Poison’s Ratio

Thermal strain &

Stresses
Hooke’s Law
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Introduction
Stress Strain Relationship is also known as
◦ Constitutive Relationship
◦ Hooke’s Law

We have talked about stress strain relations ship

A material specimen is tested in lab to get the experimental data
This data is then plotted in the form of stress as function of strain

We will try to develop a mathematical relationship between stresses

and strains
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
Axes and units
◦ Vertical Axis (Stress)
◦ Units = N / mm2

◦ Horizontal Axis (Strain)

◦ Units = mm/mm
Simplification of Material
Behavior
σ σ

ε ε

Rigid Material Linearly Elastic Material

 Simplification of Material
Behavior
σ σ

ε ε

Linearly Elastic Linearly Elastic Strain

Perfectly Plastic Material Hardening Plastic Material
 Simplification of Material
Behavior
σ

Linearly Elastic
Linearly Elasto - Plastic Material
 Poisson’s Ratio
When the load is applied in
longitudinal direction, we
observe strain in transverse σ σ
direction
Poisson Ration is defined as
𝜖𝜖𝑦𝑦 єy
ν= −
𝜖𝜖𝑥𝑥
For most material the value
of Poisson Ratio is 0.3
єx
©2001 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.
Poisson’s Ration
It means if load (Normal
Stress) is applied in one
direction, one observes
deformation (normal strain)
in other two directions also

For 1-D case (axial member),

we know

σ x = Eε x
 2-D Stress & Strain Relationship
If we apply axial stress σx to a νє𝑥𝑥𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
plate of dimension dx x dy, then
The deformation in x direction is
Єx dx σx σx
dy
The deformation is y direction is dx
νЄy dy єx𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
σx
εx =
Now we apply stress σy on this E
deformed plate σx σx
ε x dx = dx νε x dy =
ν dy
E E
 2-D Stress & Strain Relationship
We get increase in length in y
direction and decrease in length
in x direction. We can write total 𝜖𝜖𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
deformation as 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 ν𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 𝐸𝐸
𝜖𝜖𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 − ν 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸 𝐸𝐸
σx
1 dy 𝜖𝜖𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜖𝜖𝑥𝑥 = (𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 − ν𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 )
𝐸𝐸 dx
Similarly, ν𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦
1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝜖𝜖𝑦𝑦 = (𝜎𝜎𝑦𝑦 − ν𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥 ) 𝐸𝐸
𝜎𝜎𝑥𝑥
𝐸𝐸 σy 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐸𝐸
 Effect of Temperature
The change in temperature causes the material to expand or contract
Change in length of the structure (a rod for example) can be stated as
𝛿𝛿𝐿𝐿 𝑇𝑇 = 𝛼𝛼 ∆𝑇𝑇 𝐿𝐿
Where, α is coefficient of thermal expansion (a material property)
∆𝑇𝑇 is change in temperature
L is original length
∆𝐿𝐿𝑇𝑇
So, 𝜖𝜖 𝑇𝑇 = = 𝛼𝛼 ∆𝑇𝑇 Also called thermal strain (Normal in nature)
𝐿𝐿
Change of temperature does not cause shearing strain
Thermal strain does not cause any thermal stress. However, if material is not
allowed to expand during change in temperature, then thermal stresses gets
developed
Thermal Stresses
• A temperature change results in a change in length or
thermal strain. There is no stress associated with the
thermal strain unless the elongation is restrained by
the supports.
• Treat the additional support as redundant and apply
the principle of superposition.
PL
δ T = α (∆T )L δP =
AE
α = thermal expansion coef.
• The thermal deformation and the deformation from
the redundant support must be compatible.
δ = δT + δ P = 0 δ = δT + δ P = 0
P = − AEα (∆T )
PL
α (∆T )L + =0 P
AE σ= = − Eα (∆T )
A
Generalized Hooke’s Law
ε xx = 1 E σ xx − ν E σ yy − ν E σ zz + α ∆T
ε yy = − ν E σ xx + 1 E σ yy − ν E σ zz + α ∆T
ε zz = − ν E σ xx − ν E σ yy + 1 E σ zz + α ∆T
σ xy σ xz σ yz
γ xy = γ xz = γ yz =
G G G

E is Modulus of Elasticity
G is Modulus of Rigidity E
G=
υ is Poisson’s Ratio 2(1 +ν )
Generalized Hooke’s Law
This can be written as

{ε } = [S ]{σ }

 1E −ν
E
−ν
E 0 0 0
−ν
 E
1
E
−ν
E 0 0 0 
−ν E −ν 1 0 0 0 Compliance
[S ] =  E E
 Matrix
0 0 0 0 0
1
G
0 0 0 0 1
G 0
 
 0 0 0 0 0 1
G

 Generalized Hooke’s Law
This can be inverted, to get

{σ } = [C ]{ε }

(1 −ν ) ν ν 0 0 0 
 ν (1 −ν ) ν 0 0 0 
 
E  ν ν (1 −ν ) 0 0 0 
[C ] =
(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν )  0 0 0 (1 − 2ν ) 0 0 

 0 0 0 0 (1 − 2ν ) 0 
 
 0 0 0 0 0 (1 − 2ν )
 Generalized Hooke’s Law
For the case of Plane Stress

σ xx  1 ν ν  ε xx  1
  E ν 1  ε  − Eα∆T 1
σ yy  = ν   yy  (1 −ν )  
σ  1 −ν ( 2
) 
ν ν 1
(1 − ν ) γ  0
 xy  2   xy   
Questions ???