Polar curves

Polar coordinates:
Consider a
point 4 in the
uy-plane. Join the point
& and and
Loligin) 4. Let t be the length of UP 0 be

the
angle which OP makes with
positive axis. (r,o) are

called and
the
polar coordinates
of point - we write

P
=
(r,)aP(r,0).

Y M

P(r,0)

O
y

10
>X
a
0

Here a is called the radial distance and 0 is

called polar angle. O is called the

pole and OP is

called the radius vector.

(x,y) coordinates
Let be the cartesian
of the
point P.

Then we
find that

r = 0 x+
y, o=tan(t) -> 0

x=
rcos0, y = rsino +

Relation & enables us to

find the polar coordinates (r, of
when the cartesian cordinates (x,y) are known.
Conversely,
relation & enables us to
find the cartesian coordinates
when coordinates
the
polar are known.
 variable
If P is a point on a
plane curve 2, then

the
equation of the chive in the cartesian
form is a

relationship of film y f(x). Similarly the equation of C

the =

in the polar form (or the polar equation of 2) is a

relationship of the form r t(0), referred to polar = as a

curve.

Angle between radius vector and tangent

Let P(C, o) be a
point on a
polar curve a
f10)= and PT

be the
tangent to the curve at P
meeting the x-axis

at the Let be which makes

point T. it the
angle PT

and of
~ ith
positive re-axis be the
angle between the

radius rector OP and the

tangent PT.

Y
N

-"P
o

1 O 14 - X
O T

(x,y) coordinates
#

cartesian the point P,

are the
of
rc0s0, rsine and O
y=
x =
->

tan(0 + d)
y slope @
PT tan
of y
=
=
= -

because i = 0
+0
 From O, we have

du =

rsino+r an e
-

a
= acoso+
r sin o

=(dr/ds) sino on
dy -do
the

car/do) coso -
rsino

numerator and
Dividing both denominator on the
Risby
(de/do) coso, we
get
dy =
tano +r(o) ->
dx
1-
rot an o

From 8, we have

(0 + 0) +tand
dy
= tan =
tano +
-tanotand

ando wegete
comparing B
cot d
or =
ar
This is the
formula for the
angle of between the radius

rector OP and tangent PT.

 Angle between polar curves of angle of intersection of 2

polar curves

the
angle of intersection
of 2 culver is the angle between

and
their tangents at that
point. Set
0, , be the

between radius rector and tangents

angle the common UP

and
respectively.
P
T, PT

CO
·ricridte -
x
O

determined formula
this
angle is
using by the

tan
d -0z tan(0-0) =

tano, -tan
de
-

It
tand, tand,
and known, angle between
Thus
if of, , C, and c
are the

intersection P is determined.
at the point of

Orthogonal culver: The calves all said to be authogonal

between the and C, at Pip
if the
angle crowes
C, T
I
10 01: Ia
=>
-

equivalently,
tan
,.tandz =-1.
1) Find the angle between radius vector and tangent for
the cuve r all-cosol
=

:-axin
o

Soli- Given a all-cosol

=

all +rosol
Differentiating
wat. 8 We
get =-1
asino

de
sinis

curdand
= a
=

fol

the
angle o bly the radius rector and the
tangent is
given
by tand =
e
o =

rising tap
=-
1+2

=inco
0)
=

ac reope at
-

p I 2
+
=
.

tanp =

tane

: p=

Find radius rector and

2) the
angle by the the tangent
for the
following curve. Also
find the slope of tangents
at the point.
·

given
1-c00 at 0=
a 2
=

so Take log on both sides

log(a) log(1-coss) =

log2a-loga =
log(1-2000)
not
ifferentiate
& o
 in the
a to
·- =

-
cot p = A silo cocon: not of
sin"
& 02

cot-p =
-coto
2

p 1.Cot( 0) -cotof
8
=>

= -
-
=

At0
2t
=

&= -

(zπ) =
-
= 60
=

slope of the tangent =

tanx =
tan
(0 +0) =

tan(π ) -
=

tan(t) v3
=

3) Find radius rector and

the
angle by the the tangent
for the
following
cotf
·
curves.

a) r ae
=

-where L is a constant
Bol: -

Differentiating lost. O

aerath." I
dr
=

ocotG
tanp =

rdo a

acocotc. Ct G

tan G
tano
and
=

:0 = G
 b) r = aM(cosmo+ sin mo

sol;
Taking log on b.s.

o
log r =
log +log a (cormo+ sin mol

Differentiating wit o

-msinmo+mcsmol
mit A
+ l

cosmo+ sinmo

ucotd xn(cosmo-sinmal
=

Lof mO + sin mo

no = costof 1 -tanmo) = tan( =

tanmo

cos(0(1+tanmol Ittany "tanmo

cot d = tan
(I -
mo

cot d =

cot# (F
- -m
= cot(t + mo)

i
d =

1
+ mo

↓
rcopo = a

Take
log on b.s

loge + 2
log cose =

log a

wat
Differentiating o
 +e. x-pine
dr t
= 0
↓

Core

↳Ar = tan
a
cotd =

tane =
cot(t E)
-

..
d =

H-8

"sinco
dyr == a

sol: Take
log on bis

2
log a = 2
log a +
log in 20
Differentiating wrt o

Ab 0 +
gecosco
=

ecot 0 cot = 20

:0 20 =

or

err x =
COS 2 0

&8 c0
=

tand -

totaco "at-casingone
 ↓an d = tan20

..
0 = 20

e) Determine blu radius rector and tangent to the

angle
curve 0 = 1
a
ia -

c05(a,r r
-
0 a
=

Dol;
o H) if(oi) 1
I
te are
= t =

1-
k)

Fa ar()
-

iar-terran Fa

:tano -Made
its -
.

3 S.T.
You the curve log(x+y?) k tany) the angle blo =

radius vector and at all points

tangent is the same of curve.

sol: Letx =
r1000, y= rsino
:x + and
y r =
tano =

()
The
given came reduces to
=

log r = k0

:2
logr = k.* =
logr: Iko
Differentiate wit o on bi

& dr tk(1)=

T
-
 cat p
..
=

d =
coE(,) = a constant

5) Find the
angle of intersection
of each
of the
following
pairs of curver:

n
a 2
=

sino, r = sine + cono

radium rector
soli-Let o, be the
angle blu and tangent
and
for the first curve
, be the
corresponding
angle for the second curve.

For the cue a = 2

sino,

dr 20
=

tand, =

rd =2sine= tan
2 Cos O

i
p =
0

For the curve have

M =
sino+coso, we

dr =coNo-sing
-

do

tandz =

r.0 = sins to
CONO -
Sino

tand2 = co() 1 + tand) tax(π/x +8

=

cor/ (1 -
t and

d 1 = + o

↓
The
angle blow the cross is 0-0 =

16-1-0:
b
n a(1 c(), r zacosp
= -
=

Dol: -
For the curve r a(1-cos0)
=

&r asi
=

tanp, ro Acord:Bincooa
r sense
=
=

id =

For the curve a = 2 a cost

cac sin the

de
-

tan
0 d0 cacobo=-cot tantres
n
=
= o=

.
d2 =

I
+ o

=>

d,- dz 1 =
+ 0 -

2: + - O

the intersection
At point of of the given cover, both

all-co00) and hold.

the
equations r = r = 2 a cost

that at this point

1-COs 0 = 2 COs p

coso: t
3

:0
cos(t)
=
 ① becomes

d. -

dz =

1
+
cos()
This is the angle blow the given curves, which is

evidently obtuse.

dr abogo,r
ytjo
= =

sol: For the curve r = a

logo,

A =

tand, = r.
d0 =
logo. = 0
log

For the curve r have

a,
= we

&
"Tsof o loge: log(gol
tandc r tdt loga-log (og
= r =

otologos
-

to: 0

-ingo o

tand = -

o(logo) o
o=-ioso t
↓an
oz=-0logo

Angle of intersection:

tan10. -01 =
tano -tands
I
tand, tande
 = 20 logo ->
D
o"logo)
"

1-

To
find At the point of intersection, logo
a
5:

=>
(log " =
1

=>

log.0 = 1

:0 = 2

* tauld-0.:

d,-dz
etant stance)
e
=

approve that the

following pairs of curves intersect
orthogonally
ar a(l = +
co20),r b/1-coso
=

Sol: For the curve r= a(l+coso)

(1+ cos0)
log r
log
=

a +
log
Id -Sin
0
een
=

cotp. =
-Rinol confole=-tan
I cost of2

0, I +
(
Cot =
cot

:
d =

I+

For the curve r = b/1-cos0)

 logr: logb log(1-cos0 +

d
↓

=0+txsn
t

cotd2 =

RSCos =

cot
&sint of

i.
d2 =

:
(d, -0) =

1+E E) -
=

t
br a"cosno,=
= b"sin no

sol: For the curve r"=aCono

"+
n
log r =

log a
logcos no
A +-asingt
* = 0

cotd, =
-

tax no = cot
(I +no
:d. =

I+ no

For the curve r =

b"sin no

Ad
=
0 + no
*in no

cot
cot pc = no

:
dz = n0

i
(d, -

02) =
1 + n0 -
n0
=
c)r ac,
=
re b
=

O
sol: For the curve r ae
=

log a
log
=
a +
loge
O

↓= 0 + 1.e
20

cot
p, 1
=

:d. =

t
For the crowe ref= b

e
log a +
log =
log b
O

*A + 0
=

c
d
=
- 1 =

ct( π(y) -

dz i =
-

π/4

Angle of intersection =
(d, -b21 =

1
-

1)

I
=
 Exercise;

1) Find the
angle blu radius rector and
tangent for the

following curves:

1) r since
log
=

2) It Cot 0 3) r =a o
a
a =

Ans: 0 = 20 Ans: 0: I-E Ans:p=tan /ologo)

4) r a(1+ sind) =

Ane: 0 =
I + o
I
4

intersection
↳Find the
angle of of each
of the
following pairs
of curves
=

rsinco=
↓ 4
r = 16 since r a,r 2acos0
2) =
=

Ans: Am:
I I

3r b 4 a
=wb,t 0, r,or
=
=

1-Los O

Ans: T Ans: tan(3)

I

intersect
3) Prove that the
following pairs of curves
arthogonally
1) e
asec(),n bcoxec)
=
=

2r a0,r = =

rsinco-a, 2C20 6
3) a
1+
20,2b =1-28 4)
=
-

r a(1+
5) =

sind), r all-sino)
=

a) show that curves 1 =

a(1+co00), i= a"Cos(20) intersect
at an
angle given by a
sint(*
 Curvature

at
The amount
of bending of a cue a
given point
on it is called curvature.
C.
Y1
J

"F
As

-4 > X
O T

Let p be any point on the culvec. Draw the tangent at P to

the circle. Let this line make an

angle it with positive x-axis

Then curvature is
defined as rate
of change of 4 with respect to

arc length 3.

P:
:Curvature at

It is obvious that smaller circle bends more

sharply than
larger
and
circle thus smaller circle has a
larger curvature

Radius
of curvature is the reciprocal of curvature and it is denoted

by J.

the circle having the same curvature as the cure at P

called circle curvature.

touching the curve at
P, is
of It is

also called occulating centre curvature

circleThe
of circle
of
is called centre of curvature. The radius
of circle
of
culvature is called radius curvature
of
Radius of cartesian
curvature in
form of the curve
y =
f(x)

3 (1 +
=

y,2)3z
y2

where y
dy
d
y,: yz
=

dx*

Radius curvature
of
in
parametric form
and
Letx
f(t)
=

y =
g(t) be the parametric equations of a curve.

S: ("" + y
12(3/2
xy yx" -

where n'
tx, y':
=

dy,a":de,"-dy At-

radius curature
This is the cartesian form of of in

parametric form

Radius
of
curvature in polar form
I

3 =
(n + r,2)32

when
end antentin
 Find the radius curvature point
of at
any
on the curre

ya
=

log sec(*)

Sol: 3( -
+ y,2)3
Fry = a
log sec(
y =
**
spy. sea) tan() = tank

yz (x(z).
=

3 -

[1 +
tan()33 (xe()33 axci)
=
=

Isec () ↓sect sec()

..3
asec/t)
=

2) Find the radius

of curvature at
(9,9) on

x =
+
y baxy
Bol: 3(
-
+ y,2)3
Ye
Given:x + y=sany
not
Differentiating +
re

3x
by -y, Say +
baxy, sa(y+ xy,)
=
=

+
x
y-y, a(xy,+ y)=

y,(y- -
ax) ay
= - x-
2
..
y,
=
ay-x
->
O
y--ax
Again differentiating wotx,

(y=an)(ay, -2n) lay ut)(yy, -

-
-
a)
->
y
=

(y) -

an)2

At(za,za)
① =
y, a(za) (z) =6a-- sa
=
-

9a2 6a2
(a)?a(z)
-

1
y,
-
=

② yz (zy za)(-
=
-
a
-

sa) -

(a2- az) fa e

(9az -

a2)2

--sa
=

-sa2x4a -

za
x4a

&

((z)"
32
iyz
=
-

3 a

1 (1)233k
P/(,z) tsa
+
-
= =

(-)
9 95x3a
a
-
=
- =

1x 2

Radius
of curvature at
(9,za) is
a
 radius curvature circle
3) S.Tthe
of of is a constant
sol:The general equation of a
2
circle
2
with
centre (10,30) is
(x x) (y y)) a
-
Q
+
-
=
-

The
palametric equs are

x x) acolt), a sinct)
y-y.
=
- =

3
acos(t) B
i.x
x.
=
+
-

asin(t)
y y.
+
=

x'=
dy y'=dy-a
the
=
-

asint, cost

a"
lx.- a((7),
=
y" -- asint)

S -(n))
=
(y")?3k +

[asint
=
+
a cstj3
Yuy"-n"y') Vasint +
a ct]

:I
a23=a3
=

=
a, constant

4) S.T. radius
the
of curvature for an
ellipse +-,
at end axisisequal
the
of major to

semi-latus rectum the

ellipse.
of
Bol:The
parametric equations of an
ellipse are

x acos(t),
=

y
bsin(t)
=

u'
y
= =-
asin(t), y' -1y =
bated

x":A=-
"

acos(z), y
dey -
bsite
=
=

S -(n))
=
(y")?3k +
=
[a-sin"t + bat]*
Yuy"-n"y') ab [sin"t cs" t] +
 S [a-sin"t
= ba"+]s
+

ab

for ellipse iscalled

X-axis an as
major axis

nY

1
1 X
X
2
b ->
length
of semiminos
axiss

semimajaxis
A A a+ -
11
>X
↓

F
·
⑤

2
-

a,0) o
(a,0) +latuxvectum.
↓

At
A(a,b),v a,y =

0
=

=> a cost a
= bsint =

0
,

cost sint b =
=> 1, =0 a 0
=

it 0
=

..s=
+bI* 3 = =

11
zb
lature
Total length of rectum = =

... 7 =

=
x

5) Find of curvature
-

the radius
of the curve
y-ne
at the where
point y is maximum
x
So:
-

Here xe
y
=

k
(u)
↓

x( x(1
i -

e
+

y
·

x)
-

e
y
-
=

u)
y" eu( 1) (1 x)( 1
-
-
-
+

u(u c)
11
e
y
-
=

e 4(1
1
x)
-

For
maximum, 0 0
-

y
=
= =

2- 0 for
But
finite a

:1 -
x 0 =
x
=

1
=
 Atx
1,y"
=
-
1

1
< 0

at
ismaximum
: x = 1.

x)2E2yk
(y((-3(
Hence 2 = =
11 (1 +
-

2
-

u(x -
2)

Putx 1,2 [1 07*

=
=
+
=
- 1 =
- e

t(e) ((e)

S 2 =

(numerically) =2.71s

6) ?"=a"cosno
S.T. the come has the radius
of curvature

a"
1
(n 12+
-

sol both sides

Apply log on

logr loga logcosno

=
+

Differentiating wit o,

* A 0
=
-
Asinno
cos no

a1
rtano
2,
-
=
=

Differentiate wit o
again
2
2r
=
=
-

[r.nsecno+tanno.e
=
-

[n.esecno-etannos
2 rtanno-he sec no
=

using polar form of 3,

S (22
=
r()3k
+

+
i cr, 1r2
-
 3 (2+"
: tan-no)Pk
22 2) +
-
stanno)"-r/atanno-nrsecno)

i i seino
=

&(1+2 tanno-tanno+npec no)

3 eseino:
como
=

(n 1)secno
+

1 cosno
I
)
in+(z)
= =

n
is
1.
=

n -
1

ocott
2) ST
for equiangular spiral anare where a

isconstant.

Sol:-
and G are
constants, &
ocor2
For r ae
=

o cot <

loge log log a c

+
=

bga 0.cot
(
loge
+
=

Differentiate
wit o On b s.

f cta
=

Al
rcotk
=

r rcot 2
=>

=
-

0
 Differentiate noto

2
= r,ctx 2 ((+1)(20th) sct"
+

=
=

rct x @
rc
-
=

S (22
=
2()3k
+
(n- rcot43k
=
+

+ r" 21"cot'x scott

cr, 1r2
+
-

i
-

3 icosec 4
=
=
a"cosec" 2
a
+rctx 22(1 cotc) +

J rcosect
=
acosect
=

cosec L

I constant
=> =
coseca, a

8) For the
parabola y':4ax, 5.5the
square of
the

radius curvature at pointvariesas the

of any
cube
of focal distance
of the point.
Sol:
2
4ax y nq(x,y)
y
-
=

4a
2yy, =

-
y= ⑮a,b) x
a
32
za. y, a. a ey
-
=
= -
=

The radius conatures anypoint

see
of
at play
Y2 Y2
 +4a2)3 4a)
3
j3(3 y.j,(4an
= = - +

↑zy)
(4ax 4a2)3 e
. an=4an +4a
+

= -
=

as3R lutae al
I
*(u
+

=- =
-

Y2

both sides
squaring
2

a)"
7
(n -> 0
+
=

using distance
formula
Sp2 (x a) (y
=
- +
- 0)
2 -
2
=x +
(x
SP
a)2 + 2ax a
+
4ax
y
-
=

..sp2 (x a)2
+cax a
x
+
= + =

Sp=(x + a) Focal =

distance
of a point.

⑦ => 32 =

(SP)"
9) =
Find the radius
of curvature
of y a
"Ca-x), at

point(a,0).
W
the
Soli
differentiating wit x => Cyy'=a o-1)-(a
x)i
a -

...y'z
as at(a,0) y' does not exist
-

- -

Hence,
an =-
nny
dux = -

- n () y.zu.d+

e-
 point(a, 0),
dx =0, ar
At the =

e
is 1+ =

(y)= = =0 z
=
-

(arn) (numerically S:
a
Exercise:

radius at pointP(x,y)
1) Find the
of curvature any
on

the cuve
y=c.cosh), CS0. Ans:1:
I
2) S.T. the radius
of
curvature
for
the cycloid
x a(t +
=

sint), y=a(l-cort) is given by 3:4

acoss()
Find radius cardioid
3) the
of curvature
of the

a a(1 cost) at
any point (r,0) on it.
p.7.
= +

is a constant.

4) Find the radius

of curvature at 11,-1) on the

Ans:s(,,,y
-
curve 3x 1 =
y x
+
=

5) Find radius bx' + y b2

the
of curvature
of a a
=

at
its
point intersection with the y-axis.
of
Ans:
(((,b) a,s(,,- =
-
=

and radis at
6) If I, I are the
of curvature

the extremities the cardiod alitcoro) which

of 1 =

S'+s
2

passes through the pole. P.T. 160

=

9
 2) P.T. the radius
of curvature at
any pointof
astroid n
*3+y:3 is three times the

of perpendicular from
length the origin to the

tangentatthat point.

5) If and radii
s, I are the
of curvature at
chord
the ends
of a
focal of the palabola
5.j-2/3+54=(2aj.
=

y can then
!

radius curvature at point

9) S.T. the
of any
the cardioid 2=a(l-cso) as
of varies or

10) Find the radius

of curvature
of the curve

x a =
Cost
logtant),
-

y
= AmiSacott
asint

Sol:

An
a(-sint
= +
sect.I)
tanzz

is
aC-sint

In
cost
=

a(-sint +
(t) a(1 pint e
and
= -
=

..
u acostcott.
=

cost.
dy a
=

...dy dy
= ac t the
=
tant
a cost cott

da
dry (d =

d(dy)te
=

=sect.
a
I

cost cafto
feltsint
=

..d'y =+
secsint.
a
dx2

I =
( +

y?)3u (1+
=
tan-t)*2 asect
=

sec" sint secttssint

72 a

i. I # a a
= cost a
= cot
sect sint sint
 center curvature
of
The coordinates
of centre
of curvature is c (x,y)
=

given by
i =
x -

y,(1 y,y),y
+

y (i
=
+ +

y,-)
y2 y2

circle curvature
of
The
equation of the circle
of curvature at

P(x,y)is
x) (y y) 32.
=

(x - +
-

1) Find the circle

of curvature at
(3,4) on
my
=12

sol: Here
yk
=
-
0

dry
and
y, y -2 yz
e
=

.. = =

At(3,4),y, =
-

z
-

,y, z = =

coordinates
The
of centre
of corrature is given by
z x
=
-

y.(1 y)) 3
= -

74(3)(1 1)
+

y2
(8/9)
a 43
=

z
(yi) 4

1+
=
+
y
+
=
 i(,y) (1,1)
=

i.s [1=

y,zy(k
+

(1
=
+

1)3k 12 =

Yz (8/9)

The circle
of curvature is=
(x -

43/6)" (y 57/s) (125) +

-

Find centre and circle

2) the
sh
of curvature
of curvature on

the come
yze
ata
pointwhere the curve crosses

the
y-axis.
sof: y e4
e
y=yz
=
= =

the axis is
egof x 0.=

y
e 1i.The pointis (0,1
:y
=

Now at(0,1)
y, yz = 1
=

(7y23k
3 = 2
=
2/2
=

x x
y,( y,z) 0
P) 2
= -
= - + -
=

T2

y,z) (t)
(1 3
z y 1
=
+ =
+
= +

yz
:Centre
of curvature is (x,y ) (
=
-

2,3)
circle
of curvature is

(x - z) (y y)
+
= 1
=

:(x +
2)2 (y 3) +
- 8
=
3) Find coordinates center Folium
the
of of curvature
of Descantic
=4an n3 y3 sany.
at
pointof parabola
the =

y
+

any
=
Sol:
Differentiating y
can nota cycloid
4a i.e. Application of S
gyy, y, ca
=
=

yzz za. y
are
- =
-

coordinates centre curvature

The
of of are,

a x
y,( y?) x
(2a/y)(1 4aY/yz)
+ -
= -
= +

Y2 -

4aY/y3

a x(y214a) e
x
= +
x

=bantam
a

y2+ 4aY x 4an + 4a

=
+
+ =

2a 2a

in 3x
=
2a
+

y-naxx)e)
=

z 4a)yz
1t y
1
y y
+

y
+ + -
=
=

4a-/y3
-

y
= -

y(y+4az) =

4a -

ys-in
any
4a2
3

y
=
-

y =
-

4ax.y =-
au]au
4a2 4a2 a
3/2
y =
-
2
x

:centre
of
curvature: (n, 5) =

Batza, uby)
 4) S. the circle
of curvature atthe origin of the

cety=an+bytch"
curve is (a +b)(uF+y2) g(x =

y)
+

lost
Sol:
Differentiating the curve s
-

1
y,
+

2ax
=
+

2byy, scx
+

y =g(ax +

byy,) 3c +
-

b(yyz y,z)]
=

2 a 6cu
yz
+ + +
=

y2(1 2by) 2(a by,z) 6cu

+ +
-

yz 2(a
=

by,)
+
62x
+

21 -

2by)
origin,
At 2(a b) g(a b)
-1, y +
+

y,
=
=

i. =(1 y,2)3(2 (1 1132

+

=
+
=

3 a =

32 2(a b) +

coordinates
of
center
of curvature at(0,0)

u x
=
-

y,(1 + y,2) 0
=
+

(1 1)+

= ot +
a b
2(a b)
+

12
+

zy
(+y,z) 1 I
=
+ =
0 1 + =

2(a b) +
a
+
b.

... circle of cature:

(x x) (y y) 3
-
= +
-

(y 3)"
2

(n 1
C + =
- -

a b (a b)2
+ +

y
azyz zni+ +
n - +

+
yz
z(x y)
x -
+
0
=
 v3 y"
(u+y)
=>
+
=

i. (a b)(u+yz) g(u
+
= +

y)

Exercise:

1) Find the circle

of curvature atthe point(q,9) of the

+
curve v +
y =
=
Ans: (x -

za) (y +

a) a =

2) Find the
of
center creature
of the come a
yea
Anx:a
11
= -

4, y us are
=

circle (1,0) u" x"

3) Find the
of curvature at on
y
-
=

=
+ x+
-

Ans:(n 1) (y 1) z 0.
y y
-
-
=
x - =

Find
4) the
of curvature atthe point(2,3)
circle on

2Anp:(n 1)2 (y 5)
=
y 12 e
= +
+ + -

5) Find the centre

of curvature of y
u
=

at(t, #)
Ans:
(x,y) 5z =

,E)