Workflow Automation Basic Concepts

of Workflow Automation in the Graphic

Industry 1st Edition Thomas
Hoffmann-Walbeck
Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmeta.com/product/workflow-automation-basic-concepts-of-workflow-auto
mation-in-the-graphic-industry-1st-edition-thomas-hoffmann-walbeck/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

IBM Software Systems Integration: With IBM MQ Series

for JMS, IBM FileNet Case Manager, and IBM Business
Automation Workflow 1st Edition Alan S. Bluck

https://ebookmeta.com/product/ibm-software-systems-integration-
with-ibm-mq-series-for-jms-ibm-filenet-case-manager-and-ibm-
business-automation-workflow-1st-edition-alan-s-bluck/

My Digital Workflow 1st Edition Lois Van Baarle

https://ebookmeta.com/product/my-digital-workflow-1st-edition-
lois-van-baarle/

Automation and Robotics in the Architecture,

Engineering, and Construction Industry Houtan Jebelli
(Editor)

https://ebookmeta.com/product/automation-and-robotics-in-the-
architecture-engineering-and-construction-industry-houtan-
jebelli-editor/

Automation and Autonomy: Labour, Capital and Machines

in the Artificial Intelligence Industry Steinhoff

https://ebookmeta.com/product/automation-and-autonomy-labour-
capital-and-machines-in-the-artificial-intelligence-industry-
steinhoff/
Embedded Analytics: Integrating analysis with the
business workflow (Second Early Release) Donald Farmer

https://ebookmeta.com/product/embedded-analytics-integrating-
analysis-with-the-business-workflow-second-early-release-donald-
farmer/

Robotic Process Automation in Desktop Publishing: An

Introduction to Software-based Automation of Artwork
Processes 1st Edition Ennis Gündo■an

https://ebookmeta.com/product/robotic-process-automation-in-
desktop-publishing-an-introduction-to-software-based-automation-
of-artwork-processes-1st-edition-ennis-gundogan/

Adobe Photoshop Illustrator and InDesign Collaboration

and Workflow 1st Edition Bart Van De Wiele

https://ebookmeta.com/product/adobe-photoshop-illustrator-and-
indesign-collaboration-and-workflow-1st-edition-bart-van-de-
wiele/

Science of Selenium Master Web UI Automation and Create

Your Own Test Automation Framework 1st Edition Rahman

https://ebookmeta.com/product/science-of-selenium-master-web-ui-
automation-and-create-your-own-test-automation-framework-1st-
edition-rahman/

The CNC Handbook Digital Manufacturing and Automation

from CNC to Industry 4 0 First Edition Kief

https://ebookmeta.com/product/the-cnc-handbook-digital-
manufacturing-and-automation-from-cnc-to-industry-4-0-first-
edition-kief/
SPRINGER BRIEFS IN
APPLIED SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

Thomas Hoffmann-Walbeck

Workflow Automation
Basic Concepts
of Workflow
Automation in
the Graphic Industry

123
SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences
and Technology

Series Editor
Andreas Öchsner, Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Southport, QLD,
Australia
SpringerBriefs present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applications
across a wide spectrum of fields. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to 125 pages, the series
covers a range of content from professional to academic.
Typical publications can be:

• A timely report of state-of-the art methods

• An introduction to or a manual for the application of mathematical or computer techniques
• A bridge between new research results, as published in journal articles
• A snapshot of a hot or emerging topic
• An in-depth case study
• A presentation of core concepts that students must understand in order to make indepen-
dent contributions

SpringerBriefs are characterized by fast, global electronic dissemination, standard

publishing contracts, standardized manuscript preparation and formatting guidelines, and
expedited production schedules.
On the one hand, SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology are devoted to the
publication of fundamentals and applications within the different classical engineering
disciplines as well as in interdisciplinary fields that recently emerged between these areas. On
the other hand, as the boundary separating fundamental research and applied technology is
more and more dissolving, this series is particularly open to trans-disciplinary topics between
fundamental science and engineering.
Indexed by EI-Compendex, SCOPUS and Springerlink.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8884

Thomas Hoffmann-Walbeck

Workflow Automation
Basic Concepts of Workflow Automation
in the Graphic Industry

123
Thomas Hoffmann-Walbeck
Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany

ISSN 2191-530X ISSN 2191-5318 (electronic)

SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
ISBN 978-3-030-84781-4 ISBN 978-3-030-84782-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84782-1

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter
developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not
imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed
to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty,
expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface
/ŶƚŚŝƐŬůĞƚ͕/ĂŵĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ŵŽĚĞůƐ
ĂŶĚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƐŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘
/ǁŝůůŶŽƚƉƌĞƐĞŶƚŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŽƌǀĞŶĚŽƌͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐ͕ƚŚŽƵŐŚ
ƚŚĞLJƐƵƌĞůLJŚĂǀĞĂďŝŐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƚĞdžƚ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕
/ĂŵƌĞǀŝĞǁŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂůƚĞƌŵƐʹ/ǁŝůů
ŶŽƚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐŝŶĂŶĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚŽƌŵĂƚŚĞŵĂƟĐĂůŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘
/ƚŝƐĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJƉƌĞƐƵŵƉƚƵŽƵƐƚŽǁƌŝƚĞĂŬĂďŽƵƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵͲ
ƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘dŚĞĮĞůĚŝƐǁĂLJƚŽŽĚŝǀĞƌƐĞĨŽƌ
ƚŚĂƚ͘KŶůŝŶĞƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕ƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶĂůƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕
ŐƌĂǀƵƌĞƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕ŝŶͲƉůĂŶƚƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕ĐŽƉLJƐŚŽƉƐ͕ǁŝĚĞͲĨŽƌŵĂƚƉƌŝŶƚͲ
ĞƌƐĂŶĚƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĞƌƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŚĂǀĞƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶǁĂLJŽĨ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐƉƌŝŶƚĞĚŵĂƩĞƌ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐŝŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌƚƐ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŶĂƚƵƌĂůůLJŝŶĐůƵĚĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůƉůĂLJĞƌƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂĚĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͕
ĚĞƐŝŐŶĞƌƐ͕ƉƵďůŝƐŚĞƌƐ͕ůŽŐŝƐƟĐƐƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ͕ƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞ͕
ďƌĂŶĚŽǁŶĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘dŽĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞŵĂůůǁŽƵůĚĚĞĮŶŝƚĞůLJďĞƚŽŽ
ŵƵĐŚĨŽƌĂƐŵĂůůŬůĞƚ͘tĞĂƌĞƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĐŽŶĐĞŶƚƌĂƟŶŐŵĂŝŶůLJ
ŽŶǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐŝŶƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŽƐŽŵĞĞdžƚĞŶƚŽŶƚŚĞŝƌĚŝƌĞĐƚ
ƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌƐŽƌƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌƐŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐ͘
DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞĂůůŽǀĞƌƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌůĚďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶůĂďŽƌĐŽƐƚƐ͕ƚŚĞůŽĐĂůďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƐŝƚƵĂͲ
ƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƋƵĂůŝƚLJƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕/ƚƌLJƚŽĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞƐƚĂƚĞͲ
ŽĨͲƚŚĞĂƌƚĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͘dŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶŵĂŶLJƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƐŵĂLJĚŝīĞƌ
ŐƌĞĂƚůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ŶŽƚĂůůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂŶĚŶŽƚĂůůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞŐŽĂůƚŽ
ĂĐŚŝĞǀĞϭϬϬйĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌϭϬϬйŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŝŶĂƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͘
^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͕ŶŽƚƚŚĞǀĞƌLJ
ƵŶŝƋƵĞŽŶĞͲƟŵĞũŽďƐ͘
KŶƚŚĞƐƵƌĨĂĐĞ͕ƚŚĞƚĞƌŵǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJͲ
ƚŚŝŶŐŝƐĐƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬĞĚǁŝƚŚĞǀĞƌLJƚŚŝŶŐĞůƐĞ͕ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶƚŽƚŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘EŽƚƚŚĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů
͞ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝƐůĂŶĚƐ͟ŝƐƐƚƌŝǀĞĚĨŽƌ͕ďƵƚŽĨƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŝƚĂůŵŽƐƚĨĞĞůƐůŝŬĞĂĐŽŶƚƌĂĚŝĐƟŽŶŝĨǁĞĂůƐŽĂŶĂůLJnjĞ
ƐŵĂůůĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͘/ƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽĂƐŬ
ƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌƚŽĂůǁĂLJƐŬĞĞƉƚŚĞďŝŐƉŝĐƚƵƌĞŝŶŵŝŶĚ͘
/ŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͕ƚŚŝƐŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞďŽƩůĞŶĞĐŬƐŽĨƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ƟŽŶŇŽǁƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝĚĞŶƟĮĞĚĮƌƐƚ͘/ŶƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ
ĂƌĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƐƚĞƉͲďLJͲƐƚĞƉʹŝƚŝƐĂŶŽŶŐŽŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘
/ŚĂǀĞŐŝǀĞŶůĞĐƚƵƌĞƐŽŶǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƌĞĐĞŶƚLJĞĂƌƐĂŶĚ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚƌĞůĂƚĞĚůĂďĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞƐĨŽƌƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĂƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƵŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƟĞƐ͘ The author,
dŚĞƐĞƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐĞŶƌŽůůĞĚŝŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐŽŶƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŽƌ GUDZQE\*RMNR9ODGLÈ
ƐŽŵĞƚŚŝŶŐĂůŽŶŐƚŚŝƐůŝŶĞ͘dŚŝƐďƌŽĐŚƵƌĞŝƐĂĐŽŶĚĞŶƐĞĚƐƵŵŵĂƌLJ during lecture

v
 Preface

ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŵLJĂĐĂĚĞŵŝĐďĂĐŬŐƌŽƵŶĚŝƐƐƟůůƐŚŽǁͲ
ŝŶŐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘/ďĞůŝĞǀĞ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕
ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞďƌŽĐŚƵƌĞƐŚŽƵůĚĂůƐŽďĞƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌƉĞŽƉůĞǁŽƌŬŝŶŐŝŶƚŚĞ
ŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌƚƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘/ƚŚĞůƉƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞůĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĞƉƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶƚƌŝŶƐŝĐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶďĞͲ
ƚǁĞĞŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐǁŚŝůĞƉƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘
/ŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϭ͕/ǁŝůůŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐŽĨƚŚŝƐŬůĞƚĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞ
ƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƚĞƌŵƐƚŚĂƚǁĞŶĞĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ͘
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϮŝƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚͲ
ŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘/ŶŵĂŶLJĐĂƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƚĞƌŵǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƌĞĨĞƌƐŽŶůLJƚŽƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌŬƐƚĞƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝŶƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕ƉƌĞƐƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐ͘
/ŶƚŚŝƐŬůĞƚ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕/ǁĂŶƚƚŽĚĞĮŶĞƚŚĞƚĞƌŵŵŽƌĞďƌŽĂĚůLJ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǁŚLJ/ĂŵŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐĂƌĞĂƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ͛ƐƉƵƌͲ
ĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌ͕ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ŽƌƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐƚŚĞĮŶŝƐŚĞĚƉƌŽĚͲ
ƵĐƚƐƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͘
/ŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϯ͕/ƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĐŽŵŵŽŶŵŽĚĞůĨŽƌƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ƟŽŶ͗ƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐͲƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŵŽĚĞů͘dŚŝƐŵŽĚĞůŝƐƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨƚŚĞ
:ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;:&ͿƚŚĂƚŝƐƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐŽĨŚĂƉƚĞƌϰ͘dŚĞĚĞƐͲ
ŝŐŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵŝŐŚƚĚŝīĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƐĞ
ƚǁŽĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ͘/ŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϯ͕/ƵƐĞƚĞƌŵƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞƋƵŝƚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶ
ŝŶƚŚĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͕ǁŚŝůĞŝŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϰ/ĨŽůůŽǁƚŚĞ/WϰŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘
&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶĐŚĂƉƚĞƌϯ͕/ŵŝŐŚƚĚĞŶŽƚĞĂƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞǁŝƚŚƉĂƉĞƌ͕
Note ǁŚŝůĞŝŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϰ/ǁŽƵůĚƵƐĞƚŚĞŽĸĐŝĂů/WϰƚĞƌŵŵĞĚŝĂ͘/WϰŝƐ
CIP4ƐƚĂŶĚƐĨŽƌ/ŶƚĞƌŶĂͲ ĂŶŽƚͲĨŽƌͲƉƌŽĮƚƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƟŽŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶƐƉĞĐŝĨLJŝŶŐĚĂƚĂ
ƟŽŶĂůCŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞ ĨŽƌŵĂƚƐĨŽƌǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘:&ͿŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŝŶĚƵƐͲ
IŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨPƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ƚƌLJ͘dŚĞLJĚĞŶŽƚĞĂŶĚƐƉĞĐŝĨLJƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJ
ŝŶPƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕PƌĞƐƐĂŶĚ ĂƌĞƵŶŝĨŽƌŵůLJǀĂůŝĚĂŶĚƉƌĞĐŝƐĞ͘KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ƚŚĞLJĂƌĞƐŽŵĞͲ
PŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐ͘ ƟŵĞƐŚĂƌĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŵƉƌĞŚĞŶĚŝŶƚƵŝƟǀĞůLJ͘
ŚĂƉƚĞƌϰĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂŶŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŽũŽďƟĐŬĞƚĨŽƌͲ
n ŵĂƚƐůŝŬĞ:&͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵĂƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐy:&ĂŶĚWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬ͘/
ĞdžƉůĂŝŶƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐ͕ŶŽƚƐŽŵƵĐŚƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůĐŽĚŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ĨŽƌŵĂƚƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞƌƐŶĞĞĚƚŽƐƚƵĚLJƚŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐŽŶƚŚĞ
/WϰǁĞďƐŝƚĞǁǁǁ͘/Wϰ͘ŽƌŐ;nͿŝĨƚŚĞLJǁĂŶƚƚŽůĞĂƌŶĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨ
ĐŽĚŝŶŐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƐ͘
/ĚŽŶŽƚƉƌĞƐƵŵĞĂŶLJŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ
ƌĞĂĚƚŚŝƐŬ͘KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕/ƉƌĞƐƵƉƉŽƐĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌŝƐ
ƐŽŵĞǁŚĂƚĨĂŵŝůŝĂƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŝŶĚƵƐͲ
ƚƌLJĂƐǁĞůůǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƐŽĨ/dƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘
/ŚŽƉĞLJŽƵǁŝůůĞŶũŽLJƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐŬĂŶĚƚŚĂƚLJŽƵǁŝůůĮŶĚŝƚ
ŝŶƚĞƌĞƐƟŶŐ͘ŶLJƐƵŐŐĞƐƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŽƌƌĞĐƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŽŵŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚͬŽƌ
ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶƐǁŽƵůĚďĞŐƌĞĂƚůLJĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚ͘zŽƵĐĂŶĐŽŶƚĂĐƚŵĞĂƚ
ŚŽīŵĂŶŶΛŚĚŵͲƐƚƵƩŐĂƌƚ͘ĚĞ͘
dŚŽŵĂƐ,ŽīŵĂŶŶͲtĂůďĞĐŬ

vi
Acknowledgments
/ǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽƚŚĂŶŬŵLJŽůĚĨƌŝĞŶĚ:ĞƐŬŽtĂŶŝĞŬǁŚŽĞĚŝƚĞĚƚŚĞ
ŶŐůŝƐŚŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚǁŝƚŚŐƌĞĂƚƐŬŝůůĂŶĚƵƚŵŽƐƚĂĐĐƵƌĂĐLJ͘:ĞƐŬŽ
ǁŽƌŬƐĂƐĂƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚŽƌŝŶDĂƌŝĞƩĂ͕'ĞŽƌŐŝĂ͕h^͘
ďŝŐƚŚĂŶŬLJŽƵĂůƐŽƚŽŚƌŝƐ,ĞƌŝĐ͕ǁŚŽŐĂǀĞŵĞŐƌĞĂƚƟƉƐŽŶŚŽǁ
ƚŽĞŵďĞůůŝƐŚƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƐ͘ŚƌŝƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚ͕
ĂƵƚŚŽƌ͕ŝůůƵƐƚƌĂƚŽƌ͕ĂŶĚŝƐĂĐƟǀĞŝŶŵĂŶLJƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĂŶĚǁŽƌŬŝŶŐ
ŐƌŽƵƉƐ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕/ǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽƚŚĂŶŬƌ͘,ĞŝŬŽŶŐĞƌŵĂŶŶǀĞƌLJŵƵĐŚ͕ǁŚŽ
ƉƌŽŽĨƌĞĂĚƚŚĞŵĂŶƵƐĐƌŝƉƚĂŶĚŶŽƚĞĚǀĂůƵĂďůĞŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽ
ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ͘,ĞŝŬŽŝƐǁŽƌŬŝŶŐĂƐĂůĂďŽƌĂƚŽƌLJĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌĨŽƌƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂƚƚŚĞhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨƉƉůŝĞĚ^ĐŝĞŶĐĞƐŝŶĂƌŵƐƚĂĚƚ͕
'ĞƌŵĂŶLJ͘

vii
Contents
WƌĞĨĂĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ǀ

Acknowledgments ............................................................................................ vii

ďďƌĞǀŝĂƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ xi

ϭ /ŶƚƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 1
ϭ͘ϭ dLJƉĞƐŽĨƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭ
ϭ͘Ϯ ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯ
ϭ͘ϯ /ŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞtŽƌŬŇŽǁdLJƉĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯ
ϭ͘ϰ WƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬͬŝŐŝƚĂů^ŵĂƌƚ&ĂĐƚŽƌLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰ
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 5

Ϯ ^ĐŽƉĞŽĨtŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 7
Ϯ͘ϭ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵƐ;D/^Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 8
Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϭ DĂŝŶ&ĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŽĨĂŶD/^ͬZW͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 9
Ϯ͘ϭ͘Ϯ KǀĞƌǀŝĞǁŽĨ/ŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϬ
Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϯ ƵƌƌĞŶƚdƌĞŶĚƐŝŶD/^ͬZW͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮ
Ϯ͘Ϯ WƌŝŶƚƵLJĞƌͲWƌŝŶƚWƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϮ
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϭ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐdƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϯ
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ tĞďͲƚŽͲWƌŝŶƚ;tϮWͿĂŶĚƉƉƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϱ
Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ϯ EŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐĂŶĚƉƉƌŽǀĂůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϭϳ
Ϯ͘ϯ DĂƚĞƌŝĂůWƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϭ
Ϯ͘ϰ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϯ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϭ ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĨŽƌWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘Ϯ tŽƌŬŇŽǁDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^LJƐƚĞŵ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ Ϯϱ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϯ KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĂƚĂ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϬ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϰ WůĂŶŶŝŶŐŽĂƌĚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϯ
Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϱ tĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϱ
Ϯ͘ϱ &ƵůĮůůŵĞŶƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϳ
Ϯ͘ϲ ^ƵďƐŝĚŝĂƌŝĞƐ͕WƌŝŶƚƌŽŬĞƌƐ͕^ƵďĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŽƌƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϯϵ

ix
 Contents

ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϭ

ϯ tŽƌŬŇŽǁDŽĚĞůƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 43
ϯ͘ϭ ĐƟǀŝƚLJ>ŝƐƚ͕WƌŽĐĞƐƐŚĂƌƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϯ
ϯ͘Ϯ &ůŽǁĐŚĂƌƚ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϰ
ϯ͘ϯ WƌŽĐĞƐƐͲZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞDŽĚĞů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϲ
ŝŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͗>Ğƚ͛ƐŵĂŬĞƉĂŶĐĂŬĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϳ
ŶĚŽĨŝŐƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϰϵ
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϱϯ

ϰ DĞƚĂĚĂƚĂ&ŽƌŵĂƚƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 55
ϰ͘ϭ džƚĞŶƐŝďůĞDĞƚĂĚĂƚĂWůĂƞŽƌŵ;yDWͿ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 58
ϰ͘Ϯ WƌŝŶƚWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;WW&Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϮ
ϰ͘ϯ :ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;:&Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϯ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϭ :&EŽĚĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϱ
ϰ͘ϯ͘Ϯ :&ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϲ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϯ ^ƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĂ:&&ŝůĞ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϴ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϰ ƵĚŝƚWŽŽů͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϲϵ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϱ 'ƌĂLJŽdžĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳϬ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϲ ^ƉĂǁŶŝŶŐĂŶĚDĞƌŐŝŶŐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳϭ
ϰ͘ϯ͘ϳ :ŽďDĞƐƐĂŐŝŶŐ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;:D&Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳϮ
ϰ͘ϰ džĐŚĂŶŐĞ:ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;y:&Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳϰ
ϰ͘ϱ WƌŝŶƚdĂůŬ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϳϴ
ϰ͘ϲ /ŶƚĞƌŽƉĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJŽŶĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ;/^Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϮ
ϰ͘ϳ WŽƌƚĂďůĞŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;W&Ϳ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϰ
ϰ͘ϳ͘ϭ WƌŝŶƚWƌŽĚƵĐƚDĞƚĂĚĂƚĂ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 85
ϰ͘ϳ͘Ϯ W&'ƌĂƉŚŝĐKďũĞĐƚƐĂƐWƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ^ƚĞƉƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ ϴϳ
ZĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƐ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 88

ϱ 'ůŽƐƐĂƌLJ͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 91

ϲ /ŶĚĞdž͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘͘ 95

x
Abbreviations
/ ƌƟĮĐŝĂů/ŶƚĞůůŝŐĞŶĐĞ
W/ ƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶWƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐ/ŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ
Ϯ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ
Ϯ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ
DW ŝƚŵĂƉ/ŵĂŐĞ&ŝůĞ
&&Ϯ ŽŵŵŽŶ&ŝůĞ&ŽƌŵĂƚ͕sĞƌƐŝŽŶϮ
/Wϯ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ
 WƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕WƌĞƐƐĂŶĚWŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐ
/Wϰ /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŽŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĨŽƌ/ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨ
 WƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶWƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕WƌĞƐƐĂŶĚWŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐ
ZD ƵƐƚŽŵĞƌZĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
D^ ŽůŽƌDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^LJƐƚĞŵ
^s ŽŵŵĂ^ĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚsĂůƵĞ
ƚW ŽŵƉƵƚĞƌͲƚŽͲWůĂƚĞ
 ĂƚĂĂƐĞ
& ŝŐŝƚĂů&ƌŽŶƚŶĚ
WZd ŽĐƵŵĞŶƚWĂƌƚ
WD ŽĐƵŵĞŶƚWĂƌƚDĞƚĂĚĂƚĂ
ZW ŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞWůĂŶŶŝŶŐ
y/& džĐŚĂŶŐĞĂďůĞ/ŵĂŐĞ&ŝůĞ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
&/&K &ŝƌƐƚͲ/Ŷ͕&ŝƌƐƚͲKƵƚ
&dW &ŝůĞdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌWƌŽƚŽĐŽů
'W^ 'ůŽďĂůWŽƐŝƟŽŶŝŶŐ^LJƐƚĞŵ
,dD> ,LJƉĞƌƚĞdžƚDĂƌŬƵƉ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ
,ddW ,LJƉĞƌƚĞdžƚdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌWƌŽƚŽĐŽů
,ddW^ ,LJƉĞƌƚĞdžƚdƌĂŶƐĨĞƌWƌŽƚŽĐŽů^ĞĐƵƌĞ
/^ /ŶƚĞƌŽƉĞƌĂďŝůŝƚLJŽŶĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ^ƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ
//Kd /ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚŽĨdŚŝŶŐƐ
/Kd /ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚŽĨdŚŝŶŐƐ
/Wd /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůWƌĞƐƐdĞůĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽƵŶĐŝů
/d /ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ

xi
 Abbreviations

:& :ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
/^E /ŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂů^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŽŽŬEƵŵďĞƌ
:^KE :ĂǀĂ^ĐƌŝƉƚKďũĞĐƚEŽƚĂƟŽŶ
:D& :ŽďDĞƐƐĂŐŝŶŐ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
DD DĞĚŝĂƐƐĞƚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
D^ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚdžĞĐƵƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵ
D/^ DĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵ
K KǀĞƌĂůůƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ
K' KƉƟŽŶĂůŽŶƚĞŶƚ'ƌŽƵƉ
KWͲh KƉĞŶWůĂƞŽƌŵŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƐhŶŝĮĞĚƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞ
W& WŽƌƚĂďůĞŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
W&ͬsd W&ͬsĂƌŝĂďůĞdƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶĂů
W&ͬy W&ͬdžĐŚĂŶŐĞ
W> WĂŐĞĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ
W:d& WŽƌƚĂďůĞ:ŽďƟĐŬĞƚ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
WW& WƌŝŶƚWƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
WW/ WŝdžĞůƐWĞƌ/ŶĐŚ
Z& ZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ&ƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬ
Z&Y ZĞƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌYƵŽƚĞ
Z/W ZĂƐƚĞƌ/ŵĂŐĞWƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌ
^^ ^ŽŌǁĂƌĞƐ^ĞƌǀŝĐĞ
^& ^ŚŽƉ&ůŽŽƌĂƚĂŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ
d/&& dĂŐ;ŐĞĚͿ/ŵĂŐĞ&ŝůĞ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
hZ/ hŶŝĨŽƌŵ;hŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůͿZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ/ĚĞŶƟĮĞƌ
hZ> hŶŝĨŽƌŵZĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ>ŽĐĂƚŽƌ
tϯ tŽƌůĚtŝĚĞtĞďŽŶƐŽƌƟƵŵ
tD^ tŽƌŬŇŽǁDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^LJƐƚĞŵ
y:& džĐŚĂŶŐĞ:ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
y:D& džĐŚĂŶŐĞ:ŽďDĞƐƐĂŐŝŶŐ&ŽƌŵĂƚ
yD> džƚĞŶƐŝďůĞDĂƌŬƵƉ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ
yDW džƚĞŶƐŝďůĞDĞƚĂĚĂƚĂWůĂƞŽƌŵ
y^>d džƚĞŶƐŝďůĞ^ƚLJůĞƐŚĞĞƚ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞdƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ

xii
Chapter 1

1 Introduction
ďƐƚƌĂĐƚŚĂƉƚĞƌϭŝŶƚƌŽĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞƐƵďũĞĐƚŽĨƚŚĞŬůĞƚĂŶĚĚĞĮͲ
ŶĞƐƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƚĞƌŵƐƚŚĂƚǁŝůůďĞƵƐĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ͘/Ŷ
ƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ǁĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶĐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ“ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂͲ
ƟŽŶ͟ĂŶĚ“ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͟ŝŶƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘
/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝƐďƌŝĞŇLJĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚͲ
ĞdžƚŽĨ“WƌŝŶƚϰ͘Ϭ͟ĂŶĚ“^ŵĂƌƚ&ĂĐƚŽƌLJ͘͟
<ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐtŽƌŬŇŽǁƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͕WƌŽĐĞƐƐƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͕WƌŝŶƚWƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕^ŵĂƌƚ&ĂĐƚŽƌLJ͘
/ƚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJĂĐĐĞƉƚĞĚƚŚĂƚĚƌŝǀŝŶŐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌǁĂƌĚŝƐŬĞLJĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌƚƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘/ƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ƐŚŽƌƚĞŶƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ƟŵĞƐ͕ĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǁĂƐƚĞ͕ƌĞĚƵĐĞƐĐŽƐƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞƐĂ
ĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ͛ƐĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞŶĞƐƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚ͘ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĂƐŝŶŐƵůĂƌ
ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJǁŝƚŚĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐ
1.1 Types of Automation ŽďũĞĐƟǀĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞ
ƉůĂŶŶĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ
&ƌŽŵƚŚĞďŝƌĚ͛ƐĞLJĞǀŝĞǁ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽƚLJƉĞƐŽĨĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͗ ŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůLJ͘

͘ ƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ
͘ ƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ

ƐĨĂƌĂƐĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͕ĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞŚĂƐĂĨĂŝƌůLJŐŽŽĚƵŶͲ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐǁŚĂƚĂ;ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶͿƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐ͘DŽƌĞĨŽƌŵĂůůLJĚĞĮŶĞĚ͕ ĚĞǀŝĐĞŝƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂ
a ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƐƚĞƉŝƐĂƐŝŶŐƵůĂƌĂĐƟǀŝƚLJǁŝƚŚĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŽďͲ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ
ũĞĐƟǀĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞƉůĂŶŶĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůLJ͘džĂŵƉůĞƐ ŽƌƐŽŵĞŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ͘/ƚ
ŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌƚƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJĂƌĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͕ ŝŶŝƟĂƚĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶŽĨ
ŽƌĨŽůĚŝŶŐ͘tŝƚŚƚŚŝƐĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ͕ŶĞŝƚŚĞƌƚŚĞŵĂŬĞͲƌĞĂĚLJŽĨĂƉƌĞƐƐ ŽŶĞŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
ǁŽƵůĚďĞĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŶŽƌƚŚĞǁĂƐŚŝŶŐŽĨĐLJůŝŶĚĞƌƐͬƌŽůůĞƌƐ͘dŚĞƐĞ ^ŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ͕ŝƚƌĞĨĞƌƐŽŶůLJ
ƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞĚƌŝǀĞƌĨŽƌĂ
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚďƵƚŵĞƌĞůLJƐƵďͲƚĂƐŬƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ͘
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŚĞLJŵŝŐŚƚƚŚƵƐďĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĂƚĞĚƉŚĂƐĞƐŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘KŶ
ƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐǁŽƵůĚŶŽƚďĞĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞ
ǀĂƌŝŽƵƐŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚ͕ŝŵƉŽƐŝͲ
ƟŽŶ͕ŝŵĂŐĞƐĞƫŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽĨŽƌƚŚ͘
ƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĨĂůůƐŝŶƚŽĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ͘/ƚƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞ
ĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJŽĨĂŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŽƌƐŽŵĞƉŝĞĐĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘/ƚ
ĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƌŽďŽƚƐ͕ĐŽďŽƚƐ;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝŶƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐͿ͕ďƵƚŵŽƐƚ
ŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚůLJĂůůĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŽĨĂŶLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚƌĞĚƵĐĞ
ŚƵŵĂŶƚŽƵĐŚƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘ĐůĂƐƐŝĐĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌŝƐĂŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐ
ƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐLJƐƚĞŵŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐ͘^ŽŌǁĂƌĞŵŽĚƵůĞƐŝŶƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ƚŚĂƚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƚĂƐŬƐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJĨĂůůƵŶĚĞƌƚŚŝƐĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJ ŽďŽƚƐ͕ŽƌĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟǀĞ
ĂƐǁĞůů͘^ŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽƌĚĞǀŝĐĞŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĐŽǀĞƌ ƌŽďŽƚƐ͕ĂƌĞĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚƚŽ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐĂŶĚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞƉƌŽͲ ƐŚĂƌĞĂǁŽƌŬƐƉĂĐĞǁŝƚŚ
ĐĞƐƐĞƐĨŽƌƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƐƚĂƚĞŵĞŶƚĐŽƵůĚďĞƌĞŶĂŵĞĚ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ

1
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
T. Hoffmann-Walbeck, Workflow Automation, SpringerBriefs in
Applied Sciences and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84782-1_1
 Introduction

ƚŽĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽƌĚĞǀŝĐĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŝƐƚŚĞŶ
ĐĂůůĞĚĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽƌƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚĞǀŝĐĞ͘EŽƚĞ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĂƚ
ƐŽŵĞƉĞŽƉůĞĚĞĮŶĞĂĚĞǀŝĐĞƐůŝŐŚƚůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůLJ͗&ŽƌƚŚĞŵĂĚĞǀŝĐĞ
ŝƐŽŶůLJƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞĚƌŝǀĞƌƚŚĂƚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚƐĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĚĂƚĂ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐ͕ĚĂƚĂ
ĐŽŵŝŶŐĨƌŽŵŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐͿ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞͲ
ƐƉŽŶĚŝŶŐŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ͕ĂŶĚƐĞŶĚƐĚĂƚĂďĂĐŬƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŵͲ
ƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐŬůĞƚ͕ǁĞƵƐĞƚŚĞƚĞƌŵĚĞǀŝĐĞŝŶďŽƚŚŵĞĂŶŝŶŐƐ
ĂŶĚŚŽƉĞƚŚĂƚŝƚǁŝůůďĞĐůĞĂƌǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶƚŚĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉƵƚŽĨĂĚĞǀŝĐĞŵŝŐŚƚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJƌĞƉͲ
ƌĞƐĞŶƚĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞŝŶ
ĐLJůŝŶĚĞƌƌŽƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽīƐĞƚƉƌĞƐƐĞŶŚĂŶĐĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟǀŝƚLJŽĨ
ƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐ;ĨŽƌƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐǁŝƚŚůŽŶŐƌƵŶͲůĞŶŐƚŚƐͿďƵƚǁŽƵůĚŶŽƚƌĂŝƐĞ
ƚŚĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶůĞǀĞůŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ŶŝŶůŝŶĞĐŽůŽƌŵĞƚƌŝĐ
ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕ŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕
ǁŽƵůĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƉƌĞƐƐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶďLJƌĞĚƵĐŝŶŐƚŚĞŶĞĞĚĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŝĐŝĂŶƚŽƉƵůůĂŶĚĐŚĞĐŬƉƌŝŶƚĞĚƐŚĞĞƚƐƚŚĂƚŽŌĞŶ͘
^ŝŵŝůĂƌůLJ͕ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐƚŚĞƐƉĞĞĚŽĨĂƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŵŽĚƵůĞ;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ďLJŝŵƉƌŽǀŝŶŐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŚĂƌĚǁĂƌĞͿŝƐŶŽƚĂŐĂŝŶŝŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͕
ďƵƚŝŶƐƚĂůůŝŶŐĂŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶŵŽĚƵůĞǁŽƵůĚďĞ͘
ZĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĚĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ͕ĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŝƐĂƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĚĞĮŶĞĚǁŽƌŬ
ƐƚĞƉƐ;ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐͿŝŶǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƌŵĂůůLJƚƌŝŐŐĞƌĞĚ͕
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚĂŶĚƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƚĞĚďLJĞǀĞŶƚƐ͘ƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞ
ǁŝƚŚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌLJŚĂƐƚǁŽǀĂƌŝĂŶƚƐ͘KŶĞŝƐƉƵƌĞůLJŽĨĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶĂů
ŶĂƚƵƌĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐǁŚŽŝƐƐƵƉƉŽƐĞĚƚŽƚƌĂŶƐƉŽƌƚŝŵĂŐĞĚ
ƉůĂƚĞƐƚŽĂŶŽīƐĞƚƉƌĞƐƐĂƚǁŚĂƚƟŵĞ͘dŚĞƐĞĐŽŶĚǀĂƌŝĂŶƚŝƐďĂƐĞĚ
ŽŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ;/dͿ͘/ƚĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞƐĚĞǀŝĐĞƐƐŚĂƌŝŶŐ
ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĚĂƚĂƚŽŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŐĞƚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶĨŽƌͲ
ŵĂƟŽŶͬƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐƚŚĞLJŶĞĞĚƚŽďĞĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚ
ŝŶƉĂƌƚ͘EŽƌŵĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚďLJŽŶĞŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůĐĞŶͲ
ƚƌĂůĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐĐĂůůĞĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĚŝƐƚƌŝďƵƚĞĂŶĚĐŽůůĞĐƚƚŚĞ
ĚĂƚĂƚŽĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘
&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͘ϭŽƵƚůŝŶĞƐƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶƌĞĂůŝƚLJ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐͲ
ƐĂƌŝůLJƚŚĞĐĂƐĞƚŚĂƚĞĂĐŚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƌĞĂ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐŽƌƉŽƐƚͲ
ƉƌĞƐƐ͕ŚĂƐĞdžĂĐƚůLJŽŶĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌƚŚĂƚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞƐǁŝƚŚĂůůƚŚĞ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĞĂ͘dŚĞƌĞĐĂŶďĞĨĞǁĞƌŽƌŵŽƌĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌƐĂŶĚ͕ŝŶ
ĨĂĐƚ͕ĂŚŝĞƌĂƌĐŚLJŽĨĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐƋƵŝƚĞĐŽŵŵŽŶƚŚĂƚ

Color Image
Preflight Cutting Folding
Managing Setting

Figure 1.1:
Prepress Postpress
P
:RUNLJRZDXWRPDWLRQ Trapping MIS Stitching
Controller C
Controller
H[DPSOHRIELGLUHFWLRQDO
GDWDH[FKDQJHEHWZHHQ
FRQWUROOHU JUD\ DQG
Imposition RIPing Printing Packing Trimming
GHYLFHV \HOORZ WKDW
H[HFXWHSURFHVVHV

2
Chapter 1

ƐŽŵĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽƚŚĞŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĂƚĂůů͘
dŽŚĂǀĞŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌŝŶĂŶĂƌĞĂŝƐŽŌĞŶƚŚĞĐĂƐĞǁŚĞŶ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐĂƌĞĚĞƉůŽLJĞĚ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŵĂŶLJ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͘
dŚĞĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨĞdžĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐĚĂƚĂďĞƚǁĞĞŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌƐĂŶĚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ
ŝƐĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶƉĂƌĂŐƌĂƉŚϯ͘ϯǁĞǁŝůůĚŝƐĐƵƐƐ
ĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵŽĚĞůƚŚĂƚƉŽƌƚƌĂLJƐƚŚŝƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶ͘/ƚŝƐďĂƐĞĚĞdžĐůƵͲ
ƐŝǀĞůLJŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘

1.2 Resources
ƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJĚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌĞƐĞƫŶŐ͕ĂĚĞǀŝĐĞŶĞĞĚƐĚĂƚĂƚŚĂƚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚ
ŽƵƚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĨŽƌĞĂĐŚũŽďĂƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉƌĞƐƐ
ŶĞĞĚƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƚLJƉĞ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚLJ͕ƚŚŝĐŬŶĞƐƐĂŶĚĚŝŵĞŶͲ
ƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŵĂƌLJŝŶŬƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐĞͲ
ƋƵĞŶĐĞĂŶĚƐŽŽŶŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƐĞƚƵƉƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƵŶŝƚƐ͕ƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌ
ĨĞĞĚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJƵŶŝƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐ͘KĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ƚŚĞ
ƉƌĞƐƐĂůƐŽŶĞĞĚƐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƉĂƉĞƌ͕ŝŶŬƐĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ĨŽƌŵƐ;ƉůĂƚĞƐŽƌĐLJůŝŶĚĞƌƐŝŶĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐͿ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĚĞƐͲ
ŝŐŶĂƚĞĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘/ŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͕ĂƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂƉŚLJƐŝͲ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ĐĂůŽďũĞĐƚŽƌĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐͬĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŽďũĞĐƚƐƵĐŚĂƐW&ƉĂŐĞƐŽƌ ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞŝƐĞŝƚŚĞƌĂ
ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĞƚƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽĨƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŵŝŐŚƚŶĞĞĚ ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŽƌĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐͬ
ŶŽƚŽŶůLJƚŚĞĂďŽǀĞͲŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐďƵƚĂůƐŽŝŶŬ ĐŽŶĐĞƉƚƵĂůŽďũĞĐƚ͘
njŽŶĞƉƌĞƐĞƫŶŐƉƌŽĮůĞƐ͕ĚĂƚĂĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂů
ƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͕ŽƌƉƌĞǀŝĞǁƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚĞĚƐŚĞĞƚƐ;ƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌĨŽƌĚŝƐƉůĂLJ
ŽŶůLJŽƌĨŽƌŝŶůŝŶĞƋƵĂůŝƚLJĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞͿ͘WůĞĂƐĞŶŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŝŶ
ƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ/ǁŝůůĚĞŶŽƚĞďŽƚŚƚŚĞƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůĂƐƐĞƚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉĂƉĞƌͿĂŶĚ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ŝƚƐĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĚĂƚĂĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌͿĂƐĂƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞ͘
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶ
dŚĞǀĂůŝĚŝŶƚĞƌƉƌĞƚĂƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŽďǀŝŽƵƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘ ĐƵƌǀĞĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŽŶĞ
ǀĂůƵĞĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŵĂĚĞ
KŶĞŵŽƌĞƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐĞdžĂŵƉůĞŝƐƚŚĂƚZ/WŝŶŐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ŝŶƐŝĚĞƚŚĞZ/WƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞ
ĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞĨŽƌƐĞůĞĐƟŶŐƚŚĞĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚƚŽŶĞǀĂůƵĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐĂůŝďƌĂƟŽŶĐƵƌǀĞƐ͘ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝŶƉƌŝŶƚ͘

 ,QWHUDFWLRQRIWKH:RUNLJRZ7\SHV
/ŶƚŚŝƐŬůĞƚ͕ƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŝƐŽŶƚŚĞ/dͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁǁŚŝůĞĂĐͲ
ŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐŝŶŐƚŚĂƚĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐĂŶĚŽŌĞŶŝŶƚĞƌƐĞĐƚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ƐĞŶĚŝŶŐƉƌĞƐĞƫŶŐǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌŝŶŬnjŽŶĞƐƚŽĂĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůŽīƐĞƚ
ƉƌĞƐƐůĞĂĚƐƚŽƐŽŵĞŐĂŝŶŝŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽŶůLJŝĨƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞĐĂŶŚĂŶͲ
ĚůĞƚŚĞƐĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌǀĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚĐĂŶƉƌĞƐĞƚƚŚĞŝŶŬnjŽŶĞĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐůLJ
ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌƐƚĞƉƉŝŶŐŝŶ͘ĐƚƵĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨ
ƚŚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĚĞǀŝĐĞ
ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶǁĂƐŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞĮƌƐƚŽĨŝƚƐŬŝŶĚĂŶĚĚĂƚĞƐďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞ
ϭϵϵϬƐ͘ EŽƚĞ
WƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚ
tŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶďĞĐĂŵĞŵŽƌĞĂŶĚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚ
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ
ĚĞĐĂĚĞƐĂƐƚŚĞƌƵŶͲůĞŶŐƚŚŽĨƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞƉƌŝŶƚũŽďĚĞĐƌĞĂƐĞĚĂŶĚ ĂƌĞƚǁŽƐŝĚĞƐŽĨƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƉŚĂƐĞƐůŝŬĞƚŚĞƐĞƫŶŐƵƉŽĨ;ƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůͿĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŶĞĞĚĞĚ ƐĂŵĞĐŽŝŶ͘

3
 Introduction

ƚŽďĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚŵŽƌĞĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJ͘tĞŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚĞĂƌůŝĞƌƚŚĂƚĂŶ
ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐŵĂŬĞͲƌĞĂĚLJƉŚĂƐĞŽĨĂĚĞǀŝĐĞŶŽƌŵĂůůLJŶĞĞĚƐĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů
ĚĂƚĂʹƚŚĂƚŝƐ͕ŝƚŶĞĞĚƐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚƵƐ͕ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽͲ
ŵĂƟŽŶŝƐƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚǁŚĞŶĂƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŵĂŶLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚũŽďƐ
ǁŝƚŚƐŚŽƌƚƌƵŶůĞŶŐƚŚƐĞǀĞƌLJĚĂLJ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŝƚŝƐŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌ
ĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŽīƐĞƚĂŶĚĚŝŐŝƚĂůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂƐŐƌĂǀƵƌĞŽƌƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ
ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚĞŶĚƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŽŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŶŐŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
zŽƵŵŝŐŚƚǁŽŶĚĞƌŝĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĂůǁĂLJƐŶĞĞĚƐƐŽŵĞĚĞͲ
ǀŝĐĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶƚŽďĞƵƐĞĨƵůĂƚĂůů͘ĐƚƵĂůůLJ͕ƚŚŝƐŝƐŶŽƚƚŚĞĐĂƐĞ͘/Ĩ
ĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌĐŽŵĞƐƵƉǁŝƚŚĂƐŵĂƌƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĨŽƌĚŝīĞƌͲ
ĞŶƚƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐ͕ĐŚĂŶŐĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞƐŵŝŐŚƚďĞƌĞĚƵĐĞĚƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐůLJʹ
ĞǀĞŶŝĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐŶŽƚƐĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞŝƚƐĞůĨďƵƚƚŽĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŽƌ
ŵŽďŝůĞĚĞǀŝĐĞŶĞdžƚƚŽŝƚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝƚƐŚŽƌƚĞŶƐƚŚĞŵĂŬĞͲƌĞĂĚLJ
ƟŵĞŽĨĂĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůƉƌĞƐƐŝĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌ
ĂŶĚƵƐĂŐĞŽĨŝŶŬƐŝŶƉƌŝŶƚŵŽĚƵůĞƐĚŽŶŽƚĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘

1.4 Print 4.0 / Digital Smart Factory

ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶ
EŽƚĞ
ĨƵĞůĞĚďLJƚŚĞŶĞǁďƵnjnjǁŽƌĚWƌŝŶƚϰ͘Ϭ͘dŚĞƚĞƌŵWƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬŝƐĚĞƌŝǀĞĚ
WƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬŝƐĂůƐŽŬŶŽǁŶĂƐ ĨƌŽŵ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJϰ͘ϬʹĂŶŝŶŝƟĂƟǀĞĨŽƌƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘/ƚŝƐĂŶ
;ŝŐŝƚĂůͿ^ŵĂƌƚ&ĂĐƚŽƌLJ͘ ĞŵĞƌŐĞŶƚĐŽŶĐĞƉƚŽĨŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĂƚŝŶĐŽƌƉŽƌĂƚĞƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁͲ
/ŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͕ĂůƐŽƚŚĞ
ƚĞƌŵƐ/ŶƚĞƌŶĞƚŽĨdŚŝŶŐƐ
ŝŶŐ͗
;IoTͿĂŶĚ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĂů/Žd
;IIoTͿĂƌĞƵƐĞĚ͘ x DĂƐƐĐƵƐƚŽŵŝnjĂƟŽŶƐ
x ,ŝŐŚůLJŇĞdžŝďůĞĂŶĚŶĞĂƌůLJĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
x džƚĞŶƐŝǀĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ͕ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚďƵƐŝͲ
ŶĞƐƐƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ
x >ŝŶŬŝŶŐŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŚŝŐŚͲƋƵĂůŝƚLJƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ

dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƐĨŽƌŵĂĐŚŝŶĞͲƚŽͲŵĂĐŚŝŶĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĂƌĞ
ƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJϰ͘Ϭ͘:&͕y:&ĂŶĚWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬƉůĂLJĂĨƵŶĚĂͲ
ŵĞŶƚĂůƌŽůĞŝŶƚŚŝƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘dŚĞƐĞĨŽƌŵĂƚƐĂƌĞĚŝƐͲ
ĐƵƐƐĞĚŝŶƐĞĐƟŽŶƐϰ͘ϮƚŽϰ͘ϲ͘
dŚĞǀŝƐŝŽŶŽĨ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJϰ͘ϬŝƐƚŚĂƚ͞ŽƌĚĞƌƐ͙ŬƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐ
ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞŝƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐĂŶĚŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞƚŚĞŝƌĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJƚŽƚŚĞ
ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͟;^ƉĂƚŚ͕ϮϬϭϯͿ͘/ŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƌĚƐ͕ŝƚŝƐĂďŽƵƚĐƌŽƐƐͲůŝŶŬŝŶŐ
ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ͕ƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐ͘

,ĞŶĐĞ͕WƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬƌĞůĂƚĞƐĐůŽƐĞůLJƚŽǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘ŽƚŚ
ŝŶǀŽůǀĞŇĞdžŝďůĞĂŶĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘/ŶŵĂŶLJĐĂƐĞƐ͕ŚŽǁͲ
ĞǀĞƌ͕ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽĂĐƚƵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕
ǁŚŝůĞWƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬĞŶĐŽŵƉĂƐƐĞƐƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞǀĂůƵĞĐŚĂŝŶĨƌŽŵŽƌĚĞƌƚŽ
ĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕WƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬƐƚƌĞƐƐĞƐƚŚĞǀĂƌŝĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ďĞŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͘dŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽƚĞƌŵƐŝƐƚŚĞƌĞͲ

4
Chapter 1

ĨŽƌĞƐŽŵĞǁŚĂƚďůƵƌƌĞĚ͘dŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƉƵƌƐƵĞƐƚŚĞ
ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƚŽƉŝĐƐŝŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚWƌŝŶƚ
ϰ͘Ϭ͗

ϭ͘ /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĂƚĂĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ
Ϯ͘ ŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐůLJĐĂƉƚƵƌŝŶŐĂŶĚĂŶĂůLJnjŝŶŐŚŝŐŚͲǀŽůƵŵĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂͲ
ƟŽŶ;ďŝŐĚĂƚĂͿĨƌŽŵƐĞŶƐŽƌƐͬĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŇŽŽƌ͕
Ğ͘Ő͘ĨŽƌƉƌĞĚŝĐƟŶŐĞǀĞŶƚƐ
ϯ͘ KŶůŝŶĞũŽďƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐũŽďĐŽŶƚƌŽů
ϰ͘ ƵƚŽŵĂƟĐƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐ
ϱ͘ WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨƉĞƌƐŽŶĂůŝnjĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ

/Ŷ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌLJϰ͘ϬƚĞƌŵƐ͕ƚŽƉŝĐϭŵŝŐŚƚďĞĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĞĚĂƐĂ
ĐLJďĞƌͲƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵ;W^Ϳ͘tĞǁŝůůĚĞĂůǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐƐϭ͕ϯĂŶĚ
ϰŝŶƚŚĞŶĞdžƚƚǁŽĐŚĂƉƚĞƌƐ͘/ŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ǁĞǁŝůůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ
ĨŽƌŵĂƚƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĚĂƚĂĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŝŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϰ͘

Reference
^ƉĂƚŚ͘ĞƚĂů;ϮϬϭϯͿ&ƌĂƵŶŚŽĨĞƌsĞƌůĂŐ͕^ƚƵĚŝĞWƌŽĚƵŬƟŽŶƐĂƌďĞŝƚ
ĚĞƌƵŬƵŶŌͲ/ŶĚƵƐƚƌŝĞϰ͘Ϭ͕/^E͗ϵϳϴͲϯͲϴϯϵϲͲϬϱϳϬͲϳ

5
Chapter 2

 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV
ďƐƚƌĂĐƚŚĂƉƚĞƌϮŝƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶ
ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͘/ŶŵĂŶLJĐĂƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƚĞƌŵǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƌĞĨĞƌƐŽŶůLJ
ƚŽƚŚĞǁŽƌŬƐƚĞƉƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝŶƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕ƉƌĞƐƐĂŶĚ
ƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐĐŚĂƉƚĞƌ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƚĞƌŵŝƐĚĞĮŶĞĚŵŽƌĞďƌŽͲ
ĂĚůLJ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǁŚLJĂƌĞĂƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ͛ƐƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌ͕
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ŽƌƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐƚŚĞĮŶŝƐŚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƚŽƚŚĞ
ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌĂƌĞŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚ͘
<ĞLJǁŽƌĚƐDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ/ŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ^LJƐƚĞŵ͕WƌŝŶƚ:Žď^ƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ͕
tĞďͲƚŽͲWƌŝŶƚ͕WƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ͕tŽƌŬŇŽǁDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ^LJƐƚĞŵ͕WƌŝŶͲ
ƟŶŐdĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘
&ƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͛ƐƉĞƌƐƉĞĐƟǀĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐǁŝƚŚ

ĂͿ ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐͬƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĞͲ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ

ĐƵƚĞĚŝŶƐŝĚĞƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ ŶŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞŝƐƚŚĞƉŽŝŶƚ
ďͿ ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐͬƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƚŚĂƚƌĞůĂƚĞƚŽĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐ ǁŚĞƌĞƚǁŽƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŽƌ
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐ
ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƚ͘
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞŵŽƐƚŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐŽĨĂƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘
dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐďͿŵƵƐƚĂůǁĂLJƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƚŽŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͘dŚĂƚ
ŝƐ͕ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐĐĂŶŚĂǀĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŽŶůLJ͕
ŽƌƚŚĞLJĐĂŶŚĂǀĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŽŶĞƐĂƐǁĞůů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶ
ĚĞƉĞŶĚƐŽŶƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕

Print Provider

Print Buyer Services

Management Information System (MIS)
Purchase Business Workflow Supplier

Tracking Logistics

Production Controller
Approval Contractor
Technical Workflow

Product description
Production detail
Operational data
Business data
Prepress Press Postpress Delivery

Figure 2.1: Interfaces of a print provider to external business partners and internal production departments

7
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
T. Hoffmann-Walbeck, Workflow Automation, SpringerBriefs in
Applied Sciences and Technology, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84782-1_2
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŝĨLJŽƵůŽŽŬƚŚĞƉůĂƚĞŵĂŬŝŶŐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƉƌŽͲ
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĚĞŶŽƚĞƐƚŚĞ
ĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƚĮƌƐƚŐůĂŶĐĞ;ůŝŬĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕Z/WŝŶŐ͕ŝŵĂŐŝŶŐͿ͕ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞĚŝƚ
ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ŝƐŶŽƚĚŽŶĞďLJƐŽŵĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƐƵďĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƚŽƌ͘ŶĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ĂŶĚďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ ŽĨƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐĞĚƐŚĞĞƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJǁŽƵůĚĐŽƵŶƚĂƐ
ĚƵƌŝŶŐǁŚŝĐŚĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐ͕ ĂŶĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ͘dŚĞƐĂŵĞŚŽůĚƐǁŝƚŚĂŶŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƚĂƐŬ ƉůĂƚĞƐĞƩĞƌŚĂƐŝŵĂŐĞĚƚŚĞƉůĂƚĞƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŝƚŝƐĂŵĂƩĞƌŽĨĚĞĮŶŝŶŐ
ĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶƐĂƌĞƉĂƐƐĞĚ ƚŚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŝĨŝƚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŽƌĞdžƚĞƌŶĂů͘/ŶƚŚĞĞŶĚ͕
ĨƌŽŵŽŶĞƉĂƌƟĐŝƉĂŶƚƚŽ ŝĨLJŽƵĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƚŚĞĞŶƟƌĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂƐŽŶĞŚƵŐĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͕
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌĂĐƟŽŶĂĐĐŽƌĚͲ
ŝƚĂůǁĂLJƐŚĂƐĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ͗ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌĂŶĚ
ŝŶŐƚŽĂƐĞƚŽĨƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĂů
ƌƵůĞƐ͘
ĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJ͘
,ĂǀŝŶŐƐĂŝĚƚŚŝƐ͕/ƐƟůůĚŝƐƟŶŐƵŝƐŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽ͘/Ŷ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϭ͕
ůĞƚ͛ƐƐƚĂƌƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŝŶĂƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚďLJ
a ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ;D/^Ϳ͘/ĂŵƉƵƫŶŐƚŚŝƐƚŽƉŝĐĂƚ
ƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞD/^ŝƐŽŌĞŶƚŚĞĐĞŶƚƌĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
ŚƵďďĞƚǁĞĞŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůĂŶĚĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͘^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϮĚĞĂůƐ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘EĞdžƚ͕ůĞƚ͛ƐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͛ƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚ
;Ϯ͘ϯͿ͘^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϰŝƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƚŚĞŵŽƐƚĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĂƌĞĂŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂͲ
ƟŽŶ͘dŚŝƐŝƐǁŚĞƌĞŝƚĂůůďĞŐĂŶ͘ƐĂƐƵďͲƚŽƉŝĐ͕/ǁŝůůƉƌĞƐĞŶƚworkͲ
ŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ;tD^Ϳ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŶĂŐĞ
ŽŶĞŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ;ƉĂƌƚůLJͿĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƵŶĚĞƌ
ĂĐŽŵŵŽŶƵƐĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ͘^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϱŝƐĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJŽĨƚŚĞ
ĮŶŝƐŚĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞĐŚĂƉƚĞƌĞŶĚƐǁŝƚŚŽƚŚĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐƚŽ
ĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐƚŽǁŚŽŵĂƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌŚĂƐŽƵƚƐŽƵƌĐĞĚƉĂƌƚƐŽĨ
ŝƚƐďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘
^ŽŵĞƉĞŽƉůĞĐůĂŝŵƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐĂůůŽǁĨŽƌŵĂũŽƌ
ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐŝŶĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŝŶƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJůĂƌŐĞůLJĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƚƌƵĞŝŶƚŚĞŽƌLJďƵƚ
ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚƌĞĂůůLJĂƉƉůLJŝŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘

2.1 Management Information Systems (MIS)

ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůƚĞƌŵĨŽƌĐŽŵƉƵƚͲ
ĞƌͲĂŝĚĞĚƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚŚĂƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůďƵƐŝͲ
ŶĞƐƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘ŶĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵ;ZWͿŐŽĞƐ
ŽŶĞͲƐƚĞƉĨƵƌƚŚĞƌ͗ƚŚĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂůƐŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ
ǁŚŝůĞŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚĞďĞƐƚƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƵƐĞŽĨƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ
ĐĂůůĞĚĂŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ;D^Ϳ͘^ŝŶĐĞĂůůƚŚƌĞĞ
ƚĞƌŵƐĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƵƐĞĚŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞĂďůLJŝŶƚŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂƌƚƐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͕/
ǁŝůůŶŽƚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƟĂƚĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵ͘
dŚĞD/^ͬZWͬD^ŝƐƚŚĞƚŽƉŵŽƐƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚ
ƐŚŽƉ͘/ƚŝƐĂůƐŽƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐĂŶĂŐĞŶƚ͘ŶĂŐĞŶƚ is a
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƚŚĂƚŝŶŝƟĂƚĞƐƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ
ďLJǁƌŝƟŶŐƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĚĂƚĂ;ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŚĞũŽďƟĐŬĞƚ͕ƐĞĞďĞůŽǁͿ
ĨŽƌĂƉƌŝŶƚũŽď͘
&ŝƌƐƚ͕/ǁŝůůůŽŽŬĂƚƐŽŵĞŬĞLJD/^ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ͕ĨŽůůŽǁĞĚďLJƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐͲ

8
Chapter 2

ĞƐŽĨĂŶD/^;Ϯ͘ϭ͘ϮͿ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƐĞƚŽƉŝĐƐĂƌĞŶŽƚĚŝƐũŽŝŶƚĞĚďƵƚ
ŽǀĞƌůĂƉƚŽƐŽŵĞĞdžƚĞŶƚ͘

2.1.1 Main Features of an MIS/ERP

dŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĂƐŬƐŽĨĂŶD/^ĂƌĞ͗

x WƌŝĐĞĞƐƟŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚũŽďŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
x WƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐĂŶĚƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐ
x ZĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐĂŶĚǀŝƐƵĂůŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƐƚĂƚƵƐĨŽƌ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶƐ

tŚĞŶLJŽƵůĂƵŶĐŚĂŶD/^͕LJŽƵŶŽƌŵĂůůLJƐĞĞĂůŝƐƚŽĨĂůůĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ
ƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐŵĂŶĂŐĞĚďLJƚŚĞD/^͘dŚĞŽƌĚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ĐĂŶƐŽƌƚƚŚŝƐůŝƐƚŝŶĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁĂLJƐ͘ĐŽƌĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞũŽďŵĂŶͲ /ŶĂ ŐĂŶŐĨŽƌŵ;ƉĂƌƚƐ
ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨŶĞǁƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐŽĨĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƚLJƉĞƐ ŽĨͿƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐ
ĂŶĚĞƐƟŵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝƌƉƌŝĐĞƐ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌ͕ĂŶD/^ŵƵƐƚďĞĂďůĞƚŽ ƉŽƐƐŝďůLJĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ĐŽŵƉŝůĞƚŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĨŽƌĞĂĐŚũŽď͘ ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐĂƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶ
dŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐĂŶŐŽƋƵŝƚĞĚĞĞƉ͘&Žƌ ƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƐŚĞĞƚ͘
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞD/^ŵŝŐŚƚƐƵŐŐĞƐƚŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ͕ĞǀĞŶĨŽƌŐĂŶŐ
ĨŽƌŵƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJĚĂƚĞǁŝůůďĞƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚ͘ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ĂŌĞƌƚŚĞD/^ŽƌĚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞƌŚĂƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĂũŽďĂŶĚ  ũŽďƟĐŬĞƚŝƐĂĚŽĐƵͲ
ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌŚĂĚĂŐƌĞĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŝĐĞ͕ĂƉĂƉĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚũŽďƟĐŬĞƚ ŵĞŶƚƚŚĂƚĚĞƚĂŝůƐƚŚĞ
ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŽĨĂŶŽƌĚĞƌ͘/ƚ
ŝƐƉƌŝŶƚĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶƚƵƌŶŝƐƚŚĞŶĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐĚĞƉĂƌƚͲ ĐĂŶĐŽŶƚĂŝŶĂĚĞƐĐƌŝƉͲ
ŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞũŽďƟĐŬĞƚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶĂƐǁĞůůĂƐ ƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŶĚĞĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ;ŶŽƚŽŶůLJĨŽƌƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐͿ͘ƉĂƉĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚũŽď ƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĂƐǁĞůů
ƟĐŬĞƚŝƐŶŽƚƐƚĂƚĞͲŽĨͲƚŚĞͲĂƌƚĂŶLJŵŽƌĞ͘EŽǁĂĚĂLJƐ͕ƚŚĞD/^ƐĞŶĚƐ ĂƐŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƚŚĞŝƌ
ƚŚĞũŽďĚĂƚĂŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĚŝŐŝƚĂůůLJƚŽ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘
ĂƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞ:ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;:&ͿŝƐǁŝĚĞůLJƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŝƐ
ƉƵƌƉŽƐĞ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϯͿ͘dŚĞĚŝŐŝƚĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƐŝƐŵŽƌĞ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ĞĸĐŝĞŶƚĂŶĚůĞƐƐĞƌƌŽƌͲƉƌŽŶĞ͘/ŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ĚĂƚĂĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŶĞĞĚƚŽ ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞ-
ďĞĞŶƚĞƌĞĚƚǁŝĐĞĂŶLJŵŽƌĞ͘ ŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ;tD^Ϳ is
ĂƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŚĂƚ
hƐƵĂůůLJŝƚŝƐĂůƐŽĚĞƐŝƌĞĚƚŚĂƚĂŶD/^ĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĂƚƵƐ ĚĞĮŶĞƐ͕ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐĂŶĚ
ŽĨĂůůũŽďƐ͘/ŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽĂĐŚŝĞǀĞƚŚŝƐ͕ŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ ŵĂŶĂŐĞƐƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶŇŽŽƌŵƵƐƚďĞƐĞŶƚďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞD/^;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϰ͘ϯͿ͘dŚŝƐ ŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͘/ƚĂůƐŽ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞ
ĂůƐŽĂůůŽǁƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƚŽĐŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽƐƚƐƉĞƌ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞƐǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĂďůĞƚŽ
ũŽďĂŶĚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞƚŚĞŵǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĞƐƟŵĂƚĞĚƉƌŝĐĞƐĞƚŝŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ͘ ĞdžĞĐƵƚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĮƚĂďŝůŝƚLJĐĂŶďĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞĚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚũŽďŽƌũŽďƚLJƉĞ
;ƉŽƐƚͲĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶͿ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ŝƚĞŶĂďůĞƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽů͕ũŽď
ƚƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŽŶŽĨŵĞĂŶŝŶŐĨƵůŵĂŶĂŐĞͲ EŽƚĞ
ŵĞŶƚƌĞƉŽƌƚƐŽŶƚŚŝŶŐƐůŝŬĞƚƵƌŶŽǀĞƌĚĞǀĞůŽƉŵĞŶƚ͕ĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJƉĞƌĨŽƌͲ dŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚ
ŵĂŶĐĞ͕ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ǁĂƐƚĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐ͕ŽƌŵŽƌĞĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚǀĂůƵĞƐ ĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ;KͿŵĞĂͲ
ƐƵĐŚĂƐŽǀĞƌĂůůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚĞīĞĐƟǀĞŶĞƐƐ;KͿ͘ ƐƵƌĞƐƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐ
ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽ
DŽƐƚD/^ŚĂǀĞŽƉƟŽŶĂůŵŽĚƵůĞƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞůŝĐĞŶƐĞĚƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞͲ ŝƚƐĨƵůůƉŽƚĞŶƟĂů͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŚĞ
ůLJ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂǁĞďƐŚŽƉƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚ͕Žƌ ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ǁĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚĞƐĞƚŚƌĞĞƚĂƐŬƐĐĂŶďĞ ƟǀŝƚLJ͘

9
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŝƚŚĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůŵŽĚƵůĞƐĨƌŽŵĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǀĞŶĚŽƌ;ĂŶĚďĞ
ŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞD/^Ϳ͕/ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚĞŵŶŽƚŝŶƚŚŝƐD/^ƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕ďƵƚ
ƌĂƚŚĞƌŝŶ^ĞĐƟŽŶƐϮ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͕Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϰĂŶĚϮ͘ϰ͘ϱ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͘

 2YHUYLHZRI,QWHUIDFHV
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϮƐŚŽǁƐƚŚĞŵĂŝŶŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐŽĨĂŶD/^ĞdžĐĞƉƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ͘EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚŵĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƚďĞƉĂƌƚŽĨ
ĞĂĐŚD/^ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŝŶĂƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉůĂŶƚ͘dŚĞLJĐĂŶďĞĞŝƚŚĞƌŽƉͲ
ƟŽŶĂůŵŽĚƵůĞƐŽĨĂŶD/^ŽƌĂƌĞŶŽƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚŝŶƚŚĞD/^ĂƚĂůů͘dŚĞ
ŵŽĚƵůĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJŵĞƌŐĞĚ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ͕ǁĞďͲƚŽͲƉƌŝŶƚ͕
ĂŶĚĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚͿ͘

Customer
Subsidaries Relation Procurement
Management

2.6
2 .6
6 2
2.3
.3
3

Management Invoicing
Print Buyer Information &
System Accounting

2.2

Warehousing
& Business
Web2Print
Delivery Partners

2 .2
2.2
2.2.22 2 .5
2.55 2 .6
2.66

Figure 2.2: (External) interfaces of an MIS

/Ŷ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘Ϯ͕ƚŚĞƐĞĐƟŽŶŶƵŵďĞƌƐĂƌĞŵĂƌŬĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŽƐĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ
ƚŚĂƚ/ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐĞĐƟŽŶƐ;Ϯ͘ϮƚŚƌŽƵŐŚϮ͘ϲͿ͘
dŚĞƚŽƉĂƌƌŽǁďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͛Ɛ
D/^ŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐĂůůũŽďͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶŝƐƐƵĞƐ
ƐƵĐŚĂƐƋƵŽƚĞƐ͕ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌƐŽƌŝŶǀŽŝĐŝŶŐ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ͘ϭͿ͘/ƚ
ĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞŵĂƌŬĞƟŶŐĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞĐŽǀĞƌĞĚƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞ
ƚĞƌŵĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ;ZDͿ͘EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚZD
ŝƐŽŌĞŶƵŶĚĞƌƐƚŽŽĚĂƐƚŚĞƐƵŵŽĨĂůůŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ
ĂƌŽƵŶĚƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚĐŽƌƌĞƐƉŽŶĚĞŶĐĞ͘
dŚĞŵŽƐƚĚŽŵŝŶĂŶƚĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨĂŶD/^ŝƐƚŚĞŝŶͲ
ƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƚŽƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͘ϭĂŶĚ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϰͿ͘
DƵĐŚĚĂƚĂǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂůƌĞĂĚLJƌĞŐŝƐƚĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞD/^ŵƵƐƚďĞ
ƉĂƐƐĞĚŽŶƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘džĂŵƉůĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞ͗

10
Chapter 2

x WƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚLJƉĞ͕ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďͲ EŽƚĞ
ƐƚƌĂƚĞ͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƉĂƌƚƐ͕ďŝŶĚŝŶŐ͕ĐŽůŽƌƐ͕ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂŐĞƐ͕ dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƉĞĐŝĮ-
ĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƉĂŐĞƐ͕ĮŶŝƐŚŝŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ůĂŵŝŶĂƟŶŐŽƌ ĐĂƟŽŶŝƐĂĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶ
ǀĂƌŶŝƐŚŝŶŐͿ͕ĞƚĐ͘ ŽĨŚŽǁƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ
ǁĂŶƚƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚŽďĞ
x ĂƚĂĂďŽƵƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ ŝŶƚŚĞĞŶĚ͘/ƚŝƐŝŶĚĞƉĞŶͲ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͕ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĚĞƚĂŝůƐ͕ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐƚŽďĞƵƐĞĚ͕ƉƌŝŶƚƌƵŶƐ͕ ĚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ
ĞƚĐ͘ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
x KƌŐĂŶŝnjĂƟŽŶĂůŝƐƐƵĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ƟŽŶƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĚĞůŝǀĞƌŝĞƐ͘
EŽƚĞ
dŚĞĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĐĂŶďĞƋƵŝƚĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůŽƌŚŝŐŚůLJ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƉĂƌƚ is a
ĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůLJƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŶĂŵĞƐ͞ƐŚĞĞƚůĂLJŽƵƚ ĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚŽĨĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ͟ĂŶĚ͞ŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͟ĐĂŶďĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕ďƵƚ &ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂƐŽŌĐŽǀĞƌ
ĂůƐŽŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞƐ͕ƉƌĞĐŝƐĞĨŽůĚŝŶŐƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐ͕ŽƌĞǀĞŶƌĞĂĚLJ ŬĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨƚǁŽ
ƉĂƌƚƐ͗ĐŽǀĞƌĂŶĚĐŽŶͲ
ƐŚĞĞƚůĂLJŽƵƚƐ͘dŚĞĚĞƉƚŚŽĨƚŚŝƐĚĂƚĂĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌ ƚĞŶƚ͘͘
ĞǀĂůƵĂƟŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶD/^ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
dŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶD/^ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŚĂƐďĞĞŶƐƵďũĞĐƚƚŽ
ůŽƚƐŽĨĚĞďĂƚĞƐŝŶĐĞƚŚĞďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐŽĨƚŚĞϮϭƐƚĐĞŶƚƵƌLJ͘LJŶŽǁ͕ŝƚ
ŝƐĂǁĞůůͲĞƐƚĂďůŝƐŚĞĚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĐŚĂŶŶĞů͘dŚĞƉĂƉĞƌͲďĂƐĞĚ
ũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶŝŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŵŽƌĞĂŶĚ
ŵŽƌĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚďLJĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƐ͘ƐŵŽŽƚŚD/^ͲƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĚĂƚĂ
ĨŽƌŵĂƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƐĞƚǁŽŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŚĂǀĞĂůƐŽďĞĞŶƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚ͕
ƉƌŝŵĂƌŝůLJŝŶƚŚĞĨŽƌŵŽĨ:&ĂŶĚy:&;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶƐϰ͘ϯĂŶĚϰ͘ϰͿ͘
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞD/^ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌĂŶĚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŝƐŶŽƚĂŽŶĞͲƟŵĞŵĂƩĞƌƉĞƌƉƌŝŶƚũŽď͕ŝ͘Ğ͘
ǁŚĞŶƚŚĞD/^ŚĂŶĚƐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘KŌĞŶ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌĂŌĞƌǁĂƌĚƐ͕
ǁŚŝĐŚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐƵƉĚĂƟŶŐ͘^ŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞƌĐĂŶĞǀĞŶ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐŽŵĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ͕ůŝŬĞƌĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉůĂƚĞƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͘
DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞŶŽƌŵĂůůLJŝƐďŝͲĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶĂů͘dŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌǁŝůůĂͿƐĞŶĚďĂĐŬŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂƚŽƚŚĞD/^
;ƐĞĞϮ͘ϰ͘ϯͿĂŶĚďͿƐĞŶĚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌƵƉĚĂƟŶŐƚŚĞũŽďƟĐŬĞƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂͲ
ƟŽŶ͘
ŶƵƉĚĂƚĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJǁŚĞŶƐŽŵĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐƐŽŵĞǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞũŽď͕ŽƌƐŽŵĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌͬĚĞǀŝĐĞĂĚĚƐ
ƐŽŵĞĚĂƚĂĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͘EŽƌŵĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞD/^ũŽďƟĐŬĞƚĚŽĞƐŶŽƚ EŽƚĞ
ĐŽǀĞƌĂůůƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚŽƐĞĂƌĞĮůůĞĚŝŶ dŚĞďŝĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶĂůĞůĞĐͲ
ůĂƚĞƌǁŝƚŚĚĞĨĂƵůƚǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͘ ƚƌŽŶŝĐŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ƚŚĞD/^ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
WůĞĂƐĞŬĞĞƉŝŶŵŝŶĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƐĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƐŵĂLJďĞ ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŝƐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŶŽǁͲ
ƵƐĞĚŽŶůLJĨŽƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞD/^ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ ĂĚĂLJƐ͘dŚĞD/^ƐĞŶĚƐ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐʹŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞƐŵĂLJďĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJĚŝīĞƌͲ ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚͬƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĚĂƚĂ
ĞŶƚ͘/ŶĨĂĐƚ͕ŵƵĐŚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǁŝůůďĞƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞƐ ƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĞŶĚƐ
ŽĨƚŚĞD/^ĂŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ďƵƚƚŚŝƐĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞƐƟůů ƐƚĂƚƵƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶďĂĐŬ
ĂůůŽǁƐƚŚĞƵƐĞƌƚŽĐŽŶŶĞĐƚD/^ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĨƌŽŵĚŝĨͲ ƚŽƚŚĞD/^͘
ĨĞƌĞŶƚǀĞŶĚŽƌƐ͘

11
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

2.1.3 Current Trends in MIS/ERP

/ŶƌĞĐĞŶƚLJĞĂƌƐ͕ŵĂŶLJŶĞǁĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĂĚĚĞĚƚŽŵĂŶĂŐĞͲ
ŵĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘/ǁĂŶƚƚŽŚŝŐŚůŝŐŚƚũƵƐƚƚǁŽŽĨƚŚĞŵ͘
/ŶƚŚĞƉĂƐƚ͕D/^ƐĞƌǀĞƌƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚĐůŝĞŶƚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ
ǁĞƌĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚŽŶƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ͚ƐŽǁŶĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐ;ŽŶƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐͿ͘
/ŶƌĞĐĞŶƚLJĞĂƌƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵŽƌĞĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŚĂǀĞďĞĐŽŵĞ
ĐůŽƵĚͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ĂŶĚĐůŝĞŶƚƐĐĂŶƵƐĞƚŚĞŝƌůŽĐĂůďƌŽǁƐĞƌƐƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝͲ
ĐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƌĞŵŽƚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘/ŶŝƟĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƌĞǁĞƌĞŵĂŶLJĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐ
ĂďŽƵƚĚĂƚĂƐĞĐƵƌŝƚLJ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞƐĞŚĂǀĞĚŝŵŝŶŝƐŚĞĚ͘
dŚĞĐůŽƵĚĐĂŶďĞĞŝƚŚĞƌƉƵďůŝĐŽƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞƉƵďůŝĐ
ŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚŽƌŽŶƐŽŵĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞŝŶƚƌĂŶĞƚ͘WƌŝǀĂƚĞĐůŽƵĚƐĂƌĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚ
ŵĂŝŶůLJĨŽƌďŝŐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐƚŚĂƚƐƚƌŝǀĞƚŽŝŶƚĞƌĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐĞǀĞƌĂůƐƵďƐŝĚͲ
ŝĂƌŝĞƐ͘DƵůƟͲƐŝƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂƟŽŶĂůŝnjĂƟŽŶƉƌĞƐƵŵĞƐD/^
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƚŚĂƚĐĂŶŚĂŶĚůĞŶŽƚŽŶůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐĂŶĚĐƵƌƌĞŶͲ
ĐŝĞƐ͕ďƵƚƚŚĂƚŵŽƐƚŶŽƚĂďůLJĐĂŶŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂĐƌŽƐƐƐĞǀĞƌĂů
ůŽĐĂƟŽŶƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞůŽǁĞƐƚĐŽƐƚ͘dŽĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚƚŚŝƐ͕ƐŽŵĞǀĞƌLJůĂƌŐĞ
ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐĚŽŶ͛ƚŝŶƐƚĂůůĂŶŽīͲƚŚĞͲƐŚĞůĨƐŽůƵƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƐŽŵĞD/^
ǀĞŶĚŽƌ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌďƵŝůĚƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ͘^Ɵůů͕ƚŚĞLJŽŌĞŶ
ƵƐĞƐŽŵĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞĚD/^ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕ƚŚĞLJ
ďƵŝůĚƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶD/^ďLJĚĞƉůŽLJŝŶŐĂŶW/;ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐ
ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞͿĨƌŽŵƐŽŵĞĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůůLJĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞD/^ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJďŽƵŐŚƚ
ĨƌŽŵĂŶĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůǀĞŶĚŽƌ͘
ŶŽƚŚĞƌŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƚƌĞŶĚĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐD/^ŝƐƚŽĂůůŽǁƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌƐ
ƚŽŝŶƉƵƚĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌŶŽ
ůŽŶŐĞƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽĞŶƚĞƌĂůůƚŚĞĚĂƚĂƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĨLJƚŚĞƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚƉƌŽĚͲ
ƵĐƚ͘dŚŝƐĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƚLJŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ͗

x dŚĞD/^ĐĂŶŐƌĂŶƚƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌĂĐĐĞƐƐŝŶĂƐĞĐƵƌĞŵĂŶŶĞƌ͘
x dŚĞD/^ĐĂŶĞƐƟŵĂƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽƐƚƐĨƵůůLJĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͘
x dŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌŝƐǁŝůůŝŶŐĂŶĚĂďůĞƚŽĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĂƚĂ
ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĂƚĂ/ŶƚĞƌ- dŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞƐƵƌĞůLJŝƐŽŶůLJǀĂůŝĚĨŽƌůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐŽĨĂ
ĐŚĂŶŐĞ;/ͿŝƐĂƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂů ƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘ůƚĞƌŶĂƟǀĞůLJ͕ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĚĂƚĂŝŶƚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞ;/ͿďĞͲ
ƚĞƌŵĨŽƌƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐ ƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ͛ƐZWĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͛ƐD/^͕ďĂƐĞĚŽŶ
ƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ ĂŵĂƐƚĞƌĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚǁŽƉĂƌƟĞƐ͕ĐĂŶďĞĞǀĞŶŵŽƌĞ
ĨƌŽŵŽŶĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ͘
ĞīĞĐƟǀĞ;ƐĞĞϮ͘Ϯ͘ϭͿ͘

2.2 Print Buyer - Print Provider

dŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ;WͿĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƚ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ;WWͿŝƐŽĨĂĚŝǀĞƌƐĞŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘/ůŝŬĞƚŽĐůĂƐƐŝĨLJƚŚĞŵƌŽƵŐŚůLJ
ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŝŶƚũŽď͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ͗
x hŶŝƋƵĞƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐ
x dĞŵƉůĂƚĞͲďĂƐĞĚƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐ

12
Chapter 2

dŚĞĮƌƐƚďƵůůĞƚƉŽŝŶƚŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐĂƵŶŝƋƵĞ EŽƚĞ
ƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͕ŶŽƚŽŶůLJŝŶƚĞƌŵƐŽĨĐŽŶƚĞŶƚďƵƚĂůƐŽĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ
/ŶƚŚŝƐƚĞdžƚ͕ĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ͕
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐůŝŬĞĚŝŵĞŶƐŝŽŶ͕ŝŶŬƐ͕ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ͕ĞŵďĞůͲ ƉƌŝŶƚĚĂƚĂĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ
ůŝƐŚŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŬĞ͘&ŽƌƚŚĂƚ͕ĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůƋƵŽƚĞŵƵƐƚďĞƉƌĞƉĂƌĞĚ͘ ĚĂƚĂĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƐLJŶŽŶLJͲ
>Ğƚ͛ƐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚŝƐD/^ͲďĂƐĞĚĂƉƉƌŽĂĐŚďƌŝĞŇLJŝŶ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ͘ϭ͘dĞŵͲ ŵŽƵƐůLJ͘
ƉůĂƚĞͲďĂƐĞĚ͕ŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ŵĞĂŶƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĚĞŐƌĞĞŽĨĨƌĞĞĚŽŵ
ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞůŝŵŝƚĞĚ͘dŚŝƐ
ĐĂƐĞǁŝůůďĞƚŚĞƚŽƉŝĐŽĨ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ͘Ϯ͘ŽƚŚŬŝŶĚƐŵŝŐŚƚŝŶĐůƵĚĞ
ƉƌŽŽĮŶŐ͕ƉŽƌƚĂůƐ͕ĂƌƚǁŽƌŬƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶĂŶĚŶŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂƌĞ
ĐŽǀĞƌĞĚŝŶ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͘

2.2.1 Business Transactions

&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϯƐŚŽǁƐƐŽŵĞƚLJƉŝĐĂů
ĚĂƚĂĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌŝŶƚ Request for Quote (RFQ)
ďƵLJĞƌĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘ĂĐŚ
ŽĨƚŚĞƐĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽďũĞĐƚƐŽƌ Quotation
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĚĂƚĂďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞ
Purchase Order
ƚǁŽďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉĂƌƚŶĞƌƐĐĂŶ
ďĞĚĞĮŶĞĚďLJĂWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬĞůͲ Confirmation
ĞŵĞŶƚ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϰͿ͘dŚŝƐ
Print Buyer

Print Provider
ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůĐĂŶďĞƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐŽĨ Content Delivery
ĂŶŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶW Content Delivery Response
ĂŶĚWW͘&ŽƌďŽƚŚƚŚĞWĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞWW͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞŵŽƌĞ Proof Approval Request
ĐƌŝƟĐĂůƉŽŝŶƚǁŝůůďĞƚŚĞĞdžƚĞŶƚ Proof Approval Response
ƚŽǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽĨ
ƚŚĞƐĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĐĂŶ Invoice
ƌĞĚƵĐĞƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŚƵŵĂŶ
Return Job
ƚŽƵĐŚƉŽŝŶƚƐ͘
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƐĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ
Figure 2.3: Common data interchange between print buyer and
ŽďũĞĐƚƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŶĨŽƌŵĂů
print provider
ĂŶĚƵŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚ͘dŚĞĐŽŵͲ
ŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐĂƌĞƚĞůĞͲ
ƉŚŽŶĞ͕ĞͲŵĂŝů͕ƉŽƐƚĂůŵĂŝů͕ŽƌĞǀĞŶƚĞůĞĨĂdž͘ŝƌĞĐƚƐĂůĞƐŝƐĂŶŽƚŚĞƌ
ŚŝŐŚͲƚŽƵĐŚŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨƉůĂĐŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌƐ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ͕ĞͲŵĂŝů
ĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƐŽƌĐŽƵƌŝĞƌͬŵĂŝůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐĨŽƌƐĞŶĚŝŶŐƉŚLJƐŝĐĂůŵĞĚŝĂ
ƐƵĐŚĂƐͬsŽƌh^ƐƟĐŬƐĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϰͲnͿ͘dŚĞ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶŝƐĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚďĞƚǁĞĞŶWĂŶĚWWĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞƐ͘KŶ
ƚŚĞWWƐŝĚĞ͕ƐƚĂīŶŽƌŵĂůůLJƌĞͲŬĞLJƐƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͛ƐĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽĂŶ
D/^͘dŚĞƐĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJĞīĞĐƟǀĞ͘
WŚŽŶĞĐĂůůƐĂŶĚĞͲŵĂŝůƐĐĂŶůĞĂĚƚŽŵŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐĂŶĚƐƵďƐĞͲ EŽƚĞ
ƋƵĞŶƚŝŶƋƵŝƌŝĞƐ͘dŚĞŝƌƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůĨŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝƐůŽǁ͘ĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨ ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽďũĞĐƚƐŽƌ
ĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĞĚ͘ ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĚĂƚĂĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞ
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐ
dŽƐĞŶĚĂƌƚǁŽƌŬǀŝĂĂŶĞͲŵĂŝůĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚ͕ĮůĞƐŵƵƐƚŶŽƚďĞǀĞƌLJ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌĂŶĚ
ůĂƌŐĞ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌŽƉƟŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŚĂƐĂůƐŽďĞĞŶƵƐĞĚĨŽƌŵĂŶLJLJĞĂƌƐ͕ ƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ
ŝƐƚŽƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĚĂƚĂƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ&dWƉƌŽƚŽĐŽů;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϰͲoͿ͘&ŽƌƚŚŝƐ͕ ĂƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌĂƋƵŽƚĞ͕
ƚŚĞWWŵƵƐƚƐĞƚƵƉĂŶ&dWƐĞƌǀĞƌĂŶĚƚŚĞWĐĂŶƚŚĞŶƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌĚĂƚĂ ĂƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌ͕ŽƌĂŶ
ŝŶǀŽŝĐĞ͘
ƚŽƚŚĞƐĞƌǀĞƌƵƐŝŶŐ&dWĐůŝĞŶƚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘

13
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

Print
ERP
Buyer

mobile
r mobile
Cloud W2P
Storage Apps
s q o n r
business business business business
data data data p data

FTP W2P File

Portal MIS
Server Apps Server

P i
Print
Provider

Ware-
Production
house

Figure 2.4: Job submission between print buyer and print provider
/ŶƌĞĐĞŶƚLJĞĂƌƐ͕ĂƐǁĞĂůůŬŶŽǁ͕ƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨĚĂƚĂǀŝĂĂĮůĞŚŽƐƚͲ
ŝŶŐƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐŚĂƐďĞĐŽŵĞŝŶĐƌĞĂƐŝŶŐůLJƉŽƉƵůĂƌ͘dŚŝƌĚͲƉĂƌƚLJƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ
ŵĂŬĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞƐƉĂĐĞĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚŝƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞWĂŶĚWWĐĂŶ
ƚŚĞŶƵƐĞũŽŝŶƚůLJ͘/ƚŝƐĂůƐŽƌĞĨĞƌƌĞĚƚŽĂƐĐůŽƵĚƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϰͲ
pͿ͘
ŽŶƚĞŶƚĚĂƚĂƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶǀŝĂtĞďͲƚŽͲWƌŝŶƚ;tϮWͿĂŶĚƉŽƌƚĂůƐŝƐ
ŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞĞīĞĐƟǀĞ͘dŚĞŵĂŝŶĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŝƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƵƉůŽĂĚĞĚ
ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞƌŽƵƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞũŽďĚĂƚĂǁŝƚŚŽƵƚŚƵŵĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶ͘
DĂŶƵĂůĂƐƐŝŐŶŵĞŶƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶũŽďĚĂƚĂĂŶĚĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĂƌĞŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌ
ŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ͘dŚĞLJĂƌĞŶŽƚŽŶůLJƟŵĞͲĐŽŶƐƵŵŝŶŐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽĂƉŽƚĞŶͲ
ƟĂůƐŽƵƌĐĞŽĨĞƌƌŽƌƐ͘/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĚĂƚĂ
ŝƐĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚĞĚĂŶĚĞƋƵĂůůLJƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚĨŽƌƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĞƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘
dŚŝƐŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĮůĞ
ĐĂŶďĞƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚĞĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĐĂŶďĞĐŚĞĐŬĞĚ
ĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞũŽďĚĂƚĂ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂŐĞƐŽƌƉĂŐĞƐŝnjĞƐͿ͘dŚĞ
WǁŝůůƚŚĞŶŐĞƚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞŶŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞƐĞͲ
ƌŝŽƵƐĞƌƌŽƌƐ͘ǀĞŶĨƵƌƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽůŽƌ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶďĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚ͘/Ŷ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϰ͕ĂƌƌŽǁrƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐ
ƚŚŝƐĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶƉĂƚŚďĞƚǁĞĞŶWĂŶĚWW;ƐĞĞŶĞdžƚƐĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌ
ŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐͿ͘
/Ŷq͕ƚŚĞWƵƉůŽĂĚƐĂŶĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĮůĞǁŝƚŚĂǁĞďďƌŽǁƐĞƌƵƐŝŶŐ
,dD>ϱĂŶĚƐŽŵĞĂƐƐŽĐŝĂƚĞĚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂůƐĞƌǀĞƌ͘WƌŝŶƚdĂůŬ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϱͿĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĂƐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉŽƌƚĂůͬtϮWĂŶĚƚŚĞWW͛ƐD/^͘/ŶƐŝĚĞWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬ͛Ɛ

14
Chapter 2

ŽŶƚĞŶƚĞůŝǀĞƌLJďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĞůĞŵĞŶƚ͕ĂhZ>ĐĂŶďĞĚĞĮŶĞĚǁŚĞƌĞƚŚĞ
ĚĂƚĂĐĂŶďĞĨŽƵŶĚ͘dŚĞƉŽƌƚĂůͬtϮWƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŝůůƐĞŶĚƚŚŝƐĞůĞŵĞŶƚ
ƚŽƚŚĞWW͛ƐD/^͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐĂŶƚŚĞŶƌĞƐƉŽŶĚǁŝƚŚĂŽŶƚĞŶƚĞůŝǀĞƌLJZĞͲ
ƐƉŽŶƐĞWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬĞůĞŵĞŶƚ͘
^ŽŵĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐƚƌĂŶƐĂĐƟŽŶƐůŝŬĞƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌƋƵŽƚĞ͕ƋƵŽƚĞ͕ƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞ
ŽƌĚĞƌĂŶĚŽƌĚĞƌĐŽŶĮƌŵĂƟŽŶĂƌĞƵƐƵĂůůLJĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞ
WƐƵďŵŝƚƐƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬƚŽƚŚĞWW͘tŝƚŚtϮW͕ďŽƚŚƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ
ĚĂƚĂĂŶĚƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĂƌĞƐĞŶƚƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕
ĂƚŚŝƌĚŽƉƟŽŶ͗dŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ;ŽƌƐŽŵĞĐƌĞĂƟǀĞĂŐĞŶĐLJͿƐƵďŵŝƚƐ
ĂƌƚǁŽƌŬƚŽƚŚĞWWĂŶĚƚŚĞƌĞďLJƚƌŝŐŐĞƌƐĂŶŽƌĚĞƌŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚůLJ͘hƐƵĂůůLJ͕
ĂƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌŽƌĂƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ
ĐƌĞĂƚĞƐƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŚĞůƉƐƚŽĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚũŽďďLJ
ĂŶĂůLJnjŝŶŐƚŚĞĮůĞ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂŐĞƐ͕ƉĂŐĞƐŝnjĞ͕
ĐŽůŽƌƐĐĂŶďĞĞdžƚƌĂĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞW&;ƐĞĞůŝŐŚƚŐƌĞĞŶĂƌƌŽǁŝŶ
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭϭͿ͘dŚĞƌĞŝƐƐƟůůŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚũŽďĚĂƚĂŵŝƐƐŝŶŐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞ
ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚĐŽƉŝĞƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ͕ŽƌƚŚĞďŝŶĚŝŶŐ
ƚLJƉĞ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌŽƌƚŚĞD/^ŽƌĚĞƌŵĂŶĂŐĞƌŵƵƐƚŐĞƚ
ƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞWŝŶƌĞƚƌŽƐƉĞĐƚ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌĂĚŝĐƚƐƚŚĞƚŚĞŽƌLJďƵƚŝƐĐŽŵŵŽŶƉƌĂĐƟĐĞ͘/ƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞĐŽŵĞĞǀĞŶ
ŵŽƌĞƉŽƉƵůĂƌǁŚĞŶŵŽƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĚĞƐĐƌŝƉƟŽŶĚĂƚĂŝƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ŝŶƚŽƚŚĞW&;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϳͿ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕/ǁĂŶƚƚŽŵĞŶƟŽŶƚŚĞŽƉƟŽŶŽĨĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐĚĂƚĂŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ
;/ͿďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ͛ƐĞŶƚĞƌƉƌŝƐĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ;ZWͿ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘dŚŝƐĂůůŽǁƐĂWƚŽĞĂƐŝůLJƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞŽƌ
ŽƌĚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJǀŝĂŝƚƐŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůZWƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘dŚŝƐŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞŝƐ
ƐŚŽǁŶŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůůLJŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϰͲsͿ͘^ƵĐŚĂŶ/ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞŝƐŶŽƌͲ
ŵĂůůLJĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůƐŽůƵƟŽŶĐŽŵďŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞW͛ƐĂŶĚWW͛ƐƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ŝƚ
ŝƐĐƵƐƚŽŵŝnjĞĚ͘/ƚŵŝŐŚƚďĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞWW͛ƐǁĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞŵĂŶͲ
ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂŶĚD/^͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝƐƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌ
ŝƐŽŶůLJƌĞĂƐŽŶĂďůĞĨŽƌŵĂũŽƌĂŶĚůŽŶŐͲƚĞƌŵƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ͘

2.2.2 Web-to-Print (W2P) and Apps

/ŶƚŚĞůĂƐƚƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕ƚŚĞƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůŽŶďŽĂƌĚŝŶŐŵĞƚŚŽĚƐƐƚĂƌƚĞĚ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ǁŝƚŚƵŶƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵƚŚĞWƚŚĂƚƐŽŵĞD/^ŽƌĚĞƌ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌŚĂĚƚŽƌĞͲŬĞLJ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞWŽƌŝƚƐĂŐĞŶͲ tϮWŝƐĂĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂů
ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉůĂƞŽƌŵĨŽƌũŽď
ĐLJƐĞŶĚĂƌƚǁŽƌŬƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞũŽďĚĂƚĂ͘ŽƚŚĚĂƚĂƐĞƚƐŵƵƐƚ ĂŶĚĂƌƚǁŽƌŬƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶƐ
ƚŚĞŶďĞůŝŶŬĞĚďLJƐŽŵĞďŽĚLJĂƚƚŚĞWW͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐůĂďŽƌĐŽƐƚƐ͘ ƵƐŝŶŐǁĞďƐŝƚĞƐ͘
ƐŝƐǁĞůůŬŶŽǁŶ͕tĞďͲƚŽͲWƌŝŶƚŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĐƌĞĂƟŶŐ͕ŽƌĚĞƌŝŶŐ͕ƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐŝŶŐĂŶĚƐƵďŵŝƫŶŐƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐǀŝĂƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĞƚ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕ŝƚĞŶĐŽŵͲ
ƉĂƐƐĞƐĞͲĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞĂƐƉĞĐƚƐĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶ
ŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬŝŶŵŽƐƚĐĂƐĞƐ͘tĞďͲƚŽͲƉƌŝŶƚĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞƐƚŚĞƐƵďŵŝƐͲ
ƐŝŽŶŽĨƉƌŝŶƚũŽďƐĂŶĚƌĞĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƚŽƵĐŚƉŽŝŶƚƐ
ĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ;Ğ͘Ő͘ĐƌĞĂƚĞƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶƐ͕ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞ
ŽƌĚĞƌƐͿ͘
dŚĞŵĂŝŶĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨĂtϮWƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƌĞ͗

15
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ x KŶůŝŶĞƉƌŝĐŝŶŐ͕ƵƐƵĂůůLJŽŶůŝŶĞďŝůůŝŶŐ;ϮͿ
tŝƚŚƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞǁĞď x /ŶƚĞŐƌĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͛ƐZW;ϮͿ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶ͕ x KŶůŝŶĞĐƵƐƚŽŵŝnjĂƟŽŶǀŝĂƉƌĞͲĚĞĮŶĞĚƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞƐ
ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŶĚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨĂ x hƉůŽĂĚŝŶŐŽĨƉƌŝŶƚĚĂƚĂ;W&͕ƚĞdžƚ͕ŝŵĂŐĞƐͿ
ǁĞďƉĂŐĞŵŝŐŚƚĐŚĂŶŐĞ
ŝŶĂĐĐŽƌĚĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ x KŶůŝŶĞƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌƐ
ƐĐƌĞĞŶƐŝnjĞĂŶĚƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ x ZĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐŝŶƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐ
ŽĨƚŚĞĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ͕ x ZĞƐƉŽŶƐŝǀĞǁĞďĚĞƐŝŐŶ;ϮͿ
ƚĂďůĞƚ͕ƐŵĂƌƚƉŚŽŶĞ͕ĞƚĐ͘
ďĞŝŶŐƵƐĞĚ͘
tϮWƐŚŽƉƐĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŵŽďŝůĞĂƉƉƐĂƌĞŵĂŝŶůLJƵƐĞĚĨŽƌĐŽŵͲ
ŵĞƌĐŝĂůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽʹƚŽĂůĞƐƐĞƌĞdžƚĞŶƚʹĨŽƌƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐƉƌŝŶƚͲ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŝŶŐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJĨŽƌůĂďĞůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ;ǁĞďͲƚŽͲƉĂĐŬͿ͘EŝĐŚĞŵĂƌŬĞƚƐĂƌĞ
ƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ
ĚĞƉůŽLJŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJĂƐǁĞůů͘dŚĞƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉŚŽƚŽŬƐ
;ϮͿĚĞŶŽƚĞƐĂďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŵĞŶƟŽŶĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͘
ŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĂŶĞŶĚĐŽŶƐƵŵĞƌ /ŶƚŚŝƐƐĞĐƟŽŶ͕/ǁŝůůŐŽŶĞŝƚŚĞƌŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƐĞƚƵƉƐŽĨĂtϮW
ĂŶĚĂĐŽŵƉĂŶLJ͕ǁŚŝůĞ ƐŚŽƉŶŽƌŝŶƚŽƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƌŝƐŬƐŽĨĚŽŝŶŐƐŽ͘/Ŷ
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐͲƚŽͲďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕/ǁŝůůŶŽƚĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨĞĂƚƵƌĞƐĂŶĚƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ
;ϮͿƌĞĨĞƌƐƚŽĂďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐ ŽĨƉƵďůŝĐϮĂŶĚĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚϮƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘/ǁŝůůŽŶůLJĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƐŽŵĞ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚǁŽ ĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůĚĂƚĂŇŽǁĂƐƉĞĐƚƐ͘
;ŽƌŵŽƌĞͿĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͘
KŶĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĐŽŶĚŝƟŽŶ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƐƐŽĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŚĂƚŝƐŚĂƐĂ
ďŝŐŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞWW͛ƐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͗&ŽƌŽŶůŝŶĞƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͕ƚŚĞĂǀĞƌĂŐĞ
EŽƚĞ ǀĂůƵĞŽĨĂƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJƋƵŝƚĞƐŵĂůů͘KŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕
ƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƚŚĂƚŐĞƚƐ ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶLJŽĨƚŚĞƐĞũŽďƐƚŽďĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞĚĞĂĐŚĚĂLJ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJ
ŽƌĚĞƌƐ;ŶĞĂƌůLJͿĞdžĐůƵƐŝǀĞůLJ ŝŶƚŽϮĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ͘tŝƚŚϮ͕ƌĞƉĞĂƚũŽďƐĂƌĞĐŽŵŵŽŶ͘ŽƚŚ
ǀŝĂŽŶĞŽƌƐĞǀĞƌĂůtϮW
ƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐŝŵƉůLJƚŚĂƚŽƌĚĞƌͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƚĞĚ
ƐŚŽƉƐŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂŶ ŽŶůŝŶĞ
ƉƌŝŶƚĞƌ͘
ĂƐŵƵĐŚĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞďLJŵŝŶŝŵŝnjŝŶŐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŚƵŵĂŶƚŽƵĐŚͲ
ƉŽŝŶƚƐƉĞƌŽƌĚĞƌ͘dŚƵƐ͕ĂůůƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŽƉƟŽŶƐĚĞͲ
ƐĐƌŝďĞĚŝŶƚŚŝƐŬĂƌĞƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĨŽƌŽŶůŝŶĞƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐ͘
ĐƚƵĂůůLJ͕ŽŶůŝŶĞƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƉŝŽŶĞĞƌƐŝŶǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ
ĂŶĚŝŶƐŽŵĞĐĂƐĞƐƚŚĞŝŶŝƟĂƚŽƌƐŽĨƚŚĞƐĞŶĞǁ͕ŵŽƌĞĞĸĐŝĞŶƚƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘tŝƚŚŽƵƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͕tϮWŝƐƐŝŵƉůLJ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ ŶŽƚƉƌŽĮƚĂďůĞ͘
dŚĞĮůĞĨŽƌŵĂƚ^sƐƚĂŶĚƐ dŚĞtϮWƐLJƐƚĞŵǁŝůůŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞWW͛ƐD/^ĂŶĚͬŽƌǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶͲ
ĨŽƌŽŵŵĂͲ^ĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚ ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ;ƐĞĞƐĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϰ͘ϮͿĂďŽƵƚŝŶĐŽŵŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌƐ͘ŝīĞƌͲ
sĂůƵĞƐĂŶĚĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞƐƚŚĞ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞŽĨĂƚĞdžƚĮůĞ
ĞŶƚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƐŵĂLJďĞƵƐĞĚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬǁŝƚŚ:&Žƌy:&͕
ĨŽƌƐƚŽƌŝŶŐŽƌĞdžĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐ ^s͕ŽƌƉƌŝǀĂƚĞyD>;ƐĞĞŚĂƉƚĞƌϰͿƚŽƐƚŽƌĞƚŚĞĚĞƐŝƌĞĚũŽďĚĂƚĂ͘
ƐƉƌĞĂĚƐŚĞĞƚĚĂƚĂ͘ y:&ŵŝŐŚƚŚĂǀĞƐŽŵĞĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞƐŽǀĞƌ:&͕ŝŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌďĞĐĂƵƐĞĂ
y:&ĮůĞĐĂŶƐƚŽƌĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƐĞǀĞƌĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐ͕ǁŚŝůĞĂ:&
ĮůĞĂůǁĂLJƐĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚĂƐŝŶŐůĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŽŶůLJ͘
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
yD>ƐƚĂŶĚƐĨŽƌ džƚĞŶƐŝďůĞ
dŽĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞƐĞŬŝŶĚƐŽĨĚĂƚĂ͕ƚŚĞtϮWƐĞƌǀĞƌŝƐƌƵŶďLJƚŚĞWW
DĂƌŬƵƉ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘/ƚŝƐ ŽŶͲƐŝƚĞŽƌďLJƐŽŵĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͘/ĨĂWWŽƉĞƌĂƚĞƐŝƚƐ
ĂǀĞƌLJƉŽƉƵůĂƌǁĂLJƚŽ ŽǁŶtϮWƐƚŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞtϮWƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŝƐŽŌĞŶĂŶŽƉƟŽŶĂůŵŽĚƵůĞŽĨ
ƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞĂŶLJĚĂƚĂŝŶƚĞdžƚ ƚŚĞD/^ŽƌƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐĞĐĂƐĞƐ͕ƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌͲ
ĨŽƌŵĂƚ͘^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĚĂƚĂ ĨĂĐĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŵŽĚƵůĞƐĂƌĞŽďǀŝŽƵƐůLJŝŶƚĞƌŶĂů͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ĨŽƌŵĂƚƐůŝŬĞ:&ĂŶĚy:& ƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĐŽƵůĚƐŝŵƉůLJĂĐĐĞƐƐĂĐŽŵŵŽŶĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ͘KĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕
ĂƌĞyD>ďĂƐĞĚ͘sĞŶĚŽƌ ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂůƐŽWWƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƐƚĂůůD/^͕ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵ;ƐͿĂŶĚtϮW
ƐƉĞĐŝĮĐyD>ŝƐĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚ ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĨƌŽŵĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǀĞŶĚŽƌƐ͘
͞ƉƌŝǀĂƚĞyD>͘͟

16
Chapter 2

/ƚŝƐƐĞůĨͲĞǀŝĚĞŶƚƚŚĂƚD/^͕tϮWĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŵƵƐƚ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
ďĞĂďůĞƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ͘&ƌŽŵƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚĞŐƌĂͲ
y^>ƐƚĂŶĚƐĨŽƌdžƚĞŶƐŝďůĞ
ƟŽŶƉŽŝŶƚŽĨǀŝĞǁ͕ŝƚŝƐĚĞƐŝƌĂďůĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞǀĞŶĚŽƌƐĚĞƉůŽLJƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ ^ƚLJůĞƐŚĞĞƚ>ĂŶŐƵĂŐĞ͘
data formats for this purpose (such as JDF, XJDF, or PrintTalk). This /ƚŝƐƵƐĞĚ͕ĂŵŽŶŐŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚůĞǀĞůŽĨŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJŝŶĐĂƐĞŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽĚƵůĞƐ ƚŚŝŶŐƐ͕ƚŽƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞͬ
ƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵďƐĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJďĞƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚƚŽŽŵƵĐŚĞīŽƌƚ͘,ŽǁͲ ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĂŶyD>ĨŽƌŵĂƚ
ĞǀĞƌ͕ĞǀĞŶŝĨƐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚĞŵŽĚƵůĞƐĂůůŽǁŽŶůLJǀĞŶĚŽƌͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐyD>͕ ŝŶƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌyD>ŽƌĂŶLJ
ƚŚŝƐĚŽĞƐŶŽƚŵĞĂŶƚŚĂƚĂůůŝƐůŽƐƚƐŝŶĐĞyD>ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐĐĂŶďĞ ƚĞdžƚĨŽƌŵĂƚ͘
ĞĂƐŝůLJƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞĚǁŝƚŚŚĞůƉŽĨĂŶy^>ƚƌĂŶƐĨŽƌŵĞƌ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ŽŶĞĐŽƵůĚĐŽŶǀĞƌƚĂƉƌŝǀĂƚĞyD>ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƚŽƐŽŵĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ:&
ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚŽƌǀŝĐĞǀĞƌƐĂ͕ĂƐƐƵŵŝŶŐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƉƌŝǀĂƚĞyD>ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚ
ĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƐĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞ:&͘
tϮWƐLJƐƚĞŵŝƐŶŽƚĂŵŽŶŽůŝƚŚŝĐďůŽĐŬďƵƚƵƐƵĂůůLJĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĚŝĨͲ
ĨĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚƵůĞƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵǀŝĂW/ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐ͘
dLJƉŝĐĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƐĞŵŽĚƵůĞƐŵŝŐŚƚďĞ͗

x 'ƌĂƉŚŝĐĞŶŐŝŶĞĨŽƌĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĮůůŝŶŐĐƵƐƚŽŵŝnjͲ
ĂďůĞƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞƐŽŶůŝŶĞ
x ZĞŶĚĞƌŝŶŐĞŶŐŝŶĞĨŽƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƟŶŐW&ĚŽĐƵŵĞŶƚƐĂŶĚͬŽƌŝŵͲ
ĂŐĞĮůĞƐ
x WƌĞŇŝŐŚƚĞŶŐŝŶĞĨŽƌĐŚĞĐŬŝŶŐĂŶĚŵĂŬŝŶŐƵƉůŽĂĚĞĚĮůĞƐƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶͲƌĞĂĚLJ
x DĨŽƌƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐĚŝŐŝƚĂůĂƐƐĞƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŝŵĂŐĞƐ
ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ
/ŶĂĚĚŝƟŽŶ͕ŽĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĞͲĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƟĞƐƐƵĐŚ DƐƚĂŶĚƐĨŽƌŝŐŝƚĂů
ƐƐĞƚDĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘/ƚ
ĂƐƉƌŝĐŝŶŐ͕ŚĂŶĚůŝŶŐƐŚŽƉƉŝŶŐĐŚĂƌƚƐ͕ŵĂŶĂŐŝŶŐƉƌĞǀŝŽƵƐŽƌĚĞƌƐŽƌ ĂůůŽǁƐƚŚĞƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ͕ƌĞͲ
ĞǀĞŶĂƉƌŝǀĂƚĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚĨŽƌĞĂĐŚĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͕ĚĂƚĂĂŶĂůLJƟĐƐ͕ĂŶĚ ƚƌŝĞǀŝŶŐ͕ŽƌŐĂŶŝnjŝŶŐĂŶĚ
ŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐƚŽŽŶůŝŶĞƉĂLJŵĞŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƐŝďůLJƚŽƐŚŝƉƉŝŶŐ ŵĂŶŝƉƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĚŝŐŝƚĂů
ĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ͘ ĂƐƐĞƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐŝŵĂŐĞƐ͘

2.2.3 1RWLdžFDWLRQVDQGApprovals
WƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŚĂǀĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŽƵƚƉƵƚƐƚĂƚĞƐʹŝŶƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚ
ĐĂƐĞ͞ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͟ĂŶĚ͞ĨĂŝůƵƌĞ͘͟KŌĞŶ͕ƐŽŵĞƐŽƌƚŽĨƚŚƌĞƐŚŽůĚǀĂůƵĞƐ
ĂƌĞƐĞƚƚŽŵĂƉƚŚĞǁŚŽůĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƋƵĂůŝƚLJůĞǀĞůƐƵƉƚŽŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞƐĞ
ƚǁŽĞdžƚƌĞŵĞƐ͘
DŽƐƚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞǀĂůŝĚĂƟŽŶƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞŚĂŶĚůĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŚĞĐŚĞĐŬƐĂƌĞĐĂƌƌŝĞĚŽƵƚ
ĞŝƚŚĞƌďLJƐŽŵĞŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌŽƌƐŽŵĞĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞ
ŵĞĐŚĂŶŝƐŵ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂŌĞƌŝŵĂŐŝŶŐ;ĂŶĚĚĞǀĞůŽƉŝŶŐͿĂƉƌŝŶƚ
ƉůĂƚĞĨŽƌŽīƐĞƚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͕ĞŝƚŚĞƌĂŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌǁŝůů;ŽĐĐĂƐŝŽŶĂůůLJͿǀŝͲ
ƐƵĂůůLJŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĂƚWĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚƌŝƉŽŶƚŚĞƉůĂƚĞŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůƚŚĞƚŽŶĂů
ǀĂůƵĞƐǁŝƚŚĂŚĂŶĚͲŚĞůĚŵĞĂƐƵƌŝŶŐĚĞǀŝĐĞ;ŵŽďŝůĞƉůĂƚĞƐĐĂŶŶĞƌͿ͕
ŽƌƐŽŵĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝŵĂŐĞĂŶĂůLJƐŝƐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĐŚĞĐŬƐƚŚĞŝŵĂŐŝŶŐƋƵĂůŝƚLJ
ŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉůĂƚĞƐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŽŶĂĐŽŶǀĞLJŽƌůŝŶĞ͘
dŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐŽĨƐŽŵĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞĐŚĞĐŬĞĚĨŽƌƐŽŵĞŬŝŶĚƐŽĨƉƌŽĚͲ
ƵĐƚ͕ďƵƚŶŽƚĨŽƌŽƚŚĞƌƐ͘dƌĂƉƉŝŶŐŝŶƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐŝƐŶŽƌŵĂůůLJĚŽŶĞĨƵůůLJ

17
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJŝŶĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĞĚďLJĂŶLJͲ
ďŽĚLJ͕ǁŚŝůĞŝŶƚŚĞƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐǁŝůůďĞĐŚĞĐŬĞĚ
ĂŶĚĐŽƌƌĞĐƚĞĚǀŝƐƵĂůůLJďLJĂŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌ;ďĞĐĂƵƐĞŽĨƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƌƵƐĂŐĞ
ŽĨƐƉŽƚĐŽůŽƌƐĂŶĚŶŽŶͲƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĐŽůŽƌƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶƐͿ͘
ZĞǀŝĞǁƐŽĨƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞĨŽƌŵĂůůLJĞdžƉƌĞƐƐĞĚŝŶũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƐ
ƐƵĐŚĂƐ:&͘
dŚĞƐĞĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐƐŚŽƵůĚƐƵĸĐĞĨŽƌŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂƐƐƵƌĂŶĐĞǁŝƚŚŝŶ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶ͘EĞdžƚ͕ůĞƚ͛ƐƚĂŬĞĂůŽŽŬĂƚƚŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ
ǁŚĞƌĞĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƉĞŽƉůĞƌĞǀŝĞǁĂŶĚĂƉƉƌŽǀĞͬƌĞũĞĐƚƐŽŵĞŝŶƚĞƌŝŵ
ƌĞƐƵůƚƐʹŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƐŽŵĞƌĞƐŽƵƌĐĞƐʹĚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĂƉƉƌŽǀĂů
ƐƚĂŬĞŚŽůĚĞƌƐĂƌĞƚŚĞWW͕ƚŚĞW͕ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐ͕ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ĂŐĞŶĐŝĞƐ͘KŶĂƐŝĚĞŶŽƚĞ͕ĂƐŵŽƌĞĂŶĚŵŽƌĞƉĞŽƉůĞǁŽƌŬƌĞŵŽƚĞůLJ
ĨƌŽŵŚŽŵĞ͕ƚŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůĂŶĚĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĂƉƉƌŽǀͲ
ĂůƐŝƐďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐůĞƐƐƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚĂƐĨĂƌĂƐƚŚĞƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐ
ƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŝƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͘
dƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚŚĞƉƌŽŽĨƐ;ŝͿƚŽ;ǀͿŽĨƐĞŵŝͲĮŶŝƐŚĞĚƉƌŽĚͲ
ƵĐƚƐ;ƐĞĞďĞůŽǁͿ͘/ŶƚŚŝƐůŝƐƚ͕/ĂŵŽŵŝƫŶŐƚŚĞĚĞƐŝŐŶ͕ĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĂŶĚ
ĐŽůŽƌǀĂůŝĚĂƟŽŶƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĐƌĞĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ͕ĞǀĞŶƚŚŽƵŐŚ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽŽĮŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĞdžƚƌĞŵĞůLJŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĞĂ͘dŚĞƌĞĂͲ
ƐŽŶĨŽƌƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĂƚŝƚƵƐƵĂůůLJŚĂƉƉĞŶƐŝŶĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůLJŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͕ŶĂŵĞůLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌ͕ĚĞƐŝŐŶĂŐĞŶĐLJĂŶĚƉŚŽͲ
ƚŽŐƌĂƉŚĞƌ;ƵŶůĞƐƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌĂůƐŽƌƵŶƐƚŚĞĂŐĞŶĐLJͿ͘DŽƌĞͲ
ŽǀĞƌ͕ŽŌĞŶƚŚĞĨŽĐƵƐŝƐŵŽƌĞŽŶĐŽůůĂďŽƌĂƟŽŶ͘&ŽƌƚŚĂƚ͕ĂǁŽƌŬͲ
ƐƉĂĐĞŝŶƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚŝƐĐƌĞĂƚĞĚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĂůůŽǁƐƚŚĞƉĂƌƟĞƐƚŽũŽŝŶƚůLJ
ĞĚŝƚĂŶĚƌĞǀŝĞǁŽŶůŝŶĞ͘

ŝ͘ ŚĞĐŬŝŶŐƚŚĞW͛ƐĂƌƚǁŽƌŬĨŽƌƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƵŝƚĂďŝůŝƚLJ
;ƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚͿ
ŝŝ͘ sĞƌŝĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚͲƌĞĂĚLJĂƌƚǁŽƌŬďĞĨŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ
ŝŝŝ͘ ŽůŽƌƉƌŽŽĨ
ŝǀ͘ /ŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉƌŽŽĨ
ǀ͘ ^ĂŵƉůĞͬŵŽĐŬͲƵƉ

ůůƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽŽĨƐƵƐĞĚƚŽďĞĂŶĂůŽŐŽŶƉĂƉĞƌŽƌĐĂƌƚŽŶ͕ďƵƚŝŶŵĂŶLJ
ĐĂƐĞƐƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŐƌĂĚƵĂůůLJƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚďLJŽŶůŝŶĞͬǀŝƌƚƵĂůƉƌŽŽĨƐ͘
&ŽƌƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌ͕ĂĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŵĂĚĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶĚĂƚĂĞdžĐŚĂŶŐͲ
ĞƐƚŚĂƚƚĂŬĞƉůĂĐĞǀŝĂĞͲŵĂŝůŽƌƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƐŽŵĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůĂƉƉƌŽǀĂů
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘ƉƉƌŽǀĂůǀŝĂĞͲŵĂŝůŝƐŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞĐƵŵďĞƌƐŽŵĞĂŶĚĞƌͲ
ƌŽƌͲƉƌŽŶĞƚŚĂŶ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŚĂƚŝƐƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĞĚďLJƉŽƌƚĂů
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘/ƚŝƐĐƌƵĐŝĂůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽ
ĂŶD/^ŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌŽƌĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϰ͘ϮͿ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĞŽŶůLJǁĂLJƚŽĞŶƐƵƌĞ
ƚŚĂƚƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƉĞŽƉůĞƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƚŚĞƌŝŐŚƚƉƌŽŽĨƐŽŶƟŵĞ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕
ƚŚĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĐĂŶǁĂƌŶƚŚĞWWŝĨĂŶĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƌĞƋƵĞƐƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶ
ŝŐŶŽƌĞĚŽƌǁŚĞƚŚĞƌĂƉƌŽŽĨŚĂƐďĞĞŶĂƉƉƌŽǀĞĚŽƌƌĞũĞĐƚĞĚ͘dŚĞ
ƐLJƐƚĞŵĂůƐŽƚƌĂĐŬƐƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘dŚƵƐ͕ƉƌŽŽĮŶŐƐŚŽƵůĚďĞŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚĞĚ
ƟŐŚƚůLJŝŶƚŽƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘>Ğƚ͛ƐĂůƐŽŶŽƚĞŝŶƚŚŝƐĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ

18
Chapter 2

ƚŚĂƚĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůĚĞůĂLJƐĂƌĞƐƟůůĐŽŵŵŽŶ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐǁŚLJǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵͲ
ƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƚŚŝƐĂƌĞĂŝƐĂǁŽƌƚŚǁŚŝůĞƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬŝŶŐ͘
In the following, let’s discuss the proofs listed above in more de-
tail.
;ŝͿdŚĞǀŝƐƵĂůŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶĨŽƌƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐŽĨƚŚĞW͛ƐĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ
ŝƐƐƵďƐƟƚƵƚĞĚďLJ;ŽƌĂƚůĞĂƐƚĐŽŵƉůŝŵĞŶƚĞĚǁŝƚŚͿĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐƉƌĞͲ
ŇŝŐŚƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵƐ͘EŽǁĂĚĂLJƐ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚĚĂƚĂŝƐŶŽƚŽŶůLJĐŚĞĐŬĞĚŝŶͲ
ĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶƚůLJĨƌŽŵƚŚĞũŽďŽƌĚĞƌ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞũŽďƟĐŬĞƚŝƐƵƐĞĚƚŽĐŚĞĐŬ
ĐŽŵƉĂƟďŝůŝƚLJǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ;ĐŽůŽƌƐ͕ŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƉĂŐĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘dŚĞ
ŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽĨƚŚŝƐƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚĐŚĞĐŬŵŝŐŚƚůĞĂĚƚŽĂŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĐŽƌƌĞĐͲ
ƟŽŶ͕ĂŶŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƐŽŵĞŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͕ŽƌĂŵĞƐͲ
ƐĂŐĞƚŽƚŚĞW;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ĂŶĞͲŵĂŝůŽƌĂŶĞŶƚƌLJŝŶĂĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƉŽƌƚĂůͿ͘
&ŽƌƚŚĞƐĂŬĞŽĨĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞŶĞƐƐ͕/ǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽŵĞŶƟŽŶƋƵĂůŝƚLJŝŶͲ
ƐƉĞĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘dŚĞLJŝŶƐƉĞĐƚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨĂŶĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ͕ĨŽƌĞdžͲ
ĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞĞdžƉĞĐƚĞĚůĞŐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨϭŽƌϮĐŽĚĞƐ͘
;ŝŝͿŌĞƌƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƟŶŐ͕ĐŽƌƌĞĐƟŶŐ͕ŶŽƌŵĂůŝnjŝŶŐ͕ĐŽůŽƌĐŽŶǀĞƌƟŶŐĂŶĚ
ƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐƚŚĞW͛ƐĚĂƚĂ͕ŝƚŝƐƌĞĂĚLJĨŽƌŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐƚŚĞ
ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐĨŽƌŵ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ďĞĨŽƌĞƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌŚĂƉƉĞŶƐ͕ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐĂŶ
ĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚͲƌĞĂĚLJĚĂƚĂŝƐƌĞƋƵĞƐƚĞĚ͘/ŶƚŚĞƐŝŵƉůĞƐƚĐĂƐĞ͕
ƚŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞĚŽŶĞďLJƐĞŶĚŝŶŐĂW&ĮůĞƚŽƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞĚƵƌĞŚĂƐĂĐƌƵĐŝĂůĐĂƚĐŚ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ďĞĐĂƵƐĞƚŚĞĚĞĨĂƵůƚƐĞƫŶŐŽĨ
ƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ͛ƐW&ͲƌĞĂĚŝŶŐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ;ƵƐƵĂůůLJĐƌŽďĂƚͿĐĂŶŚĂǀĞ
ĂƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵƉĂĐƚŽŶƚŚĞĮůĞ͛ƐĂƉƉĞĂƌĂŶĐĞ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞ
ŽǀĞƌƉƌŝŶƚƉƌĞǀŝĞǁĐĂŶďĞƐǁŝƚĐŚĞĚŽŶŽƌŽī͘dŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞ͕ŝƚŝƐďĞƩĞƌ
ƚŽƐĞŶĚƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĚW&ĚĂƚĂ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝŵĂŐĞĚĂƚĂ͕ŝŶƐƚĞĂĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞ
ĚŝƐĂĚǀĂŶƚĂŐĞŽĨƚŚŝƐŵĞƚŚŽĚŝƐƚŚĂƚŝƚŝŶǀŽůǀĞƐĂůŽƚŽĨĚĂƚĂ͘KŶĞ
ƐŽůƵƟŽŶŝƐƚŽŶŽƚƐĞŶĚĂĮůĞ͕ďƵƚŝŶƐƚĞĂĚƚŽƐƚŽƌĞĂƉƌĞǀŝĞǁŝŵĂŐĞ
ŝŶƐĐƌĞĞŶƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶŽŶƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƉŽƌƚĂů;ŽƌŽŶƐŽŵĞƐĞƌǀĞƌƚŽ
ǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞWŚĂƐĂĐĐĞƐƐͿŝŶƚŽǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌĐĂŶnjŽŽŵŝŶĂƐ
ĚĞĞƉůLJĂƐĚĞƐŝƌĞĚǁŝƚŚĚĞĚŝĐĂƚĞĚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘dŚƵƐ͕ŽŶůLJƉĂƌƚƐŽĨƚŚĞ
ŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĞĚŝŵĂŐĞŵƵƐƚďĞĚŽǁŶůŽĂĚĞĚĂƚŚŝŐŚĞƌƌĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͘
KĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ĂŶLJĐŚĞĐŬƐƚŚĂƚLJŽƵĐĂŶŵĂŬĞŝŶĂW&ǀŝĞǁĞƌŵƵƐƚĂůƐŽ
ďĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚŝƐŝŵĂŐĞͲďĂƐĞĚŵĞƚŚŽĚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶ
ŽĨƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĚŝƐƉůĂLJŽĨƚŽƚĂůĂƌĞĂŝŶŬĐŽǀĞƌĂŐĞ͕ŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŽĨ
ĐŽůŽƌǀĂůƵĞƐ͕ůĞŶŐƚŚŵĞĂƐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ƐŚŽǁŝŶŐƚƌŝŵ͕ďůĞĞĚ͕ĂŶĚŵĞͲ
Trim Box
ĚŝĂďŽdžĞƐ͕ĂŶĚƐŽĨŽƌƚŚ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌĨĞĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƐƵĐŚƉĂŐĞŝŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶ Bleed Box
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŝƐƚŚĞĐŽŵƉĂƌŝƐŽŶŽĨĮůĞǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐĂŶĚƌĞƐŚƵŋŝŶŐŽĨƉĂŐĞ Media Box
ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐŝŶƌĞĂĚŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌ͘
Figure 2.5: PDF Boxes
/ƚŝƐĨƵŶĚĂŵĞŶƚĂůƚŚĂƚƚŚĞWĐĂŶĂƉƉƌŽǀĞ͕ƌĞũĞĐƚĂŶĚĂŶŶŽƚĂƚĞĂ
ƐŝŶŐůĞƉĂŐĞͬĂƌƚǁŽƌŬŽƌĂŶĞŶƟƌĞĮůĞ͘dŽĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚƚŚŝƐ͕ƚŚĞ ĐƵƌͲ
ƌĞŶƚĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚƉĂŐĞͬĂƌƚǁŽƌŬŵƵƐƚďĞŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞĚŽŶ
ƚŚĞĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƉŽƌƚĂů͘
;ŝŝŝͿĐŽůŽƌƉƌŽŽĨŝƐĂƐŝŵƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨĂƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚŝŶƚŚĞĐŽůŽƌ
ƐƉĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶĞĚƉƌĞƐƐŽŶƚŚĞŵŽŶŝƚŽƌ͘dŚĞŐŽĂůŝƐƚŽĂŶƟĐŝƉĂƚĞ
ƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞƉƌŝŶƚ͛ƐĐŽůŽƌĂƐĐůŽƐĞůLJĂƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘^ŝŶĐĞƚŚŝƐƐƵďũĞĐƚ

19
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ŝƐǀĞƌLJĞdžƚĞŶƐŝǀĞ͕/ǁŝůůŶŽƚĂƩĞŵƉƚƚŽŐŽŝŶƚŽƚŚĞĚĞƚĂŝůƐŽĨĐŽůŽƌ
ƉƌŽŽĨƐŽŶŝŶŬũĞƚƉƌŝŶƚĞƌƐŽƌŽŶŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƐ͘dŚĂƚǁŽƵůĚďĞĂƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ
ƚŽƉŝĐŝŶǀŽůǀŝŶŐƐƉĞĐŝĂůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐ͕ŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƐ͕ůŝŐŚƚƐ͕ĐĂůŝͲ
ďƌĂƟŽŶƐ͕ĐŽůŽƌŝŵĞƚƌLJ͕ĐŽůŽƌƉƌŽĮůĞƐ͕ĐŽůŽƌĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶƐ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞůŝŬĞ͕
ĂůůŽĨǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚŐŽĨĂƌďĞLJŽŶĚƚŚĞƐĐŽƉĞŽĨƚŚŝƐŬŽŶǁŽƌŬͲ
ŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘
;ŝǀͿŌĞƌƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ƚŚĞ;W&ͿĨŽƌŵƐƵƐĞĚƚŽďĞƉƌŝŶƚͲ
ĞĚŽƵƚŽŶĂƉůŽƩĞƌ͘dŚĞƉƌŽŽĨĂůƐŽƐŚŽǁĞĚƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚĚŝŵĞŶͲ
ƐŝŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞƚƌŝŵďŽdž͕ƚŚĞďůĞĞĚďŽdž͕ĂŶĚƐŽŽŶ͘ƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐŽƉĞƌĂͲ
'HdžQLWLRQ ƚŽƌƚŚĞŶĐŚĞĐŬĞĚƚŚŝƐŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉƌŽŽĨĨŽƌŵŝƐƚĂŬĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ
ŶŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞ ŽĨƚŚĞƉĂŐĞƐƌĞůĂƟǀĞƚŽƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƚĞŵƉůĂƚĞ͕ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐďůĞĞĚƐ͕
;ŽŌĞŶĐĂůůĞĚĨŽůĚŝŶŐ ŵŝƐƐŝŶŐĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐŵĂƌŬƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘^ŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ͕ƚŚŝƐƉƌŽŽĨǁĂƐƐĞŶƚƚŽ
ƐĐŚĞŵĞͿŝŶĚŝĐĂƚĞƐŚŽǁ ƚŚĞ;ŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůŽƌĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůͿŬďŝŶĚĞƌƚŽǀĂůŝĚĂƚĞƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ
ƉĂŐĞƐĂƌĞƉůĂĐĞĚŽŶĂ ƐĐŚĞŵĞ͘dŽĚĂLJ͕ŽŶůLJǀĞƌLJĐƌŝƟĐĂůŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĂƌĞŝŶƐƉĞĐƚĞĚƚŚŝƐ
ƐŚĞĞƚ͘KŶůLJƚŚĞƉƌŝŶĐŝƉůĞ
ƉůĂĐĞŵĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞƉĂŐĞƐ
ǁĂLJ͘DŽƐƚůLJ͕ŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƉƌŽŽĨƐĂƌĞŽŵŝƩĞĚŽƌƌĞǀŝĞǁĞĚŽŶĂŵŽŶͲ
ŝŶƌĞůĂƟŽŶƚŽĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌ ŝƚŽƌĂŌĞƌŚĂǀŝŶŐďĞĞŶƌĞŶĚĞƌĞĚ͘dŚŝƐŬŝŶĚŽĨƉƌŽŽĨŝƐĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚƚŽ
ŝƐĚĞĮŶĞĚ͕ŶŽƚƚŚĞĞdžĂĐƚ ƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĞdžƉĞƌƚƐŽŶůLJĂŶĚŶŽƚƐƵŝƚĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞW͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕
ƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͘ ĂŌĞƌĚĞͲŝŵƉŽƐŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐĞĚĨŽƌŵʹƚŚĂƚŝƐ͕ƐƉůŝƫŶŐƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŽ
ƉĂŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶƐĐŚĞŵĞʹƚŚĞW
ŵŝŐŚƚďƌŽǁƐĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƚŚĞƉĂŐĞƐŝŶƚŚĞƌĞĂĚĞƌ͛ƐŽƌĚĞƌ͘^ŽŵĞƟŵĞƐ͕
ƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚƐŝŐŶĂƚƵƌĞŬůĞƚƐ͘tŝƚŚƚŚĞƐĞ͕ĂWĐĂŶĐŚĞĐŬ
ĞĂƐŝůLJŝĨƚŚĞƉĂŐĞůĂLJŽƵƚŽŶƚŚĞƐŚĞĞƚŝƐĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ͘
;ǀͿ/ŶƚŚĞƉĂĐŬĂŐŝŶŐŝŶĚƵƐƚƌLJ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJǁŚĞƌĞ ĐĂƌĚďŽĂƌĚͬĨŽůĚŝŶŐ
ďŽdžĞƐĂƌĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶĞĚ͕ƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌƐŽŌĞŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐĂŵƉůĞŵŽĐŬͲƵƉƐ͘
dŚĞLJĐĂŶďĞŽĨĂŶĂŶĂůŽŐŽƌĚŝŐŝƚĂůŶĂƚƵƌĞ͘ŶĂůŽŐƐĂŵƉůĞƐĂƌĞ
ŵĂĚĞǁŝƚŚĐƵƫŶŐƉůŽƩĞƌƐ͘dŚĞĚŝŐŝƚĂůǀĞƌƐŝŽŶǁŽƵůĚďĞĂϯƐŝŵͲ
ulation of cardboard/folding boxes (see Figure 2.6). An animation
allows visualizing and controlling the folding sequence.
&ŽƌĂZĞƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌƉƉƌŽǀĂů;Z&YͿĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƐ͕ƚŚĞ
WƌŝŶƚdĂůŬƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůĐĂŶďĞĚĞƉůŽLJĞĚ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϱͿ͘dŚĞWWŵŝŐŚƚ
ƐĞŶĚĂZĞƋƵĞƐƚĨŽƌƉƉƌŽǀĂů
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽďũĞĐƚ͕ǁŚŝůĞƚŚĞ
WǁŝůůƐĞŶĚĂŶƉƉƌŽǀĂůZĞͲ
ƐƉŽŶƐĞŽďũĞĐƚ͘ŽƚŚŽďũĞĐƚƐ
ŶĞĞĚƚŽƌĞĨĞƌĞŶĐĞƚŚĞũŽď/͘
dŽĂǀŽŝĚŵŝƐƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚŝŶŐƐ͕
/ǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽĐůĂƌŝĨLJ;ŽŶĐĞ
ĂŐĂŝŶͿƚŚĂƚƚŚŝƐŽĨĐŽƵƌƐĞĚŽĞƐ
ŶŽƚŵĞĂŶƚŚĂƚƚŚĞWĂŶĚ
ƚŚĞWWǁƌŝƚĞ͕ƐĞŶĚĂŶĚƌĞĂĚ
ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐŝŶWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ŝƐĂŶyD>ŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞ͘/ŶƐƚĞĂĚ͕
ƚŚĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƚŽǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞW
ŚĂƐĂĐĐĞƐƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂŶĞͲĐŽŵͲ
ŵĞƌĐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵŽƌĂĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌ
ƉŽƌƚĂůͿǁŝůůƐĞŶĚWƌŝŶƚdĂůŬ
ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽďũĞĐƚƐǁŚĞŶƚŚĞW
Figure 2.6: Virtual 3D mock-up of a folding box. Courtesy of Esko ĐůŝĐŬƐŽŶĂƉƉƌŽƉƌŝĂƚĞŝĐŽŶƐŝŶ

20
Chapter 2

ƚŚĞďƌŽǁƐĞƌ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕ƚŚĞWWŝƐŶŽƚŶŽƟĮĞĚŽĨƚŚĞŝŶĐŽŵŝŶŐ
ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞǀŝĂ^D^ŽƌƐŽŵĞƐŝŵŝůĂƌƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ͕ďƵƚƚŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐ
ƌĞĐĞŝǀĞĚďLJƚŚĞD/^͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͘
ƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŽĨĂƉƌŝŶƚũŽď͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŵŵƵŶŝͲ
ĐĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶWWĂŶĚWďĞƐŝĚĞƐƚŚĞĂƉƉƌŽǀĂůƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ͘dŚĞ
WWŵŝŐŚƚŶŽƟĨLJƚŚĞWŽĨĂƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚƌĞƉŽƌƚ͕ƚŚĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞŵĞŶƚŽĨĂ
ŵŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐLJĐůĞ͕ŽƌƚŚĞƚƌĂĐŬŝŶŐŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨƚŚĞ
ƐŚŝƉŵĞŶƚ͘ŐĂŝŶ͕ƚŚĞƐĞŶŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĞŝƚŚĞƌĚŝƐƉůĂLJĞĚŽŶƚŚĞ
ĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƉŽƌƚĂůŽƌƐĞŶƚǀŝĂĞͲŵĂŝů͘ƐĂŶƵŶĚĞƌůLJŝŶŐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽů
WƌŝŶƚdĂůŬŵŝŐŚƚďĞĚĞƉůŽLJĞĚƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐŽďũĞĐƚƐ^ƚĂƚƵƐZĞͲ
ƋƵĞƐƚĂŶĚKƌĚĞƌ^ƚĂƚƵƐZĞƐƉŽŶƐĞ͘
ƵƌŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͕ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƚLJƉĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵW
ƚŽWW͕ŶĂŵĞůLJĂŶŽƌĚĞƌĐŚĂŶŐĞ͘/ŶƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ĐŽŶĮƌŵĞĚŽƌĚĞƌƐĂƌĞ
ŝŵŵƵƚĂďůĞ͕ďƵƚĂůĂƐ͕ŝƚŝƐƌĂƚŚĞƌĐŽŵŵŽŶƚŽĨŽƌǁĂƌĚũŽďƌĞǀŝƐŝŽŶƐ͘

2.3 Material Procurement

ƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶƉƌŽĐƵƌĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJǁŽƌƚŚǁŚŝůĞŝĨŵĂŶLJ
ĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŬŝŶĚƐŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝŶƐŵĂůůƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐ͘ǁĞď
ŽīƐĞƚƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƚŚĂƚŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJƵƐĞƐŽŶůLJĂĨĞǁĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĂŶĚƉůĂƚĞƐǁŝůůŚĂǀĞĂĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬĂŐƌĞĞŵĞŶƚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌĂŶĚƚŚƵƐǁŝůůŶŽƚŶĞĞĚŶĞǁƋƵŽƚĞƐǁŚĞŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂů
ŝƐŽƌĚĞƌĞĚ͘dŚĞƐĂŵĞĐĂŶĂƉƉůLJƚŽĂǁĞďͲƚŽͲƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͘/ŶƚŚĞĐĂƐĞ
ŽĨĐŽŵŵĞƌĐŝĂůŽīƐĞƚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐǁŝƚŚƐŚŽƌƚƉƌŝŶƚƌƵŶƐ͕ŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌ
ŚĂŶĚ͕ŝƚŵĂŬĞƐƐĞŶƐĞƚŽĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶŝŶŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽĐƵƌĞͲ
ŵĞŶƚ͘/ŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͕/ĂƌĞĂƐƐƵŵŝŶŐƐƵĐŚĂƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶ͘
DĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚďĞŐŝŶƐǁŝƚŚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶŝŶŐǁŚĞƚŚĞƌƚŚĞƌĞŝƐ
ĞŶŽƵŐŚŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͛ƐƐƚŽĐŬ͘KŶůLJŝĨ
ƚŚŝƐƋƵĞƐƟŽŶŝƐĂŶƐǁĞƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞŶĞŐĂƟǀĞ;ďLJƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŵĂŶͲ
ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵͿŵƵƐƚŶĞŐŽƟĂƟŽŶƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐďĞŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚ͘
dŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶŵĂŶLJƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ
ŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐŝƐƐƟůůǀĞƌLJƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽĨ
ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ƉůĂƚĞƐ͕ŝŶŬƐ͕ŽƌŽƚŚĞƌŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐ͘KŌĞŶ͕ƐŽŵĞ
ĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͛ƐƉƵƌĐŚĂƐŝŶŐĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĐĂůůƐƚŚĞƐĂůĞƐ
ĚĞƉĂƌƚŵĞŶƚĂƚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ͕ůĞĂƌŶƐƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŝĐĞƐ͕
ĂŶĚƉůĂĐĞƐƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌŽǀĞƌƚŚĞƉŚŽŶĞŽƌůĂƚĞƌďLJƐĞŶĚŝŶŐĂŶĞͲŵĂŝůͬ
ƚĞůĞĨĂdž͘;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲnͿdŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌǁŝůůƚŚĞŶĨĞĞĚ
ƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽŚŝƐD/^ĂŶĚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŽƚŚĞWW͕ŝŶĐůƵĚŝŶŐ
ƚŚĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJƐůŝƉ͘;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲoͿdŚĞŝŶǀŽŝĐĞŝƐƐĞŶƚďLJƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ
ŵĂŝů͘;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲnͿdŚĞWWŶĞĞĚƐƚŽŵĂŶƵĂůůLJƚLJƉĞƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽ
ƚŚĞǁĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵĂŶĚͬŽƌŝŶƚŽƚŚĞD/^͘
dŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌůLJƵŶƐĂƟƐĨĂĐƚŽƌLJĨŽƌƚŚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨ
ĂƋƵŽƚĞ͘ŝƚŚĞƌƚŚĞWW͛ƐĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞŚĂƐĂƉƌŝĐĞŝĚĞĂĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞ͕ŽƌŚĞƵƐĞƐƉŽƚĞŶƟĂůůLJŽƵƚĚĂƚĞĚƉƌŝĐĞƐŝŶŚŝƐĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ
;ĞŶƚĞƌĞĚĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞůĂƐƚŽƌĚĞƌͿ͕ŽƌŚĞŵƵƐƚĐŽŶƚĂĐƚƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌ

21
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌƌĞƉĞĂƚĞĚůLJ͘dŚĞůĂƩĞƌŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƉƌŽďůĞŵĂƟĐǁŚĞŶŽŶĞ
ĐŽŶƐŝĚĞƌƐƚŚĂƚŵĂŶLJƋƵŽƚĂƟŽŶƐĚŽŶŽƚůĞĂĚƚŽĂƉƵƌĐŚĂƐĞŽƌĚĞƌ͘

Print Provider

Warehouse MIS Purchasing


o p s t n q r

Warehouse MIS Sales E-Shop

Material Supplier

Figure 2.7: Communication between print provider and consumable supplier

dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐŽŵĞǀĞƌLJƐƉĞĐŝĂůƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƚƌĞĂŵůŝŶŝŶŐƚŚĞǁŽƌŬͲ
ŇŽǁ͗

x dŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƐĂƉƌŝĐĞůŝƐƚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞD/^͕
ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞĂƐĂ^sĮůĞŽŶĂƌĞŐƵůĂƌďĂƐŝƐ͕ĂŶĚƐĞŶĚƐŝƚĂƐĂŶ
ĞͲŵĂŝůĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƚŽƚŚĞWW͘dŚĞWWŝŵƉŽƌƚƐƚŚĞůŝƐƚŝŶƚŽŚŝƐ
D/^ŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽŵĂŬĞƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJǀĂůŝĚƉƌŝĐĞƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶŽĨƋƵŽƚĞƐ͘;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲpͿ͘dŚĞWWĐĂŶƚŚƵƐ
ƵƉĚĂƚĞƚŚĞD/^ĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞĨŽƌĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƚLJƉĞŽĨĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐ
;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐͿĨƌŽŵƚŚŝƐƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ͘
x dŚĞWWƐĞŶĚƐŽƌĚĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌĂƐĞͲŵĂŝůĂƩĂĐŚŵĞŶƚƐ;ŝŶ
yD>ŽƌƐŽŵĞŽƚŚĞƌƚĞdžƚĨŽƌŵĂƚͿ͘dŚŝƐŵŝŐŚƚĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚ
ŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ͛ƐD/^͘;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲqͿ
x dŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌŝŶǀĞƐƚƐŝŶĂŶĞͲĐŽŵŵĞƌĐĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ
ƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞWWĐĂŶƉůĂĐĞŽƌĚĞƌƐŽŶůŝŶĞ͘dŚŝƐƐŝŵƉůŝĮĞƐƚŚĞ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌ͕ĂůƚŚŽƵŐŚƚŚĞWWƐƟůů
ŚĂƐƚŽĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞƌĞƋƵĞƐƚŵĂŶƵĂůůLJ͘;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲrͿ
x dŚĞWWƐĐĂŶƐĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJŶŽƚĞƐĂŶĚŝŶǀŽŝĐĞƐǁŝƚŚKZŽƌĂƵƚŽͲ
ŵĂƟĐĂůůLJĂŶĂůLJnjĞƐĞͲŵĂŝůƐĨƌŽŵƚŚĞƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƐŝŵͲ
ƉůŝĨLJƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝŶƉƵƚŝŶƚŽŚŝƐǁĂƌĞŚŽƵƐĞŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ
ŽƌŚŝƐD/^͘

22
Chapter 2

ůůŽĨƚŚĞƐĞĂƌĞǀĞƌLJŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĨŽƌƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶƐ͘
/ŶƚŚĞĨƵƚƵƌĞ͕ĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐŝŶǀŽŝĐŝŶŐŵŝŐŚƚďĞĐŽŵĞŵŽƌĞƉŽƉƵůĂƌ͘
dŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌ͛ƐD/^ǁŝůůŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĂW&ŝŶǀŽŝĐĞ͕ǁŚŝĐŚ
ĞŵďĞĚƐĂůůƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĚĂƚĂ;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂƐĂŶyD>ƌĞĐŽƌĚͿŝŶĂŵĂͲ
ĐŚŝŶĞͲƌĞĂĚĂďůĞĨŽƌŵĂƚ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲsͿ͘dŚĞh'&ĞZƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂƟŽŶ͕
ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŵĂŬĞƐƚŚŝƐƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ;&ŽƌƵŵĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶŝƐĐŚĞZĞĐŚŶƵŶŐ
ĞƵƚƐĐŚůĂŶĚ͕ϮϬϮϬͿ͘ ĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ;ďLJtϯͿ
ǁĞďƐĞƌǀŝĐĞŝƐĂƐŽŌͲ
ůůƚŚĞƐĞƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐĂůůŽǁŽŶůLJƐŽŵĞŬŝŶĚŽĨƐĞŵŝͲĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐǁŽƌŬͲ ǁĂƌĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĚĞƐŝŐŶĞĚ
ŇŽǁƐ͘dŚĞĨƵůůLJĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐƐŽůƵƟŽŶ͕ŽŶƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌŚĂŶĚ͕ŝƐƚŚĂƚ ƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŝŶƚĞƌŽƉĞƌĂďůĞ
ƚŚĞWW͛ƐŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐ ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞͲƚŽͲŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŝŶͲ
ƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞyD>ĚĂƚĂĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŝƌĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ ƚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶŽǀĞƌĂŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘
ǀŝĂĂǁĞďƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϳͲtͿ͘WƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ĐĂŶƚŚƵƐďĞŽƌĚĞƌĞĚĨƵůůLJĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐĐŚĞĚͲ
ƵůĞĚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐĚĂƚĞŝŶůŝŶĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕
ĐŚĂŶŐĞƐŝŶĚĂƚĞƐ͕ƋƵĂŶƟƟĞƐĂŶĚĂƌƟĐůĞƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚ
ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͘ZŝŐŚƚŶŽǁ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƐƵĐŚĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚLJĞƚ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚ͕ĂŶĚD/^ƐLJƐƚĞŵƐŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůǀĞŶĚŽƌƐŚĂǀĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ǁĞďƐĞƌǀŝĐĞůŝŶŬƐ;ŝĨƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞŽŶĞĂƚĂůůͿ͘,ĞŶĐĞ͕ƚŚĞWW͛ƐD/^ŵƵƐƚ
ƐƵƉƉŽƌƚǀĂƌŝŽƵƐĨŽƌŵĂƚƐ͘
WƌŝŶƚƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƌƐŶŽƌŵĂůůLJŶĞĞĚƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚŵĂŶLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ĐŽŶƐƵŵĂďůĞƐƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌƐ͘tŝƚŚĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞŵ͕ƚŚĞŵĞƚŚŽĚŽĨĐŽŵŵƵͲ
ŶŝĐĂƟŽŶŵĂLJďĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůĐŽŵƉůĞdžŝƚLJ͘
WŽƐƐŝďůĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĂƟŽŶĐŽƵůĚďĞĂĐŚŝĞǀĞĚǀŝĂƉůĂƞŽƌŵƐƚŽǁŚŝĐŚ
ƚŚĞWW͛ƐD/^ĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƐ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘ϲͿ͘

2.4 Production
dŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŇŽŽƌŚĂƐƚƌĂĚŝƟŽŶĂůůLJďĞĞŶƚŚĞƉŝŽŶĞĞƌŝŶǁŽƌŬͲ
ŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘/ŶƚŚĞϭϵϵϬƐ͕ĮƌƐƚĂƩĞŵƉƚƐǁĞƌĞŵĂĚĞƚŽĂƵƚŽͲ
ŵĂƚĞŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŚĞůƉŽĨĂƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚͲ
ŝnjĞĚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϮͿ͘ƚƚŚĞƚƵƌŶŽĨƚŚĞŵŝůůĞŶŶŝƵŵ͕
ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶĞīŽƌƚǁĂƐƚĂŬĞŶŵƵĐŚĨƵƌƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ƉƵďůŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ:ŽďĞĮŶŝƟŽŶ&ŽƌŵĂƚ;^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϯͿ͘
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϰŝŶ^ĞĐƟŽŶϮ͘Ϯ͘ϭƐŚŽǁƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƚŚƐĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŶŐŝŶĐŽŵͲ
ŝŶŐŽƌĚĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞ
ĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŵĞƚŚŽĚƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD/^ƵƐĞƐƚŽƐĞŶĚũŽďĚĂƚĂƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶ;ŽŌĞŶƵƐŝŶŐƚŚĞ:&Žƌy:&ĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚ͕ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶƐϰ͘ϯ
ĂŶĚϰ͘ϰͿ͘tϮWŽƌĚĞƌƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŵŝŐŚƚďĞĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ
ĚƵĐƟŽŶŇŽŽƌǀŝĂĂĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉĂƚŚ͘dŚŝƐĐŽƵůĚďĞĐĂƵƐĞĚďLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐƚŚĂƚĂƌĞĚĞƉůŽLJĞĚĨŽƌďŽƚŚĂƌĞĂƐ͘
Note
dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĞīŽƌƚƐƚŽƵŶŝĨLJƚŚĞƐĞĐŚĂŶŶĞůƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞ
ŚĞůƉŽĨĂŶD/^ŽƌƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞ͞ŵŝĚĚůĞǁĂƌĞ͟ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ͘dŚŝƐŵŽĚƵůĞ DŝĚĚůĞǁĂƌĞŝƐĂƚLJƉĞ
ǁŽƵůĚŐĂƚŚĞƌĂůůƚŚĞŽƌĚĞƌƐĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƚĚĂƚĂ͕ĂƐƐŝŐŶƚŚĞŵĂƵƚŽŵĂƟͲ ŽĨĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ
ƚŚĂƚŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ĐĂůůLJ͕ĂŶĚďƵŶĚůĞƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĨŽƌƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ͗ ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͘/ƚĐĂŶďĞ
ĚĞƐĐƌŝďĞĚĂƐ͞ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ
x dĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ ŐůƵĞ͘͟

23
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

x KƌĚĞƌƐƚŽĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůƐƵƉƉůŝĞƌƐ
x >ŽŐŝƐƟĐƐĐŽŵƉĂŶŝĞƐ
x /ŶƚĞƌŶĂůƐƚŽƌĂŐĞ

dŚŝƐƐƚƌĂƚĞŐLJƌĞĚƵĐĞƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐĂŶĚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŵŽĚͲ
ƵůĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ͘/ƚŵĂŬĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵŽƌĞƐƚƌĞĂŵͲ
ůŝŶĞĚĂŶĚĐŽƐƚͲĞīĞĐƟǀĞ͘/ƚƌĞĚƵĐĞƐŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞĂŶĚŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƐ
ŽǀĞƌĂůůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJ͘&ŽƌƚŚĞůĂƩĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐǁŽƌƚŚŵĞŶƟŽŶŝŶŐ
ĂƐĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞƚŚĂƚĐƌĞĂƟŶŐŐĂŶŐĨŽƌŵƐďĞĐŽŵĞƐŵŽƌĞĞĸĐŝĞŶƚ
ƚŚĞůĂƌŐĞƌĂũŽďƉŽŽůŐĞƚƐ͘
KĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕ƚŚĞƐŝŶŐůĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶD/^ͬŵŝĚĚůĞǁĂƌĞĂŶĚ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐŚŽǁŶŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϴŝƐĂŶŝĚĞĂůŝnjĞĚƐŬĞƚĐŚďĞĐĂƵƐĞĚŝĨͲ
ĨĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐŝĞƐĂŶĚƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƐƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂŶĚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘dŚĞLJĚŽŶŽƚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌŝůLJŚĂǀĞƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝͲ
ĐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚĂƵŶŝǀĞƌƐĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝŶƚƵƌŶĞdžĐŚĂŶŐͲ
ĞƐĚĂƚĂǁŝƚŚƚŚĞD/^͕ďƵƚŵĂLJĂůƐŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚͲ
ůLJǀŝĂƚŚĞD/^͘
DĂŶLJĚĞǀŝĐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌĞƐƐĞƐŽƌƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐĂƌĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵͲ
ĂůůLJĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚǁŝƚŚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŶĞƚǁŽƌŬ͘ƚƟŵĞƐ͕ĂƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌŐŽǀĞƌŶƐƚŚĞƐĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐƵƌĞϭ͘ϭŝŶ^ĞĐƟŽŶϭͿ͘/Ŷ
ƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŽŌĞŶĐŽǀĞƌĂĨĞǁƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͕ŶŽƌͲ
ŵĂůůLJƵŶĚĞƌƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶŽĨĂŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌ;ƐĞĞŶĞdžƚƐĞĐƟŽŶͿ͘

Print
ERP
Buyer

mobile
r mobile
Cloud W2P
Storage Apps
s q o n r
business business business business
data data data p data

FTP W2P File

Portal MIS
Server Apps Server

Print
Middleware Provider

Ware-
Production
house

Figure 2.8: Communication between print provider and print buyer

24
Chapter 2

ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ;tD^Ϳ͕ĞdžĞĐƵƚĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘/ƚƐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂƌĐŚŝƚĞĐƚƵƌĞŝƐƋƵŝƚĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĐŽŵƉĂƌĞĚ
ƚŽĂƐƚĂŶĚͲĂůŽŶĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘>Ğƚ͛ƐĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚŝƐŝŶϮ͘ϰ͘Ϯ͘dŚĞŵŽƐƚ
ŶĞƚǁŽƌŬĞĚŵŽĚƵůĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚŝƐƚŚĞĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐ
ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚ;Ϯ͘ϰ͘ϰͿ͘dŚŝƐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŝƐ͕ŝŶĂǁĂLJ͕ƚŚĞĐŚĂŵƉŝŽŶŽĨ
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂƵƚŽŵĂƟŽŶ͘

2.4.1 Applications for Production

ƚĮƌƐƚŐůĂŶĐĞ͕ŝƚƐĞĞŵƐƚŚĂƚĞǀĞƌLJĚĞǀŝĐĞĂŶĚĞǀĞƌLJƐŽŌǁĂƌĞ
ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶŝƐƌĞƐƉŽŶƐŝďůĞĨŽƌĂƐŝŶŐůĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ƚƐĞĐŽŶĚŐůĂŶĐĞ͕
ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŶƵŵĞƌŽƵƐĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŵŝŐŚƚĐŽŵĞƚŽŵŝŶĚƚŚĂƚĐĂŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞ
ŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶŽŶĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘ƐƚƌŝŬŝŶŐĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨƚŚŝƐŝƐĂƐĂĚĚůĞƐƟƚĐŚͲ
Ğƌ͕ǁŚŝĐŚĐŽůůĞĐƚƐĂŶĚƐƟƚĐŚĞƐ͘dŚĞƐĞĂƌĞƚǁŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
ǀĞŶĂĐŽŶǀĞŶƟŽŶĂůƐŚĞĞƚŽīƐĞƚƉƌĞƐƐĐĂŶĚŽŵŽƌĞƚŚĂŶƉƌŝŶƚ
ƚŚĞƐĞĚĂLJƐʹŝƚŵĂLJĂůƐŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽǀĂƌŶŝƐŚŝŶŐ͕ƉĞƌĨŽƌĂƚĞ͕ĚŝĞͲĐƵƚ͕
ĞŵďŽƐƐ͕ĂŶĚĐƌĞĂƐĞ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ŝƚŝƐƐƟůůƚƌƵĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŵĂŝŶƚĂƐŬŽĨ
ƐƵĐŚĂƉƌĞƐƐŝƐƚŽƉƌŝŶƚ͘dŚĞƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶŝƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁŝƚŚĂǁĞďŽīƐĞƚ
ƉƌĞƐƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞĂĚĚŝƟŽŶĂůĞƋƵŝƉŵĞŶƚƐƵĐŚĂƐĂĨŽůĚĞƌĂŶĚĂĐƵƩĞƌŝƐ
ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘ŝŐŝƚĂůƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉƌĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽĨƌĞƋƵĞŶƚůLJƐƵƉƉůŝĞĚǁŝƚŚ
ŝŶůŝŶĞĮŶŝƐŚŝŶŐŵŽĚƵůĞƐ͘
EĞǀĞƌƚŚĞůĞƐƐ͕ŝƚŝƐƐƟůůƚƌƵĞĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƐ
ƚŚĂƚ͕ĂƐĂƌƵůĞ͕ĂŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŚĂƐŽŶůLJŽŶĞŵĂŝŶĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ͕ŝ͘Ğ͘ŝƚ
ĞdžĞĐƵƚĞƐĂƐŝŶŐůĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘/ŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐĂƌĞĂ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚŝŶŐƐ
ĂƌĞĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ͘,ĞƌĞ͕ƚŽŽ͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƐƟůůƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƉƌŽͲ
ŐƌĂŵƐƚŚĂƚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞŽŶůLJĂƐŝŶŐůĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚŽƌĐŽůŽƌ
ĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶ͘/ŶƌĞĐĞŶƚLJĞĂƌƐƚŚŽƵŐŚ͕ƚŚĞĨƵŶĐƟŽŶĂůŝƚLJŽĨŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂů
ĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐŚĂƐŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚůLJ͘ƚLJƉŝĐĂůƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚƉƌŽŐƌĂŵ
ŶŽǁĂĚĂLJƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽĮdžĞƌƌŽƌƐŽĨĂW&ĮůĞ͕ŵĂŶƵĂůůLJŽƌĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůͲ
ůLJ͕ĂŶĚĐŽŶǀĞƌƚƚŚĞĮůĞŝŶƚŽƐŽŵĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌŵĂƚ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐW&ͬy
ŽƌW&ͬͿ͘/ŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐĂŶĚĐŽůŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞ
ƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞW&ĞĚŝƚŽƌ͛ƐƐĐŽƉĞŽĨƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘
ďŽƵƚϮϬLJĞĂƌƐĂŐŽ͕ƌĂƐƚĞƌŝŵĂŐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐƚŽŐĞƚŚĞƌǁŝƚŚŝŵƉŽͲ
ƐŝƟŽŶƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŚĂǀĞĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŝŶƚŽǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶ
ĐŽǀĞƌĂǁŝĚĞƌĂŶŐĞŽĨƚĂƐŬƐ͘^ƵĐŚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŝƐŽŌĞŶĐĂůůĞĚĂworkͲ
ŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ;tD^ͿŽƌũƵƐƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘>Ğƚ͛Ɛ
ĚŝƐĐƵƐƐƚŚĞŵŝŶƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐƐĞĐƟŽŶ͘dŚĞĚŝƐƟŶĐƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶĂŶĚtD^ŝƐƐŽŵĞǁŚĂƚďůƵƌƌĞĚ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͘dŚĞ
ƚĞƌŵƐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵŽƌǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƌĞŶŽǁ
ĂůƐŽƵƐĞĚĨŽƌǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐŽůƵƟŽŶƐŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐƐĞĐƚŽƌ͘
ƚƚŚĞƐĂŵĞƟŵĞ͕Z/WƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJŚĂƐĚĞǀĞůŽƉĞĚŝŶƚŽŝŐŝƚĂů&ƌŽŶƚ
ŶĚƐ;&ͿĨŽƌĚŝŐŝƚĂůƉƌĞƐƐĞƐ͘

2.4.2 :RUNLJRZ0DQDJHPHQW6\VWHP
/ŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĂƌĞŽŌĞŶŚĂŶĚůĞĚŶŽƚďLJŝƐŽůĂƚĞĚ͕
ƐƚĂŶĚͲĂůŽŶĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƐ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌďLJĂƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘^ƵĐŚ
ĂƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůŵŽĚƵůĞƐͬĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚĞĂĐŚŽĨ

25
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ƚŚĞŵŝŶƚƵƌŶĐĂŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞŽŶĞŽƌŵŽƌĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘dŚĞĞŶƟƌĞƚLJŽĨĂůů
ŵŽĚƵůĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŝƚƐĞůĨŝƐĐĂůůĞĚĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶͲ
ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ;tD^Ϳ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŝƐĐĂůůĞĚƚŚĞĐŽƌĞ͕
ĂŶĚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŵŽĚƵůĞƐͬĚĞǀŝĐĞƐĂƌĞĐĂůůĞĚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ͘
tD^ŝƐƚŚĞƌĞĨŽƌĞŶŽƚĂŵŽŶŽůŝƚŚŝĐĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶƚŚĂƚĨƵůĮůƐŵĂŶLJ
ƚĂƐŬƐ͕ďƵƚƌĂƚŚĞƌĂĐŽŶŐůŽŵĞƌĂƚĞŽĨǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐƚŚĂƚĐŽŵŵƵͲ
ŶŝĐĂƚĞǁŝƚŚĞĂĐŚŽƚŚĞƌǀŝĂŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƐĂŶĚĂďŽǀĞĂůůǁŝƚŚƚŚĞĐŽƌĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞtD^͘dŚĞĐŽƌĞŝŶŝƟĂƚĞƐĂŶĚĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞ
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ;ƐĞĞ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͿ͘

User Workflow Management System (WMS)

p

WMS User Interface

MIS WMS Core q Data-

o base

n
r File
Server
Preflight CMS T
Trapping Im
Imposition
n RIPing CtP
Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine

s
Platesetter
)LJXUH,QWHUIDFHVRIDZRUNLJRZPDQDJHPHQWV\VWHPLQSUHSUHVV

Note
D^ƐƚĂŶĚƐĨŽƌĐŽůŽƌ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ͘
ŽůŽƌŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚŝƐƚŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞĚĐŽŶǀĞƌƐŝŽŶŽĨ
ĐŽůŽƌďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞĐŽůŽƌ
ƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶƐŽĨǀĂƌŝŽƵƐ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͘
dŚƌĞĞƉƌŽƉĞƌƟĞƐĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝnjĞĂtD^͗
x dŚĞƌĞŝƐĂĐŽŵŵŽŶƵƐĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞĨŽƌĂůůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ͘
x tD^ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌĐĂŶŵŽĚĞůƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐŚĂŝŶƐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝͲ
ŽƵƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞĨƌĂŵĞǁŽƌŬŽĨƚŚĞtD^͘
x tD^ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌĐĂŶĚĞĮŶĞĚĞĨĂƵůƚǀĂůƵĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞǁŽƌŬͲ
ŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͘

'ĞŶĞƌĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌƵƐĞƐĂŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƵƐĞƌŝŶͲ
ƚĞƌĨĂĐĞƚŽĐŽŵƉŝůĞǀŝƐƵĂůůLJĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŝŶƚŽĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ĐŚĂŝŶ͘ƌƌŽǁƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚƚŽĐŽŶŶĞĐƚƚŚĞŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŝĐŽŶƐƚŽƐƉĞĐŝĨLJ
ƚŚĞƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞĂŶĚĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐŝĞƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘&ƵƌƚŚĞƌŵŽƌĞ͕
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉƌŽƉĞƌƚLJƚĂďůĞƐĐĂŶƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐǁŝƚŚ
ŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐĂŶĚĚĞĨĂƵůƚƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭϬƐŚŽǁƐĂŶĞdžĂŵƉůĞ
ŽĨĂŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͘dŚŝƐƐŝŵƉůĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƌĞƋƵŝƌĞƐW&ĂŶĚ:&ĮůĞƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚƉƌŝŶƚũŽďĂƐŝŶƉƵƚ͘/ƚ
ƚŚĞŶƐŽƌƚƐƚŚĞW&ƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƉĂƉĞƌƚŚĞLJǁŝůůďĞƉƌŝŶƚĞĚŽŶ͘
dŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶƚŚĞ:&ĮůĞ͘dŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶĂŐĞͲ
ŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵŝŶƚŚŝƐĞdžĂŵƉůĞŝƐ^ǁŝƚĐŚĨƌŽŵŶĨŽĐƵƐ͘dŚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂů
ĨĞĂƚƵƌĞŽĨƚŚŝƐtD^ŝƐƚŚĂƚŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞƌĞƐƵůƚƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞŝŶĚŝͲ

26
Chapter 2

Figure 2.10:
'HVLJQLQJDZRUNLJRZZLWK
DZRUNLJRZPDQDJHPHQW
system

vidual processes or phases can be accessed in graphical objects

looking like folders, which makes it easy to check whether the
processes are doing what they are supposed to.
dŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽƌĞƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJ
ƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌĚĂƚĂƐŽƚŚĂƚƚŚĞLJĐĂŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘dŚĞĐŽƌĞŝŶ
ƚƵƌŶƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƐƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ

x džƚĞƌŶĂůũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞŝƐƐƵĞĚďLJĂŶD/^;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵ
ͲoͿ
x ZĞƐƵůƚǀĂůƵĞƐĨƌŽŵƉƌĞĐĞĚŝŶŐǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞ
tD^;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲnͿ
x ĞĨĂƵůƚǀĂůƵĞƐŽĨƚŚĞtD^ƐĞƚďLJĂƐLJƐƚĞŵĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌǀŝĂ
ƚŚĞƵƐĞƌŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲpͿ
x sĂůƵĞƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞtD^ŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌĞŶƚĞƌƐŝŶĚŝĂůŽŐǁŝŶĚŽǁƐŽĨ
ƚŚĞtD^;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲpͿ
x sĂůƵĞƐĞdžƚƌĂĐƚĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĚĂƚĂ

tŚĞŶLJŽƵƵƐĞĂtD^͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĂƚůĞĂƐƚƚǁŽƵƐĞƌƌŽůĞƐ͗tŚŝůĞƚŚĞ
ĂĚŵŝŶŝƐƚƌĂƚŽƌƐĞƚƐƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĂŶĚĚĞĮŶĞƐƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ
ĐŚĂŝŶƐĨŽƌǀĂƌŝŽƵƐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƌŽƵƚĞƐ͕ĂtD^ŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌǁŝůůĐŚĂŶŐĞ
ƉƌĞĚĞĮŶĞĚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐĂŶĚƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐŝŶĂĨĞǁĐĂƐĞƐĨŽƌĂŶŝŶĚŝͲ
ǀŝĚƵĂůũŽďŽŶůLJ͘^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚũŽďƐĐĂŶƚŚƵƐƉĂƐƐƚŚƌŽƵŐŚĂtD^ĐŽŵͲ
ƉůĞƚĞůLJĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͕ĂƚůĞĂƐƚŝŶƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐ͘dŚŝƐŝƐĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJƚƌƵĞĨŽƌ
ŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƐĂƚtϮWƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƐ͘
ŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶǁŝƚŚŝŶƚŚĞtD^;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲnͿĐĂŶďĞŚĂŶĚůĞĚ
ďLJ͗

x sĞŶĚŽƌͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĚĂƚĂĨŽƌŵĂƚƐ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŝǀĂƚĞyD>Ϳ
x ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ:&Žƌy:&
x ĐŽŵďŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨƚŚĞƚǁŽ

/ĨƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚŝnjĞĚũŽďƟĐŬĞƚĨŽƌŵĂƚƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚ͕ĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞŝƐ
ĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚĂũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌ͘/ŶƚŚĞŽƌLJ͕ũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐ
ĨŽƌĂƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞĂďůĞŝĨƚŚĞLJĂƌĞďĂƐĞĚŽŶƚŚĞ
ƐĂŵĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ͘dŚƵƐ͕ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĂƟŽŶƚŚĞƌĞŵŝŐŚƚďĞĂ

27
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ĐŚŽŝĐĞŽĨũŽďƟĐŬĞƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌƐĨƌŽŵƐĞǀĞƌĂůŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƐ͘dŚŝƐ
ŝƐŶŽƚĂůǁĂLJƐƚƌƵĞ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂŶĚƐƵĐŚĂĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŵƵƐƚďĞ
ĂŶĂůLJnjĞĚĂŶĚƚĞƐƚĞĚǀĞƌLJƚŚŽƌŽƵŐŚůLJŝŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ͘hŶĨŽƌƚƵŶĂƚĞůLJ͕Ă
ŶŽƌŵĂůƵƐĞƌĐĂŶŶŽƚĂĐĐŽŵƉůŝƐŚƚŚŝƐʹƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌŽƌƐŽŵĞ
ƐƉĞĐŝĂůŝnjĞĚŝŶƚĞŐƌĂƚŽƌŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚ͘
ŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ/dŝŶĨƌĂƐƚƌƵĐƚƵƌĞ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐŽĨƚŚĞtD^
ĐŽƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞƐĂƌĞŵŽƐƚůLJƋƵŝƚĞŇĞdžŝďůĞ͘dŚĞĐŽƌĞ
ĂŶĚƚŚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞƐŵŝŐŚƚďĞŝŶƐƚĂůůĞĚŽŶŽŶĞŽƌŽŶƐĞǀĞƌĂůĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚ
ƐĞƌǀĞƌƐ͘dŚŝƐƉƌŽǀŝĚĞƐƐĐĂůĂďŝůŝƚLJ͘ŶĞŶŐŝŶĞĐĂŶĂĐƚƵĂůůLJďĞŝŶͲ
ƐƚĂůůĞĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞWW͛ƐƉƌĞŵŝƐĞƐ͞ŝŶƚŚĞĐůŽƵĚ͕͟ǁŝƚŚĐŽŵŵƵŶŝͲ
ĐĂƟŽŶƚĂŬŝŶŐƉůĂĐĞǀŝĂǁĞďƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ͘ZĞĐĞŶƚůLJ͕ŵĂŶLJtD^ǀĞŶĚŽƌƐ
ŚĂǀĞďĞŐƵŶŽīĞƌŝŶŐƚŚĞŝƌĞŶƟƌĞƐLJƐƚĞŵĂƐĂĐůŽƵĚͲďĂƐĞĚƐĞƌǀŝĐĞ
;^^Ϳ͘dŚĞƌĞŵŝŐŚƚĂůƐŽďĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůŝŶƐƚĂŶĐĞƐŽĨĂŶĞŶŐŝŶĞƌƵŶŶŝŶŐ
ƐŝŵƵůƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƐƚƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞ͘
dŚĞĐŽŵŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽƌĞĂŶĚƚŚĞǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ
ĞŶŐŝŶĞƐŝƐďŝĚŝƌĞĐƟŽŶĂů͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ƚŚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞƐƐĞŶĚƐƚĂƚƵƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ
ďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞĐŽƌĞ͘
dŚĞĚĂƚĂĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞtD^ĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƵƚƐŝĚĞǁŽƌůĚŝƐ
ŶŽƌŵĂůůLJďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚĨŽƌŵĂƚƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ:&ͬy:&ŝŶ&ŝŐƵƌĞ
Ϯ͘ϵͲo͘dŚŝƐũŽďƟĐŬĞƚĚĂƚĂǁŽƵůĚƐƚĞŵĨƌŽŵĂŶD/^ŽƌƐŽŵĞ
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͘/ƚĂůƐŽŵŝŐŚƚďĞĐŽŶŶĞĐƚĞĚƚŽĂƉŽƌƚĂůƐLJƐƚĞŵ
ŝŶǁŚŝĐŚĐƵƐƚŽŵĞƌƐĐĂŶŵĂŶĂŐĞƚŚĞŝƌũŽďƐ͕ƵƉůŽĂĚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĚĂƚĂ͕
ĐŚĞĐŬŵŽŶŝƚŽƌƉƌŽŽĨƐ͕ƐƉĞĐŝĨLJĐŽƌƌĞĐƟŽŶƌĞƋƵĞƐƚƐ͕ŽƌŐŝǀĞĂƉƉƌŽǀͲ
ĂůƐ͘dŚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶŝƐĨŽƌǁĂƌĚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞtD^͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚ
ĚĂƚĂŝƐĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJƌŽƵƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚũŽď͘ŽŶǀĞƌƐĞůLJ͕ĂtD^
ĐĂŶĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĂƚƵƐƚŽƚŚĞƉŽƌƚĂůƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞĐƵƐͲ
ƚŽŵĞƌĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘
&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲsƌĞƉƌĞƐĞŶƚƐƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶƚŚĞƚWĞŶŐŝŶĞ
ŽĨƚŚĞtD^ĂŶĚƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůƚWĚĞǀŝĐĞ͘dŚĞĞŶŐŝŶĞŵŝŐŚƚĨŽƌǁĂƌĚ
d/&&ͲŝŵĂŐĞƐƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘ŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůďŝƚŵĂƉƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚĐŽůŽƌ
ƐĞƉĂƌĂƟŽŶ͘^ƚĂƚƵƐĂŶĚĞƌƌŽƌŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐŵŝŐŚƚŐŽƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƐŝƚĞǁĂLJ͘
EŽƚĞƚŚĂƚĂtD^ŽŌĞŶŶĞĞĚƐƚŽĂĐĐĞƐƐĞdžƚĞƌŶĂůĚĂƚĂʹĞŝƚŚĞƌĮůĞƐ
ĨƌŽŵƚŚĞĮůĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲqͿŽƌƌĞĐŽƌĚƐĨƌŽŵĂĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞ
;&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϵͲrͿ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞůŝƐƚŽĨĂůůĐƵƌƌĞŶƚũŽďƐŝŶƚŚĞƐLJƐͲ
ƚĞŵŝƐƵƐƵĂůůLJƐƚŽƌĞĚŝŶĂĚĂƚĂďĂƐĞƌĂƚŚĞƌƚŚĂŶƌĞƚƌŝĞǀĞĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞ
:&ĮůĞƐ͕ǁŚŝĐŚǁŽƵůĚďĞƉŽƐƐŝďůĞďƵƚƋƵŝƚĞƐůŽǁ͘
/ŶƉƌĞƐƐĂŶĚƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐ͕ĂtD^ŵŝŐŚƚŽŶůLJƐƵƉƉŽƌƚŽŶĞƚLJƉĞŽĨƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞƐƐͬĚĞǀŝĐĞƐƵĐŚĂƐƉƌŝŶƟŶŐŽƌĐƵƫŶŐ͕ƌĞƐƉĞĐƟǀĞůLJ͘,ĞƌĞƚŚĞŵĂŝŶ
ƚĂƐŬŽĨƐƵĐŚĂŶtD^ǁŽƵůĚďĞƚŽƚƌĂŶƐůĂƚĞƚŚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚũŽďƟĐŬĞƚ
ĨŽƌŵĂƚŝŶƚŽĚĞǀŝĐĞƐƉĞĐŝĮĐŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƟŽŶƐ͕ďĂůĂŶĐĞƚŚĞǁŽƌŬůŽĂĚ͕ĂŶĚ
ƉƌĞƉĂƌĞƚŚĞũŽďŽŋŝŶĞ͘dŚĞůĂƩĞƌĂůůŽǁƐũŽďͲƐƉĞĐŝĮĐƐĞƫŶŐƐƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐĐƵƫŶŐƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐƚŽďĞĚĞĮŶĞĚŽƵƚƐŝĚĞŽĨƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůĚĞǀŝĐĞŽŶ
ĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌĂŶĚƚŚƵƐŶŽƚƚŽďůŽĐŬƚŚĞŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞĞdžƉĞŶƐŝǀĞĚĞǀŝĐĞ
ĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƟŵĞ͘
tD^ŵĂŶĂŐĞƐƐĞǀĞƌĂůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͘&ƌŽŵĂŶĂďƐƚƌĂĐƚƉŽŝŶƚŽĨ

28
Chapter 2

ǀŝĞǁ͕ĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŝƐŵĂŶĂŐĞĚŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJďLJĂƐLJƐƚĞŵŽĨƌƵůĞƐ͕ǁŚĞƌĞ
ĂƌƵůĞĐŽŶƐŝƐƚƐŽĨĞǀĞŶƚƐ͕ŇŽǁĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͕ĂŶĚĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘
ǀĞŶƚƐĂƌĞƚƌŝŐŐĞƌƐůŝŬĞƚŚĞƐĞ͗

x :ŽďĂƌƌŝǀĞĚŝŶƋƵĞƵĞŽƌŚŽƚĨŽůĚĞƌŽƌŌƉͲƐŝƚĞŽƌƉŽƌƚĂů
x ƉƉƌŽǀĂůŚĂƐďĞĞŶŐƌĂŶƚĞĚ
x ^ŚĞĞƚŝƐƉŽƉƵůĂƚĞĚǁŝƚŚĐŽŶƚĞŶƚĚĂƚĂ
x WůĂƚĞƐŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶĞdžƉŽƐĞĚ

ŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂůďƌĂŶĐŚĞƐ;ŝĨͲƚŚĞŶƋƵĞƌŝĞƐ͕ůŽŽƉƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ͿŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚŇŽǁ 'HdžQLWLRQ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůƐ͘ŽŶĚŝƟŽŶĂůďƌĂŶĐŚĞƐĐĂŶďĞƌĞĮŶĞĚďLJƌĞŐƵůĂƌĞdžƉƌĞƐͲ
ƐŝŽŶƐ͘ ƌĞŐƵůĂƌĞdžƉƌĞƐƐŝŽŶ is a
ƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌƐ
ĐƟŽŶƐĂƌĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ;ďLJĂ ƚŚĂƚĚĞĮŶĞƐĂƉĂƩĞƌŶ͘
ǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĞŶŐŝŶĞͿ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂŶĂĐƟŽŶĐŽƵůĚďĞĂůƐŽũƵƐƚĂƉŚĂƐĞŽĨ
ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌĞǀĞŶũƵƐƚĂďĂƐŝĐƚĂƐŬ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐ͗

x džƚƌĂĐƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĨƌŽŵĚĂƚĂ͙
x ŽŶǀĞƌƚĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽ͙
x ŽƉLJĂĮůĞƚŽ͙
x ^ĞŶĚĂŶĞͲŵĂŝůƚŽ͙
x KƉĞŶĂĚŝĂůŽŐďŽdž͙

ĂĐŚĂĐƟŽŶƌĞĐĞŝǀĞƐĂƐƚĂƚƵƐĂŌĞƌŝƚƐĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͕
ǁĂƌŶŝŶŐ͕ĞƌƌŽƌͿƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞůŝŶŬĞĚƚŽŽƚŚĞƌĂĐƟŽŶƐ͘dŚĂƚŝƐ͕ĞĂĐŚ
ĂĐƟŽŶĞŶĚƐŝŵƉůŝĐŝƚůLJŽƌĞdžƉůŝĐŝƚůLJŝŶĂŇŽǁĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘/ŶŵŽƐƚĐĂƐĞƐ͕
ƚŚĞtD^ŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƉƌĞĚĞĮŶĞƐƚŚĞĂĐƟŽŶƐ͕ďƵƚŵŽƌĞĞdžƉĞƌŝͲ
ĞŶĐĞĚƵƐĞƌƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽǁƌŝƚĞƚŚĞŝƌŽǁŶŝŶƐŽŵĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚƐ;ƵƐŝŶŐ
ƉƌŽŐƌĂŵŵŝŶŐůĂŶŐƵĂŐĞƐƐƵĐŚĂƐsŝƐƵĂůĂƐŝĐƐŽƌ:ĂǀĂ^ĐƌŝƉƚͿ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞD/^͕ĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͕ŽƌĂtD^ŵƵƐƚďĞĂďůĞƚŽ
ŵĂƉƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚLJƉĞƐƚŽĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐ͘ďƵƐŝŶĞƐƐĐĂƌĚ͕
ĂĨŽůĚŝŶŐĐĂƌƚŽŶďŽdžǁŝƚŚĂůŝĚŽƌĂŚĂƌĚĐŽǀĞƌŬǁŝůůŽďǀŝŽƵƐůLJ
ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚǁŽƌŬŇŽǁƐĂŶĚĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƉĂƌƚƐ͘/ŶĨĂĐƚ͕
ƚŚŝŶŐƐĂƌĞĞǀĞŶŵŽƌĞĐŽŵƉůŝĐĂƚĞĚ͗dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞŵĂŶĚĂƚŽƌLJ͕ŽƉƟŽŶͲ
ĂůĂŶĚŝŵƉĞƌŵŝƐƐŝďůĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƐƚĞƉƐĨŽƌĞĂĐŚŽĨƚŚĞƐĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ
ƚLJƉĞƐ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐĚĞƉĞŶĚŶŽƚŽŶůLJŽŶ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚLJƉĞ͕ďƵƚĂůƐŽŽŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƚĞĐŚŶŽůŽŐLJ͘WƌŽĚƵĐŝŶŐĂ
ůĂďĞůŽŶ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂŇĞdžŽŐƌĂƉŚŝĐƉƌĞƐƐŝƐĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚĨƌŽŵƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ŝŶŐĂůĂďĞůŽŶĂĚŝŐŝƚĂůƉƌĞƐƐ͘
tD^ŐĂƚŚĞƌƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵŝƚƐĞŶŐŝŶĞƐ͕ĞĚŝƚƐĂŶĚǀŝƐƵĂůͲ
ŝnjĞƐƚŚĞĚĂƚĂ͕ĂŶĚƉĂƐƐĞƐŝƚƚŽƚŚĞD/^ŽƌƚŽƐŽŵĞŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͘
The devices can compile different types of data:

x DĞƐƐĂŐĞƐʹĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚĞŽĨĂŶĞŶŐŝŶĞƐƵĐŚ
ĂƐƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƉĞĞĚ

29
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

x ZĞƉŽƌƚƐͬƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐʹĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƐƵŵŵĂƌLJƉĞƌ
ũŽďĂŌĞƌĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŚĂƐďĞĞŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ;ŚŽǁŵĂŶLJŐŽŽĚͬďĂĚ
ƐŚĞĞƚƐǁĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚŝŶƚŽƚĂů͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ
x DĂĐŚŝŶĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůǀĂůƵĞƐʹĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞƉĂƌĂŵĞƚĞƌƐĞƫŶŐƐ
ŽĨǀĂĐƵƵŵͲƉŽǁĞƌĞĚƉŝĐŬƵƉƐƵĐŬĞƌƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĨĞĞĚĞƌ͕ĂŶĚĚĞůŝǀͲ
ĞƌLJŽƌƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůŝŶŬnjŽŶĞƐĞƫŶŐƐ

DĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĐĂŶďĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐďĂƌƐŽƌĂƐƚĂƚƵƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƚŽƌŽŶĂ
ĚĂƐŚďŽĂƌĚ͘WƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐĂƌĞƚŚĞďĂƐŝƐĨŽƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůůŝŶŐ͕ƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ĂŶĚ
ƉŽƐƚĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶ͘DĂĐŚŝŶĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůǀĂůƵĞƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĨƵůĨŽƌƌĞƉĞĂƚũŽďƐ͘

2.4.3 Operational Data

Note
KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂŝƐƐĞŶƚĨƌŽŵĚĞǀŝĐĞƐƚŽĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌŽƌĨƌŽŵĂĐŽŶͲ
KƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂŝƐŽŌĞŶ
ƚƌŽůůĞƌƚŽĂŶŽƚŚĞƌĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͕Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŚĞD/^͘dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞĨŽƵƌŵĂŝŶƌĞĂͲ
ĂůƐŽĐĂůůĞĚƐŚŽƉŇŽŽƌ
ĚĂƚĂ͘^ŚŽƉŇŽŽƌĚĂƚĂ
ƐŽŶƐǁŚLJŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŝƐŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚ͘
ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶŝƐĂďďƌĞǀŝĂƚĞĚ
ǁŝƚŚ^&͘ x ^ĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐŽĨũŽďƐ
x ^ƚĂƚƵƐŝŶĚŝĐĂƟŽŶŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ
x :ŽďƚƌĂĐŬŝŶŐ
x WŽƐƚͲĐĂůĐƵůĂƟŽŶĂŶĚƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ

dŽƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞũŽďƐ͕ƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚƐŽŌǁĂƌĞŶĞĞĚƐƚŽďĞƵƉͲƚŽͲ
ĚĂƚĞĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĂƚƵƐĂƚĂůůƟŵĞƐ;ƐĞĞϮ͘ϰ͘ϰͿ͘/Ŷ
ŽƌĚĞƌƚŽďĞĂďůĞƚŽƌĞĂĐƚŝŶƐƚĂŶƚůLJƚŽĂŶLJƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĚŝƐƚƵƌďĂŶĐĞƐ͕
ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨĞĂĐŚĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞĐŽŶƟŶƵĂůůLJŬŶŽǁŶ͘/ŶϮ͘Ϯ͘ϯ͕
ǁĞĚŝƐĐƵƐƐĞĚƚŚĂƚŝŶĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶƐƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚďƵLJĞƌŵŝŐŚƚ
ďĞĂďůĞƚŽĐŚĞĐŬƚŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨŚŝƐŽƌĚĞƌ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞǀŝĂĂǁĞďƉŽƌͲ
ƚĂů͘dŽĞŶƐƵƌĞƚŚŝƐ͕ƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞĂďůĞƚŽŝŶĨŽƌŵƚŚĞƐLJƐƚĞŵ
ǁŚŝĐŚũŽďƐƚŚĞLJĂƌĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐĂŶĚǁŚŝĐŚƚŚĞLJŚĂǀĞũƵƐƚ
ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞĚ͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŽĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞĮŶĂůĐŽƐƚŽĨĂũŽď͕ĚĂƚĂŝƐŶĞĞĚͲ
ĞĚĨƌŽŵĞĂĐŚĚĞǀŝĐĞ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐĐŽŶƐƵŵĞĚŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĂŶĚĞůĂƉƐĞĚƟŵĞ͘
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚĚĞĐŝƐŝŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƉƌŽĮƚĂďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚƚLJƉĞ
ŽƌƚŚĞĞĸĐŝĞŶĐLJŽĨĂĚĞǀŝĐĞƐŚŽƵůĚďĞďĂƐĞĚŽŶƐƵĐŚĚĂƚĂ͘
ƐǁŝƚŚĂtD^͕ƚŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚǁŽĐĂƚĞŐŽƌŝĞƐŽĨŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŚĞ
ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĐŽŶƚĞdžƚ͗

x ZĞƉŽƌƚƐ
x DĞƐƐĂŐĞƐ

ZĞƉŽƌƚƐĂƌĞƌĞĐŽƌĚƐŽĨƚŚĞƌĞƐƵůƚŽĨĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƉŚĂƐĞ
ĂŌĞƌŝƚŝƐĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ͘ƌĞƉŽƌƚŝƐƐƚĂƟĐŝŶƚŚĞƐĞŶƐĞƚŚĂƚŝƚƐŚŽƵůĚŶŽƚ
ďĞĐŚĂŶŐĞĚůĂƚĞƌ͘ŝƚŝƐĂƐƵŵŵĂƌLJŽĨƚŚĞĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĚƵƌŝŶŐƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵͲ
ƟŽŶ͘džĂŵƉůĞƐŝŶĐůƵĚĞƚŽƚĂůŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ͕ƟŵĞƐƚĂŵƉĂƚ
ďĞŐŝŶŶŝŶŐĂŶĚĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚ͕ĂŶĚĂŶLJŵŝůĞƐƚŽŶĞƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞƌĞĂĐŚĞĚ͘
/ƚƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽŶƚĂŝŶƚŚĞĮŶĂůƐƚĂƚƵƐĂŌĞƌĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶĂŶĚĐĂŶĐŽŶͲ
ƚĂŝŶƚŚĞŶĂŵĞŽĨƚŚĞĞŵƉůŽLJĞĞǁŚŽǁĂƐŝŶǀŽůǀĞĚŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐ͘

30
Chapter 2

dŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐƐŚŽƵůĚĐŽǀĞƌƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞŝƚƐĞůĨĂƐǁĞůůĂƐƚŚĞŶƵŵďĞƌŽĨ
ƉƌŽĚƵĐƚĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐƚŚĂƚǁĞƌĞƉƌŽĚƵĐĞĚ͕ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞĚŝŶƚŽǁĂƐƚĞ
ĂŶĚŐŽŽĚ͘/ƚŵŝŐŚƚĂůƐŽŝŶĐůƵĚĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůĞǀĞŶƚƐĚƵƌŝŶŐĂƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŽƌĂ
ƉŚĂƐĞ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐĂƉĂƉĞƌũĂŵŝŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐͿŽƌĞdžƚƌĂĐŽƐƚƐƚŚĂƚĐĂŶďĞ
ĐŚĂƌŐĞĚ;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĚƵĞƚŽĐŚĂŶŐĞŽĨŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƐŽƌƌĞƋƵŝƌĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕
ĐŽƌƌĞĐƟŶŐĮůĞƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘Ϳ͘
/ŶĐŽŶƚƌĂƐƚƚŽƚŚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͕ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĂƌĞŝƐƐƵĞĚĚLJŶĂŵŝĐĂůůLJ͘dŚĞLJ
ƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨĂĚĞǀŝĐĞ͕ŝƚƐŵĂƚĞͲ
ƌŝĂůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐ͘ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞŵĂLJƐŝŐͲ
ŶĂůƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƐƉĞĞĚŽƌƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞƐƐŽƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐƉŚĂƐĞ͘/ŶĨĂĐƚ͕ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĐĂŶďĞŝƐƐƵĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶLJ
ƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚůLJďĞŝŶŐĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚŽŶĂĚĞǀŝĐĞĂƚĂůů͘dŚĞLJŵĂLJũƵƐƚ
ŝŶĨŽƌŵĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ;ƐƵĐŚĂƐŝĚůĞ͕ďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶ͕
ĨĂŝůƵƌĞ͕ďƵƐLJ͕ƉĂƵƐĞ͕ŽƌƌĞƉĂŝƌͿ͘dŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐŝŶƚŚĞŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĐĂŶĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌŽůƉƌŽŐƌĞƐƐďĂƌƐĂŶĚŽƚŚĞƌŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůĞůĞŵĞŶƚƐŽŶĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ
ĚĂƐŚďŽĂƌĚ͘dŚĞLJĂƌĞĂůƐŽƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƵƉĚĂƟŶŐĂƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚ͘
DĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĐĂŶďĞŝƐƐƵĞĚĞŝƚŚĞƌƐƉŽŶƚĂŶĞŽƵƐůLJ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ŝĨĂŶĞƌƌŽƌŽĐͲ
ĐƵƌƌĞĚͿŽƌĂƚƌĞŐƵůĂƌŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ;Ğ͘Ő͕͘ƚŽƉƌŽǀŝĚĞŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚ
ƚŚĞƐƚĂƚƵƐŽĨƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞŽƌŝƚƐŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůĐŽŶƐƵŵƉƟŽŶͿ͘dŚĞůĂƩĞƌĂƌĞ
ƵƐƵĂůůLJŝƐƐƵĞĚǁŝƚŚŽƵƚĂŶLJŚĂŶĚͲƐŚĂŬŝŶŐƉƌŽƚŽĐŽů͕ƐŽŵĞƟŵĞƐĂůƐŽ
ĚĞŶŽƚĞĚĂƐ͞ĮƌĞĂŶĚĨŽƌŐĞƚ͘͟
ĚĞǀŝĐĞĐĂŶƐĞŶĚŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĞŝƚŚĞƌŽŶŚŝƐŽǁŶŽƌďĞĐĂƵƐĞŝƚŝƐƚŽůĚ
ƚŽĚŽƐŽďLJĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͘ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌĐĂŶŝŶƚĞƌĂĐƟǀĞůLJŝŶƐƚƌƵĐƚĂ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞƚŽƐĞŶĚƐŚŽƌƚŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐŽŶŝƚƐŽǁŶĂƚƌĞŐƵůĂƌŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐ͘dŚĞ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌĐĂŶƐƉĞĐŝĨLJĂŶĂĚĚƌĞƐƐĞĞŝŶƚŚŝƐƌĞƋƵĞƐƚʹĞŝƚŚĞƌŝƚƐĞůĨŽƌ
ĂŶŽƚŚĞƌǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŵƉŽŶĞŶƚƐƵĐŚĂƐƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚ͘,ŽǁĞǀͲ
Ğƌ͕ŝƚĐĂŶĂůƐŽƌĞƋƵĞƐƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶǀĞƌLJƐƉĞĐŝĮĐĂůůLJĨƌŽŵĂĚĞǀŝĐĞ͘
dŚĞƌĞĐĂŶďĞƐĞǀĞƌĂůƌĞĂƐŽŶƐƚŽĚŽƚŚŝƐ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ƚŚĞĐŽŶƚƌŽůͲ
ůĞƌŵŝŐŚƚǁĂŶƚƚŽŐĞƚŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶĂďŽƵƚƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞ͛ƐĐĂƉĂďŝůŝƟĞƐ͘
dŚŝƐĐĂŶďĞǀĞƌLJŐĞŶĞƌĂůŽƌŚŝŐŚůLJĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚ͘ƵƌŝŶŐĂƉůƵŐͲĂŶĚͲƉůĂLJ
ĐŽŶĮŐƵƌĂƟŽŶŽĨĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁ͕ĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌŵŝŐŚƚũƵƐƚǁĂŶƚƚŽŬŶŽǁ
ǁŚŝĐŚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂĚĞǀŝĐĞĐĂŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞŝŶŐĞŶĞƌĂů͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞƋƵĞͲ
ƌŝĞƐĐĂŶĂůƐŽďĞŵƵĐŚŵŽƌĞŝŶĚĞƉƚŚ͕ƐƵĐŚĂƐƋƵĞƌLJŝŶŐĂĨŽůĚĞƌ
ĐŽŶĐĞƌŶŝŶŐƚŚĞĨĞĂƐŝďŝůŝƚLJŽĨĨŽůĚŝŶŐƉĂƉĞƌŽĨĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶƐŝnjĞĂŶĚ
ƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĨŽůĚŝŶŐƐĐŚĞŵĞ͘dŚĞŝŵƉůĞŵĞŶƚĂƟŽŶ
ŽĨĚĞǀŝĐĞĐĂƉĂĐŝƚLJƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐǁŝůůĐĞƌƚĂŝŶůLJďĞŽŶĞŽĨƚŚĞďĂƐŝĐĞůĞͲ
ŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĂƵƚŽŶŽŵŽƵƐƉƌŝŶƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŝŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞdžƚŽĨWƌŝŶƚϰ͘Ϭ͘
ZĞĮŶŝŶŐƚŚĞ&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭ͕&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭϭŝƐƐŚŽǁŝŶŐĂŵŽƌĞĚĞƚĂŝůĞĚĚĂƚĂ
ĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶD/^ĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐLJƐƚĞŵƐ͘ƐŝŵŝůĂƌĮŐƵƌĞ
ĐŽƵůĚďĞĚƌĂǁŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞďĞƚǁĞĞŶĂŐĞŶĞƌĂůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŶͲ
ƚƌŽůůĞƌĂŶĚĂtD^͘
ĚĞǀŝĐĞŵŝŐŚƚƐĞŶĚƚŚĞŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƚŽƚŚĞŬĞƌŶĞůŽĨĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁŵĂŶͲ
ĂŐĞŵĞŶƚƐLJƐƚĞŵ͕ƚŽƐŽŵĞŐĞŶĞƌĂůǁŽƌŬŇŽǁĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͕ŽƌĚŝƌĞĐƚůLJ
ƚŽĂŶD/^͘tD^ŽƌĂĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌĐĂŶĨŽƌǁĂƌĚƚŚŝƐŝŶĨŽƌŵĂƟŽŶ͕ĨŽƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƚŽƚŚĞD/^ŽƌƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚ͘/ƚŵĂLJƐƵŵŵĂƌŝnjĞĂŶĚͬ
ŽƌƐŚŽƌƚĞŶƚŚĞĐŽŶƚĞŶƚŽĨƚŚĞŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐďĞĨŽƌĞĚŽŝŶŐƐŽ͘

31
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

,ŽǁŝƐŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂĐŽůͲ
ůĞĐƚĞĚ͍dŚĞƌĞĂƌĞƚŚƌĞĞŽƉͲ
Print Provider
ƟŽŶƐ͗

Management Information System (MIS)

x DĂŶƵĂůůLJ
x ^ĞŵŝͲĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ
x ƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ
Production Controller, WMS and Devices
in Prepress, Press and Postpress /ŶŵŽĚĞƌŶƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƐ͕ŝƚ
ǁŝůůďĞĂŵŝdžŽĨƚŚĞůĂƐƚƚǁŽ͘
DĂŶƵĂůŐĂƚŚĞƌŝŶŐŵĞĂŶƐŝŶ
ƚŚĞǁŽƌƐƚĐĂƐĞƚŚĂƚĞĂĐŚƉƌŽͲ
MIS product description Operational data: Reports ĚƵĐƟŽŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌǁŝůůǁƌŝƚĞ
Prepress product description Operational data: Messages
Production detail Messages from MIS, e.g. ŽŶĂƉƌŝŶƚĞĚĨŽƌŵǁŚĂƚŚĞŽƌ
Update Production details queries or commands ƐŚĞŝƐĚŽŝŶŐ͘EĞdžƚ͕ƐŽŵĞŽƚŚĞƌ
ƉĞƌƐŽŶǁŝůůĐŽůůĞĐƚƚŚĞĨŽƌŵƐ
Figure 2.11: Interface between MIS and production systems
;ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨĂ
ƐŚŝŌͿĂŶĚĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽ
ĂƐƉƌĞĂĚƐŚĞĞƚ͕ǁŚŝĐŚŝƐƚŚĞŶƵƐĞĚƚŽĂŶĂůLJnjĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚ
ƚŽŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞƌĞƉŽƌƚƐ͘ŶĂůƌĞĂĚLJƐŝŐŶŝĮĐĂŶƚŝŵƉƌŽǀĞŵĞŶƚŝƐǁŚĞŶ
ĂůůŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌƐĞŶƚĞƌƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽĂĚŝĂůŽŐƐĐƌĞĞŶŽŶĂ;ƐƚĂŶĚĂůŽŶĞͿ
ĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌŶĞdžƚƚŽƚŚĞĚĞǀŝĐĞ͕ĂŶĚƚŚĞǀĂůƵĞƐĂƌĞƚŚĞŶĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ
ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƩĞĚƚŽĂŶD/^͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͘/ŶƐƚĞĂĚŽĨĞŶƚĞƌŝŶŐĚĂƚĂŝŶƚŽĂ
ĚŝĂůŽŐƐĐƌĞĞŶ͕ďĂƌĐŽĚĞƐĐĂŶŶĞƌƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽŽŌĞŶƵƐĞĚ͘dŚŝƐƌĞƉůĂĐĞƐ
ƚŚĞŵĂŶƵĂůƚƌĂŶƐĨĞƌŽĨƚŚĞĚĂƚĂĨƌŽŵĂĨŽƌŵƚŽĂĐŽŵƉƵƚĞƌƉƌŽͲ
ŐƌĂŵůŝŬĞdžĐĞů͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞĚĂƚĂŝƐŐĂƚŚĞƌĞĚŵƵĐŚĨĂƐƚĞƌ͕ĨŽƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨĂƉƌŝŶƚũŽď͘&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞĚĂƚĂǁŝůůďĞŵŽƌĞ
ĂĐĐƵƌĂƚĞƐŝŶĐĞŝƚŝƐĞŶƚĞƌĞĚŝŵŵĞĚŝĂƚĞůLJĂŌĞƌŚĂǀŝŶŐĮŶŝƐŚĞĚĂƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞƐƐĨŽƌĂĐĞƌƚĂŝŶũŽďĂŶĚŶŽƚŝŶďƵůŬĂƚƚŚĞĞŶĚŽĨƚŚĞƐŚŝŌ͘/ůŝŬĞƚŽ
ĐĂůůƚŚŝƐƉƌŽĐĞĚƵƌĞ͞ƐĞŵŝͲĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐ͘͟/ŶĞŝƚŚĞƌĐĂƐĞ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƚŚĞ
ĨŽĐƵƐŝƐŽŶƌĞƉŽƌƟŶŐ͕ŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĂƌĞŶŽƚƌĞĂůůLJĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞ͘
ZĞĂůͲƟŵĞŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐĂƌĞŽŶůLJĨĞĂƐŝďůĞŝŶŵĂĐŚŝŶĞͲƚŽͲŵĂĐŚŝŶĞĐŽŵͲ
ŵƵŶŝĐĂƟŽŶ͘dŚĞƉƌĞƐƐĐĂŶƐŝŐŶĂů͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝƚƐĐƵƌƌĞŶƚƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ
ƐƉĞĞĚŽƌƚŚĞŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůƚŚĂƚŚĂƐďĞĞŶĐŽŶƐƵŵĞĚƐŽĨĂƌ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌ
ĞdžĂŵƉůĞŽĨŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚďLJĂƉƌĞƐƐĐŽŶĐĞƌŶƐƋƵĂůŝƚLJĂƐƐƵƌͲ
ĂŶĐĞĚƵƌŝŶŐƉƌŝŶƟŶŐ͗ĐĂŵĞƌĂŽŶƚŚĞƉƌĞƐƐĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƐŝŵĂŐĞƐ͕ĂŶĚ
ŝŵĂŐĞƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶŐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĐŽŵƉĂƌĞƐƚŚĞƐĞǁŝƚŚƚŚĞŽƌŝŐŝŶĂůW&
ĂƌƚǁŽƌŬ͘^ŽŵĞƚLJƉĞƐŽĨŵĞƐƐĂŐĞƐ͕ŚŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ĂŶŽƉĞƌĂƚŽƌŵĂLJƐƟůů
ĞŶƚĞƌŵĂŶƵĂůůLJ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞƚŚĞƌĞĂƐŽŶƐǁŚLJŚĞŽƌƐŚĞƐƚŽƉƉĞĚĂ
ƉƌĞƐƐ͘
^ŝŶĐĞŶŽƚĂůůŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐĐĂŶƌĞƉŽƌƚŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂĂŶĚŶŽƚĂůůƉƌŽͲ
ĐĞƐƐĞƐƌƵŶŽŶĂŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŽƌƐŽŵĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĂƉƉůŝĐĂƟŽŶ;ĞdžĂŵƉůĞƐ
ŝŶĐůƵĚĞŵĂŶƵĂůǁŽƌŬƐƚĂƟŽŶƐŝŶƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐͿ͕ƚŚĞƌĞŝƐĂůǁĂLJƐƚŚĞ
ŶĞĞĚƚŽĐĂƉƚƵƌĞƐĞŵŝͲĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĚĂƚĂǁŝƚŚŝŶĂĨƵůůLJĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĚĂƚĂ
ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘dŽĐĂůĐƵůĂƚĞƚŚĞĂĐƚƵĂůĐŽƐƚƐŽĨĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƚ͕
ŝƚŝƐĞƐƐĞŶƟĂůƚŽŐĞƚƚŚĞƌĞůĞǀĂŶƚĚĂƚĂĨŽƌĂůůƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘
/ŶŵĂŶLJĐĂƐĞƐ͕ƐƚĂŶĚĂƌĚ:&ĂŶĚ:D&ƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐĂƌĞƵƐĞĚĨŽƌĚĂƚĂ

32
Chapter 2

ĐŽůůĞĐƟŽŶ;ƐĞĞ^ĞĐƟŽŶϰ͘ϯͿ͕ďƵƚƐŽŵĞŵĂŶƵĨĂĐƚƵƌĞƌƐĂůƐŽƵƐĞƉƌŝͲ
ǀĂƚĞƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐ͘
&ŝŶĂůůLJ͕/ǁŽƵůĚůŝŬĞƚŽƐƚƌĞƐƐƚŚĂƚŶŽƚĂůůƚŚĞŽƉĞƌĂƟŽŶĂůĚĂƚĂŽĨĂ
ĚĞǀŝĐĞŝƐƐĞŶƚďĂĐŬƚŽƚŚĞD/^͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĂƉƌĞƐƐŵŝŐŚƚƐƚŽƌĞ
ĐĞƌƚĂŝŶĚĂƚĂŝŶƚĞƌŶĂůůLJŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƐƵƉƉŽƌƚƌĞƉƌŝŶƚƐ͘/ŶƐƉĞĐƟŽŶƐLJƐͲ
ƚĞŵƐĂŶĚŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐĞŶƐŽƌƐŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞůŽƚƐŽĨĚĂƚĂƚŚĂƚǁŝůůƉůĂLJĂŶ
ĞǀĞŶŵŽƌĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶƚƌŽůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞWƌŝŶƚϰ͘ϬĐŽŶĐĞƉƚ͘ŶĂůLJnjŝŶŐƐƵĐŚ
ďŝŐĚĂƚĂĂůůŽǁƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĂƟŽŶŽĨĞƌƌŽƌĐĂƵƐĞƐ͕ƉƌĞĚŝĐƟǀĞ
ŵĂŝŶƚĞŶĂŶĐĞ͕ƋƵĂůŝƚLJĞŶŚĂŶĐĞŵĞŶƚƐ͕ĂŶĚŐĞŶĞƌĂůůLJďĞƩĞƌŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ
ĐŽŶƚƌŽů͘ƐĂŶĂĚĚĞĚďĞŶĞĮƚ͕ƚŚĞŬŶŽǁůĞĚŐĞŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚƚŚŝƐǁĂLJ
ŝƐŶŽƚƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƚĞĚƚŽƚŚĞĚŝƌĞĐƚŵĂĐŚŝŶĞĞŶǀŝƌŽŶŵĞŶƚ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕
ĂƉƌĞƐƐĐŽƵůĚƐĞŶĚĚĂƚĂƚŽƉƌĞƉƌĞƐƐŝŶŽƌĚĞƌƚŽƉůĂĐĞůĂďĞůƐŽŶĂ
ƐŚĞĞƚŝŶĂŵŽƌĞƉƌŝŶƚͲŽƉƟŵŝnjĞĚǁĂLJŶĞdžƚƟŵĞ͘
WƌŝŶƟŶŐƉƌĞƐƐĞƐŵĂLJƐƚŽƌĞƚŚĞŝƌĚĂƚĂŽŶĂĐĞŶƚƌĂůƉƌŝŶƚƐĞƌǀĞƌ͘dŚĞ
ĚĂƚĂĞdžĐŚĂŶŐĞƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůƐƵƐĞĚĨŽƌƚŚŝƐĚŝīĞƌĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŽŶĞƐǁĞĂƌĞ
ĐŽǀĞƌŝŶŐŝŶŚĂƉƚĞƌϰ͘dŚĞŵĂĐŚŝŶĞͲƚŽͲŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƉƌŽƚŽĐŽůKWͲh
(OPC Foundation) is used in these industrial applications.

2.4.4 Planning Boards

KŌĞŶ͕ĂŶD/^ĂůƐŽƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐƚŚĞĐŚƌŽŶŽůŽŐŝĐĂůŽƌĚĞƌŽĨũŽďƐ͕ŝ͘Ğ͕͘
ƚŚĞũŽďƋƵĞƵĞĨŽƌĞĂĐŚĚĞǀŝĐĞ͘dŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůŽďũĞĐƟǀĞŝƐƚŽƐLJŶĐŚƌŽͲ
ŶŝnjĞĂŶĚĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŽĨŽƌĚĞƌƐĚĞƉĞŶĚŝŶŐ
ŽŶƚŚĞŝƌĐŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐĂŶĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶͲƌĞůĂƚĞĚƌĞƐƚƌŝĐƟŽŶƐ͘
ƉŽƐƐŝďůĞǀĂƌŝĂŶƚŽĨƚŚŝƐŝƐƚŚĂƚƚŚĞD/^ƚƌĂŶƐŵŝƚƐĂůůũŽďĚĂƚĂƚŽĂ
ƐĞƉĂƌĂƚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƚŽŽů;ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƌͿŽƌƚŽĂǁŽƌŬŇŽǁͬƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶ

Figure 2.12: A planning board shows the production steps and the status of all current print orders.
Courtesy of Rogler AG

33
 6FRSHRI:RUNLJRZV

ĐŽŶƚƌŽůůĞƌ͘dŚĞŐƌĂƉŚŝĐĂůŝŶƚĞƌĨĂĐĞŽĨƚŚĞƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐĂƉůĂŶͲ
ŶŝŶŐďŽĂƌĚƚŚĂƚŐŝǀĞƐƚŚĞƵƐĞƌŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉĂŶŽǀĞƌĂůůǀŝĞǁŽĨ
ƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĂŶĚƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐƚĂƚƵƐŝŶƌĞĂůƟŵĞ͘&ŝŐƵƌĞϮ͘ϭϮƐŚŽǁƐ
ƌĞĐĞŶƚ͕ĐƵƌƌĞŶƚĂŶĚƵƉĐŽŵŝŶŐƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐƚĞƉƐĨŽƌŽƌĚĞƌƐŝŶĂ
Note 'ĂŶƩĚŝĂŐƌĂŵ͘
'ĂŶƩĚŝĂŐƌĂŵƐ;ĐŚĂƌƚƐͿ
ŶŝŵƉƌŽǀĞĚƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐƐLJƐƚĞŵĐĂŶŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞƚŚĞŽǀĞƌĂůůƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ƐŚŽǁƚŚĞĚĞƉĞŶĚĞŶĐLJ
ƌĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶ
ƟǀŝƚLJŽĨĂƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉƚƌĞŵĞŶĚŽƵƐůLJ͘/ŶĐŽŶŶĞĐƟŽŶǁŝƚŚĂŶŽīƐĞƚ
ĂĐƟǀŝƟĞƐĂŶĚƚŚĞĐƵƌƌĞŶƚ ƉƌĞƐƐ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ĐŚĂŶŐĞŽǀĞƌƟŵĞƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶũŽďƐ;ĚĞͲŝŶŬŝŶŐ͕
ƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƐƚĂƚƵƐ͘dŚĞLJ ďůĂŶŬĞƚǁĂƐŚƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞƐ͕ĐŚĂŶŐŝŶŐƉĂƉĞƌƐŝnjĞĂƚƚŚĞĨĞĞĚĞƌĂŶĚ
ĂƌĞŽŌĞŶƵƐĞĚŝŶƉƌŽũĞĐƚ ĚĞůŝǀĞƌLJƵŶŝƚƐ͕ĞƚĐ͘ͿĂŶĚƚŚĞǁĂƐƚĞŽĨƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƐƵďƐƚƌĂƚĞƐĐĂŶďĞ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘ ƌĞĚƵĐĞĚ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌƌĞĂƐŽŶĨŽƌƚŚĞŝŵƉŽƌƚĂŶĐĞŽĨƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐŝƐƚŚĂƚ
ƚŚĞƉƌĞƌĞƋƵŝƐŝƚĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶŽĨĂƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂƌĞ
ƚƌŝŐŐĞƌĞĚŝŶƟŵĞ͘&ŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŝƚŵƵƐƚďĞĞŶƐƵƌĞĚƚŚĂƚĂƉůĂƚĞƐĞƚͲ
ƚĞƌŝŵĂŐĞƐĂůůƉůĂƚĞƐĨŽƌƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƟŶŐƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝŶĂĚǀĂŶĐĞ͘dŽĚŽƚŚŝƐ͕
ŽƚŚĞƌƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐŵƵƐƚŚĂǀĞĂůƌĞĂĚLJďĞĞŶĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚ;ƉƌĞŇŝŐŚƚ͕ĐŽůŽƌ
ŵĂŶĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͕ƚƌĂƉƉŝŶŐ͕ŝŵƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ͕ĂŶĚZ/WŝŶŐͿ͘ŶŽƚŚĞƌĂĚǀĂŶͲ
ƚĂŐĞŽĨĂǁĞůůͲŽƌŐĂŶŝnjĞĚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞŝƐƚŚĞĂǀŽŝĚĂŶĐĞŽĨ
ƵŶŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJďƌĞĂŬƐďĞƚǁĞĞŶƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĞƐ͘,ŽǁĞǀĞƌ͕ƌĞƋƵŝƌĞĚĚƌLJŝŶŐ
ƟŵĞƐŵƵƐƚďĞƚĂŬĞŶŝŶƚŽĂĐĐŽƵŶƚŝŶƐŽŵĞĐĂƐĞƐ͘KǀĞƌĂůů͕ĚŝŐŝƚĂů
ƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞĚĞůŝǀĞƌƐĂĨĂƐƚĞƌƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƚŚƌŽƵŐŚƉƵƚĂŶĚ
ĐŽƐƚƐĂǀŝŶŐƐ͕ĞƐƉĞĐŝĂůůLJŝŶƚŚĞƉŽƐƚƉƌĞƐƐĂƌĞĂ͕ĂƐǁĂŝƟŶŐƟŵĞƐĂŶĚ
ƵŶŶĞĐĞƐƐĂƌLJŵĂƚĞƌŝĂůŵŽǀĞŵĞŶƚƐƚŽĂŶĚĨƌŽŵƚŚĞŝŶƚĞƌŵĞĚŝĂƚĞ
ƐƚŽƌĂŐĞĨĂĐŝůŝƚLJĐĂŶďĞĂǀŽŝĚĞĚ͘ďŽǀĞĂůů͕ĂďĂůĂŶĐĞĚĂŶĚƐŵĂƌƚ
ĂůůŽĐĂƟŽŶŽĨŽƌĚĞƌƐƚŽƚŚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƐǁŝůůůĞĂĚƚŽŚŝŐŚĞƌ
ŵĂĐŚŝŶĞƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶ͘
/ĚĞĂůůLJ͕ƚŚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞƐĞŶĚƐƚŽĞĂĐŚĚĞǀŝĐĞŽŶƚŚĞƐŚŽƉ
ŇŽŽƌĂŶŝŶĚŝǀŝĚƵĂůŽƌĚĞƌůŝƐƚƚŚĂƚĚŝƐƉůĂLJƐƚŚĞĞdžĞĐƵƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͘
dŚĞŽƌĚĞƌůŝƐƚŵƵƐƚďĞƐLJŶĐŚƌŽŶŝnjĞĚĂĐƌŽƐƐĂůůĚĞǀŝĐĞƐ͕ŽĨĐŽƵƌƐĞ͕
ƚŽŵĂŬĞƐƵƌĞƚŚĂƚƚŚĞŽƵƚĐŽŵĞŽĨĞĂĐŚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐŝƐĂǀĂŝůĂďůĞĨŽƌƚŚĞ
ŶĞdžƚƉƌŽĐĞƐƐĂĐĐŽƌĚŝŶŐƚŽƚŚĞƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞ͘
ŶŽƚŚĞƌŚŝŐŚůLJĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚĞĚĨĞĂƚƵƌĞŽĨĂŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƌŝƐ
ŇĞdžŝďŝůŝƚLJ͘>ĂƐƚͲŵŝŶƵƚĞƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶĐŚĂŶŐĞƐĚƵĞƚŽĂďƌĞĂŬĚŽǁŶŽĨ
ĂŵĂĐŚŝŶĞŽƌƐŽŵĞƌĞƉƌŝŽƌŝƟnjĂƟŽŶŽĨĂũŽď͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞ͕ŶŽůŽŶŐĞƌ
ŚĂǀĞƚŽďĞŝŶŝƟĂƚĞĚŵĂŶƵĂůůLJ͘dŚĞƐĐŚĞĚƵůŝŶŐƐŽŌǁĂƌĞǁŝůůĚLJŶĂŵͲ
ŝĐĂůůLJĂĚũƵƐƚƚŽƚŚĞŶĞǁƐŝƚƵĂƟŽŶĂŶĚĐŚĂŶŐĞƚŚĞƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞŽŶŝƚƐ
ŽǁŶ͘
ŶĞůĞĐƚƌŽŶŝĐƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƌĐĂŶďĞǀŝĞǁĞĚĂŶLJǁŚĞƌĞŝŶƚŚĞƉƌŝŶƚƐŚŽƉ͕
ŐŝǀŝŶŐĞǀĞƌLJŽŶĞĂŶŽǀĞƌǀŝĞǁŽĨĂůůƉůĂŶŶĞĚĂŶĚĞdžĞĐƵƚĞĚũŽďƐŝŶ
ƌĞĂůͲƟŵĞ͘/ŶƉĂƌƟĐƵůĂƌ͕ŵŝƐƐĞĚĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐǁŝůůďĞƚƌĂŶƐƉĂƌĞŶƚ͘
DŽƐƚƐĐŚĞĚƵůĞƌƐŚĂǀĞĚŝīĞƌĞŶƚŵŽĚĞƐ͗ĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐ͕ƐĞŵŝͲĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐ͕
ĂŶĚŵĂŶƵĂůƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐ͘zŽƵĐĂŶŵĂŶƵĂůůLJŽǀĞƌǁƌŝƚĞƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĚĂƚĂ
ƚŚĂƚŚĂĚďĞĞŶŐĞŶĞƌĂƚĞĚĂƵƚŽŵĂƟĐĂůůLJ͘ŚĂƌĂĐƚĞƌŝƐƟĐƐŽĨƉƌŽĚƵĐͲ
ƟŽŶƉůĂŶŶŝŶŐĐĂŶďĞĂĚũƵƐƚĞĚ͕ĨŽƌĞdžĂŵƉůĞďLJĂƐƐŝŐŶŝŶŐƚŚĞŚŝŐŚĞƐƚ
ƉƌŝŽƌŝƟĞƐďĂƐĞĚŽŶĚĞĂĚůŝŶĞƐ͕ƐĞƚͲƵƉƟŵĞŽƉƟŵŝnjĂƟŽŶ͕ŽƌŵĂĐŚŝŶĞ
ƵƟůŝnjĂƟŽŶ;ƚŚĞƐĞĐŽŶƐƚƌĂŝŶƚƐŵŝŐŚƚĐŽŶŇŝĐƚͿ͘/ĂůŐŽƌŝƚŚŵƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽ
ĂƉƉůŝĞĚƚŽĚĞƚĞƌŵŝŶĞƚŚĞďĞƐƚƉƌŽĚƵĐƟŽŶƐĞƋƵĞŶĐĞ͘DŽƌĞŽǀĞƌ͕
LJŽƵĐĂŶĚĞĮŶĞƐŚŝŌƐĂŶĚďůŽĐŬƟŵĞŝŶƚĞƌǀĂůƐĨŽƌƌĞĐƵƌƌŝŶŐũŽďƐ͘

34
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Rommi — 371
Puoloja, Astioittuja — 312.
Keitettyjä — 313.
Putinkia, Kala — 216—221.
Kanan- taikka Kalkkunan-lihasta — 215.
Liha — 213.
Vasikan-liha — 214.
Lohi — 221.
Maksa — 225.
Manteli — 230.
Omena — 231.
Penaatti — 226.
Peruna — 222, 223
Riiskryyni — 229.
Rusina — 227.
Saakukryyni — 228.
Veri — 224.
Puuroa, Krossikryyni — 32.
Riiskryyni — 31.
Manna — 33.
Uuni — 35.
Voi — 34.
Pöystiä elikkä Liikiöä — 85.
Pöönien kuivaamisesta — 342.
suolaamisesta — 335.
Pööniä, Ruskeita — 184.
Turkin — 182, 183.

R.
Rooneja
Hyviä — 361.
 Ohkosia — 362.
Ruoho-löökin suolaamisesta — 331.
Räätiköitä
Paistettuja — 195.
Höystettyjä — 196.

S.
Sallattia
Gurkku — 211, 212.
Här'änliha — 203.
Lohi — 205, 206.
Peruna — 207, 208.
Pää — 209.
Silli — 204.
Sian-kylkeä, padassa paistettua — 88.
Siikoja, keitettyjä — 136.
Kuinka niistä härskiys poisottetaan — 380.
Siirappi-sahtia — 364.
Silahkoita, monella lailla — 150-153.
Kuinka niistä härskiys poisottetaan — 380.
Sillejä öljyssä ja etikassa — 147.
Silli-Lootia — 148.
Simaa (Mjöd) elikkä Mesi-juomaa — 365
Sipulin taikka Löökin astioittemisesta — 326.
kuivaamisesta — 344.
Soijaa sokerista — 248.
Soppaa
Liha — 2.
Ankanliha — 12.
Kala — 13.
Kananliha — 10, 11.
 Kaulakon-marja — 27.
Kauran-kryyni — 25.
Lampaanliha — 7.
Linnunliha — 9.
Made' — 14.
Omena — 22.
Porsaanliha — 8.
Riiskryyni — 24.
Rusina- taikka väskynä — 23.
Saakukryyni — 26.
Soppa-leipiä — 50.
Suklaata (Chocolad) — 38.
Syltty-aineiden ruokosta — 106.
Sylttyä, Här'ästä — 107.
Här'änlihasta ja jaloista — 109.
Käämyrä — 112.
Porsaan — 110.
Sianpäästä — 111.
Säynäviä, Keitettyjä — 132.
Höystettyjä — 133.

T.
Tee-vettä — 373.
Tillin astioittemisesta — 325.
Torttuja, Manteli — 264.
Panskan — 266.
Leipä — 267.
Totia, Muna — 372.
Tuurakaloja (Stockfisk) — 157.
Höystettyjä — 158.
 V.
Vasikanliha, hyydettä (A la Daube) — 72.
reittä, silavoittua — 67.
rintaa keitettyä — 68, 69.
Velliä, Kaurankryyni — 29.
Krossikryyni — 30.
Riiskryyni — 28.
Vohvuloita, Taale — 281.
Sokeri — 282.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK KOKKI-KIRJA
***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.

START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
 PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK

To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.

Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.

1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
 This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.

1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
 License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the

Foundation, the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the
Foundation, anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works in accordance with this agreement, and any
volunteers associated with the production, promotion and distribution
of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works, harmless from all liability,
costs and expenses, including legal fees, that arise directly or
indirectly from any of the following which you do or cause to occur:
(a) distribution of this or any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b)
alteration, modification, or additions or deletions to any Project
Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission of

Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.
 Section 3. Information about the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small
donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax
exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About Project

Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.

Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed

editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.