ANATOMY

INTO THE DIFFERENT BODY SYSTEMS

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

OVERVIEW SYSTEMIC VS REGIONAL ANATOMY

ANATOMY SYSTEMIC
➔ THE STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN ➔ STUDY OF ANATOMY BY SYSTEM
BODY
REGIONAL
PHYSIOLOGY ➔ STUDY OF ANATOMY BY REGION
➔ THE STUDY OF BODY FUNCTION

BRANCHES OF ANATOMY

● SURFACE ANATOMY
● GROSS ANATOMY
● MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY (HISTOLOGY) -TISSUES

SYSTEMS
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

➔ CHEMICAL LEVEL - ATOMS FORM MOLECULES ● FORMS EXTERNAL BODY COVERING

➔ CELLULAR LEVEL - CELLS AND THEIR SUBUNITS ● PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUES FROM INJURY
➔ TISSUE LEVEL - A GROUP OF CELLS PERFORMING A ● SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D
COMMON FUNCTION ● SITE OF CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS (PAIN, PRESSURE,
➔ ORGAN LEVEL - A DISCRETE STRUCTURE MADE UP OF ETC.) AND SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS
MORE THAN ONE TISSUE
➔ ORGAN SYSTEM - ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER FOR A
COMMON PURPOSE
➔ ORGANISM - THE RESULT OF ALL SIMPLER LEVELS
WORKING TOGETHER
 LESSON 2

SKELETAL SYSTEM NERVOUS SYSTEM

● PROTECTS AND SUPPORTS BODY ORGANS ● FAST-ACTING CONTROL SYSTEM

● PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK FOR MUSCLES ● RESPONDS TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGES
● BLOOD CELLS FORMED WITHIN BONES
● STORES MINERALS

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

● ALLOWS MANIPULATION OF ENVIRONMENT ● GLANDS SECRETE HORMONES THAT REGULATE

● LOCOMOTION ○ GROWTH
● FACIAL EXPRESSION ○ REPRODUCTION
● MAINTAINS POSTURE ○ NUTRIENT USE
● PRODUCES HEAT

ANATOMY 2
 LESSON 2

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

● BLOOD VESSELS TRANSPORT BLOOD ● KEEPS BLOOD SUPPLIED WITH OXYGEN

● CARRIES OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE ● REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE
● ALSO CARRIES NUTRIENTS AND WASTES ● GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS THROUGH WALLS OF AIR SACS IN
● HEART PUMPS BLOOD THROUGH BLOOD VESSELS THE LUNGS

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

● PICKS UP FLUID LEAKED FROM BLOOD VESSELS
● DISPOSES OF DEBRIS IN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
● HOUSES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LYMPHOCYTES)
● MOUNTS ATTACK AGAINST FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
BODY
● BREAKS DOWN FOOD INTO ABSORBABLE UNITS
● INDIGESTIBLE FOODSTUFFS ELIMINATED AS FECES
IN THE

ANATOMY 3
 LESSON 2

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM

● OVERALL FUNCTION IS TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING ● ELIMINATES NITROGENOUS WASTES

● TESTES PRODUCE SPERM AND MALE SEX HORMONES ● REGULATES WATER, ELECTROLYTE, AND ACID-BASE
● OVARIES PRODUCE EGGS AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES BALANCE
● MAMMARY GLANDS PRODUCE MILK

GROSS ANATOMY - AN INTRODUCTION

➔ ANATOMICAL POSITION ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL TERMS

★ A COMMON VISUAL REFERENCE POINT
★ PERSON STANDS ERECT WITH FEET TOGETHER AND EYES
FORWARD
★ PALMS FACE FORWARD WITH THE THUMBS POINTED AWAY
FROM THE BODY

➔ REGIONAL TERMS
★ NAMES OF SPECIFIC BODY AREAS
❖ AXIAL REGION – THE MAIN AXIS OF THE BODY
❖ APPENDICULAR REGION – THE LIMBS

➔ DIRECTIONAL TERMINOLOGY
★ REFERS TO THE BODY IN ANATOMICAL POSITION
★ STANDARDIZED TERMS OF DIRECTIONS ARE PAIRED TERMS

ANATOMY 4
 LESSON 2

BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS

➔ CORONAL (FRONTAL) PLANE

● LIES VERTICALLY AND DIVIDES BODY INTO ANTERIOR AND
POSTERIOR PARTS

➔ MEDIAN (MIDSAGITTAL) PLANE

● SPECIFIC SAGITTAL PLANE THAT LIES VERTICALLY IN THE
MIDLINE

➔ TRANSVERSE PLANE
● RUNS HORIZONTALLY AND DIVIDES BODY INTO SUPERIOR
AND INFERIOR PARTS

REGIONAL TERMS

➔ OBLIQUE PLANE
● OBLIQUE SECTION THROUGH THE TRUNK

ANATOMY 5
 LESSON 2

BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS

★ ABDOMINAL REGIONS DIVIDE THE ABDOMEN INTO

NINE REGIONS

➔ DORSAL BODY CAVITY

● CAVITY SUBDIVIDED INTO THE CRANIAL CAVITY AND THE
VERTEBRAL CAVITY.

➔ CRANIAL CAVITY
● CRANIAL CAVITY HOUSES THE BRAIN

➔ VERTEBRALCAVITY
● VERTEBRAL CAVITY RUNS THROUGH THE VERTEBRAL
COLUMN AND ENCLOSES THE SPINAL CORD

OTHER BODY CAVITIES

★ ABDOMINAL QUADRANTS DIVIDE THE ABDOMEN
➔ ORAL CAVITY INTO FOUR QUADRANTS
➔ NASAL CAVITY ● RIGHT UPPER AND LEFT UPPER QUADRANTS
➔ ORBITAL CAVITIES ● RIGHT LOWER AND LEFT LOWER QUADRANTS
➔ MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES
➔ SYNOVIAL CAVITIES

ANATOMY 6