Essentials of MATLAB Programming

3rd Edition Chapman Solutions Manual

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6. Basic User-Defined Functions
6.1 Script files are just collections of MATLAB statements that are stored in a file. When a script file is
executed, the result is the same as it would be if all of the commands had been typed directly into
the Command Window. Script files share the Command Window’s workspace, so any variables that
were defined before the script file starts are visible to the script file, and any variables created by the
script file remain in the workspace after the script file finishes executing. A script file has no input
arguments and returns no results, but script files can communicate with other script files through the
data left behind in the workspace.

In contrast, MATLAB functions are a special type of M-file that run in their own independent
workspace. They receive input data through an input argument list, and return results to the caller
through an output argument list.

6.2 MATLAB programs communicate with their functions using a pass-by-value scheme. When a
function call occurs, MATLAB makes a copy of the actual arguments and passes them to the
function. This copying is very significant, because it means that even if the function modifies the
input arguments, it won’t affect the original data in the caller. Similarly, the returned values are
calculated by the function and copied into the return variables in the calling program.

6.3 The principal advantage of the pass-by-value scheme is that any changes to input arguments within a
function will not affect the input arguments in the calling program. This, along with the separate
workspace for the function, eliminates unintended side effects. The disadvantage is that copying
arguments, especially large arrays, can take time and memory.

6.4 A function to sort arrays in ascending or descending order, depending on the second calling
parameter, is shown below:

function out = ssort1(a,dir)

%SSORT1 Selection sort data in ascending or descending order
% Function SSORT1 sorts a numeric data set into ascending
% or descending order, depending on the value of the
% second parameter. If the parameter is 'up', then it
% sorts the data in ascending order. If the parameter is
% 'down', then it sorts the data in descending order. The
% default value is 'up'. Note that 'up' and 'down' may
% be abbreviated to 'u' and 'd', if desired.
%
% Note that the selection sort is relatively inefficient.
% DO NOT USE THIS FUNCTION FOR LARGE DATA SETS. Use MATLAB's
% "sort" function instead.

% Define variables:
% a -- Input array to sort
% ii -- Index variable
% iptr -- Pointer to min value
% jj -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of values in "a"
% out -- Sorted output array
% temp -- Temp variable for swapping
129
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% If the direction argument is missing, set it to 'up'.

if nargin < 2
dir = 'up';
end

% Check for the direction of the sort

if dir(1) == 'u' | dir(1) == 'U'
sort_up = 1;
elseif dir(1) == 'd' | dir(1) == 'D'
sort_up = 0;
else
error('Second parameter is not ''UP'' or ''DOWN''!')
end

% Get the length of the array to sort

nvals = size(a,2);

% Sort the input array

for ii = 1:nvals-1

if sort_up

% Sort in ascending order.

% Find the minimum value in a(ii) through a(n)
iptr = ii;
for jj = ii+1:nvals
if a(jj) < a(iptr)
iptr = jj;
end
end

else

% Sort in descending order.

% Find the maximum value in a(ii) through a(n)
iptr = ii;
for jj = ii+1:nvals
if a(jj) < a(iptr)
iptr = jj;
end
end

end

130
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % iptr now points to the min/max value, so swap a(iptr)
% with a(ii) if ii ~= iptr.
if ii ~= iptr
temp = a(ii);
a(ii) = a(iptr);
a(iptr) = temp;
end
end

% Pass data back to caller

out = a;

A script file to test this function is shown below:

% Script file: test_ssort1.m

%
% Purpose:
% To read in an input data set, sort it into ascending
% order using the selection sort algorithm, and to
% write the sorted data to the Command window. This
% program calls function "ssort1" to do the actual
% sorting.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% array -- Input data array
% ii -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of input values
% sorted1 -- Sorted data array (up)
% sorted2 -- Sorted data array (down)

% Prompt for the number of values in the data set

nvals = input('Enter number of values to sort: ');

% Preallocate array
array = zeros(1,nvals);

% Get input values

for ii = 1:nvals

% Prompt for next value

string = ['Enter value ' int2str(ii) ': '];
array(ii) = input(string);

end

% Now sort the data in ascending order

sorted1 = ssort1(array,'up');

131
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % Display the sorted result.
fprintf('\nSorted data in ascending order:\n');
for ii = 1:nvals
fprintf(' %8.4f\n',sorted1(ii));
end

% Now sort the data in descending order

sorted2 = ssort1(array,'down');

% Display the sorted result.

fprintf('\nSorted data in descending order:\n');
for ii = 1:nvals
fprintf(' %8.4f\n',sorted2(ii));
end

% Now sort the data in ascending order with

% no second argument.
sorted3 = ssort1(array);

% Display the sorted result.

fprintf('\nSorted data in default order:\n');
for ii = 1:nvals
fprintf(' %8.4f\n',sorted3(ii));
end

% The follwing call should produce an error message

sorted4 = ssort1(array,'bad');

When this program is executed, the results are:

» test_ssort1
Enter number of values to sort: 6
Enter value 1: -3
Enter value 2: 5
Enter value 3: 2
Enter value 4: 2
Enter value 5: 0
Enter value 6: 1

Sorted data in ascending order:

-3.0000
0.0000
1.0000
2.0000
2.0000
5.0000

Sorted data in descending order:

-3.0000
0.0000
1.0000
2.0000

132
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 2.0000
5.0000

Sorted data in default order:

-3.0000
0.0000
1.0000
2.0000
2.0000
5.0000
??? Error using ==> ssort1
Second parameter is not 'UP' or 'DOWN'!

Error in ==> C:\data\book\matlab_essentials\3e\soln\Ex5.4\test_ssort1.m

On line 66 ==>

6.5 A set of functions to perform trigonometric operations in degrees is shown below:

function out = sind(x)

%SIND Calculate sin(x), where x is in degrees
% Function SIND calculates sin(x), where x is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Angle in degrees

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = sin(pi/180*x);

function out = sind(x)

%COSD Calculate cos(x), where x is in degrees
% Function COSD calculates cos(x), where x is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Angle in degrees

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

133
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 % Calculate value
out = cos(pi/180*x);

function out = tand(x)

%TAND Calculate tan(x), where x is in degrees
% Function TAND calculates tan(x), where x is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Angle in degrees

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = tan(pi/180*x);

function out = asind(x)

%ASIND Calculate asin(x), where the output is in degrees
% Function ASIND calculates asin(x), where the output is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * asin(x);

function out = acosd(x)

%ACOSD Calculate acos(x), where the output is in degrees
% Function ACOSD calculates acos(x), where the output is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:

134
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 % Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * acos(x);

function out = atand(x)

%ATAND Calculate atan(x), where the output is in degrees
% Function ATAND calculates atan(x), where the output is in degrees
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * atan(x);

function out = atan2d(y,x)

%ATAN2D Four quadrant inverse tangent, where the output is in degrees
% Function ATAN2D calculates the Four quadrant inverse tangent, where
% the output is in degrees.
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(2,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = 180/pi * atan2(y,x);

A script file to test these functions is given below:

135
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % Script file: test_functions.m
%
% Purpose:
% To perform a median filter on an input data set.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/03/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% filename -- Input data file
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% slope -- Slope of the line
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values

disp('This program tests the trig functions that return answers in

degrees.');

% Set the angle theta = 30 degrees, and try the forward trig functions
disp(' ');
disp(['Testing forward trig functions:']);
disp(['sind(30) = ' num2str(sind(30))]);
disp(['cosd(30) = ' num2str(cosd(30))]);
disp(['tand(30) = ' num2str(tand(30))]);
disp(['sind(45) = ' num2str(sind(45))]);
disp(['cosd(45) = ' num2str(cosd(45))]);
disp(['tand(45) = ' num2str(tand(45))]);

% Test the inverse trig functions

disp(' ');
disp(['Testing inverse trig functions:']);
disp(['asind(0) = ' num2str(asind(0))]);
disp(['asind(1/sqrt(2)) = ' num2str(asind(1/sqrt(2)))]);
disp(['asind(1) = ' num2str(asind(1))]);
disp(['acosd(0) = ' num2str(acosd(0))]);
disp(['acosd(1/sqrt(2)) = ' num2str(acosd(1/sqrt(2)))]);
disp(['acosd(1) = ' num2str(acosd(1))]);
disp(['atand(1) = ' num2str(atand(1))]);

% Test atan2d
disp(' ');
disp(['Testing atan2d:']);
disp(['atan2d(4,3) = ' num2str(atan2d(4,3))]);

When the script file is executed, the results are:

>> test_functions

136
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 This program tests the trig functions that return answers in degrees.

Testing forward trig functions:

sind(30) = 0.5
cosd(30) = 0.86603
tand(30) = 0.57735
sind(45) = 0.70711
cosd(45) = 0.70711
tand(45) = 1

Testing inverse trig functions:

asind(0) = 0
asind(1/sqrt(2)) = 45
asind(1) = 90
acosd(0) = 90
acosd(1/sqrt(2)) = 45
acosd(1) = 0
atand(1) = 45

Testing atan2d:
atan2d(4,3) = 53.1301

6.6 A function to convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius is shown below:

function deg_c = f_to_c(deg_f)

%F_TO_C Convert degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius
% Function F_TO_C converts degrees Fahrenheit to degrees Celsius
% %
% Calling sequence:
% deg_c = f_to_c(deg_f)

% Define variables:
% deg_f -- Input in degrees Fahrenheit
% deg_c -- Output in degrees Celsius

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
deg_c = 5/9 * (deg_f - 32);

We can test this function using the freezing and boiling points of water:

>> f_to_c(32)
ans =
0
>> f_to_c(212)

137
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 ans =
100

6.7 A function to convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit is shown below:

function deg_f = c_to_f(deg_c)

%C_TO_F Convert degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit
% Function C_TO_F converts degrees Celsius to degrees Fahrenheit
% %
% Calling sequence:
% deg_f = c_to_f(deg_c)

% Define variables:
% deg_c -- Input in degrees Celsius
% deg_f -- Output in degrees Fahrenheit

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
deg_f = 9/5 * deg_c + 32;

We can test this function using the freezing and boiling points of water:

>> f_to_f(0)
ans =
100
>> c_to_f(100)
ans =
0

We can also show that c_to_f and f_to_c are the inverses of each other:

>> f_to_c(c_to_f(30))
ans =
30

6.8 A function to calculate the area of a triangle specified by the locations of its three vertices is shown
below:

function area = area2d(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)

%AREA2D Calculate the area of a triangle specified by three vertices
% Function AREA2D calculates the area of a triangle specified by
% three vertices
%
% Calling sequence:
% area = area2d(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3)

138
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % Define variables:
% x1, y1 -- Location of vertex 1
% x2, y2 -- Location of vertex 2
% x3, y3 -- Location of vertex 3
% area -- Area of triangle

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(6,6,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
area = 0.5 * (x1*(y2-y3) - x2*(y1-y3) + x3*(y1-y2));

We can test this function using the specified points:

>> area = area2d(0,0,10,0,15,5)

area =
25.00

6.9 At this point in our studies, there is no general way to support an arbitrary number of arguments in a
function. Function nargin allows a developer to know how many arguments are used in a
function call, but only up to the number of arguments in the calling sequence1. We will design this
function to support up to 6 vertices. The corresponding function is shown below:

function area = area_polygon(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4, x5, y5, x6, y6)
%AREA_POLYGON Calculate the area of a polygon specified by its vertices
% Function AREA_POLYGON calculates the area of a polygon specified by
% its vertices
%
% Calling sequence:
% area = area_polygon(x1, y1, x2, y2, x3, y3, x4, y4, x5, y5, x6, y6)

% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% n_vertices -- Number of vetices in polygon
% x1, y1 -- Location of vertex 1
% x2, y2 -- Location of vertex 2
% x3, y3 -- Location of vertex 3
% x4, y4 -- Location of vertex 4
% x5, y5 -- Location of vertex 5
% x6, y6 -- Location of vertex 6
% area -- Area of polygon

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change

1 Later we will learn about function varargin, which can support any number of arguments.
139
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 % ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

% There must be at least 3 vertices, and no more than 6.
msg = nargchk(6,12,nargin);
error(msg);

% Get the number of vertices

n_vertices = nargin / 2;

% Save vertices in arrays

x = zeros(1,n_vertices);
y = zeros(1,n_vertices);

% Save values
x(1) = x1;
y(1) = y1;
x(2) = x2;
y(2) = y2;
x(3) = x3;
y(3) = y3;
if n_vertices >= 4
x(4) = x4;
y(4) = y4;
end
if n_vertices >= 5
x(5) = x5;
y(5) = y5;
end
if n_vertices >= 6
x(6) = x6;
y(6) = y6;
end

% Calculate the area

area = 0;
for ii = 1:n_vertices-2
area = area + 0.5 * (x(ii)*(y(ii+1)-y(ii+2)) ...
- x(ii+1)*(y(ii)-y(ii+2)) ...
+ x(ii+2)*(y(ii)-y(ii+1)));
end

We can test this function using the specified point (0,0), (10,0), (10,10), and (0, 10), which
corresponds to a square with all sides having length 10:

>> area = area_polygon(0,0,10,0,10,10,0,10)

area =
100.00

We can test this function using the points specified in the problem:

>> area = area_polygon(0,0,10,0,10,10,0,10)

140
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 area =
100.00
>> area = area_polygon(10,0,8,8,2,10,-4,5)
area =
43.00

6.10 A function to calculate the inductance of a single-phase two-wire transmission line is shown below:

function ind = inductance(r, D, length)

%INDUCTANCE Calculate the inductance of a transmission line
% Function INDUCTANCE calculates the inductance of a
% single-phase two-wire transmission line.
%
% Calling sequence:
% ind = inductance(r, D, length)
%
% where
% r = the radius of the conductors in meters
% D = the distance between the two lines in meters
% length = Length of transmission line in meters

% Define variables:
% ind_per_m -- Inductance per meter

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(3,3,nargin);
error(msg);

% Constants
mu0 = pi * 4e-7; % H/m

% Calculate the inductance

ind_per_m = mu0 / pi * (1/4 + log(D/r));

% Get the inductance

ind = ind_per_m * length;

We can test this function using the points specified in the problem:

>> ind = inductance(0.02, 1.5, 100000)

ind =
0.1827

6.11 If the diameter of a transmission line’s conductors increase, the inductance of the line will decrease.
If the diameter of the conductors are doubled, the inductance will fall to:

>> ind = inductance(0.02, 1.5, 100000)

ind =

141
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 0.1550

6.12 A function to calculate the capacitance of a single-phase two-wire transmission line is shown below:

function cap = capacitance(r, D, length)

%CAPACITANCE Calculate the capacitance of a transmission line
% Function CAPACITANCE calculates the capacitance of a
% single-phase two-wire transmission line.
%
% Calling sequence:
% cap = capacitance(r, D, length)
%
% where
% r = the radius of the conductors in meters
% D = the distance between the two lines in meters
% length = Length of transmission line in meters

% Define variables:
% cap_per_m -- Capacitance per meter

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(3,3,nargin);
error(msg);

% Constants
e0 = pi * 4e-7; % F/m

% Calculate the capacitance

cap_per_m = pi * e0 / log((D-r)/r);

% Get the capacitance

cap = cap_per_m * length;

We can test this function using the points specified in the problem:

>> cap = capacitance(0.04, 1.5, 100000)

cap =
0.1097

6.13 If the distance between the two conductors increases, the inductance of the transmission line
increases and the capacitance of the transmission line decreases.

6.14 A program to compare the sorting times using the selection sort of Example 6.2 and MATLAB’s
built-in sort is shown below:

% Script file: compare_sorts.m

%
% Purpose:

142
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % To compare the sort function from Example 6.2 and the
% built-in MATLAB sort
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% data1 -- Array to sort
% data2 -- Copy of array to sort
% elapsed_time1 -- Elapsed time for ssort
% elapsed_time2 -- Elapsed time for sort

% Constants
SIZE = 100000; % Number of values to sort

% Set seed
seed(123456);

% Create a sample data set to sort.

data1 = random0(1,SIZE);

% Sort using ssort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = ssort(data2);
elapsed_time1 = toc;

% Sort using sort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = sort(data2);
elapsed_time2 = toc;

% Display the relative times

disp(['Sort time using ssort = ' num2str(elapsed_time1)]);
disp(['Sort time using sort = ' num2str(elapsed_time2)]);

When this program is executed, the results are:

>> compare_sorts
Sort time using ssort = 71.2407
Sort time using sort = 0.0060984

The built-in sorting function is dramatically faster than the selection sort of Example 6.2.

6.15 A program to compare the sorting times using the selection sort of Example 6.2 and MATLAB’s
built-in sort is shown below.

% Script file: compare_sorts.m

%
% Purpose:

143
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 % To compare the sort function from Example 6.2 and the
% built-in MATLAB sort
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/04/11 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% data1 -- Array to sort
% data2 -- Copy of array to sort
% elapsed_time1 -- Elapsed time for ssort
% elapsed_time2 -- Elapsed time for sort

% Set seed
seed(123456);

% Create a sample data set to sort

nsamp = 10000;
data1 = random0(1,nsamp);

% Sort using ssort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = ssort(data2);
elapsed_time1 = toc;

% Sort using sort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = sort(data2);
elapsed_time2 = toc;

% Display the relative times

disp(['Sort time for ' int2str(nsamp) ' using ssort = ' num2str(elapsed_time1)]);
disp(['Sort time for ' int2str(nsamp) ' using sort = ' num2str(elapsed_time2)]);

% Create a sample data set to sort

nsamp = 100000;
data1 = random0(1,nsamp);

% Sort using ssort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = ssort(data2);
elapsed_time1 = toc;

% Sort using sort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = sort(data2);
elapsed_time2 = toc;

144
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % Display the relative times
disp(['Sort time for ' int2str(nsamp) ' using ssort = ' num2str(elapsed_time1)]);
disp(['Sort time for ' int2str(nsamp) ' using sort = ' num2str(elapsed_time2)]);

% Create a sample data set to sort

nsamp = 200000;
data1 = random0(1,nsamp);

% Sort using ssort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = ssort(data2);
elapsed_time1 = toc;

% Sort using sort

data2 = data1;
tic;
out = sort(data2);
elapsed_time2 = toc;

% Display the relative times

disp(['Sort time for ' int2str(nsamp) ' using ssort = ' num2str(elapsed_time1)]);
disp(['Sort time for ' int2str(nsamp) ' using sort = ' num2str(elapsed_time2)]);

The built-in sorting function is dramatically faster than the selection sort of Example 6.2.

>> compare_sorts
Sort time for 10000 using ssort = 0.71161
Sort time for 10000 using sort = 0.000634
Sort time for 100000 using ssort = 70.9728
Sort time for 100000 using sort = 0.0036683
Sort time for 200000 using ssort = 286.6228
Sort time for 200000 using sort = 0.006115

The time for the selection sort is increasing roughly as the square of the number of samples being
sorted. For example, it takes 71 s for 100,000 samples, and 287 s for 200,000 samples. The number
of samples doubles, and the time goes up as 22. The MATLAB sort time increases much more
slowly.

6.16 A modified version of function random0 that can accept 0, 1, or 2 arguments is shown below:

function ran = random0(n,m)

%RANDOM0 Generate uniform random numbers in [0,1)
% Function RANDOM0 generates an array of uniform
% random numbers in the range [0,1). The usage
% is:
%
% random0(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random0(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array

% Define variables:
% ii -- Index variable
% ISEED -- Random number seed (global)

145
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 % jj -- Index variable
% m -- Number of columns
% msg -- Error message
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 02/04/14 S. J. Chapman Original code
% 1. 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Modified for 0 arguments

% Declare global values

global ISEED % Seed for random number generator

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(0,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% If the m argument is missing, set it to n.
if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end

% Initialize the output array

ran = zeros(n,m);

% Now calculate random values

for ii = 1:n
for jj = 1:m
ISEED = mod(8121*ISEED + 28411, 134456 );
ran(ii,jj) = ISEED / 134456;
end
end

6.17 Function random0 has a bug under some conditions. If the global variable ISEED has not been
previously defined when random0 is executed, the program will crash. This problem occurs the
first time only that random0 is executed in a given MATLAB session, if function seed is not
called first. A simple way to avoid this problem would be to detect if ISEED is undefined, and to
supply a default value. Otherwise, the function should use the global seed supplied. A modified
version of random0 that fixes this bug is shown below:

function ran = random0(n,m)

%RANDOM0 Generate uniform random numbers in [0,1)
% Function RANDOM0 generates an array of uniform
% random numbers in the range [0,1). The usage
% is:
%
% random0(n) -- Generate an n x n array

146
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 % random0(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array

% Define variables:
% ii -- Index variable
% ISEED -- Random number seed (global)
% jj -- Index variable
% m -- Number of columns
% msg -- Error message
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 02/04/14 S. J. Chapman Original code
% 1. 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Modified to provide initial seed

% Declare globl values

global ISEED % Seed for random number generator

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% If the m argument is missing, set it to n.

if nargin < 2
m = n;
end

% Initialize the output array

ran = zeros(n,m);

% Test for missing seed, and supply a default if necessary.

if isempty(ISEED)
ISEED = 99999;
end

% Now calculate random values

for ii = 1:n
for jj = 1:m
ISEED = mod(8121*ISEED + 28411, 134456 );
ran(ii,jj) = ISEED / 134456;
end
end

6.18 A function dice to simulate the roll of a fair die is shown below:

function result = dice()

%DICE Return a random integer between 1 and 6
% Function DICE simulates the throw of a fair
% die. It returns a random integer between 1
% and 6.

147
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 % Define variables:
% result -- Resulting integer

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(0,0,nargin);
error(msg);

% The value "6*random0(1,1)" returns a value

% in the range [0,6). The "floor" function
% returns {0,1,2,3,4,5} with equal probability,
% so "result" returns 1-6.
result = floor( 6 * random0(1,1) ) + 1;

A script file to test function dice is shown below:

% Script file: test_dice.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test the function dice. This function calls dice
% 10,000 times, and examines the distribution of the
% resulting values. They should be roughly uniform.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- index variable
% result -- Array of results

% Initial values
result = zeros(1,100000);
for ii = 1:100000;
result(ii) = dice;
end

% Display the first 30 values.

fprintf('The first 30 values are:\n');
for ii = 1:30
fprintf('%d ',result(ii));
end
fprintf('\n');

% Now calculate a histogram to determine the overall

% distribution of numbers.
hist(result,6);
title('\bfHistogram of values returned from function "dice"');

148
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 xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');

When this script file is executed, the results are:

» test_dice
The first 30 values are:
3 1 4 6 6 4 4 4 1 6 6 4 1 2 1 3 2 6 1 2 2 6 6 5 6 3 1 6 1 5

The resulting histogram is shown below. The histogram shows that each integer between 1 and 6 is
about equally likely to occur.

6.19 A function to calculate a probability from the Poisson distribution is shown below:

function result = poisson(k, t, lambda)

%POISSON Return a random integer between 1 and 6
% Function POISSON calculates a sample value from
% the Poisson distribution for specific values of
% k, t, and lambda.

% Define variables:
% fact -- k! (k-factorial)
% result -- Resulting value from distribution

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================

149
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 % 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(3,3,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate k!
fact = factorial(k);

% Calculate value from Poisson distribution.

result = exp(-lambda*t) * (lambda*t) ^ k / fact;

A program that uses function poisson to calculate the probability of a specific number of cars
passing a point on a highway in a given period of time is shown below:

% Script file: traffic.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the probability of a given number of cars
% passing a particular point on a highway in a given time.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% k -- Actual number of cars in time t
% lambda -- Expected number of cars per minute
% prob -- Probability array
% t -- Period of time (minutes)

% Get initial values

lambda = input('Enter expected number of cars/minute: ');
t = input('Enter period of time in minutes: ');

% Calculate values. Note that k runs from 0 to 5, while the

% minimum value for a MATLAB array is 1, so we must index into
% the MATLAB array using "k+1" instead of "k".
for k = 0:5
prob(k+1) = poisson(k, t, lambda);
end

% Display results
disp(['The probability of k cars passing in ' num2str(t) ' minutes is:']);
for k = 0:5
fprintf(' %3d %12.7f\n',k,prob(k+1));
end

% Now plot the distribution.

figure(1);
plot(0:5,prob,'bo','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfPoisson Distribution');

150
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 xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfProbability');

When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. Note that the plot of the probability
distribution uses discrete points instead of a continuous line, since the probabilities are only defined
for the integer values k = 0, 1, 2, 3, … (we can’t have 1.2 cars go by!). This plot can also be
represented as a bar chart, once we learn how to create them in Chapter 6.

>> traffic
Enter expected number of cars/minute: 1.6
Enter period of time in minutes: 1
The probability of k cars passing in 1 minutes is:
0 0.2018965
1 0.3230344
2 0.2584275
3 0.1378280
4 0.0551312
5 0.0176420

6.20 Functions to calculate the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent functions are shown below:

function out = sinh(x)

%SIND Calculate hyperbolic sine function
% Function SINH calculates the hyperbolic sine function
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change

151
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 % ==== ========== =====================
% 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = (exp(x) - exp(-x))/2;

function out = cosh1(x)

%COSH1 Calculate hyperbolic cosine function
% Function COSH1 calculates the hyperbolic cosine function
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = (exp(x) + exp(-x))/2;

function out = tanh1(x)

%TANH1 Calculate hyperbolic tangent function
% Function TANH1 calculates the hyperbolic tangent function
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input value

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 07/12/11 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,1,nargin);
error(msg);

% Calculate value
out = (exp(x) - exp(-x)) ./ (exp(x) + exp(-x));

A script file to plot the hyperbolic sine, cosine, and tangent functions are shown below:

% Script file: test_hyperbolic_functions.m

%
% Purpose:

152
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 % To plot the hyperbolic functions sinh, cosh, abd tanh.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/06/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% out_cosh -- Hyperbolic cosine
% out_sinh -- Hyperbolic sine
% out_tanh -- Hyperbolic tangent

% Calculate results
x = -5:0.05:5;
out_cosh = cosh1(x);
out_sinh = sinh1(x);
out_tanh = tanh1(x);

% Display results
figure(1);
plot(x,out_cosh);
title('\bfHyperbolic cosine');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfcosh(x)');
grid on;

figure(2);
plot(x,out_sinh);
title('\bfHyperbolic sine');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bfsinh(x)');
grid on;

figure(3);
plot(x,out_cosh);
title('\bfHyperbolic tangent');
xlabel('\bfx');
ylabel('\bftanh(x)');
grid on;

The resulting plots are shown below:

153
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 154
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6.21 A function to smooth a noisy data set with a running average filter is shown below.

function y = running_ave(x,n_ave)
%RUNNING_AVE Function to perform a running average filter
% Function RUNNING_AVE performs a running average filter
%
% Calling sequence:
% y = running_ave(x, n_ave)
%
% where:
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Define local variables:

% ii -- Loop index
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% slope -- Slope of the line

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,2,nargin);

155
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 error(msg);

% Set a default number of points to average if this value

% is undefined.
if nargin < 2
n_ave = 7;
end

% Get the number of samples on either side of the sample

% being averaged, dropping any fractional part.
n_per_side = (n_ave-1) / 2;
n_per_side = floor(n_per_side);

% Get the number of points in the input structure

n_points = length(x);

% Now perform the running average

for ii = 1:n_points

% Check to see how many points we can use on either side

% of the point being averaged.
n_low = min([ (ii-1) n_per_side]);
n_high = min([ (n_points-ii) n_per_side]);
n_used = min([ n_low n_high]);

% Now calculate running average

y(ii) = sum(x(ii-n_used:ii+n_used)) / (2*n_used+1);

end

A program to test this function is shown below.

% Script file: test_running_ave.m

%
% Purpose:
% To perform test the running average filter function.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% filename -- Input data file
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values

disp('This program performs a running average filter on an ');

disp('input data set.');

156
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 filename = input('Enter the filename containing the data: ','s');
n_ave = input('Enter the number of samples to average: ');

% Get the number of samples on either side of the sample

% being averaged, dropping any fractional part.
n_per_side = (n_ave-1) / 2;
n_per_side = floor(n_per_side);

% Read the input data

x = textread(filename,'%f');
n_points = length(x);

% Get running average

y = running_ave(x,n_ave);

% Plot the data points as blue circles with no

% connecting lines.
plot(x,'bo');
hold on;

% Plot the fit as a solid red line with no markers

plot(y,'r-','LineWidth',2);
hold off;

% Add a title and legend

title ('\bfRunning-Average Filter');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
legend('Input data','Fitted line');
grid on

When this program is executed, the results are:

>> test_running_ave
This program performs a running average filter on an
input data set.
Enter the filename containing the data: input3.dat
Enter the number of samples to average: 7

157
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6.22 A function to smooth a noisy data set with a median filter is shown below.

function y = median_filter(x,n_ave)
%RUNNING_AVE Function to perform a median filter
% Function RUNNING_AVE performs a median filter
%
% Calling sequence:
% y = median_filter(x, n_ave)
%
% where:
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Define local variables:

% ii -- Loop index
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% slope -- Slope of the line

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,2,nargin);
158
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 error(msg);

% Set a default number of points to average if this value

% is undefined.
if nargin < 2
n_ave = 7;
end

% Get the number of samples on either side of the sample

% being averaged, dropping any fractional part.
n_per_side = (n_ave-1) / 2;
n_per_side = floor(n_per_side);

% Get the number of points in the input structure

n_points = length(x);

% Now perform the running average

for ii = 1:n_points

% Check to see how many points we can use on either side

% of the point being averaged.
n_low = min([ (ii-1) n_per_side]);
n_high = min([ (n_points-ii) n_per_side]);
n_used = min([ n_low n_high]);

% Now calculate running average

y(ii) = median(x(ii-n_used:ii+n_used));

end

A program to test this function is shown below.

% Script file: test_median_filter.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test the median filter function.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% filename -- Input data file
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% slope -- Slope of the line
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values

disp('This program performs a median filter on an input data set.');

159
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 filename = input('Enter the filename containing the data: ','s');
n_ave = input('Enter the number of samples to average: ');

% Get the number of samples on either side of the sample

% being averaged, dropping any fractional part.
n_per_side = (n_ave-1) / 2;
n_per_side = floor(n_per_side);

% Read the input data

x = textread(filename,'%f');
n_points = length(x);

% Now perform the median filter

y = median_filter(x,n_ave);

% Plot the data points as blue circles with no

% connecting lines.
plot(x,'bo');
hold on;

% Plot the fit as a solid red line with no markers

plot(y,'r-','LineWidth',2);
hold off;

% Add a title and legend

title ('\bfMedian Filter');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
legend('Input data','Fitted line');
grid on

When this program is executed, the results are:

>> test_median_filter
This program performs a running average filter on an
input data set.
Enter the filename containing the data: input3.dat
Enter the number of samples to average: 7

160
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6.23 A function to sort an input data set into ascending order while carrying along another array is shown
below.

function [out1, out2] = sort_with_carry(a,b)

%SORT_WITH_CARRY Selection sort with carry in ascending order
% Function SORT_WITH_CARRY sorts a numeric data set a into
% ascending order, carrying along array b. Note that the
% selection sort is relatively inefficient. DO NOT USE THIS
% FUNCTION FOR LARGE DATA SETS.

% Define variables:
% a -- Input array to sort
% b -- Input array to carry along
% ii -- Index variable
% iptr -- Pointer to min value
% jj -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of values in "a" and "b"
% out -- Sorted output array
% out2 -- Carried output array
% temp -- Temp variable for swapping

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

161
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 msg = nargchk(2,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% Check for a legal length. Both a and b must be

% the same length.
if length(a) ~= length(b)
error('Vectors a and b must be the same length');
end

% Get the length of the array to sort

nvals = length(a);

% Sort the input array

for ii = 1:nvals-1

% Find the minimum value in a(ii) through a(n)

iptr = ii;
for jj = ii+1:nvals
if a(jj) < a(iptr)
iptr = jj;
end
end

% iptr now points to the minimum value, so swap a(iptr)

% with a(ii) if ii ~= iptr.
if ii ~= iptr
temp = a(ii);
a(ii) = a(iptr);
a(iptr) = temp;
temp = b(ii);
b(ii) = b(iptr);
b(iptr) = temp;
end

end

% Pass data back to caller

out1 = a;
out2 = b;

A program to test this function is shown below:

% Script file: test_sort_with_carry.m

%
% Purpose:
% To read in an input data set a and sort it into
% ascending order while carrying along array b.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%

162
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 % Define variables:
% a -- Input data array to sort
% b -- Input data array to carry
% ii -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of input values
% out1 -- Sorted data array
% out2 -- Carried data array

% Input arrays
a = [ 1, 11, -6, 17, -23, 0, 5, 1, -1];
b = [ 31,101, 36,-17, 0, 10, -8, -1, -1];

% Now sort the data

[out1, out2] = sort_with_carry(a,b);

% Display the sorted result.

fprintf('\nSorted data:\n');
for ii = 1:length(a)
fprintf(' %8.4f %8.4f\n',out1(ii),out2(ii));
end

When this program is executed, the results are:

» test_sort_with_carry

Sorted data:
-23.0000 0.0000
-6.0000 36.0000
-1.0000 -1.0000
0.0000 10.0000
1.0000 31.0000
1.0000 -1.0000
5.0000 -8.0000
11.0000 101.0000
17.0000 -17.0000

6.24 A program to perform sort with carry using function sortrows is shown below.

% Script file: test_sortrows.m

%
% Purpose:
% To read in an input data set a and sort it into
% ascending order while carrying along array b.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% a -- Input data array to sort
% b -- Input data array to carry
% c -- Compislte matrix

163
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 % ii -- Index variable
% nvals -- Number of input values
% out1 -- Sorted data array
% out2 -- Carried data array

% Input arrays
a = [ 1, 11, -6, 17, -23, 0, 5, 1, -1];
b = [ 31,101, 36,-17, 0, 10, -8, -1, -1];
c = [a' b'];

% Now sort the data

c = sortrows(c);

% Display the sorted result.

fprintf('\nSorted data:\n');
for ii = 1:length(a)
fprintf(' %8.4f %8.4f\n',c(ii,1),c(ii,2));
end

When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. The built-in function sortrows is
much more efficient than sort_with_carry!

>> test_sortrows

Sorted data:
-23.0000 0.0000
-6.0000 36.0000
-1.0000 -1.0000
0.0000 10.0000
1.0000 -1.0000
1.0000 31.0000
5.0000 -8.0000
11.0000 101.0000
17.0000 -17.0000

6.25 A program to compare sort_with_carry with sortrows is shown below.

% Script file: compare_sort_with_carry.m

%
% Purpose:
% To compare function sort_with_carry with function
% sortrows.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/08/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% a -- Input data array to sort
% array -- Input data for sortrows
% b -- Input data array to carry
% ii -- Index variable

164
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 % nvals -- Number of input values
% out -- Output data for sortrows
% out1 -- Sorted data array
% out2 -- Carried data array

% Create random arrays

array = rand(25000,2);

% Make copy for sort_with_carry

a = array(:,1);
b = array(:,2);

% Sort using sort_with_carry

tic;
[out1, out2] = sort_with_carry(a,b);
disp(['sort_with_carry time = ',num2str(toc)]);

% Sort using sortrows

tic;
out = sortrows(array,1);
disp(['sortrows time = ',num2str(toc)]);

When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. The built-in function sortrows is
much more efficient than sort_with_carry!

» compare_sort_with_carry
sort_with_carry time = 4.4245
sortrows time = 0.01251

6.26 The geometry of this problem is shown below with respect to an arbitrary (x,y) reference system,
where x is the distance in the North direction and y is the distance in the East direction, forming a
right-hand coordinate system where θ is a compass angle. Note that the angles θ1 and θ 2 are
defined clockwise from the North (x) axis (compass angles), and the bearings φ1 and φ2 are defined
clockwise from the bow of the ship. Note that the angles will be given in degrees, which is usual
aboard ships.

165
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 With these definitions, the x location of the object can be defined as the sum of the distance from the
origin to Ship 1 ( x1a ) plus the distance from Ship 1 to the object ( x1b ), and the y location of the
object can be defined as the sum of the distance from the origin to Ship 1 ( y1a ) plus the distance
from Ship 1 to the object ( y1b ).

x = x1a + x1b = x1a + r1 cos (θ1 + φ1 ) (6.1)

y = y1a + y1b = y1a + r1 sin (θ1 + φ1 ) (6.2)

Similarly, the x location of the object can be defined as the sum of the distance from the origin to
Ship 2 ( x2a ) plus the distance from Ship 2 to the object ( x2b ), and the y location of the object can
be defined as the sum of the distance from the origin to Ship 2 ( y2a ) plus the distance from Ship 2
to the object ( y2b ).

x = x2 a + x2b = x2 a + r2 cos (θ 2 + φ2 ) (6.3)

y = y2 a + y2b = y2 a + r2 sin (θ 2 + φ2 ) (6.4)

The range r2 and bearing φ2 of the target from Ship 2 can be calculated by first determining the
(x,y) position of the target using Equations (5.1) and (5.2), and then calculating the range and
bearing by solving Equations (5.3) and (5.4) as follows:

r2 = ( x − x2 a ) 2 + ( y − y 2 a ) 2 (6.5)

166
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  y − y2 a 
φ2 = tan −1  − θ2 (6.6)
 x − x2 a 

A function to calculate the range and bearing as seen by Ship 2 is shown below:

function [r2, phi2] = range_bearing(x1,y1,theta1,r1,phi1, ...

x2,y2,theta2)
%RANGE_BEARING Calculate the range and bearing of a target from a ship
% Function RANGE_BEARING calculates the range and bearing of a
% target from a ship, given the location, range, and bearing of
% the target from another ship.

% Define variables:
% phi1 -- Bearing of target from Ship 1 (degrees)
% phi2 -- Bearing of target from Ship 2 (degrees)
% r1 -- Range of target from Ship 1
% r2 -- Range of target from Ship 2
% theta1 -- Heading of Ship 1 (degrees)
% theta2 -- Heading of Ship 2 (degrees)
% x -- x-pos of target in global coordinate system
% x1 -- x-pos of Ship 1
% x2 -- x-pos of Ship 2
% y -- y-pos of target in global coordinate system
% y1 -- y-pos of Ship 1
% y2 -- y-pos of Ship 2

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/09/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(8,8,nargin);
error(msg);

% Convert input angles to radians for use with trig functions

theta1 = theta1 * pi/180;
theta2 = theta2 * pi/180;
phi1 = phi1 * pi/180;

% Calculate the (x,y) position of the target in the

% coordinate system.
x = x1 + r1 * cos( theta1 + phi1 );
y = y1 + r1 * sin( theta1 + phi1 );

% Get range to target from Ship 2

r2 = sqrt( (x - x2)^2 + (y - y2)^2 );

% Get bearing of target from ship

phi2 = atan2( y - y2, x - x2 ) - theta2;

% Convert output bearing to degrees

167
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 phi2 = phi2 * 180/pi;

A script file to test this function is shown below:

% Script file: test_range_bearing.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function range_bearing.m
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/09/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% phi1 -- Bearing of target from Ship 1 (degrees)
% phi2 -- Bearing of target from Ship 2 (degrees)
% r1 -- Range of target from Ship 1
% r2 -- Range of target from Ship 2
% theta1 -- Heading of Ship 1 (degrees)
% theta2 -- Heading of Ship 2 (degrees)
% x1 -- x-pos of Ship 1
% x2 -- x-pos of Ship 2
% y1 -- y-pos of Ship 1
% y2 -- y-pos of Ship 2

% Get location of Ship 1 (x,y,theta):

x1 = input('x-pos of Ship 1: ');
y1 = input('y-pos of Ship 1: ');
theta1 = input('Heading of Ship 1 (deg): ');

% Get location of Ship 2 (x,y,theta):

x2 = input('x-pos of Ship 2: ');
y2 = input('y-pos of Ship 2: ');
theta2 = input('Heading of Ship 2 (deg): ');

% Get location of target as seen by Ship 1

r1 = input('Range to target from Ship 1: ');
phi1 = input('Bearing to target from Ship 1: ');

% Calculate range and bearing from Ship 2

[r2, phi2] = range_bearing( x1, y1, theta1, r1, phi1, ...
x2, y2, theta2 );

% Display result
fprintf('Ship 2 sees the target at a range of %.1f\n', r2);
fprintf('Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of %.1f deg\n', phi2);

To test this function, we will try three simple cases. First, suppose that the two ships are in the same
place and moving in the same direction. Then the object should be at the same range and bearing
for both ships.

>> test_range_bearing

168
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 x-pos of Ship 1: 0
y-pos of Ship 1: 0
Heading of Ship 1 (deg): 0
x-pos of Ship 2: 0
y-pos of Ship 2: 0
Heading of Ship 2 (deg): 0
Range to target from Ship 1: 5
Bearing to target from Ship 1: 30
Ship 2 sees the target at a range of 5.0
Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of 30.0 deg

This case produced the correct answer. Now, suppose that the two ships are traveling North in line
abreast, with Ship 1 at (0,0) and Ship 2 at (0,5). If Ship 1 sees the object at a range of 5 and an angle
of 30°, then Ship 2 should see the object at the same range and an angle of -30°, because the y-
distance to the target is 2.5, exactly half of the distance between the two ships.

>> test_range_bearing
x-pos of Ship 1: 0
y-pos of Ship 1: 0
Heading of Ship 1 (deg): 0
x-pos of Ship 2: 0
y-pos of Ship 2: 5
Heading of Ship 2 (deg): 0
Range to target from Ship 1: 5
Bearing to target from Ship 1: 30
Ship 2 sees the target at a range of 5.0
Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of -30.0 deg

This case also produced the correct answer. Finally, suppose that the ships are in the same position,
but Ship 2 has a heading of 30°. In this case, the target should be at a bearing of -60° as seen by
Ship 2, because the ship itself has rotated.

» test_range_bearing
x-pos of Ship 1: 0
y-pos of Ship 1: 0
Heading of Ship 1 (deg): 0
x-pos of Ship 2: 0
y-pos of Ship 2: 5
Heading of Ship 2 (deg): 30
Range to target from Ship 1: 5
Bearing to target from Ship 1: 30
Ship 2 sees the target at a range of 5.0
Ship 2 sees the target at a bearing of -60.0 deg

This function appears to be working properly.

6.27 A function that calculates the linear least-squares fit to an input data set is shown below:

function [slope, yint] = lsqfit(x, y)

%LSQFIT Calculate the linear least squares fit to a data set.
% Function LSQFIT calculates the linear least squares fit line
% to an input data set. Note that vectors x and y must be
% the same length, and must contain at least two elements.

169
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 %
% The calling sequence is:
% [slope,yint] = lsqfit(x,y);
%
% where
% slope = the slope of the fitted line
% yint = y-intercept of the fitted line
% x = Input x values
% y = Input y values

% Define variables:
% sum_x -- Sum of values in x
% sum_x2 -- Sum of values in x.^2
% sum_xy -- Sum of values in x.*y
% sum_y -- Sum of values in y
% xbar -- Average of x
% ybar -- Average of y

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/09/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(2,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% Check to make sure that the two vectors are the same length
if length(x) ~= length(y)
error('Vectors x and y must be the same length!');
end

% Check to ensure that there are at least two elements

if length(x) < 2
error('Vectors x and y must be at least 2 elements long!');
end

% Now calculate sums

sum_x = sum(x);
sum_y = sum(y);
sum_x2 = sum(x.^2);
sum_xy = sum(x .* y);

% Calculate slope and intercept

xbar = sum_x / length(x);
ybar = sum_y / length(y);
slope = (sum_xy - sum_x * xbar) / (sum_x2 - sum_x * xbar);
yint = ybar - slope * xbar;

A test program for this function is shown below. Note that this program also uses function
polyfit to compare against.

% Script file: test_lsqfit.m

170
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 %
% Purpose:
% To test the function lsqfit.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/09/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% slope -- Slope of fitted line
% x -- Input x values
% x1 -- x values of fitted line
% y -- Input y values
% y1 -- y values of fitted line
% yint -- Y-intercept of fitted line

% Input data values

x = [-4.91 -3.84 -2.41 -2.62 -3.78 -0.52 -1.83 ...
-2.01 0.28 1.08 -0.94 0.59 0.69 3.04 ...
1.01 3.60 4.53 5.13 4.43 4.12 ];
y = [-8.18 -7.49 -7.11 -6.15 -5.62 -3.30 -2.05 ...
-2.83 -1.16 0.52 0.21 1.73 3.96 4.26 ...
5.75 6.67 7.70 7.31 9.05 10.95 ];

% Get fitted line

[slope, yint] = lsqfit(x,y);
x1(1) = min(x);
x1(2) = max(x);
y1 = slope*x1 + yint;

% Tell user
fprintf('\n%s\n','Using lsqfit.m:');
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Slope = ',slope);
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Intercept = ',yint);

% Plot points and the fitted line

figure(1);
plot(x,y,'bo','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot(x1,y1,'k-','LineWidth',2);
legend ('Input data','Fitted line');
title('\bfLinear Least-Squares Fit Using Lsqfit');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on;
hold off;

The resulting plots are shown below:

>> test_lsqfit

Using lsqfit.m:

171
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 Slope = 1.858
Intercept = 0.187

6.28 Modified program to plot the residuals of the least squares fit in the previous problem is shown
below:

% Script file: test_lsqfit.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test the function lsqfit.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/09/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% slope -- Slope of fitted line
% x -- Input x values
% x1 -- x values of fitted line
% y -- Input y values
% y1 -- y values of fitted line
% yint -- Y-intercept of fitted line

% Input data values

x = [-4.91 -3.84 -2.41 -2.62 -3.78 -0.52 -1.83 ...
-2.01 0.28 1.08 -0.94 0.59 0.69 3.04 ...
1.01 3.60 4.53 5.13 4.43 4.12 ];
y = [-8.18 -7.49 -7.11 -6.15 -5.62 -3.30 -2.05 ...
172
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 -2.83 -1.16 0.52 0.21 1.73 3.96 4.26 ...
5.75 6.67 7.70 7.31 9.05 10.95 ];

% Get fitted line

[slope, yint] = lsqfit(x,y);
x1(1) = min(x);
x1(2) = max(x);
y1 = slope*x1 + yint;

% Tell user
fprintf('\n%s\n','Using lsqfit.m:');
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Slope = ',slope);
fprintf('%s%7.3f\n','Intercept = ',yint);

% Plot points and the fitted line

figure(1);
plot(x,y,'bo','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot(x1,y1,'k-','LineWidth',2);
legend ('Input data','Fitted line');
title('\bfLinear Least-Squares Fit Using Lsqfit');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on;
hold off;

% Now calculate the residuals of the fit

res = zeros(length(x));
for ii = 1:length(x)
res(ii) = y(ii) - (slope*x(ii) + yint);
end

% Plot residuals
figure(2);
plot(x,res,'bo','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfResiduals of Fit');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on;

The resulting plots are shown below:

>> test_lsqfit

Using lsqfit.m:
Slope = 1.858
Intercept = 0.187

173
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 The residuals seem to be rougly balanced above and below the fitted line, so this appears to be a
pretty good fit.

174
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6.29 Function random1 produces samples from a uniform random distribution on the range [-1,1).

function ran = random1(n,m)

%RANDOM1 Generate uniform random numbers in [1,1)
% Function RANDOM1 generates an array of uniform
% random numbers in the range [1,1). The usage
% is:
%
% random1() -- Generate a single value
% random1(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random1(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array

% Define variables:
% m -- Number of columns
% n -- Number of rows
% ran -- Output array

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(1,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% If the m argument is missing, set it to n.
if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end

% Initialize the output array

ran = 2 * random0(n,m) - 1;

When this function is tested, the results are in the range [-1,1) and look reasonably uniformly
distributed:

>> random1(20,1)
ans =
-0.9100
0.2498
0.9814
0.6669
-0.0876
-0.5937
0.7752
-0.5582
-0.5179
0.4820

175
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 0.3948
0.3984
-0.2477
0.6547
-0.9002
-0.2652
0.7172
0.5717
-0.9524
-0.0242

6.30 A function to calculate random values from a Gaussian normal distribution is shown below:

function res = random_normal(n,m)

%RANDOM_NORMAL Return samples from a normal distribution.
% Function RANDOM_NORMAL generates an array of gaussian
% normal random numbers. The usage is:
%
% random_normal() -- Generate a single value
% random_normal(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random_normal(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array
%

% Define variables:
% ii, jj -- Loop index
% m -- Number of row
% n -- Number of columns
% r -- sqrt of v1^2 + v2^2
% res -- Results
% v1, v2 -- Uniform random variables in [-1,1)

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(0,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% If the m argument is missing, set it to n.
if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end

% Calculate data
res = zeros(n,m);
for ii = 1:n
for jj = 1:m

176
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 % Get 2 uniform random variables in the range
% [-1.,1.) such that the square root of the sum
% of their squares < 1. Keep trying until we
% come up with such a combination.
v1 = 2. * rand(1,1) - 1;
v2 = 2. * rand(1,1) - 1;
r = v1.^2 + v2.^2;
while (r >= 1)
v1 = 2. * rand(1,1) - 1;
v2 = 2. * rand(1,1) - 1;
r = v1.^2 + v2.^2;
end

% Calculate a Gaussian random variable from the

% uniform variables:
res(ii,jj) = sqrt( -2. * log(r) / r ) * v1;
end
end

The following program tests random_normal by creating 1000 random samples, and checking the
mean and standard deviation of the distribution. The mean should theoretically be 0.0 and the
standard deviation should theoretically be 1.0.

% Script file: test_random_normal.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function random_normal by getting 1000 random
% normal values, calculating the mean and standard
% deviation, and plotting a histogram of the values.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/05/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ave -- Average (mean) of distribution
% dist -- Distribution
% sd -- Standard deviation of distribution

% Get 1000 values

dist = random_normal(1,1000);

% Calculate mean and standard deviation

ave = mean(dist);
sd = std(dist);

% Tell user
fprintf('Average = %.4f\n',ave);
fprintf('Std Dev = %.4f\n',sd);

% Create histogram

177
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 hist(dist,9);
title('\bfHistogram of random values');
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');

When this program is executed, the results are:

>> test_random_normal
Average = 0.0259
Std Dev = 1.0249

6.31 A function to calculate the force of gravity between two objects is shown below:

function force = gravity(range,m1,m2)

%GRAVITY Return force of gravity between two masses.
% Function GRAVITY calculates the gravitation force
% between two objects separated by a specified range.
% The usage is:
%
% force = gravity(range,m1,m2);
% where
% range -- range in meters
% m1 -- Mass of object 1 in kilograms
% m2 -- Mass of object 2 in kilograms
% force -- Force in newtons

% Define local variables:

% gravc -- Gravitational constant
178
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 % m -- Number of row

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/07/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(3,3,nargin);
error(msg);

% Gravitational constant
gravc = 6.672E-11;

% Calculate force
force = gravc .* m1 .* m2 ./ range.^2;

A program to test this function is shown below:

% Script file: test_gravity.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test the gravitational force calculation.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/07/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% m1 -- Mass of body 1, in kg
% m2 -- Mass of body 2, in kg
% range -- Distance between objects, in m

% Get input values

m1 = input('Enter mass of object 1 (kg): ');
m2 = input('Enter mass of object 2 (kg): ');
range = input('Enter range between objects (m): ');

% Calculate force
fprintf('The force due to gravity is %0.4f N.\n', ...
gravity(range,m1,m2));

When this program is executed, the results are:

>> test_gravity
Enter mass of object 1 (kg): 800
Enter mass of object 2 (kg): 6.98e24
Enter range between objects (m): 38e6
The force due to gravity is 258.0086 N.

6.32 A function to calculate random values from a Rayleigh distribution is shown below:

179
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 function res = random_rayleigh(n,m)
%RANDOM_RAYLEIGH Return samples from a Rayleigh distribution.
% Function RANDOM_RAYLEIGH generates an array of Rayleigh-
% distributed random numbers. The usage is:
%
% random_rayleigh() -- Generate a single value
% random_rayleigh(n) -- Generate an n x n array
% random_rayleigh(n,m) -- Generate an n x m array
%

% Define variables:
% arr1 -- Normally-distributed array
% arr2 -- Normally-distributed array
% res -- Results

% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/07/15 S. J. Chapman Original code

% Check for a legal number of input arguments.

msg = nargchk(0,2,nargin);
error(msg);

% If both arguments are missing, set to 1.

% If the m argument is missing, set it to n.
if nargin < 1
m = 1;
n = 1;
elseif nargin < 2
m = n;
end

% Calculate data
arr1 = randn(n,m);
arr2 = randn(n,m);
res = sqrt( arr1.^2 + arr2.^2 );

The following program tests random_rayleigh by creating 20,0000 random samples, and
checking the mean and standard deviation of the distribution.

% Script file: test_random_rayleigh.m

%
% Purpose:
% To test function random_rayleigh by getting 20,000
% values, calculating the mean and standard
% deviation, and plotting a histogram of the values.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 04/07/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%

180
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 % Define variables:
% ave -- Average (mean) of distribution
% dist -- Distribution
% sd -- Standard deviation of distribution

% Get 20,000 values

dist = random_rayleigh(1,20000);

% Calculate mean and standard deviation

ave = mean(dist);
sd = std(dist);

% Tell user
fprintf('Average = %.4f\n',ave);
fprintf('Std Dev = %.4f\n',sd);

% Create histogram
hist(dist,21);
title('\bfHistogram of random values');
xlabel('\bfValue');
ylabel('\bfCount');

When this program is executed, the results are:

>> test_random_rayleigh
Average = 1.2490
Std Dev = 0.6517

181
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
 182
© 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Holly berries
from Dickens
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

Title: Holly berries from Dickens

Author: Charles Dickens

Release date: October 12, 2023 [eBook #71858]

Language: English

Original publication: Boston: DeWolfe Fiske & Co, 1898

Credits: Carla Foust and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced
from images generously made available by The
Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOLLY

BERRIES FROM DICKENS ***
 Holly
Berries

From
Dickens
 Holly
Berries
From
Dickens ·
 Copyright
DeWolfe Fiske & Co
Boston · 1898 ·
 First Day.

A good action is its own

reward.

Dickens.

The will to do well ... is the next

thing to having the power.

Mr. Pecksniff.

Forgiveness is a high quality,

 an exalted virtue.

Martin Chuzzlewit.

In love of home the love of

country has its rise.

Old Curiosity Shop.

Tears never yet wound up a clock or worked

a steam-engine.

Sam Weller.
 Second Day.

how me the man who says

anything against women,
as women, and I boldly declare,
he is not a man.

Pickwick.

Natural affection and instinct are the

most beautiful
of the Almighty’s works.

Charles Cheeryble.

It must be somewhere written that the

virtues of the mothers
shall occasionally be visited on the children,
as well as the sins of their fathers.

Mr. Jarndyce.

We can all do some good, if we will.

Dickens.
 Third Day.

n the cause of friendship ...

brave all dangers.

Pickwick Papers.

Let us be among the few who do their duty.

Martin Chuzzlewit.

Fortune will not bear chiding.

We must not reproach her, or she shuns us.

Old Curiosity Shop.

It is an undoubted fact that all remarkable

men have had
remarkable mothers.

Haunted Man.

Every man has his enemies.

Old Curiosity Shop.

 Fourth Day.

For Heaven’s sake

let us
examine sacredly
whether there is any
wrong entrusted
to us to set right.

Little Dorrit.

Surprises, like misfortunes,

 rarely come alone.

Dombey and Son.

What the poor are to the poor is little known

excepting to themselves and God.

Bleak House.

An honest man is one of the few great works

that can be seen for nothing.

Martin Chuzzlewit.

Thinking begets thinking.

Oliver Twist.
 Fifth Day.

t’s a world of sacred mysteries,

and the Creator only
knows what lies beneath the surface
of His lightest image.

Battle of Life.

There is hope for all who are softened

and penitent.
There is hope for all such.

Haunted Man.

What I want is frankness, confidence,

less conventionality,
and freer play of soul. We are so dreadfully
artificial.

Dombey and Son.

 Sixth Day.

Only time shall show us

whither each
traveler is bound.

Little Dorrit.

Women, the tenderest and most

fragile of all
God’s creatures, were the oftenest
superior to sorrow, adversity and distress.
 Pickwick Papers.

The consciousness that we possess the sympathy

and affection of one being,
when all others have deserted us, is a hold, a stay,
a comfort, in the deepest affliction,
which no wealth could purchase, or power bestow.

Pickwick Papers.
 Seventh Day.

Cheerfulness and content are great

beautifiers, and
are famous preservers of good looks.

Barnaby Rudge.

The sea has no appreciation of great men,

but knocks them about like small fry.

Bleak House.
 A joke is a very good thing ...
but when that joke is made at the expense of
feelings, I set my face against it.

Nicholas Nickleby.

There can be no confusion in following Him

and seeking no other footsteps.

Little Dorrit.
 Eighth Day.

here is no situation in life so bad

that it can’t be mended.

Pickwick Papers.

If the good deeds of human creatures

could be traced to their source, how beautifully
would even death appear;
for how much charity, mercy, and purified
affection would be seen to have
their own growth in dusty graves!

Old Curiosity Shop.

Use and necessity are good teachers—

the best of any.

Stagg.

Philosophers are only men in armour after all.

Pickwick Papers.