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To Christina, Audrey and William for the past, present, and future. —Dan Sherman
To Anne and Loki, for love, patience, and walks. —Dave Montgomery
W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William
Warder Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s
Institute, the adult education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon
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transferred control of the company to its employees, and today—with a staff of five hundred
and hundreds of trade, college, and professional titles published each year—W. W. Norton &
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Copyright © 2021 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved

First Edition
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About the Authors
Daniel J. Sherman is the Luce-Funded Professor of Environmental Policy and Decision

Making and director of the Sound Policy Institute at the University of Puget Sound. He studies
the role individuals and groups play in environmental politics, policy, and sustainability. He
received BA degrees from Canisius College (1995, political science) and Victoria University of
Wellington (1996, Maori studies), MA degrees from Colorado State University (1999, political
science) and Cornell University (2002, government), and a PhD from Cornell University (2004,
government). Sherman has written Not Here, Not There, Not Anywhere: Politics, Social
Movements, and the Disposal of Low-Level Radioactive Waste with Resources for the Future
Press. He is an award-winning teacher who seeks to engage his students directly in
environmental decision-making contexts. Sherman has also written articles about and
conducted workshops for faculty on the integration of sustainability across the curriculum.
David R. Montgomery is a professor of Earth and space sciences at the University of

Washington. He studies the evolution of topography and the influence of geomorphological
processes on ecological systems and human societies. He received a BS from Stanford
University (1984, geology) and a PhD from UC Berkeley (1991, geomorphology). His field
studies have included projects in the Philippines, eastern Tibet, South America, California, and
the Pacific Northwest of North America. In 2008 Montgomery received a MacArthur
Fellowship. His books Dirt: The Erosion of Civilizations, King of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run
of Salmon, and The Rocks Don’t Lie: A Geologist Investigates Noah’s Flood have all won the
Washington State Book Award in General Nonfiction. Montgomery’s latest book, Growing a
Revolution: Bringing Our Soil Back to Life, was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson award for
Literary Science Writing. His books have been translated into nine languages.
Brief Contents
1 Environmental Science and Sustainability: What’s the Big Idea? 2
2 Ethics, Economics, and Policy: Who or What Do We Value? 28
3 Matter and Energy: What Are the Building Blocks of Sustainability? 56
4 Life: What Shapes Biodiversity? 78
5 Conservation: Why Is It Important to Protect Biodiversity? 110
6 Human Population: Can We Have Too Many People? 140
7 Water: How Do We Use It and Affect Its Quality? 168
8 Air: What Are We Breathing? 202
9 Land: How Does It Shape Us? 232
10 Systems and Cycles: Are We Harming Earth’s Life Support System? 262
11 Climate: How Does Global Climate Change? 288
12 Food: How Do We Feed Ourselves? 318
13 Fossil Fuels: Energy of the Industrial Age? 348
14 Energy Alternatives: How Are Our Energy Decisions Changing? 376
15 Waste: What Happens to All the Stuff We Use? 404
16 Urbanization: Why Are Cities Growing? 432
17 Environmental Health and Justice: How Does Our Environment Affect Our
Health? 460
18 Decision Making: Why Do Our Choices Matter? 490
19 Groups and Organizations: How Do We Work Together for Sustainability? 512
20 Government: How Can Policy Influence Sustainability? 536
Contents
To the Instructor xxviii
To the Student xxxii
Acknowledgments xxxiv
1 Environmental Science and Sustainability:

What’s the Big Idea? 2
Chapter Objectives 3
1.1 What Is the Environment, and What Is an Ecosystem? 5
What Are Systems? 5
Where Do Humans Fit in the Environment? What’s Our Impact? 6
1.2 What Is Sustainability? 7
Defining Sustainability 10
Ecological Resilience 11
1.3 What Is Science? 12
The Scientific Method 12
Ways of Observing and Testing 13

Models 14
1.4 What Are Challenges to Good Science? 15
Fraud and Pseudoscience 15
Bias and Misinformation 16
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Sometimes One Thing Does Lead to Another
17
The Function of Peer Review 18
1.5 What Shapes Our Decisions on the Environment? 18
Factors Influencing Individual Decisions 18
Trade-Offs and Incentives 19
Making Sense of Our Environmental Effects 19
Groups and Organizations 20
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Mostafa Tolba: Scientist as Diplomat 21
What Are Some of the Big Decisions We Will Explore in This Book? 21
1.6 What Can I Do? 22
Consider Sustainability When You Make Purchases 22
Research and if Possible Participate in Sustainability Groups, Offices, or
Plans on Your Campus 23
Consider the Role and Opportunities That Technology Might Play in
Sustainable Development 23
Use What You Learn to Start Making Sustainable Decisions Every Day 23
Chapter 1 Review 23
Summary 23
Key Terms 24
Review Questions 24
For Further Thought 24
Use the News 25
Use the Data 26
Learn More 27
2 Ethics, Economics, and Policy:

Who or What Do We Value? 28
2.1 How Does Ethics Influence Our Decisions? 31
Duties and Rights 31
The Greatest Good for the Greatest Number 33
Who or What Do We Care About? 33
2.2 How Are the Environment and Economy Connected? 34
Supply and Demand 34
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Is Eating a Vegetarian Diet More
Sustainable? 35
Government and Markets 36
Scarcity Inspires Innovation and Substitution 36
Efficiency Gains Can Inspire Increased Consumption 37
2.3 How Can Economics Help Us Understand Environmental Problems?
38
Negative Externalities 39
Positive Externalities, Ecosystem Services, and Public Goods 40
2.4 Why Do We Have Environmental Policy? 41
What Is Policy? 42
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Harnessing Energy from Waves in the Ocean
43
What Is Politics, and How Are Policies Made? 44
Environmental Policy in the United States 44
State and Local Policies 45

Global Environmental Politics 48
Exercise Your Economic Power 49
Influence Public Policy 49
Research and Influence Your Elected Officials 50
Chapter 2 Review 50
Summary 50
Key Terms 51
Review Questions 51
Use the News 52
Use the Data 54
Learn More 55
3 Matter and Energy:

What Are the Building Blocks of Sustainability? 56
3.1 What Is Matter Anyway? 58
Elements and Atoms 58
What’s Inside an Atom? 59
3.2 What Distinguishes Different Kinds of Matter? 60
How Do Atoms Bond Together? 61
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Mining Garbage for Plastic: One Way to Profit

from the Different Properties of Matter 63
Acids and Bases 66
3.3 Can Matter Change? 66
Phase Changes 67
Chemical Reactions 67
3.4 What Is Energy? 68
Forms of Energy 68
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Can We Tinker with Earth’s Chemistry to
Address the Effects of Climate Change? 69
3.5 What Happens to Energy When We Have Used It? 70
The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 70
How Does Energy Affect Life? 72
Understand the Connections and Help Others to Do So Too 73
Contact Your School’s Office of Sustainability 73
Learn to Follow the Matter 73
Understand That Everything Goes Somewhere 73
Find Your Opportunity to Innovate 74
Chapter 3 Review 74
Summary 74
Key Terms 74
Review Questions 75
Use the News 75
Use the Data 77
Learn More 77
4 Life:
What Shapes Biodiversity? 78
4.1 What Do Living Things Have in Common? 80
4.2 How Does Life Evolve? 82
Mutations, Selection, and Extinction 83
Five Misconceptions about Evolution 84
4.3 What Shapes Biodiversity? 85
How Many Species Are There? 86
Species Evenness 86
Ecosystem Diversity and Biogeography 87
Biomes 87
4.4 How Do Communities of Organisms Interact? 89
Competition 89
Predation 92
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Predators and Trees in Yellowstone 93
Interspecific Competition 94
Coevolution 95
Symbiotic Interactions 95
4.5 What Controls Population Size? 96
Population Growth and Responses to Limits 96
Population Density 97
Reproductive Strategies 98
4.6 What Causes Population Traits to Change? 99
Genetic Diversity 100
4.7 What Can Cause Loss of Biodiversity? 101
Identifying Areas and Species Vital to Biodiversity 102
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Killing to Protect Biodiversity in New
Zealand 103
Create Some Wildlife-Friendly Habitats Where You Live 105
Reduce Some of the Negative Effects on Wildlife Where You Live 105
Minimize Your Impact on Wildlife When You Are Out Enjoying Nature 105
Chapter 4 Review 106
Summary 106
Key Terms 106
Review Questions 106
Use the News 107
Use the Data 108
Learn More 109
5 Conservation:
Why Is It Important to Protect Biodiversity? 110
5.1 What Is the Status of Earth’s Biodiversity? 113
Human Impact on Biodiversity 113
5.2 Why Protect Biodiversity? 115
What Are Ecosystem Services? 116
Placing Economic Value on Ecosystem Services 117
Criticisms of the Ecosystems Services Approach 118
5.3 What Are Protected Areas? 118
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Can Biodiversity Boost Soil Fertility and
Agricultural Productivity? 119
National Parks, Monuments, and Recreation Areas 122
National Wildlife Refuges 122
National Forests 123
Bureau of Land Management Lands 123
Wilderness Areas and Wild and Scenic Rivers 123
Aquatic and Marine Areas 123

Protected Areas throughout the World 123
5.4 What Are the Limitations of Protected Areas, and Are There
Alternatives? 124
The Ecological Island Effect 124
Protected Areas Do Not Necessarily Match Protection Priorities 125
Continued Human Use 125
Alternative Protection Strategies 126
5.5 Can Laws Protect Biodiversity? 126
Role of the States 128
International Laws and Agreements 128
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS How Should We Prioritize Our Efforts to
Conserve Biodiversity? 129
5.6 What Can Be Done to Reduce Biodiversity Loss? 130
The Importance of Forests 130
Sustainable Forest Management 132
Grazing and Grassland Management 132
Agriculture and the Protection of Biodiversity 132
Urbanization and Land-Use Planning 133
5.7 What Can Be Done to Fix Damage That Has Already Occurred? 133
Species Reintroduction 133
Ecological Restoration 133
Get Involved with a Campus Restoration Project 135
Learn about Your Local Biodiversity and Get Others Involved: Start or Join
a BioBlitz 135
Join a Conservation Group 135
Buy Products That Have Less Impact on Threatened Species 135
Summary 136
Key Terms 136
Use the News 137
Use the Data 139
Learn More 139
6 Human Population:
Can We Have Too Many People? 140
6.1 What Is the History of Human Population Change? 142
Historical Population Crashes 143
6.2 What Has Driven Recent Population Growth? Can Earth Support It?
146
Rates of Birth and Death 146
Agricultural Development and Technology 147
Advances in Health 148
How Much Human Activity Can Earth Support? 148
6.3 How Have Societies Attempted to Control Population? 148
Population-Control Policies 149
Social Stratification and Inequality 150
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Soap Operas and Fertility 151
6.4 How Is Global Population Changing? 152
Demographic Transition 153
Examples of Demographic Transition 154
Waiting for or Passing by the Stability Transition 154

Consequences of Low Birthrates 154
6.5 What Factors Facilitate a Demographic Transition? 156
Drops in Infant Mortality 156
Urbanization 156
Health and Education 158
The Status of Women 158
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Is the Problem Overpopulation or Rising
Consumption? 159
6.6 How Is Population Connected to Consumption? 160
Impact = Population × Affluence × Technology 161
Global Comparisons 161
Know Your Personal Ecological Footprint 163
Get Involved with Education and Rights Issues 163
Explore How Technological Solutions Might Help 163
Summary 164
Key Terms 164
Use the News 165
Use the Data 167
Learn More 167
7 Water:
How Do We Use It and Affect Its Quality? 168
7.1 Where on Earth Is All the Water? 170
7.2 How Does Freshwater Support Life? 174
Lakes and Ponds 174
Rivers and Streams 175
Life in Wetlands and Estuaries 175
7.3 How Can Humans Impact Freshwater? 177
Increased Withdrawals from Groundwater Systems 177
Disruptions to Surface Water Systems 178
Water Pollution 180
7.4 Can We Improve Access to Freshwater? 182
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Cow Milk or Almond Milk—What Uses More
Water? 183
Where Does the Water Go? 184
Water Shortages 184
Water Conservation 185

Water Scarcity 185
7.5 How Do We Keep Freshwater Clean? 186
7.6 Why Is Frozen Water Important? 188
7.7 How Do Oceans Influence the Climate? 189
Why Is the Ocean Salty? 190
Ocean Currents 190
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Science in the Cold 191
Countercurrents and El Niño 193
7.8 How Does the Ocean Support Life? 194
Learn Where Your Water Comes From 197
Figure Out How Much Water You Use 197
Consume Less Water for Personal Use 197
Use Less Water for Landscaping 197
Learn More about How Others Are Facing Water-Conservation
Challenges and Sustaining Reforms 197
Summary 198
Key Terms 198
Use the News 199
Use the Data 200
Learn More 201
8 Air:
What Are We Breathing? 202
8.1 What Makes Up the Air We Breathe and Our Atmosphere? 204
Pressure 205
How Is Earth’s Atmosphere Structured? 206
8.2 What Is Weather and How Does It Change? 207
Temperature 208
Water Vapor 208
Barometric Pressure 209
Wind, Fronts, and Storms 210
Lake and Land Effects 211
8.3 How Does the Atmosphere Circulate? 212
Patterns of Atmospheric Pressure and Prevailing Winds 212
STORIES OF DISCOVERY What’s in the Clouds? 213
Atmospheric Dust Transport 214
8.4 How Does the Atmosphere Become Polluted? 215
Primary Pollutants 215

Secondary Pollutants: Smog and Ground-Level Ozone 217
8.5 What Is Happening to the Ozone Layer? 218
8.6 What Is Acid Rain? 220
8.7 How Are We Responding to Pollution in the Atmosphere? 221
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Air Pollution: How Will the Chinese
Government Respond? 225
Choose Your Transportation with Pollution in Mind 226
Look for Ways to Limit Pollution at Home and on Campus 226
Explore the Impacts of New Technology 227
Learn More about Power Generation in Your Community in Order to
Influence Local Policy 227
Summary 227
Key Terms 228
Use the News 229
Use the Data 230
Learn More 231
9 Land:
How Does It Shape Us? 232
9.1 How Do Mountains Rise and Animals Find Their Way Home? 234
Earth’s Internal Structure 235
Plate Tectonics 236
9.2 How Does Earth Recycle and Renew Its Surface? 238
Forming then Weathering 238
Erosion and Lithification 239
9.3 Why Are Minerals Important, and How Do We Get Them? 241
Minerals and Mineral Resources 241
9.4 What Shapes Earth’s Surface? 244
Landforms 245
Processes That Shape the Land 247
9.5 What Is Soil, and Where Does It Come From? 248
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Worms Make Soil 249
Soil Horizons 250
9.6 What Makes Soil Alive? 251

Organic Matter and Soil Structure 251
Soil Classification and Factors Affecting Soil Formation 251
Topsoil and Plant Growth 252
Water in Topsoil 253
9.7 How Can Humans Repair and Sustain the Land? 253
Agriculture and Grazing 254
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS The Erosion of Civilizations 255
Mining 256
Forestry 256
Urbanization 257
Conserve and Recycle Rare Earth Minerals 257
Know How Your Food Affects Soil Health 257
Get Informed about Development Decisions in Your Area 258
Be Prepared for Natural Hazards 258
Summary 258
Key Terms 258
Use the News 259
Use the Data 260
Learn More 261
10 Systems and Cycles:

Are We Harming Earth’s Life Support System? 262
10.1 What Are Systems? 264
Parts, Interactions, and Emergent Properties 265
10.2 How Can We Show How a System Works? 266
Stocks and Flows 266
Feedback 267
10.3 How Do Earth’s Life-Support Systems Work? 269
The Story of Oxygen 269
Harnessing the Phosphorus Cycle 270
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS We Are Flushing Phosphorus Down the
Drain, but Can We Reclaim It? 273
10.4 How Do Living Things Change the Nitrogen Cycle? 274
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Biological Nitrogen Fixation 275
Human Impacts on the Nitrogen Cycle 276
10.5 How Are We Changing Earth’s Carbon Cycle? 278
Natural Cycling of Carbon between the Lithosphere, Atmosphere, and
Hydrosphere 278
Carbon Cycling through the Biosphere 278
Carbon Cycling from the Biosphere to the Lithosphere 279
Humans and the Carbon Cycle 279
Know Your Footprints for Carbon and Nitrogen 282
Practice Systems Thinking I: Stock and Flow Models 283
Practice Systems Thinking II: The Iceberg Model 283
Summary 284
Key Terms 284
Use the News 285
Use the Data 286
Learn More 287
11 Climate:
How Does Global Climate Change? 288
11.1 How Do We Measure Global Climate? 290
Temperature Records 291
Temperature Measurements from the Ocean 292
Geothermal Gradients 292
Proxies 292
11.2 What Caused Climate Change in the Past? 293
The Greenhouse Effect 293
Continental Drift 295
The Composition of the Biosphere 296
Earth’s Orbit 296
Ocean Currents 296
Eruptions and Asteroids 296
11.3 What’s Happening with Our Climate Now? 297
The Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere Is Increasing 297
Concentrations of Other Human-Caused Greenhouse Gases Are Also

Increasing 300
STORIES OF DISCOVERY The Development of Global Climate Models
301
How Much Do Human-Caused Greenhouse Gas Emissions Affect the
Climate? 302
11.4 What Are Some Effects of Climate Change? 303
Precipitation and the Water Cycle 303
Hurricanes and Severe Weather 305
Sea-Level Rise 305
Ecosystem Effects 306
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Fuel Efficiency and the Carbon Footprint of
Your Vehicle 309
11.5 What About the Future? 310
Modeling Alternative Scenarios for Future Human Response 311
Know Your Carbon Footprint 311
Consider the Impact of Your Transportation 312
Reduce Home Energy Use 312
Consider the Whole Impact of What You Consume 312
Make Changes Visible to Others 313
Summary 313
Key Terms 314
Use the News 315
Use the Data 316
Learn More 317
12 Food:
How Do We Feed Ourselves? 318
12.1 How Did Our Modern Agriculture Develop? 320
Historical Agricultural Practices 320
Modern Agricultural Practices: The Green Revolution 321
12.2 How Does Modern Agriculture Impact the Environment? 323
Soil Loss and Degradation 323
Water Quality and Air Pollution 324
Water Availability 325
Pesticides 325
Genetically Modified Organisms 328
The Loss of Agrobiodiversity 328
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Genetically Modified Organisms 329
12.3 How Is Meat Production Changing What We Consume? 330
Changing Livestock Production Practices 330
Chicken Production 331
Pork Production 331
Beef Production 332
Catching and Raising Seafood 332
12.4 Is Conventional Meat Production Sustainable? 334
Impacts of Livestock Production 334
Impacts of Seafood Production 334
12.5 How Have Our Food Systems Changed? 336
Agricultural Production: Increasing Scale and Shrinking Diversity 337

Food Consumption: Increasing Role of Meat and Processed Foods 337
Shifting Food Culture 338
12.6 How Do Our Food Choices Link to Sustainability? 339
The Efficiency Argument: Eating Low on the Food Chain 339
Concern for Animal Welfare 340
Organic and Sustainable Agricultural Practices 340
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Sir Albert Howard and the Biological Bazaar
341
Concerns for Global Equity and Community: Fair Trade and Buying Local
342
Reducing Food Waste 343
Make Sustainable Choices about the Meat You Eat 343
Support Sustainable Fishing Practices 343
Reduce Your Food Waste 343
Summary 344
Key Terms 344
Use the News 345
Use the Data 347
Learn More 347
13 Fossil Fuels:
Energy of the Industrial Age? 348
13.1 What Are Fossil Fuels, and How Important Are They Today? 350
13.2 Have We Always Used Fossil Fuels? 352
Energy and Early Human History 352
Power and Productivity 353
13.3 What Drove the Rise of Fossil Fuels? 355
Economic Forces and the Rise of Fossil Fuels 355
Government Actions and the Rise of Fossil Fuels 357
13.4 What Are the Environmental Impacts of Obtaining and Using Fossil
Fuels? 358
Coal 358
Oil 359
Natural Gas 364
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS What Is Fracking? 365
13.5 What Factors Will Impact the Future of Fossil Fuels? 367
The Costs of Fossil Fuel Dominance 367

Policy Responses 368
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Can We Capture and Store Carbon
Emissions? 369
Choose Transportation That Uses Less Fossil Fuel 370
Opt for Products and Services That Use Less Fossil Fuels 370
Be Informed about the Policies and Economics of Fossil Fuel Use 371
Learn about Technologies That “Clean” Fossil Fuel Emissions 371
Summary 371
Key Terms 372
Use the News 373
Use the Data 375
Learn More 375
14 Energy Alternatives:
How Are Our Energy Decisions Changing? 376
14.1 Why Are Wind and Solar Power Use Growing? 378
Wind Power 378
Solar Power 380
14.2 What Are Other Energy Alternatives? 382
Hydropower 382
Nuclear Power 383
Geothermal Power 385
14.3 How Is Alternative Energy Used for Transportation? 386
Ethanol and Other Biofuels 386
STORIES OF DISCOVERY The Solutions Project 387
Electric Vehicles 388
Fuel Cells 388
Adoption of Technologies 389
14.4 What Role Does Energy Conservation Play in Energy Transitions?
390
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Self-Driving Cars 391
Cogeneration 392
14.5 What Could Drive a Transition Away from Fossil Fuels? 392
Economic Forces 393
Innovative and Infrastructure for Energy Storage and Distribution 393
Government Actions 398
Explore Options and Benefits for Trading in Your Less Fuel-Efficient Car
398
Support Alternative Energy Initiatives on Campus 399
Join in the Debate about Local Alternative Energy Projects 399
Learn More about Global Energy Policies 399
Summary 400
Key Terms 400
Use the News 401
Use the Data 403
Learn More 403
15 Waste:
What Happens to All the Stuff We Use? 404
15.1 What Is Waste? 406
Municipal Solid Waste 406
Solid Waste 407
Life-Cycle Assessment 407
15.2 What Happens When Waste Is Dumped? 410
Polluting Gases 411
Leachate 411
Ocean Dumping 412
Waste Trade 412
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Who Bears the Impacts of Waste? 413
15.3 How Do We Manage Waste? 414
Incineration 414
Isolation 415
Conversion 417
15.4 How Do We Recycle and Reuse Waste? 418
Recycling 418
The Economics of Recycling 420
The Advantages and Limitations of Recycling 421

Reuse, Refurbish, Repurpose, and Upcycle 422
15.5 How Does Our Culture Affect Consumption? 422
Culture and Consumption in the United States 423
15.6 Can We Reduce Our Waste? 424
Business and Consumer Strategies 424
STORIES OF DISCOVERY What Can We Learn from Our Garbage? The
Archaeology of Us 425
Government Action 426
Community Initiatives and Individual Actions 426
Reduce Your Food Waste 427
Track How Much Waste You Produce 427
Take Action against Wasteful Practices 427
Help Others Use Less 427
Summary 427
Key Terms 428
Use the News 429
Use the Data 430
Learn More 431
16 Urbanization:
Why Are Cities Growing? 432
16.1 How Are Urban Areas Changing? 434
Putting the Urban Transition into Historical Perspective 434
Urbanization and Environmental Impacts 434
The Opportunity of Urban Areas 438
16.2 What Are Slums? 439
History and Development of Slums 440
Opportunities in Slums and Cities in the Developing World 440
16.3 What Is Suburban Sprawl? 441
Characteristics of Sprawl 442
What Are the Problems of Suburban Sprawl? 443
16.4 How Did Suburban Sprawl Develop in the United States? 445
Building Policies 446
Transportation Infrastructure 447
Sprawl and Consumption 447
16.5 What Is Urban Planning? 448
Urban Planning 448
Challenges of Planning 448
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS How Can Cities Respond When Disaster

Strikes? 449
16.6 Why Is Transportation Important? 450
The Challenge of Induced Traffic 450
Transportation Alternatives 451
The Relationship between Transit and Density 451
16.7 How Are Cities Changing? 452
Walkability 452
Transit-Oriented and Pedestrian-Oriented Developments 452
STORIES OF DISCOVERY The Bullitt Center—Meeting the Living
Building Challenge 453
Building and Infrastructure 454
Learn More about Your Campus Plan 455
Find Opportunities to Shape Planning Regulations and Attend Planning
Board Meetings in Your City or Town 455
What Is Transportation Like Where You Live? 455
Summary 456
Key Terms 456
Use the News 457
Use the Data 458
Learn More 459
17 Environmental Health and Justice:

How Does Our Environment Affect Our Health? 460
17.1 What Is Environmental Health? 463
Epidemiology 463
Toxicology 464
Environmental Justice 464
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Alice Hamilton 465
17.2 How Do Microorganisms Make Us Sick? 466
What Are the Major Types of Biological Hazards? 467
Where Do These Pathogens Strike? 470
Future Risks 470
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS DDT: Trading a Biological Hazard for a
Chemical Hazard? 471
17.3 What Does It Mean When Something Is Toxic? 472
Risk Factors 472
17.4 How Can I Be Exposed to Something Toxic? 473
Where Exposure Occurs 474
17.5 How Do We Manage Risks Associated with Toxins? 476
Addressing Disproportionate Impacts 477
17.6 What Are the Most Common Physical Hazards in the Environment?
477
Radiation Hazards 479
17.7 How Is Climate Change Affecting Environmental Health Issues? 481
Extreme Weather 481
Expanded Ranges for Diseases 482
17.8 Where Are Vulnerable Communities Located? 482
What Actions Promote Environmental Justice? 483
Follow Good Sanitation and Hygiene Practices 484
Avoid Chemical and Radiation Hazards When Possible 484
Prepare a Personal and Community Disaster Plan 484
Become Aware of Environmental Injustices in Your Area 484
Understand Your and Your Coworkers’ Right to a Safe Workplace 485
Summary 485
Key Terms 485
Use the News 486
Use the Data 488
Learn More 489
18 Decision Making:
Why Do Our Choices Matter? 490
18.1 What Are the Key Factors Influencing Our Decisions? 492
Hierarchy of Needs 492
Automatic Thinking 492
Emotional Defense Mechanisms 494
Social Acceptance and Conformity 494
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Addressing Product Obsolescence: How
Can We Extend the Useful Life of Our Stuff? 495
What Do You Believe? 496
18.2 What Are Some Successful Strategies to Influence Behavior? 496
STORIES OF DISCOVERY Applying a Nudge to Reduce Food Waste 497
Prompts 498
Feedback 498
Commitments 498
18.3 How Can Incentives Motivate Behavior? 502
How Do Incentives Work? 502
Incentives as a Strategy to Influence Choice 502
Social Incentives 502
18.4 How Important Are the Words We Use? 504

Using Frames to Design Narratives 505
Labels and Guides 505
Make Commitments, Use Prompts, and Use Tools to Keep Track of Your
Progress 507
Communicate More Effectively to Influence Changes You Want to See
507
Find Places Where Prompts Might Influence Behavior on Campus 507
Summary 508
Key Terms 508
Use the News 509
Use the Data 511
Learn More 511
19 Groups and Organizations:

How Do We Work Together for Sustainability? 512

19.1 How Are We Connected? 514
Social Groups and Organizations 514
Social Networks 515
Structure and Influence in Social Networks 515
19.2 Why Are Organizations Important for Change? 516
For-Profit Businesses 517
Nonprofit Organizations 518
Benefit Corporations 519
19.3 How Do Organizations Integrate the Ideal of Sustainability? 519
Mission Statement and Strategy 520
STORIES OF DISCOVERY B Corp: Inventing a New Kind of Corporation
521
Organizational Culture and Structure 524
19.4 How Can Members within an Organization Facilitate Change? 525
SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS Should Organizations Divest from Fossil
Fuel Companies? 527
19.5 How Can Those Outside an Organization Facilitate Change? 528
Environmental Nonprofits Exerting Influence on Businesses 528
Forces Changing Environmental Groups 529
Media and Social Media as a Force for Change 530
Partnerships and Economic Incentives 530
Examine Your Sphere of Influence 531
Get Involved with What’s Happening on Your Campus 531
Bring Sustainability Groups Together on Campus 531
Connect to Other Campuses 532
Learn More about Financial Factors That Drive Business Decisions 532
Summary 532
Key Terms 533
Use the News 533
Use the Data 535
Learn More 535
Another random document with
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Ed infatti vi passa un gran divanò fra l’indispensabile
riconoscimento che far dee la S. Sede della Real Casa
Stuarda, ad esclusione di quella di Hanover da quel
chepassa nel riconoscimento almeno implicito, che fa la
medesima S. Sede di altri Principi Eretici. Per modo di
esempio; il Papa certamente nè tratta nè ha
corrispondenza alcuna coi Rè di Svezia e di Danimarca,
ma ciò unicamente per essere Eglino Eretici, non già
perche loro impugno neghi la legittima successione
dell’essere di Rè; Quindi nei Diarj stessi stampati coll’
approvazione della Corte di Roma, non si fa difficultà di
enunciarli per Rè di Svezia, per Rè di Danimarca; ma nel
caso nostro non solo può il sommo Pontefice trattare
direttamente colla casa di Hanover per essere Eretica, ma
neppur può in alcun modo nè anche tacitamente
riconoscere il Capo di quella per legittimo successore del
Regno d’lnghilterra; Poiche verrebbe in tal guisa a
canonizzare, ed ammettere direttamente per valido e
sussistente il sudetto inique Decreto.
Di tutti questi fatti e principj si è Veduto dal mondo
intero a qual segno era persuasa ed imbevuta la S. Mem.
di Clemente undecimo il quale nell’atto di ricevere, e di
abbracciare con paterno amore la Maestà di Giacomo
terzo, allorchi per suo unico rifugio in virtù dei Frattati di
Pace, ai quali tutti gli altri Principi Cattolici, esclusone il
sommo Pontefice, astretti furono di acconsentire, si portò
nello stato Ecclesiastico, e successivamente a Roma:
Persuaso, dico, il S. Padre ed imbevuto delle sudette
massime e sentimenti non si contentò di riconoscere, e di
trattare la Real Persona di Giacomo terzo per unico e
legittimo Rè d’lnghilterra, ma intendendo di volere nella di
lui Persona riconoscere tutta la Regia sua Prosapia, non
lasciò nè mezzi nè industrie per carcarne la propagazione
ed in consequenza procurargli un legittimo successore:
Epperò effettuato, che fù il matrimonio di Giacomo terzo
colla Principessa Sobieskj; facilitato non poco da qualche
Lettera del Papa scritta all’ Imperadore: Frà pochi mesi
divenne gravida la Regina e circa gli ultimi giorni dell’
anno 1720 trovossi prossima al parto; ed allora il S. Padre
conoscendo da una parte la necessità di dover rendere
incontastabile la legitimazione del Parto, e dall’ altra
intendendo l’obligo preciso, in cui ritrovasi la S. Sede, per
non contradire a se stessa, e per vie più sempre fare atti
protestativi contro l’accennato ingiusto Decreto, di
riconoscere la futura prole qual Erede Presuntivo, e
legittimo successore del Regno d’Inghilterra si accensa a
fare questo atto colla maggiore solennità possibile;
Perlocchi volle il S. Padre, che fossero chiamate per
essere presenti al parto, il Sagro Collegio, il Senato
Romano, i primi Prelati e Principi Romani, e la primaria
Nobilità di Roma; E Siccome la Maestà della Regina
stento a partorire per lo spazio di tre giorni in circa in tutto
questo tempo farono ripiene le Anticamere di Sua Maestà
dei riferti rispettabilissimi Personaggi, i quali
vicendevolmente surrogavansi gli uni agli altri, con avervi
ancora pernottato alcuni dei Signori Cardinali. In mezzo
adunque di consesso così rispettabile nacque ai 31 di
Dicembre dell’anno Sudetto Carlo Odoardo Principe di
Galles riconosciuto per tale e consequentamente per
Erede presuntivo della Corona dal Medesimo sommo
Pontefice, il quale non tardo punto a farlo annunziare a
tutto il Popolo per mezzo dello Sparo del Cannone di
Castello. E qui sia lecito riflettere che se il Rè Giacomo
terzo stato fosse in pacifico possesso del suo Trono, non
poteva il sudetto nato Principe ricevere maggiori onori, ed
atti più declaratorj del suo dritto successivo alla corona. La
sola formalità, che per parte della S. Sede rimanere
poteva al compimento di questi atti si era la tradizione
delle Fascie Benedette solite mandarsi ai soli Eredi
necessarj delle Teste Coronate, non già Elettive, ma
unicamenta successive: Ma perchi cessò di vivere la S.
Memoria di Clemente undecimo, prima che fossero del
tutto terminate le dette Fascie, toccò al di lui successore
Innocenzo tredecimo compire questo ultimo atto, com’ Egli
fece colla maggior Solennità possibile mandando a questo
effetto preciso un obligato con tutte le formalità e
ceremonie solite pratticarsi colle oltre Corti.
Da tutto questo racconto non si può negare che
appariscono nel suo pieno le obligazioni che ha la Real
Casa Stuarda alla S. Mem. di Clemente undecimo, ma
appariscono altrettanto quanto stava a cuore di quel
sommo Pontefice il decoro della S. Sede e come ben
intendeva l’indispensabile necessità da cui era astretta a
Sostenere inviolabili i Dritti della Casa Reale Sudetta:
Videva benissimo il S. Padre, che tutti questi replicati atti
di riconoscimento dovevano necessariamente inasperire il
Governo d’Inghilterra massimamente contro i Cattolici ed
in conseguenza essere in qualche maniera di Ostacolo al
buon successo delle missioni; Capiva altrasi che egli solo
era l’unico Principe Cattolico, che faceva questi atti di
riconoscimento: con tutto ciò tenendo avanti gli Occhi la
giustizia della causa che diveniva punto di Religione,
l’abborrimento che non mai abbastanza poteva rimostrare
la S. Sede al Sopracitato Decreto, e per fine l’obbligo
preciso de’ suoi Successori in non dipartirsi giammai da
quanto Egli faceva a prò di una Famiglia si bene merita
della S. Sede, non esitò punto di eseguirli con tante
Solennità, per mezzo delle quali toglieva a Suoi Medesimi
Successori qualunque ragione di dubbio circa il
trattamento dovuto al Principe di Galles, seguita la morte
del di lui Padre; Giacche sapeva benissimo il sommo
Pontefice che riconosciutosi una volta dalla S. Sede per
Erede presuntivo di un Regno un Figlio, non può mettere
in dubbio alla morte del di lui Padre, che gli Succeda in
tutto, ed in conseguenza nella sua dignita e ne’suoi onori;
In quella guisa appunto, che nell’ Impero (non ostante che
sia stato elettivo) riconosciutosi una volta dalla S. Sede
alcuno Rè de’ Romani non può Ella dispensarsi, Seguita
la morte dell’ Imperadore, dal riconoscerlo per di lui
Successore.
Pieno pertanto il glorioso Clemente undecimo di questi
giustissimi sentimenti nell’ atto stesso di morire, volle
manifestare a tutto il sagro collegio qual si fosse la sua
premura perchè costantemente si mantenesse quanto Egli
aveva fatto verso la Real Casa, facendogli sù di ciò una
speciale raccomandazione. Fedelissimi e zelosissimi
Esecutori delle Operazioni e del Testamento di un tanto
Papa sono Stati tutti i Pontefici successori principiando da
Innocenzo Tredecimo fino a Clemente Tredecimo
felicemente regnante, tutti hanno trattato e risguardato il
Figlio Primogenito di Giacomo terzo come Principe di
Galles; cioè Successore del Regno d’Inghilterra. Quindi
dacchi il Principe cominciò ad essere ammesso all’
udienza dei Sommi Pontefici non vi è stata mai la minima
difficoltà circa il trattamento, anzi non mettendosi in
dubbio, che trà le altre distinzioni competer gli dovesse
una sedia a braccio simile a quella del Rè suo Padre; (il
che è lo stile della S. Sede verso gli Eredi presuntivi di un
Regno). A questa sola particolarità pregò la Maestà del
Re, che si dovesse derogare in sua presenza a solo ed
unico fine mantenere lo stile del Regno d’Inghilterra, che
porta non possa ne anche il Figlio Primogenito sedere in
ugual sedia col Padre presente, e per aderire a queste
brame della Maestà sua gli è stata sempre data una sedia
Camerale di appoggio, ma bensì senza bracci.
Rimane ora ad esaminare le contradizzioni, ed assurdi,
che ne seguirebbero ogni qual volta la S. Sede negasse di
riconoscere il Principe di Galles per legittimo successore
del Rè suo Padre alla morte di medesimo; Sarebbero
questi fuor di dubbio senza numero, nè si facile sarebbe
l’accennarli tutti; pure ne scorreremo alcuni. E
Primieramente siccome il Principe di Galles per lo spazio
ornai di 45 anni e stato in possesso del titolo e delle
prerogative di Principe di Galles, non si gli passono ora
negare, o sia egli presente o sia assente, senza derogare
e contradire espressamente agli atti più solenni di sei Papi
consecutivi. In Secondo luogo ne seguirebbe, che quella
medesima, Persona, alla quale la S. Sede oggi dà
trattamento e risguarda come Principe di Galles (che vale
a dire successore naturale del Regno d’Inghilterra, come
lo e il Delfino in Francia, ed il Principe di Asturias in
Spagna) domani verrendo a morte del Padre, se si ricusa,
quando Ella ne da parte, di riconoscerla come succeduta
al Padre medesimo nella dignità ed onori col fatto si nega,
che sia stato Principe di Galles. In terzo luogo qual
trattamento potrà darsi, morto il Padre, al Sudetto
Principe? Forse di Principe di Galles? Ma si avverta ch’
Egli non lo è più. Dunque o gli compete lo stesso
trattamento ch’ aveva il Padre a cui è succeduto, o
converrà dire che non gli competeva per tanti anni il titolo,
e le prerogative di Successore. Quarto, Affinche il Papa
faccia una innovazione di questa natura contradittoria ed
opposto allo Stabilimento di suoi Antecessori vi vuol
qualche causa quale certamente non vi è ni vi può essere;
poichè se alcuno di Principi Cattolici sono stati costretti a
retrocedere dal riconoscere la Real Casa Stuarda per
legittimo Erede e Successore del Regno d’Inghilterra; è
avvenuto in consequenza dei diversi trattati di Pace col
presente Governo d’Inghilterra che li metteva in necessità
di riconoscere la Successione Eretica com’ era stata
stabilita dal famoso Decreto del Parlamento: Ma tal causa
ogn’ un ben vede che non può addursi dal S. Padre in
alcun modo: Egli non ha mai fatto, nè puo fore trattati di
alcuna sorta co’ Principi Eretici; Egli neppure ha aderito in
questa parte ai sudetti trattati di Pace di altri Principi:
Sopra tutto Egli non hà potuto mai nè può riconoscere per
valido, o sussistente il famoso riferito Decreto contro del
quale, come si è accennato di Sopra, serve
d’incontrastabile protesta il continuato riconoscimento
della Casa Reale Stuarda. Anzi da qui verrebbe il quinto
assurdo di gravissimo pregiudizio alla S. Sede, e con
ammirazione di tutti i buoni, mentre cessando di
riconoscere il Principe di Galles come successore del Rè
suo Padre, verrebbe il Papa in certa maniera a rivocare
tutte le proteste fatte da’ suoi Antecessori, e se ne
inferirebbe una pregiudizievolissima consequenza; Cioè
che quando in un stato Eretico il Principe si faccia
Cattolico sia in facoltà di Sudditi per questo solo motivo di
escluderlo dal Principato. Sesto, che non vede l’assurdo
gravissimo, che ne succederebbe ne’ pubblichi Diarj
stampati fin’ ora coll’ autorità della S. Seda sempre per lo
spazio di tanti anni in una stessa Maniera? Sotto il Titolo
d’Inghilterra dovrà forse Scriversi Giorgio Terzo? Ma
questo non si può, mentre non vi ha mai avuto luogo, ne
può l’essere riconosciuto per Rè dal Papa. Dovrà dunque
lasciarsi sotto il sudetto titolo Carlo Odoardo Principe di
Galles—Enrico Benedetto Duce di York. Ma il Padre dov
è? Se egli è morto, non vi è più Principe di Galles. Dunque
questo Titolo non gli compete. Sicchè o bisogna indicarlo
per Rè o bisogna cassarlo, è cassare anzi per sempre il
titolo d’Inghilterra, come se più non vi fosse.
Rimane finalmente ad esaminare, se nelle circostanze
presente della S. Sede riconoscendo il Papa in caso di
morte del Rè Giacomo Terzo il di lui figlio già per tanti anni
in possesso del titolo e delle prerogative di Principe di
Galles per di lui successore nelle dignità ed onori, possa a
giusta ragione ciò chiamarsi novità. Chi scrive si appella al
mondo tutto, ai nemici medesimi della casa Reale, ma già
da questi stessi sente replicarsi ad una voce, che sarebbe
anzi novità per la S. Sede fare il contrario, sarebbe
contradizione a se stessa, sarebbe approvare ciò che non
può approvare, e per fine si usarebbe una grandissima
ostilità alla casa Reale in benemerenza di avere sagrificati
trè Regni per la S. Fede, privandola col fatto del solo asilo,
in cui possa risedere con decoro, e di cui è stata in
possesso per il decorso di tanti anni. Ne vi è certamente
Principe Cattolico che non conosca per tutti i motivi
sopradetti l’indispensabile necessità in cui trovasi la S.
Sede di non fare altrimenti, e capiscono tutti benissimo
che niun Principe è tenuto a render conto all’altro delle
Operazioni, che Egli fa, particolarmente quando sono
conseguenze, e principj del proprio Stato: Ed in effete non
ostante che tutti i Principi Cattolici in corpo abbiano
ultimamente ricusato di riconoscere il Rè di Polonia, ed il
solo Papa con due Principi Eretici lo abbiano riconosciuto:
Quale però de’ Principi Cattolici ha fatto mai querela sù di
ciò al S. Padre, o facendola non fosse per contentarsi di
una si giusta risposta, qual sarebbe, che il Papa non è
obligato a render ragione delle sue operazione in alcune
circostanze; che in questo non ha fatto altro, che seguire
le massime, ed i principj della S. Sede: e finalmente, che a
lui basta, che gli costi della validità dell’ Elezione, e delle
dovute convenienze usate al suo nunzio, e per
conseguenza alla sua Persona?
Ma nel caso nostro sempre cresce l’argomento, poichè
il riconoscimento di un Rè di Polonia potrebbe ammettere
qualch’ esame, o discussione, ma qual discussione o
esame può mai richiedersi nel riconoscere la legittima
successione di un Figlio al Padre dopo la sua morte nelle
di lui prerogative ed onori? Non è già questo
riconoscimento come quello in realtà, atto nuovo ma bensì
una sola necessaria conseguenza di quello, che già fù
stabilito da tanti anni dai sommi Pontefici, allorchì
riconobbero il Figlio di Giacomo Terzo. E tutti gli
argomenti, che addurre si potrebbero, acciochè la S. Sede
facesse una simil novità di dispensarsi dal riconoscere il
Principe di Galles alla morte del di lui Genitore per suo
legittimo successore, potevano addursi, ed avevano anzi
maggior forza per impedire il riconoscimento del
medesimo, in qualità di Principe di Galles dalla S. Mem. di
Clemente undecimo con tutte quelle circostanze e
solennità già riferite, mentre in quei tempi il Papa fù il Solo
Principe Cattolico, che riconobbe il Figlio di Giacomo
Terzo per Principe di Galles. E quantunque la casa di
Hanover si avvedesse che questo atto fosse un impegno
preso dalla S. Sede (come certamente lo era) di doverlo in
appresso riconoscere per legittimo successore del Padre
dopo la di lui morte, ciò non ostante non apportò alcuno di
quei cattivi effetti, forse ideati, o tenuti da alcuna Persone
poco informate e prattiche dello stato delle cose in quel
Regno.
Chi ha scritto questa memoria in ultimo si dichiara, che
non ha avuto altro scopo, che togliere i scrupoli di alcuni
poco intesi delle cose del mondo, e ribattere le difficoltà
che forse suscitar si potrebbe dai nemici non meno della
Casa Reale, che della S. Sede. Del resto i protesti
veramente tenuti alle continue dimostrazioni di Paterno
amore, e clemenze usate dalla Santità di nostro Signore
felicemente regnante verso tutta la sudetta casa Reale,
che non può neppur sospettare, che mancando a suoi
tempi il Rè Giacomo Terzo voglia punto deviare dalle
savissime traccie indicatigli da suoi gloriosi Antecessori.
Nota:—Siccome dopo stesa la presente memoria, pur
troppo non ha mancato più di uno di mettere in dubbio i
sentimenti della santità di nostro signore felicemente
Regnante verso la Real Casa, quasi che fossero
totalmente diversi da quella de’suoi antecessori, ed in
conseguenza potersi supporre essere un semplice
complimento verso la Santità sua quel tanto che con
fiducia si viva presuppone l’Estensore nell’ ultimo della
memoria perciò lo stesso ha creduto uno preciso dovere
di giustizia, ed insiemi di gratitudine rispettosa verso li S.
Padre d’inserire in fine questa stessa memoria tutte le
lettere, che possono aver rapporto alla presente
risoluzione presa dal Real Principe di Galles di ritornare in
questa Capitale; e siccome apparisce più chiaro della luce
del sole, quali siano i sentimenti precisi del S. Padre verso
la Real Casa, e la Persona del Real Principe di Galles
sudetto tanto autenticamente manifestati, così lo stesso
Estensore crede non esservi bisogno di glossa per far
conoscere quanto siano insussistenti, e false le precorse
assertive, e con quanta ragione e fondamento abbia
rimostrato l’Estensore tutta la fiducia e sicurezza nei
sentimenti della Santità sua e quanto li abbia ben
compresi il Real Principe di Galles, giacchè unicamente in
virtù de’ medesimi si è accinto alla risoluziona di restituirsi
a Roma.
Translation[645]
Concerning the indispensable necessity of recognition,
by the Holy See, of the Royal House of Stuart, as the sole
and legitimate successors to the Kingdom of England, and
concerning the inconsistencies and incongruities which
would ensue, should she follow the contrary course, being
one which would little become the dignity of the Holy See.
He who presents this Memorial wishes to state the
case briefly, basing his reasonings on public and well-
known facts. No one in the world is ignorant of the fact
that King James II. was hunted from his throne in odium
Religionis. The very people who were scheming for his
expulsion would have been the last to deny two infallible
principles. The first—that the Kingdom of England was, of
its nature, an hereditary one; the second, that the Royal
Person of James II. was the lawful successor. Wishing
therefore to find an adequate pretext for deposing him,
without destroying the right of succession, which is, by
law, unalterable, they, to serve their own ends, brought
forward the question of the establishment in the kingdom,
already made by law, of the Anglican Religion; and making
as their chief complaint, that the fact of the king being a
Catholic placed that law in constant and imminent peril of
destruction and subversion, they made an Act of
Parliament in which, while claiming to explain the spirit of
the laws of succession, they declared at the same time
that it was not fitting that any one whosoever should
succeed who was of the Catholic Religion, or who did not
conform to the dominant religion.
By virtue of this Act, then, were James II. and his
Catholic offspring deprived of the throne, and his nearest
Protestant relative was called to succeed to it, whose line
has continued to do so even to our own days, not only in
the persons of James ii.’s two daughters, who were
Protestants, but also in those of the Princes of the House
of Hanover, these being the nearest Protestant heirs; in
proof of this, any one who has knowledge of the history of
the princes of this century knows that the Princess Anne,
called by them Queen, wishing to show favour to her
brother James III., to the exclusion of the House of
Hanover, sent accredited persons to try to persuade him
to declare himself a Protestant, and to remove, in this
manner, the only obstacle that stood in the way of his
possession of his kingdom: but that special grace of God,
which gave strength to his father, James II., to sacrifice
three kingdoms for the Holy Faith, likewise gave strength
to his son to refuse courageously any such means of
regaining them.
This, one may take for granted, is an undoubted fact,
that then, as now, the Holy See is bound by no Treaty of
Peace, in the arranging of which, by means of her
Ministers, she has had no voice, and how much less does
she approve of any act that can, either directly or
indirectly, infringe on her rights and those of Holy Church,
the head of whom is the Supreme Pontiff, the Vicar of
Christ: rather should such arise she would make fitting
protests.
Now can it be questioned that any public decree could
be more directly contrary to our Holy Faith, and
consequently could infringe more seriously on the rights of
Holy Mother Church, than that of which we are treating, by
means of which the rights of Succession are denied to any
one happy enough to be one of her sons? Hence it is that
the Supreme Pontiffs, beginning with Innocent xi. of pious
memory, did not deem it necessary to make any explicit
protest against such an iniquitous decree, contenting
themselves instead with the continued recognition which
the Holy See has always accorded to the Royal House of
Stuart, as the sole and legitimate successors to the
throne, so that the Holy See came to regard this Decree
(to which, had she refused to recognise the legitimate
Catholic successors, she would have been indirectly and
tacitly agreeing,) as null.
And indeed, there is a great comparison to be drawn
between the recognition given by the Holy See to the
Royal House of Stuart, to the exclusion of the House of
Hanover, and that which this same Holy See accords to
other heretical princes; as, for example, the Pope certainly
is in no treaty, and has no correspondence with the Kings
of Sweden and Denmark, but this is solely because they
are heretics, not because he denies in any way their
legitimate right to their succession. Thus, in the papers
printed with the approbation of the Court of Rome, no
difficulty is raised as to speaking of them as King of
Sweden and King of Denmark; but in the case in point, the
Most High Pontiff treats directly with this heretical House
of Hanover, though he cannot by any means recognise its
head as the legitimate successor to the Kingdom of
England, so that in this manner he is ratifying the
aforesaid iniquitous decree, and directly admitting it as
valid and real.
It is plainly seen by the whole world how deeply
imbued with these facts and principles was Clement xi. of
blessed memory, who, when His Majesty King James III.
turned to him as his only refuge (on account of the Treaty
of Peace, to which all the Catholic princes, with the
exception of His Holiness, were constrained to consent),
carried him away to the Papal States, and afterwards to
Rome: the Holy Father, I say, fully imbued with and
convinced of the aforesaid sentiments and truth, did not
content himself with simply recognising and treating the
royal person of James III. as the sole and legitimate King
of England, but, wishing to recognise also all his royal
progeny, he spared no trouble to ensure that the
propagation of the line should be carried on, in order to
procure him a legitimate successor. This was effected by
the marriage of James III. with the Princess Sobieski;
which was not a little facilitated by letters written by the
Pope to the Emperor. In a few months it became known
that the hopes for an heir were to be realised, and towards
the last days of the year 1720, as the time of his birth
approached, the Holy Father knowing on the one side the
necessity of rendering the legitimacy of the birth
indisputable, and on the other, realising that the Holy See
must in nowise contradict herself, but must act in such a
manner as to show most decidedly her protest against the
unjust Decree, by recognising the future offspring as heir-
apparent and legitimate successor to the throne of
England, he took upon himself to see that this event
should take place with the greatest possible solemnity;
and therefore, by the wish of the Holy Father, there were
called to be present at the birth, the Sacred College, the
Roman Senate, the highest Roman Princes and Prelates,
and the foremost nobility of Rome; and although there was
a delay of three days before the birth took place, during
the whole of this time the ante-rooms of Her Majesty were
filled with these most venerable personages, who relieved
one another by turns, while some of the Cardinals sat up
each night. Thus, in the midst of so honourable an
assembly was born on December 31st of the aforesaid
year, Charles Edward, Prince of Wales, acknowledged as
such, and consequently as heir-apparent to the Crown, by
the Supreme Pontiff himself, who without delay had the
birth announced to all the people by means of a salute
from the cannon of the castle. And here it is allowable to
reflect that even had King James III. been in peaceful
possession of his throne the aforesaid newly-born Prince
could not have received greater honours, nor could his
right to succeed to the Crown have been proclaimed more
unquestionably. The only formality which could have put a
finishing touch to the rest was the traditional Delivery of
the Swaddling Clothes, which it was the custom to send
only to the heirs of crowned heads (and then only to those
reigning by succession, not by election): but, as Clement
xi. of pious memory died before this matter was
concluded, it fell to his successor, Innocent xiii., to
complete it, which he did with all possible solemnity,
sending an ambassador, with all the formality and
ceremonies observed with other Courts.
From all this, it cannot be denied that the obligations
under which the Royal House of Stuart lay to Clement xi.
of blessed memory are very plainly shown, but it is also
shown just as plainly how much His Holiness had at heart
the dignity of the Holy See, and how well he realised the
absolute necessity by which he was bound to sustain the
rights of the aforesaid Royal House inviolable. The Holy
Father saw plainly that all these repeated acts of
recognition must necessarily greatly embitter the English
Government against the Catholics, and, in consequence,
must, in a manner, be an obstacle to the success of the
missions. He also understood that he alone was the one
Catholic prince who had made this act of recognition. With
all this, keeping before his eyes the justice of the cause
(which was quite apart from the question of religion), the
abhorrence that the Holy See could never sufficiently
show to the aforementioned decree, and, finally, the strict
obligation of his successors never to depart from the line
he had taken towards a family which deserved so much
from the Holy See, he did not hesitate for a moment to
pursue this course with great solemnity, thereby robbing
his successors of any reason of doubt concerning the
treatment owed to the Prince of Wales on the death of his
father; since His Holiness knew well, that once a son was
recognised as heir-apparent by the Holy See, no doubt
could be raised that at the death of his father he should
succeed to everything, and therefore to his dignity and
honours: in the same way that, in the Empire
(notwithstanding its being an Elective State), once the
Holy See recognised any one as King of the Romans, she
could not afterwards, on the death of the Emperor, free
herself from recognising his successor. The mind of the
glorious Clement xi. was so full of these just sentiments,
at the moment of his death, that he wished to show plainly
to all the Sacred College how great was his anxiety that
what he had done towards the Royal House should be
permanently maintained, laying on them a special charge
to that effect. All the succeeding Popes, beginning with
Innocent xiii. down to Clement xiii., now by the grace of
God reigning, have been most faithful and zealous
executors of this trust, and all have treated and regarded
the first-born son of James III. as Prince of Wales;
therefore as successor to the King of England. Hence,
ever since the Prince has been admitted to audiences with
His Supreme Holiness, there has never been the slightest
difficulty as to his treatment, or rather, there has been no
doubt, that among other fitting distinctions, he should
have, as did the king, his father, an armchair (which it is
customary for the Holy See to offer to the heirs-apparent
to a throne). But, in this one particular, His Majesty asked
that a slight modification might be made in his presence,
for the one and only reason of maintaining the custom of
the Kingdom of England, where even the eldest son in the
presence of his father is not allowed to sit in a seat equal
to his: and to comply with His Majesty’s wish, the prince
has always been given an easy chair, but without arms.
There now remains to examine the contradictions and
inconsistencies which would arise each time that the Holy
See refused to recognise the Prince of Wales as legitimate
successor to the king, his father, at the death of the latter.
These would be without doubt innumerable; it would not
be easy to foresee them all, nevertheless we can mention
some. Firstly, that as the Prince of Wales has for the
space of forty-five years been in possession of the title
and prerogatives of Prince of Wales, they cannot now be
denied him, whether present or absent, without derogating
and expressly contradicting the solemn line of action
followed by six successive Popes. In the second place, it
must follow that if the Holy See to-day treats and looks on
this same person as Prince of Wales (that is to say, as
natural successor to the throne of England, as is the
Dauphin to that of France, and the Prince of the Asturias
to that of Spain), and to-morrow hearing of the death of his
father draw back from recognising him as succeeding to
that father in dignity and honours, she thus denies that he
ever was Prince of Wales. In the third place, how could
she then recognise the aforesaid Prince after his father’s
death? Perhaps still as Prince of Wales? But it is averred
that he is that no longer. Plainly then, either he is entitled
to the same treatment as that given to his father, whom he
has succeeded, or, it is only right to say that he has not
been entitled all these years to the prerogatives and rights
of heir. Fourthly, before the Pope could make an
innovation of this nature, so entirely at variance with the
course adopted by his predecessors, it would be
necessary to have some very strong reason, which neither
exists now, nor ever can exist. For, if any of the Catholic
princes have been constrained to draw back from the
recognition of the Royal House of Stuart, as legitimate
successors and heirs to the throne of England, it has only
been in consequence of their entering on different treaties
of peace with the present Government of England, which
has put them under the necessity of recognising the
heretical succession, as established by the famous Act of
Parliament. But no such cause can possibly affect the
Holy Father in any way. He has never made nor can he
make treaties of any sort with heretical Princes: neither
has he ever taken part in the aforesaid treaties of peace of
other princes. Above all, he never has recognised, nor can
he ever recognise, as valid or real, this same famous
Decree, against which, as has been shown above, the
continued recognition of the Royal House of Stuart serves
as an indisputable protest. And from this we come to the
fifth serious inconsistency, which might be most prejudicial
to the Holy See; for if the Pope should cease to recognise
the Prince of Wales as successor to the king, his father, it
is evident, even to his most humble admirers, that he
would be, in a way, revoking all the protests made by his
predecessors, and a very dangerous consequence might
ensue: namely, that should the prince of any heretical
state become a Catholic, it would be within the power of
his subjects, for this one reason only, to deprive him of his
rights and inheritances.
Sixthly, is it not easy to see the serious inconsistency
that would arise in the Public Records, which, up till now,
have, with the authority of the Holy See, been printed for
so many years in the same manner? Under the heading of
England should there then be inscribed the name of
George III? But this is not possible, since he has never
been, nor can be recognised by the Pope as king. Should
there not rather be entered under the above heading—
Charles Edward, Prince of Wales—Henry Benedict, Duke
of York? But where is the father? If he is dead there is no
longer a Prince of Wales, then this title does not belong to
him. Either the title should be that of king, or it should be
abolished, with that of England, as if it no longer existed.
It only remains then to examine whether in the
circumstances in which the Holy See is now placed, the
Papal recognition (as in the occasion of the death of King
James III.) of the son who has been for so many years in
possession of the titles and prerogatives of the Prince of
Wales, as successor in dignity and honours, can, in any
justice be called an innovation. He who writes appeals to
the whole world, even to the enemies of the Royal House,
though even these he can hear declaring as with one
voice that the innovation would rather be, that the Holy
See should act to the contrary; it would be a self-
contradiction, in that it would be showing approbation of
that of which she does not approve, and further, it would
be showing great hostility to the Royal House in return for
its having sacrificed three kingdoms for the Holy Faith, in
depriving it of the only refuge to which it can rightly turn,
and in which it has trusted for so many years. And there is
no Catholic prince who does not well understand how
impossible it would be for the Pope to follow such a
course. They know well that no prince is called upon to
account for his doings to any one else, more particularly
when they concern matters or principles relating to his
own state. And indeed, notwithstanding that all the
Catholic princes in a body have lately refused to recognise
the King of Poland, and only the Pope, with two heretical
princes have done so, the Catholic princes, have, in this
action of the Holy Father found no cause of quarrel, or, if
they have found any, they have been satisfied with the just
remark, that the Pope is not obliged to give any reasons
for his actions under any circumstances, and that, in this
case, he has only followed the rules and principles of the
Holy See, and lastly that it is sufficient for him that he is
satisfied with the validity of the election, and of the
treatment accorded to his ambassador, as representing
his own person.
But in our case, this only strengthens the argument, in
that the recognition of the King of Poland admitted of
some inquiries and discussion, but what discussion or
inquiry can be necessary in recognising the legitimate
succession of a son to a father, after the death of the
latter? In reality there is no comparison between the two
cases, this last recognition being nothing new, but rather
the necessary consequence of the understanding that was
established years ago by the supreme Pontiffs, that they
should recognise the son of James III.
And all the arguments that could be cited, in order that
the Holy See should give herself a dispensation from now
recognising the Prince of Wales as legitimate successor
on the death of his father, might have been brought
forward just as reasonably, and with greater force, to
hinder Clement xi. of pious memory from recognising him
as Prince of Wales, as he did with all ceremony, as has
already been stated, being at that time the only Catholic
prince who did so recognise him. And although the House
of Hanover saw that this act constituted a promise from
the Holy See, which it certainly did, to recognise the prince
as legitimate successor of his father, after the death of the
latter, this, notwithstanding, brought none of those evil
effects (perhaps chimerical) which were feared by some
people who were but ill-informed or little conversant with
the state of affairs in the kingdom.
He who has written this Memorial would have it
understood in conclusion, that he has no other aim in view
than to remove scruples felt by some who know little of the
affairs of the world, and to combat the difficulties that
perhaps might be raised by enemies, not only of the Royal
House, but of the Holy See. For the rest, there has ever
been such continual clemency and fatherly love shown by
His Holiness, now by the grace of God reigning, towards
the whole of the aforesaid Royal House that it is
impossible to believe, on the death of King James iii., that
His Holiness will in any way depart from the most wise
example set by his predecessors of glorious memory.
Note:—As, after the completion of this Memorial there
were not lacking those who cast doubts on the sentiments
of His Holiness, now by the grace of God reigning,
towards the Royal House, suspecting that they differed
from those of his predecessors, and who, therefore, might
consider the lively confidence evinced by the writer in the
latter part of this Memorial simply as an empty compliment
towards His Holiness, this same writer has therefore
considered it a strict act of justice, as well as a tribute of
gratitude and respect, towards the Holy Father, to insert at
the end of this Memorial any letters that bear upon the
present resolution of the Royal Prince of Wales to return to
this capital. And as the exact sentiments of the Holy
Father towards the Royal House and the person of the
said Prince of Wales have been shown more
unquestionably clearly than the light of the sun, so the
writer considers any further comments and explanations
unnecessary, to show how unfounded and false these
suspicions are, and with how much reason and foundation
the writer has relied so surely on the sentiments of the
Holy Father, and how well the Royal Prince of Wales has
understood them, in that it is solely on the strength of the
same, that he continues in his resolve to return to Rome.
APPENDIX VI
THE MACDONALDS
John, Lord of the Isles (died 1387), fourth in succession from

Donald progenitor of the clan, had two wives: (1) Amy MacRuari; (2)
the Princess Margaret, daughter of Robert ii., to marry whom he
repudiated or divorced Amy. The lordship of the Isles went to the
descendants of the Princess. The hereditary clan chiefship, which
ordinarily descends to the senior heir-male, did not necessarily follow
the title. The lordship of the Isles was taken from the Macdonalds
and annexed to the Crown in 1494, and the question who is supreme
hereditary chief of Clan Donald has ever since been a matter of
strife. Glengarry and Clanranald descend from Amy MacRuari, the
first wife, and are therefore senior in blood, but it is doubtful which of
these two families is the elder; last century the general preference
was for Glengarry, but the new Scots Peerage and the Clan Donald
historian favour Clanranald. Sleat and Keppoch descend from the
Princess Margaret, Sleat coming from Hugh, third son of Alexander,
Lord of the Isles (died 1449), grandson of John, and son of Donald of
Harlaw, while Keppoch comes from the fourth son of John and
Princess Margaret, and could only have a claim if there were a flaw
in the pedigree of Sleat. Doubts have been expressed of the
legitimacy of Hugh of Sleat, but these have been set aside.
Glencoe’s progenitor was Ian, son of Angus Og (died 1330), Bruce’s
friend who fought at Bannockburn, the father of John, Lord of the
Isles, mentioned above, but the Seannachies have pronounced him
illegitimate. From this Ian the Glencoe clan has been known as
MacIan for centuries.
It is interesting to know that in the summer of 1911, the three
hereditary heads of the families having serious claims on the
supreme chiefship of the clan, Glengarry, Clanranald, and Sleat (Sir
Alexander of the Isles), signed an indenture mutually agreeing to

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Daniel J. Sherman is the Luce-Funded Professor of Environmental Policy and Decision

David R. Montgomery is a professor of Earth and space sciences at the University of

1 Environmental Science and Sustainability:

Ways of Observing and Testing 13

2 Ethics, Economics, and Policy:

State and Local Policies 45

3 Matter and Energy:

STORIES OF DISCOVERY Mining Garbage for Plastic: One Way to Profit

Aquatic and Marine Areas 123

Waiting for or Passing by the Stability Transition 154

Water Conservation 185

Primary Pollutants 215

9.6 What Makes Soil Alive? 251

10 Systems and Cycles:

Concentrations of Other Human-Caused Greenhouse Gases Are Also

Agricultural Production: Increasing Scale and Shrinking Diversity 337

The Costs of Fossil Fuel Dominance 367

The Advantages and Limitations of Recycling 421

SUSTAINABILITY MATTERS How Can Cities Respond When Disaster

17 Environmental Health and Justice:

18.4 How Important Are the Words We Use? 504

19 Groups and Organizations:

Chapter Objectives 513

John, Lord of the Isles (died 1387), fourth in succession from

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