Blind Recreational Centers

BACHELOR THESIS COMMUNITY CENTER
FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED
HOPE ENTERPRISE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

BACHELOR THESIS
THE LACK OF MULTI-SENSORY ARCHITECTURE
IN PUBLIC SPACE
Name -kidus simeneh

Id -102847
Date-1/4/2024
BLIND RECREATIONAL CENTERS CENTER FOR

VISUALLY IMPAIRED THROUGH MULTI SENSORY
ARCHITECTURE
HOPE ENTERPRISE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Multi-sensory architecture is a design approach that goes beyond traditional architectural
practices by considering the stimulation of multiple senses in built environments to create more
engaging, holistic, and immersive spatial experiences. Rather than focusing solely on the visual
aspects of design, multi-sensory architecture recognizes the importance of engaging all human
senses, including touch, smell, sound, and sometimes even taste, to enrich the way people
interact with and perceive architectural spaces.
In multi-sensory architecture, designers deliberately incorporate elements that appeal to

various senses, creating environments that evoke emotional responses, enhance well-being,
and promote connectivity with the surrounding space. This approach aims to cater to diverse
user experiences, making architectural spaces more inclusive, interactive, and memorable.
For example, tactile surfaces and materials can be integrated to offer a hands-on experience,
while fragrances and scents can be used to evoke specific moods or memories. Sound-scaping
techniques may involve incorporating ambient music or natural sounds to create a harmonious
auditory atmosphere. Lighting design plays a crucial role in enhancing the visual and emotional
impact of a space, while considerations for thermal comfort ensure a pleasant sensory
experience.
Multi-sensory architecture is not only about creating aesthetically pleasing spaces but also
about designing environments that engage and inspire occupants on a deeper level. By
acknowledging the significance of multiple senses in architectural design, this approach seeks to
create more meaningful and enriching spatial experiences that resonate with the human
experience in a holistic way.
PROBLEM STATEMENT
Interviews and surveys conducted with members of the blind community have revealed a
significant challenge stemming from the lack of inclusive and well-designed public places and
infrastructure. This deficiency severely restricts the mobility and ability of visually impaired
individuals to engage in physical activities, thereby impacting their overall quality of life.
HOPE ENTERPRISE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE 1

SIGNIFICANT
This architectural thesis research holds significant importance in addressing the recreational
disparities faced by visually impaired individuals in Ethiopia and promoting a more inclusive
society. By exploring international best practices and tailoring the design of blind recreational
centers to the specific cultural context of Ethiopia, this research aims to improve the quality of
life and well-being of visually impaired individuals and enhance their participation in
recreational activities. Additionally, the findings and recommendations of this research can
inform policymakers, architects, urban planners, and other stakeholders involved in the
planning and development of recreational facilities for individuals with disabilities.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

The project scope encompasses the conceptualization, design development, and proposed
implementation of the "Blind Education and Community Center" within the defined
geographical context. However, limitations may arise in terms of budget constraints, regulatory
requirements, and technical feasibility, which could impact the full realization of the proposed
design. Additionally, the thesis may face limitations in addressing all aspects of the blind
community's diverse needs comprehensively.
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
The general objective of this architectural thesis to solve the sensory need of blind community
by designing blind recreational centers that meet the recreational needs of visually impaired
individuals,through multi-sensory architecture .
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES:
1. To identify the recreational needs and preferences of visually impaired individuals in both
international and local Ethiopian contexts.
2. To explore international best practices in the design and implementation of blind

recreational centers.
3. To assess the specific cultural, social, and environmental factors influencing the design of
blind recreational centers in Ethiopia.
4. To develop design guidelines and recommendations for the establishment of blind

recreational centers in Ethiopia.

5. To propose architectural designs for blind recreational centers that are inclusive, accessible,
and culturally appropriate.
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
INTRODUCTION
The forthcoming literature reviews center on the topic of multi-sensory architecture designed
for individuals with visual impairments, emphasizing the significance of integrating senses
beyond sight in architectural design. The reviews delve into the exploration of how
architectural spaces can be crafted to engage multiple senses, such as touch, sound, smell, and
taste, to cater to the unique needs and experiences of blind individuals. By prioritizing the
holistic sensory experience within architectural environments, the reviews aim to shed light on
the profound impact of multi-sensory design on creating inclusive, accessible, and enriching
spaces for the visually impaired community.
THE ROLE OF MULTI SENSORY ARCHITECTURE

Multi-sensory architecture plays a pivotal role in creating built environments that engage
multiple senses—beyond just sight—and cater to diverse human experiences. By intentionally
designing spaces that stimulate sight, sound, touch, smell, and even taste, multi-sensory
architecture enhances user experience, promotes well-being, and fosters a deeper connection
between individuals and their surroundings. Inclusive design principles within multi-sensory
architecture ensure that spaces are accessible and accommodating to individuals with diverse
sensory abilities, including those with visual or auditory impairments. By engaging multiple
senses, design elements can cater to a wider range of users and promote inclusivity. Multi-
sensory architecture has the potential to create therapeutic environments that support health
and well-being, promoting relaxation, reducing stress, and enhancing overall comfort. Spaces
designed with calming colors, soothing sounds, natural materials, and tactile surfaces can
contribute to a sense of tranquility and serenity.
Educational settings can benefit from multi-sensory architecture, as it supports diverse

learning styles and enhances cognitive engagement. Interactive elements, tactile surfaces,
varied lighting, and acoustic design can stimulate curiosity, creativity, and active participation.
By embracing the principles of multi-sensory architecture, designers can create dynamic,

inclusive, and engaging environments that transcend visual impact, enrich human experiences,
and contribute to the overall well-being and quality of life of users.
BLINDNESS INTRODUCTION
Blindness encompasses a diverse range of visual impairments that can manifest as either partial
or complete loss of vision, profoundly impacting an individual's ability to perceive light,
differentiate between shapes, and maintain clear vision. This condition presents itself in various
forms, with total blindness, low vision, and legal blindness being key classifications. Total
blindness represents the most severe form, indicating a complete absence of light perception
whereby the affected individual is unable to discern any visual stimuli. Conversely, low vision
signifies a notable level of visual impairment that persists even with corrective measures,
resulting in restricted vision without reaching the point of complete blindness. Legal blindness
is a defined category that entails meeting specific criteria, such as having a visual acuity of
20/200 or lower with optimal correction, or possessing a visual field limitation of 20 degrees or
less. These criteria serve to outline the level of impairment that significantly hinders an
individual's ability to carry out daily tasks comfortably and efficiently.
Blindness in Ethiopia
Ethiopia is believed to have the world's highest rates of blindness and low vision. Based on the
assessment of the presenting visual acuity, the national prevalence of blindness is 1.6% and
that of low vision 3.7%. There is accessibility issue and limited special education schools for the
visually impaired. Hence, this project is designed to undertake Braille education program for 20
children with visual impairment a year in order to integrate them in the formal education
system
The prevalence of blindness in Ethiopia is significantly influenced by a multitude of factors that

contribute to the challenges faced in addressing visual impairments within the country. Limited
access to healthcare services, inadequate awareness regarding eye health, and the difficulties in
providing comprehensive eye care to remote regions all play a crucial role in shaping the
landscape of visual impairment prevalence in Ethiopia. According to data from the World
Health Organization (WHO), the estimated rate of blindness in Ethiopia currently stands at
approximately 1.6%, while moderate to severe visual impairment affects around 3.33% of the
population.
The heightened prevalence of blindness in Ethiopia is predominantly driven by preventable

causes such as cataracts, trachoma, and uncorrected refractive errors. These conditions often
go untreated due to barriers in accessing timely and appropriate eye care services, exacerbating

the burden of visual impairment across the population. In response to these challenges,
concerted efforts are underway led by the Ethiopian government, in collaboration with non-
profit organizations and international partners, to tackle these critical issues.
Initiatives are being implemented to enhance the availability and accessibility of eye care
services, particularly in underserved regions, where the need is most acute. Public health
awareness campaigns are also being conducted to educate communities on the importance of
eye health, early intervention, and the significance of regular eye examinations. Furthermore,
comprehensive prevention and treatment programs focusing on addressing prevalent eye
diseases like cataracts and trachoma are being deployed to mitigate the impact of these
conditions and improve the overall eye health outcomes within the Ethiopian population.
MULTI SENSORY ARCHITECTURE

Architecture may have a purpose other than only shelter. It acknowledges people's feelings,
wants, and pleasant capacities. Many structures have become image goods with little
existential substance. Multi sensory architecture is relevant in this setting. According to Finnish
architect Juhani Uolevi Pallasmaa, "In memorable experiences of architecture, space, matter,
and time fuse into one singular dimension, into the basic substance of being, which penetrates
our consciousness.".

Traditionally, architectural practice has been dominated by the eye/sight. In recent decades,
though, architects and designers have increasingly started to consider the other senses, namely
sound, touch (including proprioception, kinesthesis, and the vestibular sense), smell, and on
rare occasions, even taste in their work. As yet, there has been little recognition of the growing
understanding of the multisensory nature of the human mind that has emerged from the field
of cognitive neuroscience research. This review therefore provides a summary of the role of the
human senses in architectural design practice, both when considered individually and, more
importantly, when studied collectively.
For it is only by recognizing the fundamentally multi sensory nature of perception that one can
really hope to explain a number of surprising cross-modal environmental or atmospheric
interactions, such as between lighting colour and thermal comfort and between sound and the
perceived safety of public space. At the same time, however, the contemporary focus on
synaesthetic design needs to be reframed in terms of the cross modal correspondences and
multisensory integration, at least if the most is to be made of multisensory interactions and
synergies that have been uncovered in recent years. Looking to the future, the hope is that
architectural design practice will increasingly incorporate our growing understanding of the
human senses, and how they influence one another. Such a multisensory approach will
hopefully lead to the development of buildings and urban spaces that do a better job of
promoting our social, cognitive, and emotional development, rather than hindering it, as has
too often been the case previously.
KEY ASPECTS OF MULTI-SENSORY ARCHITECTURE

Multi-sensory architecture encompasses the design approach that seeks to engage various
senses beyond just sight in the built environment. By incorporating elements that stimulate
touch, sound, smell, and even taste, architects aim to create spaces that provide a rich,
immersive experience for users. This approach goes beyond traditional visual-centric design to
consider how different sensory inputs can influence the way people perceive and interact with
architectural spaces.
1. Tactile Elements:
- Including textures, materials, and surfaces that invite touch and tactile exploration,
enhancing the sensory experience and fostering a deeper connection with the built
environment.

2. Auditory Stimuli:
- Designing spaces with considerations for sound quality, acoustics, and auditory cues to
create a pleasant auditory environment and support various activities like communication,
concentration, and relaxation.
3. Olfactory and Gustatory Features:
- Introducing scents, aromas, and even flavors into architectural spaces to evoke emotional
responses, trigger memories, and enhance the overall ambiance and experience.
4. Visual-Auditory-Tactile Integration:
- Creating spaces where visual, auditory, and tactile elements harmonize to offer a cohesive
and multi-dimensional sensory experience that caters to a diverse range of users.
5. Environmental Considerations:
- Taking into account factors like natural light, ventilation, temperature, and indoor air
quality to create a comfortable and healthy environment that positively impacts the overall
sensory experience.

6. User-Centered Design:
- Prioritizing user comfort, well-being, and engagement by designing spaces that respond to
individual sensory preferences, needs, and abilities, promoting inclusivity and accessibility for
all users.
THE PROBLEM OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN MULTI-SENSORY

ARCHITECTURE
In contemporary architecture, the predominance of visual aesthetics often overshadows the
exploration and integration of other sensory experiences, resulting in environments that
prioritize the visual appeal of spaces while neglecting the potential for a more holistic
engagement of the senses. While visual elements like form, color, and spatial composition play
a central role in defining the aesthetic qualities of architectural design, the design process
frequently overlooks the rich tapestry of tactile, auditory, olfactory, and gustatory sensations
that can contribute to a more immersive and multi-dimensional experience of built
environments.
This emphasis on visual aesthetics at the expense of engaging other senses limits the
potential for architecture to create environments that resonate on a deeper emotional and
experiential level. Spaces that focus solely on visual design may lack the richness, diversity, and
sensory complexity that can evoke a sense of place, foster emotional connections, and enhance
the overall well-being of occupants. By neglecting the exploration of tactile textures, the
soundscape of a space, the scent of materials, and the taste of design elements, contemporary
architecture may miss out on opportunities to create environments that appeal to a broader
range of human experiences and preferences.
To fully realize the potential of architecture to engage the senses in a more comprehensive
and meaningful way, designers need to expand their design vocabulary beyond visual aesthetics
and consider the multisensory qualities of spaces. By embracing a more inclusive approach that
values the richness of sensory experiences, architects can create environments that not only
delight the eyes but also stimulate, provoke, and resonate with our other senses, enriching the
quality of our built environment and enhancing our overall experience of architectural spaces.

THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED COMMUNITY

Architecture plays a vital role in the design of education and community centers for the blind, as it
directly impacts the accessibility, functionality, and overall inclusivity of these spaces. When designing
such centers, architects must prioritize factors such as acoustics, lighting, tactile elements, and
navigation aids to ensure they are user-friendly for individuals with visual impairments.
For example, incorporating tactile flooring, braille signage, and contrasting materials can help visually
impaired individuals navigate the space independently. Proper lighting design is crucial to ensure a well-
lit environment without glare, as some individuals with visual impairments may have light sensitivity
issues. Acoustics also play a significant role in creating a comfortable and easily navigable space for blind
individuals, as sound cues can help in orientation and wayfinding.
the layout and organization of spaces within these centers should be carefully planned to facilitate
ease of movement and promote a sense of safety and orientation. Open floor plans, clear pathways, and
strategically placed amenities can enhance the overall user experience and promote a sense of
inclusivity.
Incorporating universal design principles in the architecture of education and community centers for
the blind not only benefits visually impaired individuals but also creates a welcoming and inclusive
environment for all users, regardless of their abilities. By prioritizing accessibility and thoughtful design
considerations, architects can help ensure that these centers effectively support the educational and
community needs of individuals with visual impairments.
THE HUMAN SENSES IN ARCHITECTURE

architectural design, the engagement of human senses plays a crucial role in shaping the
experience and perception of built environments. Understanding how different senses interact
with architectural elements can enhance the overall quality of architectural spaces and create
more meaningful and enriching experiences for users. Let's explore the role of each human
sense in architecture:
1. Vision:
- Importance: Vision is integral to perceiving spatial qualities, aesthetics, and navigation in
architectural spaces.
- Design Considerations: Color, form, lighting, and visual landmarks are essential visual
elements that guide users and create visual interest.
- Impact: Visual aesthetics influence mood, wayfinding, and overall spatial experience in
architecture.

Mr. Atung, who faced gradual vision loss, highlighted the importance of utilizing contrasting
colors for individuals with visual impairments. He emphasized the effectiveness of contrasting
colors, particularly yellow, in aiding the distinction between them. Enhanced color contrast
plays a pivotal role in facilitating identification for those with visual impairments (Effective Color
Contrast, 2009).
2. Hearing:
- Significance: Sound shapes the ambiance, spatial perception, and emotional responses
within architectural environments.
- Influence: Acoustics, soundscapes, and auditory cues contribute to spatial quality and user
experience.
- Engagement: Attention to sound design can enhance comfort, communication, and sensory
engagement in spaces.
Pallasmaa underlines the influence of sound on our spatial experiences, asserting that hearing
shapes our perception of space. While sound often takes a back seat in spatial cognition, it adds
continuity and vitality to our visual perceptions. The blending of echoes and visual elements
contributes significantly to our spatial understanding, even though we tend to overlook the role
of sound (Pallasmaa, 2005). In a report by John Blackstone of CBS' The Early Show, Ben
Underwood, a remarkable young man who is blind, employs echolocation to navigate his
surroundings after losing his sight at a young age. By clicking his mouth to create a mental
three-dimensional map of his environment, Ben can distinguish various objects and engage in
activities like rollerblading and video games. While not all blind individuals utilize echolocation,
it offers a viable approach to spatial perception that can be applied in architecture through
sonic devices, such as dripping water, to create echoes that aid visitors in understanding their
surroundings (Blackstone, 2006).
Touch:
- Role: Tactile sensations provide feedback on materiality, texture, temperature, and spatial
boundaries in architecture.
- Interaction: Incorporating tactile materials, surfaces, and elements invites physical

interaction and sensory exploration.
- Function: Touch influences comfort, wayfinding, and user interaction with architectural
features and surfaces.

Philosopher George Berkeley underscores the integration of vision and touch, positing that
touch is imperative for comprehending material attributes like distance and depth. Touch
enables the discernment of solidity, texture, weight, density, and temperature. For the visually
challenged, touch serves as a method for exploration and navigation, allowing them to gather
details about objects and move through spaces (Hara, 2004). Pallasmaa further characterizes
touch as the channel through which we harmonize our comprehension of the world with
ourselves. Building upon this notion, anthropologist Ashley Montagu affirms touch's primacy,
suggesting that the skin—our most ancient and sensitive organ—has given rise to the other
senses. Touch is identified as the foundational sense from which our eyes, ears, nose, and
mouth have evolved, a concept reflected in the ancient understanding of touch as the origin of
all senses (Pallasmaa, 2005).
Smell:
- Memories and Associations: Olfactory stimuli trigger memories, emotional responses, and
spatial associations in architectural settings.
- Navigation Tool: Distinct scents in spaces create unique sensory identities and aid in spatial
navigation and exploration.
- Experience: Smell contributes to the immersive nature of environments, evoking mood and
enhancing the overall sensory experience.
Juhani Pallasmaa underscores the potent role of smell in evoking memories of physical spaces.
Certain scents have the unmatched power to trigger recollections of past events, locations, or
experiences long forgotten. Each place possesses its unique scent profile, ranging from the
aroma of garages to the fragrances found in restaurants. This olfactory stimuli present in
various environments serve as a sensory navigational tool, aiding individuals in exploring and
interpreting architecture and surrounding landscapes (Steven Holl, 2006).
ACCESSIBLE AND UNIVERSAL DESIGN

Yetnebersh Nigussi, the Founder and Executive Director of the Ethiopian Center for Disability
and Development (ECDD) located in Addis Ababa, is a proponent of inclusion and accessibility.
She played a pivotal role in establishing accessibility guidelines within the Ethiopian Building
Code, mandating that newly constructed buildings must be accessible to individuals with
disabilities. Nigussi highlights a prevalent issue faced by those with disabilities: societal
attitudes that often view them as mere recipients of aid rather than independent contributors
and workers, perpetuating a demeaning and misguided perception (France-press, 2018).

While there are established principles and building codes in Ethiopia aimed at enhancing
accessibility for individuals with disabilities, the actual construction of buildings in the country
often falls short of meeting these accessibility standards. The Universal Design Book outlines
seven key principles, including equitable use, flexibility in use, simplicity and intuitiveness,
provision of clear information, error tolerance, low physical effort, as well as adequate size and
space for approach and use (Smith, 2010).
These principles emphasize:
- Equitable use, ensuring buildings cater to everyone without discrimination.
- Flexibility in use to accommodate various user preferences.
- Simplicity and intuitiveness in design for accessibility to all users.
- Perceivable information communication to all users clearly.
- Tolerance for error, reducing risks of accidental actions by users.
- Low physical effort requirements for comfortable building use.
- Provision of sufficient space for approach and use, accommodating users of different sizes,
postures, and abilities (Smith, 2010).
PROGRAMS REQUIREMENT OF BLIND EDUCATION AND COMMUNITY CENTERS

Layout and planning
In crafting the layout and planning of Blind Education and Community Centers, a deliberate
focus on simplicity, logic, and legibility is paramount. Emphasizing a linear layout proves
advantageous as it aids in mobility and orientation, while the incorporation of spacious curved
spaces necessitates sufficiently large radii to ensure seamless navigation for individuals with
visual impairments.
Walkways and Pathways
When designing walkways and pathways within these centers, the use of distinct materials on
pavements serves to delineate clear walkways and path lines, facilitating easy navigation. It is
imperative that all pathways maintain a minimum vertical clearance to accommodate various
mobility aids and ensure unobstructed movement. Furthermore, the integration of tactile floor

surfaces across different spaces introduces diverse sensory experiences and aids in spatial
awareness for individuals navigating the center.
Stairways and Ramps
Considering stairways and ramps, strategic placement perpendicular or alongside the path of
travel enhances their visibility and ease of access. Avoiding open risers and nosing with lipped
edges minimizes potential hazards and promotes safety for users with visual impairments,
ensuring a barrier-free environment.
Entryway
The entryway serves as a crucial point of orientation and accessibility within the center. It
should be clearly marked, well-lit, and prominent, featuring tactile signage and color contrast to
facilitate easy identification. By maintaining cleanliness and removing obstacles from the
entryway, a seamless and secure navigation experience is ensured for all individuals.
Outdoor spaces
In outdoor spaces, prioritizing clear circulation paths and unobstructed areas enhances mobility
and promotes a sense of independence for users. Utilizing tactile cues and color contrast to
distinguish between different zones and surfaces fosters spatial understanding and aids in
wayfinding, empowering individuals to traverse outdoor areas with confidence and autonomy.
MATERIAL, SURFACE AND LIGHTING

Constructing an education and community center for individuals with visual impairments
requires meticulous consideration of materials and specific needs throughout the building
process. Incorporating tactile materials for surfaces like floors, walls, and ceilings, along with
utilizing contrasting colors for wayfinding assistance, are key material considerations. Features
such as Braille signage and auditory cues play a vital role in enhancing accessibility.
Ensuring complete accessibility and safety for visually impaired individuals entails well-lit and
unobstructed spaces, adequately sized doorways, and the installation of grab bars and
handrails for stability. Careful placement of lighting fixtures, including bright illumination at
entrances and recessed ceiling lights, is crucial for creating a well-lit environment. Additionally,
deploying natural light diffusion contributes to a welcoming atmosphere. By thoughtfully

designing and constructing housing tailored for the visually impaired, a secure, cozy, and
accessible living space can be achieved, prioritizing these essential considerations throughout
the process.
GUIDELINES FOR BLIND COMMUNITY CENTERS DESIGN ARCHITECTURAL

Guidelines for the architectural design of blind education and community centers are essential to ensure
that these spaces are accessible, functional, and inclusive for individuals with visual impairments. Here
are some key guidelines to consider when designing such centers:
1. Accessibility and Universal Design: Prioritize accessibility in all aspects of the design, ensuring that
the center is easily navigable for individuals with visual impairments. Incorporate universal design
principles to create spaces that are usable by people of all abilities.
2. Tactile Elements: Include tactile elements such as braille signage, tactile flooring, and tactile maps to
provide information and aid in wayfinding for individuals with visual impairments.
3. Lighting Design: Optimize lighting design to minimize glare, provide consistent lighting levels
throughout the space, and enhance visibility for individuals with visual impairments. Use lighting to
create contrast and emphasize important features.
4. Acoustics: Implement sound-absorbing materials and design features to regulate acoustics and
reduce background noise, creating a comfortable environment for individuals who rely on auditory cues
for navigation.
5. Clear Pathways and Signage: Design clear and unobstructed pathways throughout the center to
facilitate easy navigation. Use clear signage with high color contrast and large, easy-to-read fonts to
provide directional guidance.
6. Assistive Technology Integration: Consider the integration of assistive technologies such as screen
readers, magnifiers, and interactive devices to support individuals with visual impairments in accessing
information and engaging with educational resources.
7. Safety Considerations: Prioritize safety in the design by incorporating features such as handrails, non-
slip surfaces, and audible alerts to help prevent accidents and promote a secure environment for all
users.
8. Flexible Spaces: Design flexible spaces that can be easily adapted to accommodate different activities
and programs, allowing for versatility and usability for individuals with varying needs.

9. Inclusive Furniture and Amenities: Select furniture and amenities that are comfortable, accessible,
and inclusive for individuals with visual impairments. Consider factors such as adjustable heights, tactile
materials, and contrasting colors for ease of use.
10. Community Engagement: Design communal spaces that promote social interaction, networking, and
community engagement. Create inclusive environments that foster a sense of belonging and encourage
participation from all individuals.
ARCHITECTURAL STANDARD TO DESIGN BLIND COMMUNITY CENTERS

When designing blind education and community centers, it is important to adhere to architectural
standards that promote accessibility, inclusivity, and usability for individuals with visual impairments.
Here are some key architectural standards to consider for designing these centers:
1. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Ensure compliance with the ADA guidelines, which set
standards for accessibility in public buildings and spaces. These guidelines cover features such as
accessible entrances, ramps, handrails, door widths, and restroom facilities.
2. Universal Design Principles: Incorporate universal design principles to create spaces that are usable
by people of all abilities, including those with visual impairments. Design features that are intuitive,
accommodating, and flexible to cater to diverse user needs.
3. Building Codes and Regulations: Familiarize yourself with local building codes and regulations related
to accessibility and safety requirements for educational and community facilities. Ensure that the design
meets these standards to obtain necessary permits and approvals.
4. Wayfinding and Signage Standards: Follow best practices for wayfinding design, including the use of
clear signage with high color contrast and tactile elements to aid individuals with visual impairments in
navigating the center independently.
5. Lighting Design Standards: Adhere to lighting design standards that minimize glare, ensure consistent
lighting levels, and provide adequate illumination throughout the center. Incorporate lighting controls
and fixtures that enhance visibility for individuals with visual impairments.
6. Acoustic Design Standards: Consider acoustic design standards to control reverberation, background
noise, and sound transmission within the center. Implement materials and design strategies that
improve acoustics and support effective communication for individuals with visual impairments.
7. Accessible Technology Standards: Integrate accessible technology solutions that comply with industry
standards for assistive devices, screen readers, magnification tools, and other technologies that support
individuals with visual impairments in accessing information and educational resources.

8. Safety and Emergency Standards: Prioritize safety and emergency preparedness by incorporating
features such as accessible emergency exits, evacuation routes, tactile warnings, and audible alerts to
ensure the well-being of all individuals in the center.
9. Interior Design Standards: Apply interior design standards that consider the needs of individuals with
visual impairments, including the selection of tactile materials, contrasting colors, non-slip surfaces, and
furniture arrangements that enhance usability and navigation within the space.
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
3.1 STUDY AREA

Study area is the Ethiopian National Association of the Blind at 6 kilos. I prefer these areas
because there are many blind people learning Braille here and receiving different types of
services, so it's the right place to analyze their activities and explore how they navigate their
environment.
3.2. TYPE OF DATA SOURCE

3.2.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
In my research, I have chosen to utilize a qualitative research methodology that encompasses

case studies, international viewpoints, references, interviews, and empirical analysis. This
method revolves around acquiring non-numeric data and interpreting it through subjective
observations and descriptive language to depict reality in a detailed manner that delves deeply
into the information. Furthermore, I will adopt an applied research strategy that prioritizes
addressing real-world issues with practical solutions, employing qualitative techniques for data
collection. Through this combined approach, valuable insights into workplace strengths and
areas needing enhancement will be uncovered, offering both theoretical advancements and
actionable solutions.
3.2.2. PRIMARY SOURCE

INTERVIEWS

OBSERVATION
3.3. DATA COLLECTION TECHNIQUES

1. Surveying:
• Employing structured questionnaires to collect feedback from individuals with hearing

impairment and staff regarding their experiences within the facility and suggestions for
improvements.
2. Interviewing:
• Conducting semi-structured interviews with stakeholders to delve into the significance of

architectural design aspects in mental health care specifically tailored to meet the needs of
individuals with hearing impairment.
3. Observing:
• Engaging in direct observations of the physical spaces in mental health facilities, focusing on
evaluating the existing design components and their effects on the well-being of those with
hearing impairment.
4. Analyzing Documents:
• Examining architectural blueprints, facility documentation, and pertinent literature to

extract insights on the current obstacles and potential design solutions essential for enhancing
mental health facilities for individuals with hearing impairment.
Data Collection Method

Primary Data
To comprehensively understand the educational and communal aspects surrounding individuals
with visual impairments, the research will rely on primary data collection techniques. This will
include interviewing representatives from non-governmental organizations and professionals
linked to the Blind People Association, as well as engaging in personal exploration to experience
firsthand the educational and communal environments for visually impaired individuals.

Moreover, direct observations will be carried out, encompassing personal assessments,

photography, and the creation of sketches. As the research incorporates self-experimentation
and observation as key components, it will be categorized as an empirical investigation.
Through these methodologies, the research aims to unearth insights into the distinct challenges
encountered by visually impaired individuals in relation to education and community and to
pinpoint opportunities for enhancing the design and accessibility of education and community
tailored to the needs of the blind community.
CHAPTER FOUR
ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS

INTERVIEWS 1
Interview with General manager of bisrat promotion Ato Gedile mikael abebe
QUESTION: Could you share with us your experience as a visually impaired person in Ethiopia and how
architecture plays a role in your daily life?
ANSWER: Living as a visually impaired person in Ethiopia comes with its challenges, especially when it
comes to navigating public spaces and buildings. Architecture plays a crucial role in ensuring
accessibility, safety, and independence for individuals like me. Well-designed buildings with tactile cues,
clear signage, and inclusive layouts significantly impact my ability to move around and engage with the
environment.
QUESTION: How does architecture impact the daily lives of visually impaired individuals in Ethiopia?
ANSWER: Architecture plays a crucial role in our daily lives by providing a sense of orientation, safety,
and independence. Well-designed spaces with tactile cues, sound guidance, and accessible layouts
enable us to navigate and interact with our environment effectively.
QUESTION: How can architecture be improved to better cater to the needs of the visually impaired
community in Ethiopia?
ANSWER: Enhancing architectural designs with features such as tactile surfaces, clear signage, audible
cues, and inclusive layouts can significantly improve accessibility and usability for individuals with visual
impairments. Collaborating with the blind community to understand our unique needs and challenges is
key to creating more inclusive environments.

QUESTION: What are some key considerations that architecture students should keep in mind when
designing spaces for visually impaired individuals?
ANSWER: Students should prioritize accessibility, safety, and sensory engagement when designing
spaces for the visually impaired. Incorporating multi-sensory elements, wayfinding aids, and inclusive
features ensures that our needs are met and that we can navigate and experience spaces comfortably.
QUESTION: How can architecture contribute to promoting inclusivity and empowerment for visually
impaired individuals in Ethiopia?
ANSWER: Architecture has the power to promote inclusivity by creating environments that are
accessible, welcoming, and empowering for individuals with visual impairments. By designing with
empathy, understanding, and collaboration, architects can create spaces that foster independence and a
sense of belonging for the blind community.
In a thought-provoking interview with Ato Gedile mikael abebe on the blind community gave me
Iunderstanding the effects of architecture in blindness, sought insights from the visually impaired
individual on how architectural design influences their daily lives. The visually impaired individual
highlighted the importance of inclusive features like tactile cues, audible guidance, and accessible
layouts in providing orientation, safety, and independence. Emphasizing the necessity of collaboration
and consideration for the unique needs of visually impaired individuals, they underscored the
significance of incorporating multi-sensory elements and wayfinding aids in architectural designs to
create welcoming and empowering environments. The exchange illuminated the potential of
architecture to promote inclusivity and empower the visually impaired community in Ethiopia,
emphasizing the crucial role of understanding, empathy, and collaboration in creating spaces that cater
to diverse abilities and enhance the quality of life for all individuals.
OBSERVATION
INTERVIEWS 2
Interview with ato ashenafi and ato kiya at the ethoipia blind Ethiopian National Association of
the Blind at 6 kilos.
Interview- thank you for be willing for this interview ato ashenafi and ato kiya. My frist question
is can you share as the experiences of Ethiopian building (architecture) for that with visual
impairment ?
A. Really almost all of the building I accessed in addis abeba have many defects there are no
sound , that can guide us to the elevators, the ramps are to high to access even it is hard for a
noraml man to access.

B. I agree with ashenafi it is hard to be blind and access building in addis abeba every thing
focus on vision the sign and sound are forgotten.
Interview- how do you know the difference between to room and what do you think about the
dominance of vision in building to feel the it size and aesthetic quality.
A: to distinguish on room form the other you have to be familier frist then after that you will
find the way by feeling the wall , the sound the room makes and the route to room
B:let me answer you the second question you are right vision dominant in the building for
aesthetic part but asking that when the are many problems will be pointless.
Interview: what is you experiences in wayfinding (path) in the city or in building and what help
you to navigate easily?
A: as a mentioned earlier wayfinding is hard for as there are the yellow line is the city that are
side the are of blind people but you don't know when you enter the yellow line there almost no
difference with the other pavement .They can make the entry point depressed and creat a
smooth ramp that can continue with the side walk level after few meters or centimeter and the
ending will be some other disaster. The size of the line didn't consider the width of the blind
shoulder even if you were walking you will have some obstacles due to poor standards like how
many meter should a tree must be plated along the yellow line.
B:I agree with ashenafi for example when you go to chercher Road the one side is rougher that
the other in that way we can know we are at the right place.
Interview: do this problems limited you form physical activities and accessing parks and other
recreation area
A: The most important part is that due to the above problem our movement is limited. By the
way blind people play sport and other thing but in the centre we can only do mind game.
B: as you can see we circles around the center many times a day to get the walking feelings.
Interviewer: thanks so much have a nice day.

SURVEY

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BACHELOR THESIS COMMUNITY CENTER

FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED

HOPE ENTERPRISE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE

THE LACK OF MULTI-SENSORY ARCHITECTURE

Name -kidus simeneh

FOR VISUALLY IMPAIRED