2/15/2024

Stresses and Strains

1
 2/15/2024

Axial Loading: Normal Stress

• The resultant of the internal forces for an axially
loaded member is normal to a section cut
perpendicular to the member axis.

• The force intensity on that section is defined as

the normal stress.
F P
  lim  ave 
A 0 A A

• The normal stress at a particular point may not be

equal to the average stress but the resultant of the
stress distribution must satisfy
P   ave A   dF    dA
A

• The detailed distribution of stress is statically

indeterminate, i.e., can not be found from statics
alone.

Centric & Eccentric Loading

• A uniform distribution of stress in a section
infers that the line of action for the resultant of
the internal forces passes through the centroid
of the section.

• A uniform distribution of stress is only

possible if the concentrated loads on the end
sections of two-force members are applied at
the section centroids. This is referred to as
centric loading.

• If a two-force member is eccentrically loaded,

then the resultant of the stress distribution in a
section must yield an axial force and a
moment.

• The stress distributions in eccentrically loaded

members cannot be uniform or symmetric.

2
 2/15/2024

Shearing Stress
• Forces P and P’ are applied transversely to the
member AB.
• Corresponding internal forces act in the plane
of section C and are called shearing forces.
• The resultant of the internal shear force
distribution is defined as the shear of the section
and is equal to the load P.
• The corresponding average shear stress is,
P
 ave 
A
• Shear stress distribution varies from zero at the
member surfaces to maximum values that may be
much larger than the average value.
• The shear stress distribution cannot be assumed to
be uniform.

Shearing Stress Examples

Single Shear Double Shear

P F P F
 ave    ave  
A A A 2A

3
 2/15/2024

Bearing Stress in Connections

• Bolts, rivets, and pins create
stresses on the points of contact
or bearing surfaces of the
members they connect.

• The resultant of the force

distribution on the surface is
equal and opposite to the force
exerted on the pin.

• Corresponding average force

intensity is called the bearing
stress,
P P
b  
A td

Stress in Two Force Members

• Axial forces on a two force
member result in only normal
stresses on a plane cut
perpendicular to the member
axis.

• Transverse forces on bolts and

pins result in only shear
stresses on the plane
perpendicular to bolt or pin
axis.

4
 2/15/2024

Stress on an Oblique Plane

• Pass a section through the member forming
an angle with the normal plane.

• From equilibrium conditions, the

distributed forces (stresses) on the plane
must be equivalent to the force P.

• Resolve P into components normal and

tangential to the oblique section,
F  P cos V  P sin 

• The average normal and shear stresses on

the oblique plane are
F P cos P
   cos 2 
A A0 A0
cos
V P sin  P
   sin  cos
A A0 A0
cos

Maximum Stresses
• Normal and shearing stresses on an oblique
plane
P P
 cos 2   sin  cos
A0 A0

• The maximum normal stress occurs when the

reference plane is perpendicular to the member
axis,
P
m    0
A0

• The maximum shear stress occurs for a plane at

+ 45o with respect to the axis,
P P
m  sin 45 cos 45  
A0 2 A0

5
 2/15/2024

Maximum Stresses Cont’d

• We can plot 𝜎 and 𝜏

as a function of 𝜃.

Equilibrium of a Deformable Body

Internal Resultant Loadings
● Objective of FBD is to
determine the resultant
force and moment acting
within a body.
● In general, there are 4
different types of resultant
loadings:
a)Normal force, N
b)Shear force, V
c)Torsional moment or
torque, T
d)Bending moment, M

6
 2/15/2024

Stress Under General Loadings

• A member subjected to a general
combination of loads is cut into two
segments by a plane passing through Q

• The distribution of internal stress

components may be defined as,
F x
 x  lim
A 0 A

 V yx  V zx
 xy  lim  xz  lim
A 0 A A  0  A

• For equilibrium, an equal and

opposite internal force and stress
distribution must be exerted on the
other segment of the member.

Stress
● Distribution of internal loading is important in mechanics of
materials.
● We will consider the material to be continuous.
● This intensity of internal force at a point is called stress.

7
 2/15/2024

State of Stress
• Stress components are defined for the planes
cut parallel to the x, y and z axes. For
equilibrium, equal and opposite stresses are
exerted on the hidden planes.
• The combination of forces generated by the
stresses must satisfy the conditions for
equilibrium:
 Fx   Fy   Fz  0
Mx  My  Mz  0
• Consider the moments about the z axis:
 M z  0   xy Aa   yx Aa
 xy   yx
similarly,  yz   zy and  yz   zy

• It follows that only 6 components of stress are

required to define the complete state of stress

2‐D State of Stress

• There are situations where one of the normal
stresses and corresponding shearing stresses are zero
• This situation is called 2‐D state of stress or plane
stress situation
• Two normal stress components,
x, y
• One shear stress component xy
• Which btw, xy = yx
• z =xz = yz=0

8
 2/15/2024

Maximum Stress Cont’d

• Let us have another

look of this for
better
understanding

Strain
Normal and Shearing Strain

9
 2/15/2024

Introduction
• Strain is the direct consequence of the applied
load, if material is deformable
• Just like stresses, we have two types of strains as
well
• Normal Strain or Linear Strain
• Shearing Strain

Normal Strain

P 2P P P
  stress   
A 2A A A
  2 
  normal strain   
L L 2L L

10
 2/15/2024

Shearing Strain
• A cubic element subjected to a
shear stress will deform into a
rhomboid. The corresponding
shear strain is quantified in
terms of the change in angle
between the sides,
 xy  f  xy 

• Shearing strains are measured in

terms of radians or micro radians

Shear Strain
• Shear strain is the angular
change in a right angle 𝛾

• The angle at A, which is

originally 90o, is decreased by
a small amount θ when the
shear stress is applied

 The shear strain γ will be

given by

11
 2/15/2024

Stress and Strain

• Stress : load per unit Area
F
σ
A
F : load applied in Newtons
A : cross sectional area in mm²
σ : stress in MPa

F F

Stress and Strain (cont)

• Normal Strain :
‐ Ratio of elongation of a material to the original length
‐ unit deformation
Lo δ

ε
Lo L

δ : elongation
Lo : unloaded(original) length of a material
ε : strain (mm/mm) or (in/in)
Elongation

  L  Lo L : loaded length of a material

12
 2/15/2024

Questions ???

13