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CHAPTER
The Nervous System
8
Learning Objectives
After reading the textbook and studying the material in this chapter, the student should be able to:
• Describe the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
• List the structures that compose the central and peripheral nervous systems.
• Describe the structures that provide protection for the central nervous system.
• Explain the functions of cerebrospinal fluid.
• Describe the role of the blood brain barrier.
• Describe the structure of the cerebrum, and list the three functional areas of the cerebral
cortex.
• Explain the location and functions of the primary sensory and motor areas of the cerebral
cortex.
• Compare and contrast the left and right hemispheres.
• Discuss the role of association areas.
• List the functions of the thalamus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.
• Exemplify how the limbic system is involved in emotions and memory.
• Describe the functions of the reticular activating system.
• List the functions of the spinal cord, and relate its structure to efficiently performing these
functions.
• Describe the reflex arc that occurs when you have stepped on something sharp.
• Describe the function of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
• Compare and contrast the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
• Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system in an emergency situation.
• Differentiate between most common headaches and migraine headaches, both in terms of
cause and severity.
• Describe what causes a stroke and what determines the resulting damage.
• Explain what causes a coma.
• Explain why, based on the structure and function of the spinal cord, an injury can result in
the lack of function below the injury.
40 INSTRUCTOR GUIDE FOR BIOLOGY OF HUMANS: CONCEPTS, APPLICATIONS, AND ISSUES, 5e Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
3. Fill the dishpan with cold water (have ice on hand to keep it cold) to a depth of 3 to 4
inches.
4. Have the student determine their resting pulse rate before the activity. Ask them to pre-
dict what they might expect to happen to their heart rate when their face is submerged
in cold water.
5. Next, have the students submerge their face in water for 15 seconds while a partner
measures their pulse rate. It should decline during the 15 seconds their face is sub-
merged.
6. Discuss the neurological control over the dive reflex and the purpose of this reflex.
Assessment Suggestions: Ask students to do some further investigation on the diving reflex
and the specific parts of the nervous system that are involved in this reflex.
Case Study
In cases of severe seizure disorders when no other treatments work, a hemispherectomy may
be performed. In this procedure, an entire hemisphere (either left or right) is removed or inac-
tivated. While the procedure is extreme, it is used in cases where a person does not respond to
any other sort of treatment. If the procedure is successful, seizures will be reduced in severity
or eliminated completely.
• Given what you know about the structure and function of the cerebrum, what do you
think would happen if an entire hemisphere is removed?
• What sorts of long-term effects would you expect in a patient who has experienced a
hemispherectomy?
• In general, children respond better to this procedure than adults. Speculate on why this
is the case.
Resources
• http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/works.html—This site is for resources and activities on
the Neuroscience for Kids website. There are many ideas for class activities available here.
• http://www.traumaticbraininjury.com/—This site has information on a variety of types of trau-
matic brain injuries.
• COMA (2008)—This movie, directed by Liz Garbus, is an acclaimed documentary about brain
injury. It is frequently aired on HBO, and available on DVD.
• http://www.usuhs.mil/cnrm/resprog.html—This is the research link page for the Center for the
Study of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine at the Uniformed Services University.
• http://www.stroke.org/site/PageNavigator/HOME—This site provides many resources and
information on strokes.
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