
frequency axis and your measured values of R and C for the calculations. Your graph
should be a solid smooth curve.
Theoretically, the expression in (1) should be -3 dB at the frequency given by

1
𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝐻𝑧 (2)
2𝜋𝑅𝐶

28
In this experiment, we consider:
1 1
𝑓𝐵𝑊 = = = 3386.27 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝑅𝐶 2𝜋 × 470 × 0.1 × 10−6
Calculate (2) using your measured R and C. Show the experimental response at this
frequency point on your plot using the plot symbol "*". These are your theoretical
results.
3.1.4. Use MATLAB to plot your tabulated experimental data from Step 2 on the same
graph as your theoretical results. Use the plot symbol "o" for your experimental
results. Don't connect the "o" by straight lines. You should now have a direct
comparison of the theoretical and experimental frequency responses of the circuit.
f_exp = [100, 300, 600, 1000, 2000, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 6000, 10000, 50000];
Vout_RMS_exp = [2.83, 2.80, 2.63, 2.53, 2.41, 2.01, 1.82, 1.68, 1.24, 1.08, 0.96, 0.48, 0.24];
Vin_RMS_exp = 2.83;
% Calculate 20*log10(V_out/V_in) for experimental data
Gain_exp_dB = 20 * log10(Vout_RMS_exp / Vin_RMS_exp);

R = 470; % Resistance in ohms

C = 0.1e-6; % Capacitance in farads

% Calculate the -3 dB frequency point

fc = 1 / (2 * pi * R * C);

% Define the frequency range (100 Hz to 100 kHz)

f = logspace(2, 5, 1000); % 3-cycle semilog scale

% Calculate the theoretical transfer function and convert to dB

H = 1 ./ sqrt(1 + (2 * pi * f * R * C).^2);
Gain_dB = 20 * log10(H);

% Plot the theoretical response

figure;
semilogx(f, Gain_dB, 'b-', 'LineWidth', 2);
hold on;
grid on;

semilogx(f_exp, Gain_exp_dB, 'ro', 'MarkerSize', 8, 'LineWidth', 2);

Gain_fc_dB = -3;
semilogx(fc, Gain_fc_dB, 'k*', 'MarkerSize', 10, 'LineWidth', 2);

% Add labels and legend

xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Gain (dB)');
title('Frequency Response of RC Low Pass Filter');
legend('Theoretical Response', 'Experimental Data', '-3 dB Point');
hold off;

29
(Figure from MATLAB simulation.)
Conclusion:
• At lower frequencies, the experimental data closely follows the theoretical response,
indicating good agreement between theory and practice.
• As the frequency increases, the experimental gain begins to deviate from the
theoretical curve. This is expected due to practical factors such as component
tolerances, parasitic elements, and measurement inaccuracies.
In this experiment at laboratory, we just conducted it without HP467 amplifier so
the results was recorded maybe differently.
• The -3 dB point is consistent with the theoretical cutoff frequency, reinforcing the
validity of the calculated 𝑓𝑐fc.

30
3.2. RL Filter Frequency Response

3.2.1. After measuring R and C, construct the circuit shown in Figure 1.

31
3.2.2. Vary the frequency of the generator over the following values: 100 Hz, 300 Hz, 600 Hz,
1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 3000 Hz, 3500Hz, 4000Hz, 4500 Hz,5000 Hz, 6000 Hz.

f=100Hz

f=300Hz

f=600Hz

32
f=1000Hz

f=2000Hz

f=3000Hz

33
f=3500Hz

f=4000Hz

f=4500Hz

34
f=5000Hz

f=6000Hz

f=10000Hz

35
f=50000Hz

f=200000Hz

36
Proteus simulation

Frequency (𝑓) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡

100𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.72𝑉
300𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.66𝑉
600𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.52𝑉
1000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.48𝑉
2000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 3.22𝑉
3000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.94𝑉
3500𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.78𝑉
4000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.67𝑉
4500𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.46𝑉
5000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.23𝑉
6000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 2.06𝑉
10000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 1.48𝑉
50000𝐻𝑧 4.00𝑉 0.34𝑉

37
 Frequency
(Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (V) 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V)

100 4.00 3.72 2.83 2.63

300 4.00 3.66 2.83 2.59

600 4.00 3.52 2.83 2.49

1000 4.00 3.48 2.83 2.46

2000 4.00 3.22 2.83 2.28

3000 4.00 2.94 2.83 2.08

3500 4.00 2.78 2.83 1.97

4000 4.00 2.67 2.83 1.89

4500 4.00 2.46 2.83 1.74

5000 4.00 2.23 2.83 1.58

6000 4.00 2.06 2.83 1.46

10000 4.00 1.48 2.83 1.04

50000 4.00 0.34 2.83 0.24

3.2.3. Find the frequency where the amplitude of 𝑉(𝑡) is 0.707 times the amplitude of 𝑉(𝑡) when
the source frequency is close to 0. This frequency is referred to as the experimental -3 dB
frequency or the experimental bandwidth of the circuit.
We know that the frequency where 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 0.707 ∗ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 is cut-off frequency.
For 𝑓 = 3500𝐻𝑧

Frequency (Hz) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 (V) 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V) 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑅𝑀𝑆 (V)

3500 4.00 2.78 2.83 1.97

𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 2.78
= = 0.695
𝑉𝑖𝑛 4.00

38
Theoretical
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡
= 0.7071
𝑉𝑖𝑛
Experimental
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 2.58
= = 0.695
𝑉𝑖𝑛 4.00

The theoretical value (0.7071) is slightly higher than the experimental value (0.695).
It can be shown that the theoretical relationship between the RMS value of V(t) and the RMS of
Vin(t) is given by.
|𝑉 (𝜔)| 𝑅1 ∕ 𝑅
= (3)
|𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝜔)| 2
√1 + (𝜔 𝐿 )
𝑅

In this expression 𝑉 (𝜔) and 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝜔) refer to the phasor representations of 𝑉 (𝑡 ) and
𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑡), respectively. Use MATLAB to plot.
|𝑉(𝑓)|
20 log10 verus frequency in Hz
|𝑉𝑖𝑛 (𝑓)|

Over the frequency range 100 Hz to 100 KHz. Use a 3 cycle semilog scale for the
frequency axis and your measured values of R and C for the calculations. Your graph
should be a solid smooth curve.

39
Frequency (Hz) (V) (V)

300 2.80 2.83 -0.212

600 2.63 2.83 -0.946

1000 2.53 2.83 -1.269

2000 2.41 2.83 -1.729

3000 2.01 2.83 -4.074

3500 1.82 2.83 -5.086

4000 1.68 2.83 -6.206

4500 1.24 2.83 -9.642

5000 1.08 2.83 -11.518

6000 0.96 2.83 -13.054

10000 0.48 2.83 -19.358

50000 0.24 2.83 -25.358

Theoretically, the expression in (1) should be -3 dB at the frequency given by

𝑅
𝑓𝐵𝑊 = 𝐻𝑧 (2)
2𝜋𝐿

In this experiment, we consider:

𝑅 470 + 50
𝑓𝐵𝑊 = = = 4138.02 𝐻𝑧
2𝜋𝐿 2𝜋 × 20 × 10−3

Calculate (2) using your measured R and C. Show the experimental response at this
frequency point on your plot using the plot symbol "*". These are your theoretical
results.

40
3.2.4. Use MATLAB to plot your tabulated experimental data from Step 2 on the same graph as
your theoretical results. Use the plot symbol "o" for your experimental results. Don't
connect the "o" by straight lines. You should now have a direct comparison of the
theoretical and experimental frequency responses of the circuit.

% Constants
R = 520; % Ohms
RL = 50; % Ohms
R1 = 470; % Ohms
L = 20 * 10^(-3); % Henries
Vin_rms = 2.83; % V
% Frequency range
f_min = 100; % Hz
f_max = 100000; % Hz
f = logspace(log10(f_min), log10(f_max), 1000); % 3 cycle semilog scale

% Theoretical frequency response calculation

Vout_rms_theoretical = Vin_rms * (R1 / R) ./ sqrt(1 + ((f * L / R) + (f * L / RL)).^2);
Vout_rms_theoretical_dB = 20 * log10(Vout_rms_theoretical ./ Vin_rms);

% Theoretical -3 dB frequency
f_BW_theoretical = R1 / (2 * pi * L);

% Experimental data
experimental_data = [
300 2.80;
600 2.63;
1000 2.53;
2000 2.41;
3000 2.01;
3500 1.82;
4000 1.68;
4500 1.24;
5000 1.08;
6000 0.96;
10000 0.48;
50000 0.24
]; Extract frequency and V values from experimental data
frequency_exp = experimental_data(:, 1);
V_exp = experimental_data(:, 2);

% Calculate dB values from experimental data

Vout_rms_exp_dB = 20 * log10(V_exp ./ Vin_rms);

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%Plot
figure;
semilogx(f, Vout_rms_theoretical_dB, 'b', 'LineWidth', 2); hold on;
semilogx(f_BW_theoretical, -3, 'g*', 'MarkerSize', 10); hold on;
semilogx(frequency_exp, Vout_rms_exp_dB, 'ro'); hold off;

% Labels and legend

xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude (dB)');
legend('Theoretical Response', 'Theoretical -3 dB Frequency', 'Experimental Data');

% Title
title('Theoretical and Experimental Frequency Responses');

% Grid
grid on;

(Figure from MATLAB simulation.)

Conclusion:
• The experimental data results was recorded slightly upper than the theoretical response at
low frequencies. At high frequencies, the experimental curve matched the theoretical
curve well.

42