GENERAL SCIENCE

AND SCIENCE &

TECHNOLOGY
DAY 9
 Topics

General Science

General Science &

Science Technology
1. Chemistry
2. Physics 1. Space Technology
3. Biology 2. Biotechnology
4. Nutrition & Diseases 3. Other Technology

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 Other Technology Topics

1. Nano Technology
2. Defence Technology
3. Information & Communication Technology
4. Nuclear Technology
5. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)

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1. Nano Technology

1. What is Nanotechnology?
2. What are the Advantages of Nanotechnology?
3. What are the Applications of Nanotechnology?
4. What are the demerits of nanotechnology?
5. Important terms in Nanotechnology
6. Nanotechnology in India

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 1. What is Nano? 1. Nano Technology

1nm 100 nm
 2. What are the advantages 1. Nano Technology
at the nano-scale?
Nano scale refers to the range of sizes between 1 and 100 nanometers (nm). There are several advantages to
working with materials at the nanoscale, including:
• Large Surface Area: Nano-sized particles have a large surface area relative to their volume, which makes them
highly reactive and useful in a variety of applications. For example, nanoparticles can be used to catalyze
chemical reactions or as carriers for drugs or other materials.
• Improved Mechanical Properties: Materials at the nanoscale can exhibit improved mechanical properties such
as increased strength, hardness, and flexibility. This makes them useful in a wide range of applications,
including electronics, aerospace, and biomedical engineering.
• Enhanced Optical Properties: Nanoparticles can exhibit unique optical properties due to their small size and
surface area. This makes them useful in a variety of applications such as solar cells, imaging, and sensing.
• New Properties: Materials at the nanoscale can exhibit unique properties that are not present at larger scales.
For example, quantum confinement effects can lead to changes in the electronic and optical properties of
materials.
• Reduced Cost: The use of nanoscale materials can lead to cost savings in many applications. For example, the
use of nanoscale catalysts can reduce the amount of expensive raw materials needed for a given reaction,
leading to cost savings and improved efficiency.
 Q. EPFO APFC 2015

Answer: Option D
3. What are the applications 1. Nano Technology
of Nano-Technology?

Health and
Medicine

Other
Electronics
Applications

Areas
Agriculture & Construction
Food
Management Activities

Energy Sector
3. What are the applications 1. Nano Technology
of Nano-Technology?

Nano particles injected Standard radio therapy destroys Nano particles are activated
into the tumour cancer and healthy cells and absorb more X-rays

Cancerous
cells are
destroyed
more
 4. What are the demerits of 1. Nano Technology
Nano-Technology?
• Nano toxicology is the field which studies potential
health risks of nanomaterials, due to their
overconsumption in human body.
• Nano-pollution is a generic name for all waste
generated by Nano devices or during the
nanomaterials manufacturing process.
• The potential for bioaccumulation in plants and
microorganisms is a subject of current research.
5. Important Terms 1. Nano Technology
1. Quantum Dots

Q-Dots are man-made semiconducting

nanoparticles that that can transport electrons.
When UV light hits these, they can emit light of
various colors.
• These have found applications in composites,
solar cells, and fluorescent biological labels.
• As energy is related to wavelength (or Colour),
this means that the optical properties of the
particle can be finely tuned depending on its size.
• Thus, particles can be made to emit or absorb
specific wavelengths (colours) of light, merely by
controlling their size.
• The properties of a quantum dot are not only
determined by its size but also by its shape,
composition, and structure.
6. Nano Technology in India 1. Nano Technology

INDIAN EFFORTS

▪ Research and work on nanotechnology in India started in 2001 with

the formation of the Nanoscience and Technology Initiative.
▪ Nano Mission (2007) is an umbrella programme for capacity
building which envisages the overall development of this field in
the country and to tap some of its applied potential for nation’s
development.
➢ Two Nano electronics centres have been established at IIT
Bombay and IISc, Bangalore.
▪ Visveswaraya PhD fellowships offered by Ministry of Information
and Technology supports various Nanotechnology activities in the
country.
▪ Innovation in Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE)
scheme supports research fellows to work in interdisciplinary
nanotechnology, nanoscience and Nano-biotechnology areas.
▪ Sophisticated analytical instruments facilities (SAIFs) have been
established by DST across India.
 Q.

Which among the following is/are the correct applications of Nano-technology?

1. Cancer treatment.
2. Targeted drug delivery
3. Bio-Nano generator.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: Option D
2. Defence Technology
1. What is the need for defence technology?
2. What is the Institutional Setup in India?
3. Defence Technology in India – An overview
4. Army Defence Technology
5. Naval Defence Technology
6. Airforce Defence Technology

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 1. What is the need for 2. Defence Technology
defence technology?
The need for defense technology arises from the need to protect nations and their citizens from potential threats
to their security and sovereignty. Defense technology encompasses a wide range of capabilities and tools that are
used to ensure national security, deter potential aggressors, and respond to threats when necessary.
Some of the reasons why defense technology is necessary include:
• National Security: Defense technology is essential for safeguarding a nation's security interests. It allows
governments to protect their citizens from external threats such as terrorism, cyber attacks, and military
aggression.
• Deterrence: The development and deployment of advanced defense technologies can serve as a deterrent to
potential aggressors, dissuading them from attempting to attack a nation or its interests.
• Military Preparedness: Defense technology helps to ensure that a nation's military is prepared to respond to
threats in a timely and effective manner. This includes everything from advanced weaponry and
communications systems to training and logistics support.
• Economic Development: The defense sector can contribute to a nation's economic development by creating
high-skilled jobs and driving innovation in areas such as aerospace, engineering, and advanced materials.
• Humanitarian Assistance: Defense technology can also be used for humanitarian purposes, such as providing
emergency aid during natural disasters or supporting peacekeeping missions.
 2. What is the institutional 2. Defence Technology
setup in India?
The institutional setup of defense technology in India is primarily overseen by the Ministry of Defense, which is
responsible for the formulation of defense policies, procurement of defense equipment, and the overall
management of the defense sector.
• Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO) - Within the Ministry of Defense, the Defense
Research and Development Organization (DRDO) is the primary agency responsible for research and
development of defense technology in India. The DRDO is headquartered in New Delhi and has a network of
more than 50 laboratories and research centers across India, covering a wide range of technology areas such
as aeronautics, armaments, electronics, and materials.
• Armed Forces - The Indian Armed Forces, comprising the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force, also
play a significant role in the development and deployment of defense technology in India. Each branch of the
armed forces has its own research and development organization, including the Army Technology Group, the
Naval Science and Technological Laboratory, and the Aeronautical Development Agency.
• Private industry - In addition to these agencies, India also has a growing private defense industry, with several
Indian companies involved in the development and production of defense equipment and technology. The
government has recently introduced a series of measures to promote private sector participation in defense
manufacturing and research, including the 'Make in India' initiative and the establishment of a Defense
Technology Commission to provide guidance and direction to the defense research and development sector.
3. Defence Technology in India 2. Defence Technology

India's Armed Forces are well-equipped and are growing stronger with scientific and technical support of various
agencies like DRDO which aims to make the country self-sufficient in technologies needed for defence.

Missiles • Submarine Fleets

Other Areas
• Helicopters
• Fighter Aircrafts • IGMDP • Surface Fleets • UAVs
• Transport Aircrafts • Other Missiles • Nuclear Triad
• Missile Defence
Indian Navy
Aircrafts
Ships
5. Navy Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
The Indian Navy relies on a wide range of defense technologies to maintain its maritime security and defend
India's interests at sea. Some of the key defense technologies employed by the Indian Navy include:
• Naval Aviation: The Indian Navy operates a fleet of fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft for maritime patrol,
reconnaissance, and anti-submarine warfare. These include the P-8I Poseidon maritime surveillance aircraft,
the Sea King and Chetak helicopters, and the indigenous Dhruv helicopter.
• Surface Vessels: The Indian Navy operates a range of surface vessels, including frigates, destroyers, corvettes,
and patrol boats. These vessels are equipped with a range of weapons systems, such as missiles, guns, and
torpedoes, and are supported by advanced sensors and communication systems.
• Submarines: The Indian Navy operates both diesel-electric and nuclear-powered submarines for anti-
submarine warfare and strategic deterrence. These submarines are equipped with advanced sensors and
weapons systems, such as torpedoes and anti-ship missiles.
• Electronic Warfare: Electronic warfare (EW) is an important component of modern naval warfare, and the
Indian Navy has developed a range of EW systems to counter enemy electronic systems. These include systems
for signal jamming, interception, and analysis.
• Underwater Warfare: The Indian Navy has developed a range of underwater warfare technologies, including
mine countermeasure systems, sonar arrays, and autonomous underwater vehicles, to detect and neutralize
underwater threats.
5. Navy Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
It consists of submarine fleets, surface fleets and auxiliary
fleets.
▪ Submarine fleets:
1. Nuclear powered Submarines in the form of INS Arihant
and INS Chakra.
2. Diesel powered Submarines which includes Kalvari class,
Sindhughosh and Shishumar class submarines.

▪ Surface fleets:
1. It include INS Vikramaditya and INS Virat as Aircraft
carrier. It is a modified version of original Kiev class
(Russian origin), included in service in 2013.
2. There are destroyers (fast, manoeuvrable, long-distance
warship) of Kolkata class, Delhi class, Visakhapatnam
class, Rana class, Ranvir class.
3. Surface fleets also include frigates (multirole + stealth
features) of Shivalik class, Talwar class, Teg class and
Kamorta class.
4. Small warships (corvettes) of kamorta, kora, and Khukri
and Veer class are important components of surface fleet.
5. Offshore Patrol Vehicles of Saryu and Sukanya Class.
6. Torpedo launch and recovery vessels like INS Astradharini
5. Navy Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
Two indigenous warships of
the Indian Navy have been
launched concurrently for the
first time. Defence Minister
Rajnath Singh launched
warships Surat and Udaygiri in
Mumbai on May 17, 2022.
• INS Surat - Surat is a
Visakhapatnam Class
guided-missile destroyer. It
is the fourth and last ship
of the Indian Navy’s Project
15B destroyers.
• INS Udayagiri - Udaygiri is a
frigate ship. Frigates are a
type of Naval warship that
comes below a destroyer.
Udaygiri is the third stealth
frigate of the Project-17A
class.
5. Navy Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
• The Indian Navy bid farewell to its two ships INS Nishank and INS Akshay, at Naval Dockyard in Mumbai on 3
June 2022. Both the ships got decommissioned at Naval Dockyard after 32 years of being at the forefront.
• India is procuring MH-60R Helicophters as part of an around ₹15,000-crore deal with the US government
under the framework of foreign military sales. MH-60R helicopter manufactured by Lockheed Martin
Corporation is an all-weather helicopter designed to support multiple missions with state-of-the-art avionics
and sensors.
 Q. UPSC NDA II 2022

Answer: Option B
 Q. UPSC NDA II 2022

Answer: Option D
 Q. UPSC NDA II 2022

Answer: Option D
6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
The Indian Air Force (IAF) relies on a range of advanced defense technologies to maintain its operational
readiness and ensure the security of the nation's airspace. Some of the key defense technologies employed by
the IAF include:
• Aircraft: The IAF operates a range of aircraft, including fighter jets, transport aircraft, and helicopters. These
aircraft are equipped with advanced avionics, weapons systems, and sensors, and are used for a range of
operations, including air defense, reconnaissance, and ground support.
• Missiles: The IAF deploys a range of missiles, including air-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, and surface-
to-air missiles. These missiles are capable of engaging targets at a range of distances and altitudes, and provide
the IAF with a significant tactical advantage.
• Electronic Warfare: The IAF has developed a range of electronic warfare (EW) systems to counter enemy
electronic systems. These include systems for signal jamming, interception, and analysis.
• Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: The IAF operates a fleet of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for surveillance,
reconnaissance, and target acquisition purposes. These UAVs include both fixed-wing and rotary-wing
platforms, which are used for battlefield surveillance, target acquisition, and intelligence gathering.
• Radars: The IAF relies on a network of ground-based and airborne radars to detect and track enemy aircraft
and missiles. These radars provide the IAF with real-time situational awareness and enable it to respond
quickly to emerging threats.
6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
1. Aircrafts

Helicopters Fighter Aircrafts Transport Aircrafts

MI - 25/ MI - 35 SU – 30 MKI AVRO
MI - 26 Mirage - 2000 Dornier
MI - 17 V5 MiG - 29 Boeing 737-200
Chinook MiG - 27 AN - 32
Chetak MiG – 21 Bison Embraer
Cheetah Jaguar
Dhruv Rafale
6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
Stealth aircraft
6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
2. Missiles

Launching Position
and Target Navigation Speed

Air to Air Cruise Subsonic

Air to
Ballistic Sonic
Surface

Surface to
Supersonic
Air

Surface to
Hypersonic
surface

Underwater
 6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
2. Missiles
IGMDP

Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP) was envisioned in 1983 by former President Dr. A P J
Abdul Kalam to help India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology.
▪ Under this program, five missile systems have been developed namely Prithvi, Agni, Trishul Akash and Nag
(remember PATNA).
Prithvi
Prithvi Missiles are short range surface to surface ballistic missile.
▪ Prithvi I: It has a range of 150 km to be used by Army.
▪ Prithvi II: It has a range of 350 km, to be used by the Airforce.
▪ Prithvi III: It is also called Dhanush. It also has a range of 350 km.
Trishul
It is a short range low level surface to air missile. It is used for quick reaction.
Akash

It is a supersonic surface-to-air missile. It has a strike range of about 30 km

and can carry a 55- kg fragmentation warhead,
▪ It's designed to neutralise multiple aerial targets attacking from several
directions simultaneously.
 6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
2. Missiles
Nag

It is a third generation “fire and forget” antitank guided missile. It can be launched from land and air-based platforms.
Agni

Agni is a series of medium to intercontinental range ballistic missiles.

These missiles are medium-to-long range, nuclear weapons capable
surface to surface ballistic missile.
 6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
2. Missiles

MISSILE RANGE DETAILS

Astra 60 – 80 km Radar homing beyond visual range Air
to Air Missile (Mach 4.5)

K-100 300 – 400 km Medium range Air to Air missiles

Nirbhay 1000 – 1500 km Subsonic cruise missile
BrahMos 290 – 400 km World’s fastest (India-Russia) supersonic
cruise missile (Mach 4 -7)

Barak - 8 100 km India-Israel Long range surface to air

missile

Shaurya 700 – 1900 km Medium range ballistic missile (Mach

7.5)
Sagarika (k – 15) 700 – 1900 km Submarine launched ballistic missile
Dhanush 250-400 km Ship-launched Ballistic Missile
 Q. UPSC CDS 2022

Answer: Option A
 Q. UPSC CAPF 2022

Answer: Option B
 6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
2. Missiles
INDIA’S BALLASTIC MISSILE DEFENCE SYSTEM

The Indian Ballistic Missile Defence (BMD) Programme is an

attempt to develop and to use a multi-layered ballistic missile
defence system to protect from ballistic missile attacks.
▪ There are two tiers of India’s ballistic defence system:
1. Prithvi Air Defence: It is designed for High altitude
interception of missile (exo-atmospheric interception). It
Intercept ballistic missiles at altitudes of 50-80 km.
2. Advanced Air Defence: It is designed for low atmospheric
(endo atmospheric) interception of missile. It is also called
Ashwin ballistic missile interceptor. It is used for an
altitude up to 30 km.

INDIA’S NUCLEAR TRIAD

1. Land: Ballistic missiles with nuclear war-head in the Prithvi and Agni Series.
2. Air: Nuclear bombs from Dassault Mirage 2000s and SEPECAT Jaguars.
3. Sea: From INS Arihant using Sagarika K-15 Missiles.
 6. Airforce Defence Technology 2. Defence Technology
2. Missiles
INTEGRATED ELECTRONIC WARFARE SYSTEM IMPORTANT UAV’S

Electronic Warfare has the objective to disable enemy’s electronic devices

and maintain effective functioning of a nation’s own electronic system.
▪ It includes activities such as hacking Navigation signals of enemy armed
forces, listening to enemy’s radio signals, Sensing the enemy’s radar.
▪ DRDO has developed 3 versions of IEWS:
➢ Samyukta: It is designed for the army. It is a mobile IEWS and touted as
largest EWS in India.
- It was developed jointly by DRDO, BHL, ECIL and Indian Army Corps of
Signal.
➢ Sangraha: It is designed for navy and is the naval version of Samyukta.
➢ Tempest: It is the air force version of Samyukta.

AIRBORNE WARNING

Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS) helps the Air force to detect
incoming missiles and enemy aircraft into the country’s Air space.
▪ AWACS is described as an ‘eye in the sky’.
▪ India has purchased Phalcon AWACS from Israel. The range of Phalcon is
around 500km in all the directions from the Centre.
7. Indian Nuclear Weapons 2. Defence Technology
India has a nuclear weapons program that dates back to the 1970s. India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-
Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and maintains a policy of "no first use" of nuclear weapons. However, India has
developed a credible nuclear deterrent to protect its national security interests.
• India tested its first nuclear device with code name Smiling Buddha, in May 1974.
• In August 1999, the Indian Government released a draft of the doctrine which asserts that nuclear weapons
are solely for deterrence and that India will pursue a policy of “retaliation only” or “No-first-use-policy”.
3. Information & Communication Technology (ICT)

1. What is the ICT?

2. Information Technology
3. Communication Technology
4. Advanced Technology
5. Terms & Techniques

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 1. What is ICT? 3. ICT
Information & Communication Technology (ICT) refers to technologies that enables communication and the electronic
capture, processing and transmission of Information.
▪ Communications technologies allow people around the world to contact one another, to access information instantly
and to deliver information to others.
▪ Telecommunications refers to the transmission of Information by electromagnetic means.

Computer Local Area Wide Area World Wide

Internet
Networks Network Network Web

Open and Multi

Pair cables
Wire based
Coaxial and
Communication Optical fibers

Radio and
Wireless
Micro Waves
2. Information Technology 3. ICT
Information technology (IT) refers to the use of computers, software, and networking equipment to process, store,
retrieve, and transmit information. The field of IT encompasses a wide range of technologies and applications,
including computer hardware, software development, database management, networking, cybersecurity, and
telecommunications. Some common examples of IT applications include:
• Business Applications: IT is used in business applications such as enterprise resource planning (ERP), customer
relationship management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM) to help organizations manage their
operations and improve efficiency.
• Internet and Web Technologies: IT is used to develop and maintain the internet and web technologies such as web
browsers, search engines, and web servers that enable users to access and share information over the internet.
• Cybersecurity: IT is used to develop and implement cybersecurity measures such as firewalls, antivirus software,
and intrusion detection systems to protect networks and computer systems from unauthorized access and attacks.
• Mobile Applications: IT is used to develop mobile applications for smartphones and tablets, enabling users to
access information and services on the go.
2.1 Super Computers 3. ICT
The supercomputer is a computer with a high-level computational
capacity compared to a general-purpose computer.
▪ The main way of measuring a supercomputer’s performance is in the
peak number of floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) that it
can do.
▪ Great speed and great memory are the two prerequisites of a
supercomputer.
▪ Their memory is averaged around 250000 times of the normal
computer we use daily basis. They are housed in large clean rooms
with high air flow to permit cooling.
▪ The first supercomputer was built in 1957 for the United States
Department of Defense by Seymour Cray in Control Data
Corporation (CDC) in 1957.
2.1 Super Computers - Uses 3. ICT

Climate
Modelling

Cyber physical Atomic energy

Systems Simulations

Areas
Big Data Computational
Analytics Biology

Defence
Applications
2.1 Super Computers in India 3. ICT
NATIONAL SUPERCOMPUTING MISSION 2015

The Mission envisages empowering our national academic and R&D institutions spread over the country by installing a
vast supercomputing grid comprising of more than 70 high-performance computing facilities.
▪ These supercomputers will also be networked on the National Supercomputing grid over the National Knowledge
Network (NKN).
▪ The Mission implementation would bring supercomputing within the reach of the large Scientific
& Technology community in the country and enable the country with a capacity of solving multidisciplinary grand
challenge problems.
▪ The Mission would be implemented and steered jointly by the Department of Science and Technology (DST) and
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) at an estimated cost of Rs.4500 crore for seven years.
▪ Implemented by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune and the Indian Institute of
Science (IISc), Bengaluru.
▪ The first supercomputer assembled indigenously, called Param Shivay, was installed in IIT (BHU) and was
inaugurated by the Prime Minister.
▪ Similar systems Param Shakti and Param Brahma were installed at IIT-Kharagpur and IISER, Pune.
▪ Param Ananta is the latest supercomputer in India relieved by the Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, and
the C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing).
2.1 Super Computers in India 3. ICT

▪ PARAM 8000, first supercomputer of India, was built by C-DAC in Supercomputer Release year
1990s.
- Its upgraded version were PARAM 8600 and PARAM 9000. PARAM Yuva 2008
▪ In 2003, PARAM PADMA, developed by C-DAC was dedicated to the PARAM Yuva II 2013
nation.
▪ Later several PARAM series supercomputers are developed with PARAM Ishan 2016
diverse range of applications.
PARAM Shavak 2016
▪ Pratyush and Mihir are the supercomputers established at Indian
Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune and National Centre PARAM Shivay 2019
for Medium Range Weather Forecast (NCMRWF), Noida respectively.
▪ Pratyush and Mihir are the fastest supercomputer in India with a PARAM Brahma 2019
maximum speed of 6.8 PetaFlops.
▪ Pratyush was launched in 2018. It is the fourth fastest High
Performance Computer (HPC) dedicated to climate modelling in the
world.
▪ PARAM Siddhi AI is the fastest supercomputer in India, with a
processing power of 6.5 Petaflops at C-DAC Pune.
2.1 Top 5 Super Computers 3. ICT

▪ The TOP500 project ranks and details

the 500 most powerful non-distributed
computer systems in the world. The
project was started in 1993 and
publishes an updated list of the
supercomputers twice a year.
▪ USA’s Frontier, a supercomputer built
using Hewlett Packard Enterprise (HPE)
architecture and equipped with
Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
processors, outperformed Fugaku to
become the world’s fastest
supercomputer, according to the
Top500 list of world’s most powerful
supercomputers.
2.1 Threats to Computers 3. ICT
COMPUTER ATTACKS

The uses of malicious tools to attack on Computer system range from destruction of data/software or even hardware to
demand of a ransom.
▪ Operation Shady RAT, World of Hell, Red October (2012), WannaCry ransomware, Petya, Shamoon, wiper, Eternal
Blue are famous cyberattacks.

Malware Details
Virus A virus is a malware capable of copying itself and spreading to other computers.

Worms They self-propagate using an internet connection to access vulnerabilities on other

computers and to install copies of themselves

Trojans They masquerade as something user may want to install/download, that may then
perform hidden or unexpected actions.

Spyware Spyware functions by spying on user activity without their knowledge.

Ransomware It holds a computer system captive while demanding a ransom.

Bots Bots are software programs created to automatically perform specific operations
2.2 Versions of Web 3. ICT
The web has gone through several versions, each with its own set of features and capabilities. The most commonly
recognized versions of the web are:
• Web 1.0: The first version of the web, also known as the "static web," was a collection of static HTML pages that
were accessed via hyperlinks. Web 1.0 was mainly used for sharing information and had limited interactivity.
• Web 2.0: Web 2.0 is often referred to as the "social web" and is characterized by user-generated content, social
networking, and interactive web applications. Web 2.0 allows for greater user engagement, collaboration, and
participation.
• Web 3.0: Also known as the "semantic web," Web 3.0 is a vision of the web that aims to make information more
easily accessible and useful to humans and machines. Web 3.0 is focused on creating a more intelligent web, with
applications that can understand natural language and context. In Web 3.0, users will have ownership stakes in
platforms and applications unlike now where tech giants control the platforms.
• Web 4.0: Web 4.0 is a hypothetical version of the web that is still in development. It is expected to bring even
greater levels of interactivity and personalization, with applications that can learn from user behavior and adapt to
their needs in real-time.
2.3 Cloud Computing 3. ICT

Cloud computing means delivering hosted services over the

internet.
▪ It is the pool of shared resources such as networks, servers,
storage, applications, and services that can be provided to
the consumer rather than the consumer managing them
on her own which is costly and time-consuming.
▪ The Internet is at the core of evolution of this technology.
2.4 Edge Computing 3. ICT
EDGE COMPUTING

Edge computing is computing that is done at or near the source

of the data, instead of relying on the cloud at one of a dozen
data centres to do all the work.
▪ It does not mean the cloud will disappear. It means the
cloud is coming to you.
▪ It is an extension of cloud computing and differs in terms of
time taken in processing the information.
- The data is analysed locally, closer to where it is stored, in
real-time without latency.
 Q.

Which among the following statement(s) is/are correct?

1. Edge computing is computing that is done at or near the source of the data.
2. Cloud computing means delivering hosted services over the internet.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: Option C
 3.1 Communication Technology –
Mobile Communication (EM)
3. ICT

Electromagnetic waves are produced by the oscillation of an

electric charge. They have both electric and magnetic
components.
▪ Antennas are electrical devices that transform the electrical
signals to radio signals in the form of Electromagnetic (EM)
Waves and vice versa.
▪ The primary mode of propagation for High Frequency radio
transmissions is reflection from the ionosphere.
3.1 Communication Technology –
Mobile Communication (EM)
3. ICT

Radio waves in Satellite Communication

3.1 Communication Technology –
Mobile Communication
3. ICT
The generations of mobile connectivity refer to the evolution of wireless communication technology in mobile phones.
There have been several generations of mobile connectivity, each marked by significant improvements in speed,
capacity, and functionality. The following are the major generations of mobile connectivity:
• 1G (First Generation): The first generation of mobile connectivity was analog and enabled voice calls only. The
technology was introduced in the 1980s and had limited capacity.
• 2G (Second Generation): The second generation of mobile connectivity introduced digital technology and enabled
the transmission of data and text messages in addition to voice calls. The technology was introduced in the 1990s
and was much more efficient than 1G. It has two standards Global Standard for Mobiles (GSM) which uses SIM card
and Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA) which does not use SIM card.
• 3G (Third Generation): The third generation of mobile connectivity introduced high-speed data transfer and
enabled mobile internet access, video calling, and multimedia messaging. The technology was introduced in the
early 2000s and offered much faster speeds than 2G.
• 4G (Fourth Generation): The fourth generation of mobile connectivity introduced even higher speeds, lower
latency, and improved performance for applications such as video streaming and gaming. The technology was
introduced in the late 2000s and early 2010s. LTE stands for “Long Term Evolution” and it is most commonly used in
connection with 4G
• 5G (Fifth Generation): The fifth generation of mobile connectivity offers faster speeds, greater capacity, and lower
latency than 4G. It is expected to support advanced technologies such as autonomous vehicles, remote surgery,
and smart cities. The technology is being rolled out around the world in the 2020s.
 Q. EPFO APFC 2015

Answer: Option D
 3.1 Communication Technology –
Mobile Communication
3. ICT

5G is a wireless communication technology using radio waves or radio frequency (RF) energy to transmit and receive
data. Its deployment is based on optical fibre infrastructure to connect cell sites with the nearest switching Centre.
4. Advanced Technology – IR 4.0 3. ICT
The industrial revolution refers to a series of major technological, economic, and social changes that occurred in
Europe and North America from the late 18th century to the mid-20th century. There were four main industrial
revolutions, each marked by significant changes in the way goods were produced, distributed, and consumed.
• First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): This period was marked by the introduction of steam power,
mechanization of textile production, and the use of iron and steel in manufacturing. The invention of the steam
engine and the cotton gin were key developments of this period.
• Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): The second industrial revolution saw the introduction of new
technologies such as the telephone, electric power, and the internal combustion engine. The development of the
assembly line and mass production techniques also enabled the production of goods on a larger scale.
• Third Industrial Revolution (1950-1990): This period saw the rise of electronics, telecommunications, and
computers. The development of semiconductors and the creation of the internet were key technological
advancements during this period.
• Fourth Industrial Revolution (1990-present): The fourth industrial revolution is characterized by the integration of
advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, robotics, and the internet of things (IoT) into manufacturing
and other industries. This period is marked by the rise of smart factories, automation, and digitalization of the
production process.
The industrial revolutions have had a profound impact on the world, transforming economies, societies, and cultures.
The developments of each period laid the foundation for new technologies and industries that have enabled the
growth of modern society.
4. Advanced Technology – AI 3. ICT
ARTICIAL INTELLIGENCE

It is the Ability of Machines to perform human intelligence processes like

thinking, perceiving, learning, problem solving and decision making.
▪ Artificial intelligence is an emerging technology that facilitates intelligence
and human capabilities of sense, comprehend and act with the use of
machines.
▪ The term was coined in 1956 by John McCarthy at the Dartmouth
conference, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
▪ AI techniques now have become an essential part of the technology
industry helping to solve many challenging problems in computer-science.
From Apple Siri to self driving cars, AI is progressing rapidly.
▪ Facebook’s list of suggested friends for its users, a pop-up page, telling
about an upcoming sale of the favourite brand of shoes and clothes, that
comes on screen while browsing the internet, are the work of artificial
intelligence.
 4. Advanced Technology – AI 3. ICT
Robots can be programmed to
It is defined as a particular field of Robotics perform high-volume, repeatable
study that gives computers the and tasks with high agility and
ability to learn without being Automation adaptability normally performed
explicitly programmed. by humans.

Natural
Machine
Language It is the processing of human
Learning
Processing language by a computer
Artificial program.
Intelligence

It is the science of giving It is a branch of machine learning

computers a vision by capturing that focuses on identifying
and analysing visual information. patterns in data.
Machine Pattern
Vision Recognition
4. Advanced Technology – AI 3. ICT

Healthcare

Energy Agriculture

Areas
Transportation
Retail
and logistics

Manufacturing
4. Advanced Technology – AI in India 3. ICT
INDIAN EFFORTS

▪ A Task force on Artificial Intelligence for India’s Economic transformation was constituted in 2017.
- It has recommended for an Inter-Ministerial National Artificial Intelligence Mission.
▪ NITI Aayog unveiled its discussion paper on National Strategy on Artificial Intelligence. It has identified 5 sectors –
Healthcare, Agriculture, Education, Smart cities and Infrastructure and Transportation, where AI can be used.
▪ Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, has constituted various committees covering various aspects of AI.
▪ Various Defence PSUs are also developing roadmap for AI enabled products.
▪ IIT Hyderabad has launched a full-fledged Bachelor of Technology (B Tech) program in AI becoming the first Indian
educational institution to do so.
▪ In India, corporates have started collaborating with academia on AI. IBM’s Blue project is an example.
▪ In 2019, NITI Aayog circulated the cabinet note to establish a cloud computing platform called AIRAWAT (Artificial
Intelligence Research, Analytics and Knowledge Assimilation Platform.

CAIR

▪ Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR), is the primary laboratory of DRDO for research and development
in different areas of defence, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and is located in Bangalore.
▪ It came into existence in 1986. It is involved in the Research & Development of high-quality Secure Communication,
Command, and Control, and Intelligent Systems.
 Q.

Which among the following is/are the focus areas of National Strategy on Artificial
Intelligence by NITI Aayog?
1. Healthcare
2. Agriculture
3. Education
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: Option D
4. Advanced Technology – CPS & IoT 3. ICT
Cyber-physical systems integrate sensing, computation,
control and networking into physical objects and
infrastructure, connecting them to the Internet and to each
other. In simple words:
“It deals with the deployment of computer-based systems
to do things in the physical world”
▪ Research and advances in Cyber-Physical systems will
enable enhanced capability, adaptability, scalability,
resiliency, safety, security and usability.
▪ Examples of Cyber physical systems are Smart Grid
Networks, Smart Transportation System, Enterprise
Cloud Infrastructure, Utility Service Infrastructure for
Smart Cities, etc.
▪ Cyber-physical systems (CPS) will bring advances in
personalized health care, emergency response, traffic
flow management, and electric power generation and
delivery, as well as in many other areas.
4. Advanced Technology – CPS & IoT 3. ICT
INTERNET OF THINGS

Internet of Things is the inter-linking of digital devices, machines,

people and other objects with each other through wireless networks.
▪ IoT has a strong emphasis on uniquely identifiable and internet-
connected devices and embedded systems.
4. Advanced Technology – Blockchain 3. ICT

A Blockchain is a digitized, decentralized, public ledger.

It is an incorruptible digital ledger of transactions that
can be programmed to record virtually everything of
value.
▪ Blockchain technology discards the need of any
third-party or Central authority for peer-to-peer
transactions.
▪ The technology allows transactions to be
anonymous, secure, peer-to-peer, instant and
frictionless.
▪ Rather than keeping information in one central point,
multiple copies of the same data are stored in
different locations and on different devices on the
network (known a Peer to peer network).
▪ Each list of record in a blockchain is called block. So a
blockchain is a continuously growing list of records
called blocks, which are linked and secured.
▪ On a blockchain, once a transaction is sent it is sealed
and cannot be reversed.
4. Advanced Technology – Blockchain 3. ICT
A cryptocurrency is a tradable digital asset or digital form of money,
built on blockchain technology that only exists online.
▪ Cryptocurrencies use cryptography to verify and secure
transactions.
▪ The major difference between cryptocurrencies and traditional
financial models is in the decentralized nature of cryptocurrencies.
▪ This means is that when one spends a cryptocurrency, the
approval of the transaction does not come from one central
authority, like a bank but rather from a Peer-to-Peer network of
computers, coming to a consensus that the transaction is
legitimate.
▪ The commonly used cryptocurrencies are Bitcoin, Gridcoin,
Litecoin, Ripple, Next, Dash etc.

CRYPTOGRAPHY

It is the science of secret writing with the intention of keeping the data secret.
▪ Private Key Cryptography: In this the same key (secret key) is used for encryption and decryption.
▪ Public Key Cryptography: In this, two keys are used, one key is used for encryption and another key is used for
decryption.
 4. Advanced Technology 3. ICT
Extended Reality
Extended Reality (XR) is an umbrella term that covers all of the various technologies that enhance our senses, whether
they are providing additional information about the actual world or creating totally unreal, simulated worlds for us to
experience.
▪ It includes Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR) and Mixed Reality (MR) technologies.

Augmented Reality
It superimposes an image onto a user’s view of the real world and enhances it with sound, touch, and even smell.
▪ It is a combination of the real scene viewed by the user and a virtual scene generated by the computer. AR is a
technology that is going to blur the lines of reality.

Virtual Reality
VR is possible through a coding language known as VRML (Virtual Reality Modelling Language) which can be used to
create a series of images and specify what types of interactions are possible for them.
▪ It implies a complete immersion experience that shuts out the physical world.

Mixed Reality
In a Mixed Reality (MR) experience, which combines elements of both AR and VR, real-world and digital objects interact.
▪ Mixed reality technology is just now starting to take off with Microsoft’s HoloLens one of the most notable early
mixed reality apparatuses.
4. Advanced Technology 3. ICT
Extended Reality
 4. Advanced Technology 3. ICT
3D & 4D printing
Printing can be classified based on dimensions into two types: two-dimensional (2D) printing and three-dimensional (3D) printing.
• Two-Dimensional (2D) Printing: 2D printing involves printing on a flat surface such as paper, fabric, or film. It is the most common
type of printing and includes technologies such as offset printing, digital printing, and screen printing.
• Three-Dimensional (3D) Printing: 3D printing involves the creation of physical objects by adding layer upon layer of material
based on a digital model. This type of printing has gained popularity in recent years due to its ability to create complex and
customized objects quickly and efficiently. There are several types of 3D printing technologies, including Fused Deposition
Modeling (FDM), Stereolithography (SLA), and Selective Laser Sintering (SLS).
• Four-Dimensional (4D) Printing: 4D printing is an advanced form of 3D printing that involves the creation of objects that can
change shape or functionality over time in response to certain stimuli, such as heat, moisture, or light. The fourth dimension in 4D
printing refers to time, which allows the printed object to transform or self-assemble after the printing process. The technology
behind 4D printing involves the use of smart materials, such as shape-memory polymers and hydrogels, that can respond to
external stimuli and change their shape or properties. These materials are often printed in layers using a 3D printer, and once
printed, they are triggered to transform into their intended shape or function.
• Five-Dimensional (2D) Printing: 5D printing is a hypothetical concept that refers to a future technology that would incorporate
the capabilities of 3D printing, 4D printing, and other advanced manufacturing technologies, to enable the creation of complex,
customizable, and functional objects. It is currently a concept being explored by researchers and engineers in the field of
advanced manufacturing. The "5D" in 5D printing refers to the five dimensions of a printed object, which includes the three spatial
dimensions (length, width, height), the fourth dimension of time (as in 4D printing), and an additional fifth dimension that
incorporates more advanced materials and functionality, such as conductivity, energy storage, or self-healing.
 5. Terms & Techniques 3. ICT

BLUETOOTH

It is a wireless technology for a low cost, low power, short range radio technology for ad-hoc transfer of voice and data.
▪ Bluetooth sends and receives radio waves in a frequency band of 2.45GHz.
▪ Wireless signals transmitted with Bluetooth cover short distances, typically up to 30 feet (10 meters).

NEAR FIELD COMMUNICATION

It is a short range high frequency wireless communication technology that enables the exchange of data between devices
over about a 10 cm distance. It is used in credit card related payments, e-booking etc.
▪ It uses electro-magnetic field induction to enable communication between devices when they're touched together, or
brought within a few centimetres of each other.

Li-Fi

Li - Fi (Light Fidelity) is a high-speed wireless communication technology that uses visible light to transmit information.
▪ It is capable of transmitting data at high speeds over the visible light, ultraviolet, and infrared spectrums.
 5. Terms & Techniques - Biometric 3. ICT
Biometric verification is any means by which a person can be uniquely identified by evaluating one or more
distinguishing biological or morphological or behavioural traits.

Identifiers
▪ Biological: DNA fingerprinting
▪ Morphological:
1. Fingerprints: It is the impression of the friction ridges on the finger of a human.
2. Hand geometry
3. Earlobe geometry: The shape of the ear and the structure of the cartilaginous
tissue of the pinna are distinctive.
4. Facial recognitions
5. Retina & iris patterns: It uses the vascular patterns of the retina of the eye.
6. Voice waves: Acoustic features (pitch, speaking style) of speech have been
found to differ between individuals.
▪ Behavioural:
1. Walking: Gait is the peculiar way one walks and is a complex spatio-temporal
biometric.
2. Handwritten signatures involves measuring dynamic signature features such as
speed, pressure and angle.
3. Keystroke scans
 5. Terms & Techniques – Biometric in India 3. ICT
COMMON EXAMPLES

▪ DNA fingerprinting is now used in:

1. Forensic laboratories for identification of criminals.
2. To determine paternity of an individual.
3. To identify the dead bodies in any accident by comparing the DNA’s of parents or
children.
▪ India has become the first country in the world to issue Biometric Seafarer Identity
Document (BSID), capturing the facial biometric data of seafarers. The project has
been launched by the Ministry of Shipping.
▪ India's national ID program called Aadhaar is the largest biometric database in the
world. It uses Biometric information of iris, finger prints and facial photograph of
Individual from which the fingerprint and iris data is to be used for authentication.
▪ It is used in E- Governance applications like:
1. E-Passport
2. PDS (Public Distribution System)
3. RSBY (Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojna)
4. Transport department for issuing or renewing Driving License, etc.
5. Biometric Attendance System
 5. Terms & Techniques – Dark Net 3. ICT

The darknet refers to encrypted networks on the Internet that are

not indexed by search engines such as Google, Yahoo or Bing.
▪ It is a layer of the Internet accessible only by using special
software like Tor (The Onion Router), or I2P (Invisible Internet
Project).
▪ It generally uses non-standard communication protocols which
makes it inaccessible to internet service providers (ISPs) or
Government authorities.
▪ The terms "dark net" and "dark web" are occasionally used
interchangeably, but with subtle differences in meaning. Dark
net is a network built over the Internet whereas dark web refers
to websites on a darknet.
▪ "Dark net" is commonly confused with "deep web." The deep
web refers to unindexed sites which are unsearchable; in most
cases, this is because those sites are protected by passwords.
▪ Recently, the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) arrested the
country’s first ‘darknet’ narcotics operative, who allegedly
shipped hundreds of psychotropic drug parcels abroad.
 4. Nuclear Technology
1. What is the Nuclear Technology and Nuclear Energy?
2. How is Nuclear Energy used?
3. Indian efforts
4. International Co-operation

www.edutap.co.in
1. What is Nuclear Technology and 4. Nuclear Technology
Nuclear Energy?

ABOUT

Nuclear energy is the energy released by changes in the nucleus of atoms. Nuclear technology is the technology
involved in the nuclear reactions of the atomic nuclei.

Types of
Changes

Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fusion

(Atom or (Hydrogen
Uranium bomb) bomb)
 Q. UPSC CDS 2023

Answer: Option A
 2. How is Nuclear Energy used? 4. Nuclear Technology
Nuclear power reactor is a device used for initiating and
controlling a self-sustained controlled nuclear chain reaction. Fuel
If uncontrolled it can lead to an enormous explosion as in
atomic bomb.
▪ In a nuclear power reactor, the energy released in the fission Shield Moderator
reaction is used as heat to make steam for electricity
generation.

Components

Pressure
Coolant
Vessel

Control
Rod
 2. How is Nuclear Energy used? 4. Nuclear Technology

Pressurized Water Reactor

In pressurized water reactors, pressurized water is used in primary coolant loop for carrying heat to the steam generator.
▪ Water in the reactor core reaches about 325 degree Celsius, hence it must be kept under about 150 times
atmospheric pressure to prevent it from boiling.

Boiling Water Reactor

In boiling water reactors, the reactor core heats water passing through it
and converts it into steam which is used for driving a steam turbine for
generating electricity.
▪ The exhausted steam coming out of the turbine is condensed into
water in the condenser.

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

These reactors uses heavy water i.e. Deuterium oxide (D2O) as its
coolant and moderator. Heavy water reactors use un-enriched Uranium
(0.7% U-235) as fuel.
▪ Heavy water reactors can work without having expensive uranium
enrichment facilities.
 2. How is Nuclear Energy used? 4. Nuclear Technology

Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor

In gas cooled reactor, gas (generally carbon dioxide) is used as a coolant which drives the gas turbine for generating
electricity.
▪ These reactors have the advantage of higher thermal efficiency of around 50% and can operate at very high
temperatures.
Fast Neutron Reactor

Fast reactors use fast moving neutrons for sustaining a fission reaction.
▪ They don't use any neutron moderator for slowing down the fast
moving neutrons. These reactors used highly enriched uranium as fuel
which is costlier than low enriched Uranium.
Fast Breeder Reactor

Breeder reactors are those which are capable of generating more fuel
than it consumes.
▪ Usually, in these reactors, 25 to 30% of Pu-239 is mixed with U-238
and are exposed to fast moving neutrons.
▪ U-238 in the fuel absorbs some fast moving neutrons and converts
itself into Pu-239.
3. Indian efforts 4. Nuclear Technology
ABOUT

India began its pursuit of Civilian application of Nuclear Energy with the establishment of Atomic Energy Commission in
1948,
▪ Department of Atomic Energy, was established in 1954 by Presidential order. It works directly under the Prime
Minster of India.
▪ However, much progress could be made only after the establishment of the Atomic Energy Institute at Trombay in
1954 which was renamed as the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre in 1967.

Developments

India’s nuclear program has been driven by an acknowledged lack of uranium reserves. So the focus shifts towards:
a. Production of plutonium
b. Recycling of spent fuel
c. Utilisation of thorium (India has 32% of world thorium reserves).
▪ India planned to develop three stage fuel cycle to reduce reliance on Uranium and using Thorium.

Pressurized Heavy Fast Breeder Advanced Heavy

Water Reactors Reactors Water Reactors
3. Indian efforts 4. Nuclear Technology
3. Indian efforts 4. Nuclear Technology
 Q. EPFO APFC 2002

Answer: Option D
4. International Cooperation 4. Nuclear Technology
Nuclear technology agreements are formal agreements or treaties between countries or international organizations
that regulate the use, development, and transfer of nuclear technology, materials, and equipment. These agreements
are designed to ensure that nuclear technology is used for peaceful purposes and does not contribute to the
proliferation of nuclear weapons or other nuclear explosive devices.
There are several key nuclear technology agreements, including:
• Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT): This is a landmark international treaty aimed at
preventing the spread of nuclear weapons and promoting nuclear disarmament. The NPT has been ratified by 190
countries, including the five nuclear-weapon states (US, Russia, China, UK, and France).
• Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT): This treaty prohibits all nuclear explosions, including those for
peaceful purposes. It has been signed by 185 countries, but has not yet entered into force.
• Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG): This is a group of 48 countries that work to ensure that nuclear technology and
materials are only transferred for peaceful purposes and not for nuclear weapons development.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): This is an international organization that promotes the peaceful use of
nuclear energy and monitors compliance with nuclear technology agreements.
4. International Cooperation 4. Nuclear Technology
International weapons agreements and groupings refer to formal treaties, agreements, and alliances between
countries and international organizations that aim to regulate the production, trade, and use of conventional
weapons, such as firearms, missiles, and tanks, and/or to control the spread of weapons of mass destruction, such as
nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. Some of the major international weapons agreements and groupings
include:
• United Nations Arms Trade Treaty (ATT): This treaty regulates the international trade of conventional weapons and
aims to prevent their diversion to unauthorized users. The ATT has been signed by 130 countries and ratified by
110.
• Wassenaar Arrangement: This is a multilateral export control regime that aims to promote transparency and
responsibility in the export of conventional weapons and dual-use goods and technologies.
• Biological Weapons Convention (BWC): This treaty prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of
biological weapons. The BWC has been signed by 183 countries and ratified by 181.
• Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): This treaty prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of
chemical weapons. The CWC has been signed by 193 countries and ratified by 193.
• Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): This treaty prohibits the development, production, and stockpiling of
chemical weapons. The CWC has been signed by 193 countries and ratified by 193.
4. International Cooperation 4. Nuclear Technology
The Australia Group is an informal group of countries that work together to prevent the spread of chemical and
biological weapons. The group was established in 1985 and is named after the host country of its first meeting, which
was Australia. The Australia Group aims to ensure that exports of chemicals, biological agents, and related equipment
and technology do not contribute to the development of chemical or biological weapons. It achieves this goal by
harmonizing national export controls and by providing information and assistance to countries that need help in
developing effective export control systems.
• As of 2021, the Australia Group has 43 members, including Australia, Canada, European Union member states,
Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Membership in the group is voluntary and is based on a country's
commitment to adhering to the group's guidelines and implementing effective export controls. The Australia Group
has become an important part of the global effort to prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and
its guidelines and best practices have been adopted by many countries around the world.
• The Australia Group is one of several informal groups that work together to prevent the spread of weapons of mass
destruction, including the Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR), the Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG), and the
Zangger Committee.
1. What is Intellectual Property?
5. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
Intellectual property refers to creations of the mind, such as inventions, literary and artistic works, designs, symbols,
names, and images, that are used in commerce. Intellectual property rights are legal protections granted to the
creators or owners of these works, which allow them to control and profit from their creations.
The most common types of intellectual property include:
• Patents: These are legal protections granted to inventors that give them exclusive rights to make, use, and sell their
inventions for a specified period of time.
• Copyrights: These protect original creative works, such as books, music, art, and software, and give the creators
exclusive rights to control how their works are used and distributed.
• Trademarks: These are symbols, words, phrases, or designs that are used to identify and distinguish goods and
services of one company from those of another.
• Trade Secrets: These are confidential business information, such as customer lists, formulas, and processes, that
give a company a competitive advantage, and are protected by law.
Intellectual property rights are essential for promoting innovation and creativity, as they incentivize creators and
inventors to invest time, money, and effort into developing new and useful products and ideas. They also help to
protect against infringement and unauthorized use, which can harm the creators and the industries they operate in.
1. What is IPR?
5. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR)
 HPAS PRELIMS
GEOGRAPHY
Major Climatic Types – Tropical Climates