IoT DR SHIKHA GAUTAM

OE- 8015 INTERNET OF THINGS

Unit-1

Introduction
The term IoT, or Internet of Things, refers to the collective network of connected devices and
the technology that facilitates communication between devices and the cloud, as well as
between the devices themselves. Thanks to the advent of inexpensive computer chips and
high bandwidth telecommunication, we now have billions of devices connected to the
internet. This means everyday devices like toothbrushes, vacuums, cars, and machines can
use sensors to collect data and respond intelligently to users.

The Internet of Things integrates everyday ―things‖ with the internet. Computer
Engineers have been adding sensors and processors to everyday objects since the 90s.
However, progress was initially slow because the chips were big and bulky. Low power
computer chips called RFID tags were first used to track expensive equipment. As computing
devices shrank in size, these chips also became smaller, faster, and smarter over time.
The cost of integrating computing power into small objects has now dropped considerably.
For example, you can add connectivity with Alexa voice services capabilities to MCUs with
less than 1MB embedded RAM, such as for light switches. A whole industry has sprung up
with a focus on filling our homes, businesses, and offices with IoT devices. These smart
objects can automatically transmit data to and from the Internet. All these ―invisible
computing devices‖ and the technology associated with them are collectively referred to as
the Internet of Things.

How does IoT work?

A typical IoT system works through the real-time collection and exchange of data. An IoT
system has three components:

Smart devices
This is a device, like a television, security camera, or exercise equipment that has been given
computing capabilities. It collects data from its environment, user inputs, or usage patterns
and communicates data over the internet to and from its IoT application.

IoT application
An IoT application is a collection of services and software that integrates data received from
various IoT devices. It uses machine learning or artificial intelligence (AI) technology to
analyze this data and make informed decisions. These decisions are communicated back to
the IoT device and the IoT device then responds intelligently to inputs.

A graphical user interface

The IoT device or fleet of devices can be managed through a graphical user interface.
Common examples include a mobile application or website that can be used to register and
control smart devices.

What are examples of IoT devices?

Some examples of IoT systems used in use today:
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Connected cars
There are many ways vehicles, such as cars, can be connected to the internet. It can be
through smart dashcams, infotainment systems, or even the vehicle's connected gateway.
They collect data from the accelerator, brakes, speedometer, odometer, wheels, and fuel tanks
to monitor both driver performance and vehicle health. Connected cars have a range of uses:

 Monitoring rental car fleets to increase fuel efficiency and reduce costs.
 Helping parents track the driving behavior of their children.
 Notifying friends and family automatically in case of a car crash.
 Predicting and preventing vehicle maintenance needs.

Connected homes
Smart home devices are mainly focused on improving the efficiency and safety of the house,
as well as improving home networking. Devices like smart outlets monitor electricity usage
and smart thermostats provide better temperature control. Hydroponic systems can use IoT
sensors to manage the garden while IoT smoke detectors can detect tobacco smoke. Home
security systems like door locks, security cameras, and water leak detectors can detect and
prevent threats, and send alerts to homeowners.
Connected devices for the home can be used for:

 Automatically turning off devices not being used.

 Rental property management and maintenance.
 Finding misplaced items like keys or wallets.
 Automating daily tasks like vacuuming, making coffee, etc.

Smart cities
IoT applications have made urban planning and infrastructure maintenance more efficient.
Governments are using IoT applications to tackle problems in infrastructure, health, and the
environment. IoT applications can be used for:

 Measuring air quality and radiation levels.

 Reducing energy bills with smart lighting systems.
 Detecting maintenance needs for critical infrastructures such as streets, bridges, and
pipelines.
 Increasing profits through efficient parking management.

Smart buildings
Buildings such as college campuses and commercial buildings use IoT applications to drive
greater operational efficiencies. IoT devices can be use in smart buildings for:

 Reducing energy consumption.

 Lowering maintenance costs.
 Utilizing work spaces more efficiently.

What is Industrial IoT?

Industrial IoT (IIoT) refers to smart devices used in manufacturing, retail, health, and other
enterprises to create business efficiencies. Industrial devices, from sensors to equipment, give
IoT DR SHIKHA GAUTAM

business owners detailed, real-time data that can be used to improve business processes. They
provide insights on supply chain management, logistics, human resource, and production –
decreasing costs and increasing revenue streams.
Some existing smart industrial systems in different verticals:

Manufacturing
Enterprise IoT in manufacturing uses predictive maintenance to reduce unplanned downtime
and wearable technology to improve worker safety. IoT applications can predict machine
failure before it happens, reducing production downtime. Wearables in helmets and
wristbands, as well as computer vision cameras, are used to warn workers about potential
hazards.

Automobile
Sensor-driven analytics and robotics increase efficiency in automobile manufacturing and
maintenance. For example, industrial sensors are used to provide 3D real-time images of
internal vehicle components. Diagnostics and troubleshooting can be done much faster while
the IoT system orders replacement parts automatically.

Logistics and transport

Commercial and Industrial IoT devices can help with supply chain management, including
inventory management, vendor relationships, fleet management, and scheduled maintenance.
Shipping companies use Industrial IoT applications to keep track of assets and optimize fuel
consumption on shipping routes. The technology is especially useful for tight temperature
control in refrigerated containers. Supply chain managers make informed predictions through
smart routing and rerouting algorithms.

Retail
Amazon is driving innovation in automation and human-machine collaboration in retail.
Amazon facilities make use of internet-connected robots for tracking, locating, sorting, and
moving products.

How can IoT improve our lives?

The Internet of Things has a wide-ranging impact on human life and work. It allows
machines to do more heavy lifting, take over tedious tasks and make life more healthy,
productive, and comfortable.
For example, connected devices could change your entire morning routine. When you hit the
snooze button, your alarm clock would automatically get the coffee machine to turn on and
open your window blinds. Your refrigerator would auto-detect finishing groceries and order
them for home delivery. Your smart oven would tell you the menu for the day — it might
even cook pre-assembled ingredients and make sure your lunch is ready. Your smartwatch
will schedule meetings as your connected car automatically sets the GPS to stop for a fuel
refill. The opportunities are endless in an IoT world!

What are the benefits of IoT for business?

Accelerate innovation
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The Internet of Things gives businesses access to advanced analytics that uncover new
opportunities. For example, businesses can create highly targeted advertising campaigns by
collecting data on customer behavior.

Turn data into insights and actions with AI and ML

Collected data and historical trends can be used to predict future outcomes. For example,
warranty information can be paired with IoT-collected data to predict maintenance incidents.
This can be used to proactively provide customer service and build customer loyalty.

Increase security
Continuous monitoring of digital and physical infrastructure can optimize performance,
improve efficiency and reduce safety risks. For example, data collected from an onsite
monitor can be combined with hardware and firmware version data to automatically schedule
system updates.

Scale differentiated solutions

IoT technologies can be deployed in a customer focused way to increase satisfaction. For
example, trending products can be restocked promptly to avoid shortages.

What are IoT technologies?

Technologies used in IoT systems may include:

Edge computing
Edge computing refers to the technology used to make smart devices do more than just send
or receive data to their IoT platform. It increases the computing power at the edges of an IoT
network, reducing communication latency and improving response time.

Cloud computing
Cloud technology is used for remote data storage and IoT device management – making the
data accessible to multiple devices in the network.

Machine learning
Machine learning refers to the software and algorithms used to process data and make real-
time decisions based on that data. These machine learning algorithms can be deployed in the
cloud or at the edge.

History of IoT
Machines have been providing direct communications since the telegraph (the first landline)
was developed in the 1830s and 1840s. Described as ―wireless telegraphy,‖ the first radio
voice transmission took place on June 3, 1900, providing a necessary component for
developing the Internet of Things. The development of computers began in the 1950s.
The internet, itself a significant component of the IoT, started out as part of DARPA
(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) in 1962, and evolved into ARPANET
(Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) in 1969.
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In the 1980s, commercial service providers began supporting public use of ARPANET,
allowing it to evolve into our modern Internet. Satellites and landlines provide basic
communications for much of the IoT.
Global Positioning Satellites (GPS) became a reality in early 1993, with the Department of
Defense providing a stable, highly functional system of 24 satellites. This was quickly
followed by privately owned, commercial satellites being placed in orbit, making the IIoT
much more functional.
The Internet of Things, as a concept, wasn’t officially named until 1999, but one of the first
examples of an IoT is from the early 1980s, and was a Coca Cola machine, located at the
Carnegie Mellon University. Local programmers would connect through the Internet to the
refrigerated appliance, and check to see if there was a drink available, and if it was cold,
before making the trip to purchase one.
Kevin Ashton, MIT’s Executive Director of Auto-ID Labs, coined the phrase ―Internet of
Things‖ in 1999. He was the first to describe the IoT, while making a presentation for Procter
& Gamble, but the definition of the IoT has evolved over time.
Kevin Ashton (the guy who came up with the name ―Internet of Things‖) believed Radio
Frequency Identification (RFID) was a prerequisite for the Internet of Things — primarily as
an inventory tracking solution.
In hindsight, Inventory tracking has become one of the more obvious advantages of the IoT.
He concluded if all devices were ―tagged,‖ computers could manage, track, and inventory
them. To some extent, the tagging of things has been achieved through technologies such as
digital watermarking, barcodes, and QR codes.
In 2002-2003, Walmart and the US Department of Defense were the first large organizations
to embrace Ashton’s model of tracking inventory using tagging, RFID, and the Internet of
Things.
Ring, a doorbell that links to your smartphone, provides an excellent example of the
T00nternet of Things being used at home. Ring signals you when the doorbell is pressed, and
lets you see who it is, and to speak with them.
The Ring doorbell was developed in 2011 by Jamie Siminoff because he wanted to see who
was at his door while he was in the garage, working. He couldn’t hear the doorbell from the
garage and kept missing deliveries.
An additional and important component in developing a functional IoT took place in June of
2012, when the major Internet service providers and web companies agreed to increase
address space on the global Internet by enabling IPV6 for their services and products.
―Smart cities‖ can use the IoT to reduce waste and maximize the efficient use of energy. The
IoT can also be used to streamline traffic flows and locate available parking.
In 2012, The Swiss Federal Office of Energy started a pilot program called ―Smart City
Switzerland.‖ They brought representatives from universities, business, and public
administration together to discuss new ideas for the urban environment. Smart City
Switzerland has over sixty projects underway and supports new scientific partnerships and
innovation. (Smart City Switzerland has evolved into something quite impressive.)
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A well-designed smart city supports all kind of sensors that are connected to the internet and
provides:

 Traffic monitoring- Real-time tracking and reporting of traffic.

 Air quality monitoring- Integrated IoT sensors can identify polluters.
 Smart transportation- Smart traffic lights streamline traffic efficiency and public
transport.
 Smart parking- Sensors installed in pavement, etc. to determine occupancy of the
parking lot, which is communicated to drivers.
 Smart public lighting- Low energy lighting combined with timing and sensors.
 Smart buildings- When connected to the smart city by way of the internet, it becomes
a part of the city infrastructure.
A smart building, by itself, uses sensors and automated processes to control the building’s
operations, which includes air conditioning, heating, ventilation, security, lighting, and other
systems. Smart buildings are integrated systems and share vital information.
The cloud’s massive storage capacity (2002) was necessary for the modern version of the IIot
to become a reality.
The IIoT came into being in roughly 2010, with several large companies developing their
own systems. GE is given credit for creating the term ―Industrial Internet of Things,‖ In 2012
By the year 2013, the IoT had become a system using multiple technologies, ranging from the
Internet to wireless communication and from micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) to
embedded systems.
Smartphones are part of the IoT, and have become an important communications tool for
many individuals. In 2015, they joined the IoT with a high degree of enthusiasm from
marketers. The sensors within these devices are monitored by marketing departments, who
send out certain promotions based on the customer and the product’s location.
The healthcare industry has also taken advantage of this trend. Devices, such as
smartwatches, smartphones, and ingestible monitors can keep track of a patient’s data
regarding blood pressure, heart rate, and other concerns in real time.
Cars and trucks have become members of the IoT. A connected vehicle works with other
devices over wireless networks. This technology allows various ―connected networks‖ to
access and communicate with the vehicles.
Cars and trucks are already loaded with sensors and technology, including OBD (on-board
diagnostics) and GPS. By maximizing their use of these technologies, businesses can extract
information from their fleets about maintenance requirements, driving conditions, and routes
in real-time.
Self-driving cars use the cloud to respond to adjacent cars, traffic data, maps, weather,
surface conditions, etc. Use of the cloud helps the vehicles to monitor their surroundings and
make better decisions.
Self-driving cars are new members of the IOT. The first truly self-driving vehicle appeared in
the 1980s. In October of 2021, May Mobility launched a pilot program to test their self-
driving software.
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Human neighborhoods are now becoming part of the interconnected community called the
Internet of Things.