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Laura A. King
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EXPERIENCE Page i
Psychology
Fifth Edition
LAURA A. KING
University of Missouri, Columbia
Page ii
EXPERIENCE PSYCHOLOGY
Published by McGraw Hill LLC, 1325 Avenue of the Americas, New
York, NY 10019. Copyright ©2022 by McGraw Hill LLC. All rights
reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any
means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the
prior written consent of McGraw Hill LLC, including, but not limited
to, in any network or other electronic storage or transmission, or
broadcast for distance learning.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LWI 26 25 24 23 22 21
ISBN 978-1-266-13819-5
MHID 1-266-13819-6
mheducation.com/highered
about the author Page iii
Laura A. King
Laura King did her undergraduate work at Kenyon College, where
she began studying toward an English major. In the second
semester of her junior year, she declared a second major in
psychology. She completed her A.B. in English with high honors and
distinction and in psychology with distinction in 1986. Laura then
did graduate work at Michigan State University and the University
of California, Davis, receiving her Ph.D. in personality psychology in
1991.
Laura began her career at Southern Methodist University (SMU)
in Dallas, moving to the University of Missouri in 2001, where she is
now a Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Psychology. In addition
to seminars in the development of character, social psychology, and
personality psychology, she has taught undergraduate lecture
courses in introductory psychology, introduction to personality
psychology, social psychology, and the Art and Science of Living.
She has also taught the Psychology of the Good Life for the
community at large. At SMU, she received six different teaching
awards, including the “M” award for “sustained excellence” in 1999.
At the University of Missouri, she received the Chancellor’s Award
for Outstanding Research and Creative Activity in 2004.
Her research, which has been funded by the National Institute of
Mental Health and the National Science Foundation, has focused on
a variety of topics relevant to the question of what it is that makes
for a good life. She has studied goals, life stories, happiness, well-
being, and meaning in life. In general, her work reflects an
enduring interest in understanding what is good and healthy in
people.
She has published over 100 articles and chapters (typically with
graduate and undergraduate student collaborators). She received
the Carol and Ed Diener Award for Distinguished Contributions to
Personality in 2011; the award for Distinguished Service to SPSP in
2015; and the 2018 Jack Block Award for Distinguished Research in
Personality Psychology, the highest honor in her field. She was
elected President of the Society for Personality and Social
Psychology in 2021. Laura has served as editor or associate editor
for a number of journals and was the first woman to edit the
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Personality Processes
and Individual Differences, the top outlet in personality and social
psychology.
In “real life,” Laura is an accomplished cook and enjoys listening
to music (mostly jazz vocalists and singer-songwriters), running
with her faithful dog John, and learning about advanced calculus
from her son, Sam.
Page iv
For Sam
Page v
U.S.
brief contents
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Psychology 1
CHAPTER 2 The Brain and Behavior 42
CHAPTER 3 Sensation and Perception 84
CHAPTER 4 States of Consciousness 126
CHAPTER 5 Learning 168
CHAPTER 6 Memory 204
CHAPTER 7 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language 245
CHAPTER 8 Human Development 284
CHAPTER 9 Motivation and Emotion 331
CHAPTER 10 Personality 369
CHAPTER 11 Social Psychology 406
CHAPTER 12 Psychological Disorders 446
CHAPTER 13 Therapies 497
CHAPTER 14 Health Psychology 527
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index NI-1
Subject Index SI-1
contents Page vi
PREFACE xix
5 Learning 168
1 Types of Learning 169
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Machines Actually Learn?
171
2 Classical Conditioning 172
Pavlov’s Studies 172
Classical Conditioning in Humans 175
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing Between the Lines
179
3 Operant Conditioning 180
Defining Operant Conditioning 181
Thorndike’s Law of Effect 181
Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning 182
Shaping 183
Principles of Reinforcement 183
Applied Behavior Analysis 190
4 Observational Learning 191
INTERSECTION: Learning and Social Psychology: Can
Observational Learning Lead to Bias? 193
5 Cognitive Factors in Learning 195
Purposive Behavior 195
Insight Learning 196
6 Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning
198
Biological Constraints 198
Cultural Influences 200
Psychological Constraints 200
SUMMARY 202
KEY TERMS 203
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 203
10 Personality 369
1 Psychodynamic Perspectives 370
Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory 370
Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists 374
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s Your Type? 376
Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives 377
2 Humanistic Perspectives 378
Maslow’s Approach 379
Rogers’s Approach 379
Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives 381
3 Trait Perspectives 381
Trait Theories 382
The Five-Factor Model of Personality 383
INTERSECTION: Personality and Social Psychology: Do
Personality Traits Predict Prejudice? 387
Evaluating the Trait Perspective 388
4 Social Cognitive Perspectives 389
Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory 389
Mischel’s Contributions 390
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does It Really Matter How
Long a Child Waits for That Second Treat? 393
Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives 394
5 Biological Perspectives 394
Theories Linking Personality and the Brain 395
Personality and Behavioral Genetics 398
Evaluating the Biological Perspectives 398
6 Personality Assessment 399
Self-Report Tests 399
Projective Tests 401
Other Assessment Methods 402
SUMMARY 404
KEY TERMS 405
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 405
13 Therapies 497
1 Approaches to Treating Psychological Disorders 498
The Psychological Approach to Therapy 498
The Biological Approach to Therapy 498
The Sociocultural Approach to Therapy 500
2 Psychotherapy 501
Central Issues in Psychotherapy 501
INTERSECTION: Neuroscience and Psychotherapy: Does
Oxytocin Reflect the Therapeutic Alliance? 503
Psychodynamic Therapies 504
Humanistic Therapies 506
Behavior Therapies 507
Cognitive Therapies 508
Therapy Integrations 511
PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Seeking Therapy? There Is
Probably an App for That 512
3 Biological Therapies 513
Drug Therapy 513
Antipsychotic Drugs 515
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
517
Psychosurgery 518
CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Who Should Decide What
Treatment Is Best for a Person? 519
4 Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment 520
Group Therapy 520
Family and Couples Therapy 521
Self-Help Support Groups 521
Community Mental Health 522
Cultural Perspectives 523
SUMMARY 525
KEY TERMS 526
ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 526
and inclusion
Throughout the text, numerous changes have been made to provide
more inclusive language and more diverse examples when
discussing human groups—including those based on gender, gender
identity, sexuality, disability status, veteran status, immigrant status,
and religious faith. New photos for the fifth edition were chosen to
ensure representation of the broad range of people who are of
interest to psychologists, including stigmatized groups such as
people with overweight, people with disabilities, and people of
gender and sexual minorities. In addition, we strived to include
images that show people of different backgrounds interacting in
nonstereotypical ways, such as white people being helpful to Black
people. The fifth edition revision was completed with an emphasis
on combating anti-Black racism and ensuring that all students—
regardless of gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, religious
faith, disability status, immigrant status, indigenous identities,
socioeconomic status, military veteran status—would recognize
themselves in Experience Psychology.
CHAPTER 5 LEARNING
■ The chapter-opening vignette focuses on service dogs trained to
assist military veterans who have trauma-related physical
disabilities or psychological disorders.
■ Intersection: Learning and Social Psychology: Can Observational
Learning Lead to Bias? highlights research by an outstanding
scholar of color, Sylvia Perry, examining how observing someone
react negatively to a target can lead observers to be biased
toward that target (Skinner & Perry, 2020).
■ The discussion of modeling includes consideration of the idea that
if similarity to a model promotes learning, then we need more
diverse models in the world. The section points to lack of
diversity in STEM as well as the new role models provided by the
elections of President Barack Obama in 2008 and Vice President
Kamala Harris in 2020.
■ Research is reviewed on how multicultural experiences enhance
insight learning (Leung & others, 2008). The chapter also reviews
the impact of cultural values on the application of learning
processes and the content of learning.
CHAPTER 6 MEMORY Page xiv
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