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 Cubic Spline Interpolation 1

5.6 Cubic Spline Interpolation

For Exercises 1 through 3, use the values given below for the temperature, T ,
pressure, p, and density, ρ, of the standard atmosphere as a function of altitude.
This data was drawn from Table A.6 in Frank White, Fluid Mechanics:
z (m) 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
T (K) 288.16 284.91 281.66 278.41 275.16 271.91 268.66
p (Pa) 101,350 95,480 89,889 84,565 79,500 74,684 70,107
ρ (kg/m3 ) 1.2255 1.1677 1.1120 1.0583 1.0067 0.9570 0.9092
1. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the temperature of the
standard atmosphere at an altitude of z = 800 m, 1600 m, 2350 m and 2790 m?
At what altitude is the temperature of the standard atmosphere 273.1 K?

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

     
3000 0 c1 0
 500 2000 500   c2   0 
     

 500 2000 500   c3
 
 = 
  0 .

 500 2000 500   c4   0 
0 3000 c5 0
We solve this system and then use the equations
 
h0 h0
c0 = 1+ c1 − c2 (1)
h1 h1
 
h5 h5
c6 = − c4 + 1 + c5 (2)
h4 h4
cj+1 − cj
dj = (3)
3hj
aj+1 − aj 2cj + cj+1
bj = − hj (4)
hj 3
to determine c0 , c6 , the dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of spline
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
288.16 −0.0065 0 0
284.91 −0.0065 0 0
281.66 −0.0065 0 0
278.41 −0.0065 0 0
275.16 −0.0065 0 0
271.91 −0.0065 0 0
 2 Section 5.6

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

T (800 m) = 282.96 K,
T (1600 m) = 277.76 K,
T (2350 m) = 272.885 K, and
T (2790 m) = 270.025 K

The data suggests that T = 273.1 K for z between 2000 m and 2500 m. Solving

273.1 = 275.16 − 0.0065(z − 2000),

for z, we find z = 2316.92 m.

2. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the pressure of the stan-
dard atmosphere at an altitude of z = 800 m, 1600 m, 2350 m and 2790 m?

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

     
3000 0 c1 1.674
 500 2000 500   c2   1.602 
     

 500 2000 500   c3  =  1.554
   
.

 500 2000 500   c4   1.494 
0 3000 c5 1.434

We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 , c6 , the
dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
101350 −12.027809524 0.000584429 −0.000000018
95480 −11.456595238 0.000558000 −0.000000018
89889 −10.911809524 0.000531571 −0.000000008
84565 −10.386166667 0.000519714 −0.000000015
79500 −9.877523810 0.000497571 −0.000000013
74684 −9.389738095 0.000478000 −0.000000013
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

p(800 m) = 92092.77 Pa,

p(1600 m) = 83531.57 Pa,
p(2350 m) = 76103.26 Pa, and
p(2790 m) = 72000.86 Pa

3. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the density of the stan-
dard atmosphere at an altitude of z = 800 m, 1600 m, 2350 m and 2790 m? At
what altitude is the density of the standard atmosphere 1.1000 kg/m3 ?
Cubic Spline Interpolation 3

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

     
3000 0 c1 0.0000126
 500 2000 500   c2   0.0000120 
     

 500 2000 500 


 c3  = 
  0.0000126 .

 500 2000 500   c4   0.0000114 
0 3000 c5 0.0000114

We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 , c6 , the
dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
1.22550000000 −0.00011781905 0.00000000456 −0.000000000238
1.16770000000 −0.00011344048 0.00000000420 −0.000000000238
1.11200000000 −0.00010941905 0.00000000384 0.000000000390
1.05830000000 −0.00010528333 0.00000000443 −0.000000000524
1.00670000000 −0.00010124762 0.00000000364 0.000000000105
0.95700000000 −0.00009752619 0.00000000380 0.000000000105

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

ρ(800 m) = 92092.77 kg/m3 ,

ρ(1600 m) = 83531.57 kg/m3 ,
ρ(2350 m) = 76103.26 kg/m3 , and
ρ(2790 m) = 72000.86 kg/m3

The data suggests that the density is 1.1000 kg/m3 for z between 1000 m and 1500
m. Solving

1.1000 = 1.1120 − 0.00010941905(z − 1000) + 0.00000000384(z − 1000)2

+0.000000000000390(z − 1000)3

for z, we find z = 1110.10 m.

Exercises 4 through 9 are based on the following data for the density, ρ, viscosity,
µ, kinematic viscosity, ν, surface tension, Υ, vapor pressure, pv , and sound
speed, a, of water as a function of temperature. This data was drawn from
Tables A.1 and A.5 in Frank White, Fluid Mechanics:
 4 Section 5.6

T ρ µ ν Υ pv a
(◦ C) (kg/m3 ) (×10−3 N·s/m2 ) (×10−5 m2 /s) (N/m) (kPa) (m/s)
0 1000 1.788 1.788 0.0756 0.611 1402
10 1000 1.307 1.307 0.0742 1.227 1447
20 998 1.003 1.005 0.0728 2.337 1482
30 996 0.799 0.802 0.0712 4.242 1509
40 992 0.657 0.662 0.0696 7.375 1529
50 988 0.548 0.555 0.0679 12.34 1542
60 983 0.467 0.475 0.0662 19.92 1551
70 978 0.405 0.414 0.0644 31.16 1553
80 972 0.355 0.365 0.0626 47.35 1554
90 965 0.316 0.327 0.0608 70.11 1550
100 958 0.283 0.295 0.0589 101.3 1543

4. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the density of water when
T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C?

The complete set of spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
1000.0 0.21433480609 −0.02715022091 0.00057167403
1000.0 −0.15716740304 −0.01000000000 0.00057167403
998.0 −0.18566519391 0.00715022091 −0.00085837015
996.0 −0.30017182131 −0.01860088365 0.00086180658
992.0 −0.41364752086 0.00725331370 −0.00058885616
988.0 −0.44523809524 −0.01041237113 0.00049361807
983.0 −0.50540009818 0.00439617084 −0.00038561610
978.0 −0.53316151203 −0.00717231222 0.00004884634
972.0 −0.66195385371 −0.00570692194 0.00019023073
965.0 −0.71902307315 0 0.00019023073
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

ρ(34◦ C) = 994.56 kg/m3 ,

ρ(68◦ C) = 979.04 kg/m3 ,
ρ(86◦ C) = 967.86 kg/m3 , and
ρ(91◦ C) = 964.28 kg/m3

5. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the viscosity of water
when
T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C? At what temperature is the viscosity 1.000 ×
10−3 N·s/m2 ?

The complete set of spline coefficients is

 Cubic Spline Interpolation 5

aj bj cj dj
1.788 −0.059859545287 0.001321431793 −0.000014547726
1.307 −0.037795227356 0.000885000000 −0.000014547726
1.003 −0.024459545287 0.000448568207 −0.000004261368
0.799 −0.016766591495 0.000320727172 −0.000006406802
0.657 −0.012274088733 0.000128523104 0.000000888577
0.548 −0.009437053571 0.000155180412 −0.000002147506
0.467 −0.006977696981 0.000090755247 −0.000001298555
0.405 −0.005552158505 0.000051798601 0.000000341725
0.355 −0.004413668999 0.000062050350 −0.000001068345
0.316 −0.003493165501 0.000030000000 −0.000001068345
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

µ(34◦ C) = 0.736655 × 10−3 N · s/m2 ,

µ(68◦ C) = 0.416322 × 10−3 N · s/m2 ,
µ(86◦ C) = 0.330521 × 10−3 N · s/m2 , and
µ(91◦ C) = 0.312536 × 10−3 N · s/m2

The data suggests that the viscosity is 1.000 × 10−3 N · s/m2 for T between 20◦ C
and 30◦ C. Solving

1.000 = 1.003 − 0.024459545287(T − 20) + 0.000448568207(T − 20)2

−0.000004261368(T − 20)3

for T , we find T = 20.12◦ C.

6. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the kinematic viscosity
of water when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C? At what temperature is the
kinematic viscosity 1.000 × 10−5 m2 /s?

The complete set of spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
1.788 −0.060110993495 0.001354149024 −0.000015304967
1.307 −0.037619503252 0.000895000000 −0.000015304967
1.005 −0.024310993495 0.000435850976 −0.000003475163
0.802 −0.016636522766 0.000331596097 −0.000006794382
0.662 −0.012042915439 0.000127764635 0.000000652691
0.555 −0.009291815476 0.000147345361 −0.000001816381
0.475 −0.006889822656 0.000092853921 −0.000001387166
0.414 −0.005448893900 0.000051238954 0.000000365044
0.365 −0.004314601743 0.000062190261 −0.000001073009
0.327 −0.003392699129 0.000030000000 −0.000001073009
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

ν(34◦ C) = 0.740325 × 10−5 m2 /s,

 6 Section 5.6

ν(68◦ C) = 0.425114 × 10−5 m2 /s,

ν(86◦ C) = 0.341119 × 10−5 m2 /s, and
ν(91◦ C) = 0.323636 × 10−5 m2 /s
The data suggests that the kinematic viscosity is 1.000 × 10−5 m2 /s for T between
20◦ C and 30◦ C. Solving
1.000 = 1.005 − 0.024310993495(T − 20) + 0.000435850976(T − 20)2
−0.000003475163(T − 20)3
for T , we find T = 20.21◦ C.

7. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the surface tension of
water when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C? At what temperature is the
surface tension 0.0650 N/m?

The complete set of spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
0.0756 −0.000151130032 0.000001669505 −0.000000055650
0.0742 −0.000134434984 0.000000000000 −0.000000055650
0.0728 −0.000151130032 −0.000001669505 0.000000078251
0.0712 −0.000161044888 0.000000678019 −0.000000057353
0.0696 −0.000164690415 −0.000001042572 0.000000051161
0.0679 −0.000170193452 0.000000492268 −0.000000047292
0.0662 −0.000174535776 −0.000000926500 0.000000038008
0.0644 −0.000181663445 0.000000213733 −0.000000004739
0.0626 −0.000178810444 0.000000071567 −0.000000019052
0.0608 −0.000183094778 −0.000000500000 −0.000000019052
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find
Υ(34◦ C) = 0.0705630 N/m,
◦
Υ(68 C) = 0.0647639 N/m,
Υ(86◦ C) = 0.0615256 N/m, and
Υ(91◦ C) = 0.0606164 N/m
The data suggests that the surface tension is 0.0650 N/m for T between 60◦ C and
70◦ C. Solving
0.0650 = 0.0662 − 0.000174535776(T − 60) − 0.000000926500(T − 60)2
+0.000000038008(T − 60)3
for T , we find T = 66.70◦ C.

8. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the vapor pressure of
water when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C?

The complete set of spline coefficients is

 Cubic Spline Interpolation 7

aj bj cj dj
0.611 0.046085867698 0.001092119845 0.000045929338
1.227 0.081707066151 0.002470000000 0.000045929338
2.337 0.144885867698 0.003847880155 0.000071353308
4.242 0.243249463058 0.005988479381 0.000101657431
7.375 0.393516280069 0.009038202320 0.000126016967
12.34 0.612085416667 0.012818711340 0.000177274699
19.92 0.921642053265 0.018136952320 0.000209884235
31.16 1.347346370275 0.024433479381 0.000273188359
47.35 1.917972465636 0.032629130155 0.000317362328
70.11 2.665763767182 0.042150000000 0.000317362328

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

pv (34◦ C) = 5.317320 kPa,

◦
pv (68 C) = 28.561362 kPa,
pv (86◦ C) = 60.101034 kPa, and
pv (91◦ C) = 72.818231 kPa

9. Using the not-a-knot cubic spline interpolant, estimate the sound speed of water
when T = 34◦ C, 68◦ C, 86◦ C and 91◦ C?

The complete set of spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
1402.0 5.06969501718 −0.06045425258 0.00034847509
1447.0 3.96515249141 −0.05000000000 0.00034847509
1482.0 3.06969501718 −0.03954574742 0.00025762457
1509.0 2.35606743986 −0.03181701031 −0.00037897337
1529.0 1.60603522337 −0.04318621134 0.00125826890
1542.0 1.11979166667 −0.00543814433 −0.00165410223
1551.0 0.51479810997 −0.05506121134 0.00235814003
1553.0 0.12101589347 0.01568298969 −0.00177845790
1554.0 −0.09886168385 −0.03767074742 0.00075569158
1550.0 −0.62556915808 −0.01500000000 0.00075569158

Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

a(34◦ C) = 1517.890943 m/s,

a(68◦ C) = 1552.801835 m/s,
a(86◦ C) = 1552.213912 m/s, and
a(91◦ C) = 1549.360187 m/s
 8 Section 5.6

10. Consider the following data set

x 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
y 0.500000 1.425639 2.640859 4.009155 5.305472
y′ 1.500000 2.305472
(a) Construct the not-a-knot cubic spline for this data set.
(b) Construct the clamped cubic spline for this data set.
(c) The data for this problem is taken from the function y = (x + 1)2 − 0.5ex .
Plot the error in each of the splines from parts (a) and (b) as a function of
x. Which spline produced the better results?

(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
3 0 c1 1.737486
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.918456  .
0 3 c3 −0.431874

We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 ,
c4 , the dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of not-a-knot spline
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.500000 1.4854520 0.807897 −0.15249
1.425639 2.1789815 0.579162 −0.15249
2.640859 2.6437760 0.350427 −0.32959
4.009155 2.7470105 −0.143958 −0.32959
(b) The linear system for the coefficients cj (0 ≤ j ≤ 4) is
     
1 0.5 c0 1.053834
 0.5 2 0.5   c1   1.737486 
     

 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.918456
   
.

 0.5 2 0.5   c3   −0.431874 
0.5 1 c4 −0.861486

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equa-
tion (4) to determine the bj . The complete set of clamped spline coefficients
is
aj bj cj dj
0.500000 1.5000000 0.755699 −0.106286
1.425639 2.1759845 0.596270 −0.174718
2.640859 2.6412160 0.334193 −0.286882
4.009155 2.7602475 −0.096130 −0.478194
(c) For the not-a-knot cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 3.814 × 10−3 ; for the clamped
cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 5.388 × 10−4 . A plot of the error in both splines as
a function of x is shown below.
 Cubic Spline Interpolation 9

11. Repeat Exercise 10 for the data set

x 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
y 0.000000 0.608198 1.386294 2.290727 3.295837
y′ 1.000000 2.098612
which is taken from the function f (x) = x ln x.

(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
3 0 c1 1.019388
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.758022  .
0 3 c3 0.604062

We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 ,
c4 , the dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of not-a-knot spline
coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 1.014474 0.435869 −0.0640483
0.608198 1.402306 0.339796 −0.0640483
1.386294 1.694066 0.243724 −0.0282463
2.290727 1.916605 0.201354 −0.0282463
(b) The linear system for the coefficients cj (0 ≤ j ≤ 4) is
     
1 0.5 c0 0.649188
 0.5 2 0.5   c1   1.019388 
     

 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =
  

 0.758022 .

 0.5 2 0.5   c3   0.604062 
0.5 1 c4 0.265176
 10 Section 5.6

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equa-
tion (4) to determine the bj . The complete set of clamped spline coefficients
is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 1.000000 0.486076 −0.106567
0.608198 1.406150 0.326225 −0.0522821
1.386294 1.693163 0.247802 −0.0327921
2.290727 1.916371 0.198613 −0.0218293
(c) For the not-a-knot cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.048 × 10−3 ; for the clamped
cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 2.151 × 10−4 . A plot of the error in both splines as
a function of x is shown below.

12. Repeat Exercise 10 for the data set

x 0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
y 0.000000 0.176777 0.500000 0.530330 0.000000
y′ 0.000000 −3.141593
which is taken from the function f (x) = x sin(πx).

(a) The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
1.5 0 c1 1.757352
 0.25 1 0.25   c2  =  −3.514716  .
0 1.5 c3 −6.72792

We solve this system and then use the equations (1) - (4) to determine c0 ,
c4 , the dj and the bj , respectively. The complete set of not-a-knot spline
coefficients is
 Cubic Spline Interpolation 11

aj bj cj dj
0.000000 −0.228760 5.029424 −5.143808
0.176777 1.321488 1.171568 −5.143808
0.500000 0.942808 −2.686288 −2.398656
0.530330 −0.850084 −4.485280 −2.398656
(b) The linear system for the coefficients cj (0 ≤ j ≤ 4) is
     
0.5 0.25 c0 2.121324
 0.25 1 0.25   c1   1.757352 
     

 0.25 1 0.25   c2  =
  

 −3.514716 .

 0.25 1 0.25   c3   −6.727920 
0.25 0.5 c4 −3.060819

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equa-
tion (4) to determine the bj . The complete set of clamped spline coefficients
is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 0.000000 3.473078 −2.578585
0.176777 1.253054 1.539140 −5.519157
0.500000 0.987782 −2.600229 −3.462481
0.530330 −0.961547 −5.197090 2.231995
(c) For the not-a-knot cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.579 × 10−2 ; for the clamped
cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.557 × 10−3 . A plot of the error in both splines as
a function of x is shown below.

13. Experimentally determined values for the partial pressure of water vapor, pA ,
as a function of distance, y, from the surface of a pan of water are given below.
The derivative of the partial pressure with respect to distance is estimated to
12 Section 5.6

be −0.0455 atm/mm when y = 0 and 0 atm/mm when y = 5. Estimate the

partial pressure at distances of 0.5 mm, 2.1 mm and 3.7 mm from the surface
of the water using a clamped cubic spline.
y (mm) 0 1 2 3 4 5
pA (atm) 0.100 0.065 0.042 0.029 0.022 0.020

The linear system for the coefficients cj (0 ≤ j ≤ 5) is

     
2 1 c0 0.0315
 1 4 1   c1   0.0360 
     

 1 4 1   c2 
   = 
 0.0300 
.

 1 4 1   c3 
  

 0.0180 

 1 4 1   c4   0.0150 
1 2 c5 0.0060

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equation
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of clamped spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
0.100 −0.0455000 0.01369856 −0.00319856
0.065 −0.0276986 0.00410287 0.000595694
0.042 −0.0177057 0.00588995 −0.00118421
0.029 −0.00947847 0.00233732 0.000141148
0.022 −0.00438038 0.00276077 −0.000380383
Using the appropriate piece of the cubic spline, we find

pA (0.5 mm) = 0.0802748 atm,

pA (2.1 mm) = 0.0402871 atm, and
pA (3.7 mm) = 0.0235588 atm

Natural Boundary Conditions:

Another set of boundary conditions which can be used when no other in-
formation is available about f is the natural (or free) boundary conditions
s′′ (a) = s′′ (b) = 0. Since s′′ (a) = s′′0 (a) = c0 and s′′ (b) = s′′n (b) = cn , the
natural boundary conditions immediately translate to

c0 = 0 and cn = 0.

Combining these two equations with equation (5) for j = 1, 2, 3, ..., n − 1

provides a complete linear system for determining the cj . The coefficient ma-
trix for this system is tridiagonal and strictly diagonally dominant. If f ′′ (a) =
f ′′ (b) = 0, the natural cubic spline has a fourth-order error bound (see Birkhoff
and de Boor [7]); otherwise, the natural cubic spline produces errors that are
 Cubic Spline Interpolation 13

only second-order near the boundaries (see de Boor [2]). Exercises 14 - 19 deal
with the natural cubic spline.

14. Determine the natural cubic spline for the data in the example “A Clamped
Cubic Spline.” Compare the error in the natural cubic spline to that of the
not-a-knot cubic spline.

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
2 0.5 c1 −3.89232
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  −1.59504  .
0.5 2 c3 −0.50304

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equation
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
0.00000 1.961266 0.000000 −1.250183
0.82436 1.023629 −1.875274 1.061154
1.00000 −0.0557800 −0.283543 0.0686057
0.90980 −0.287869 −0.180634 0.120423

For the natural cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 6.304 × 10−2 ; for the not-a-knot cubic
spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 9.916 × 10−3 . A plot of the error in both splines as a function
of x is shown below.

15. Determine the natural cubic spline for the data in Exercise 10. Compare the
error in the natural cubic spline to that of the not-a-knot cubic spline.
 14 Section 5.6

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
2 0.5 c1 1.737486
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.918456  .
0.5 2 c3 −0.431874

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equation
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
0.500000 1.720584 0.000000 0.522776
1.425639 2.112666 0.784164 −0.297232
2.640859 2.673906 0.338316 −0.425888
4.009155 2.692806 −0.300516 0.200344

For the natural cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.986 × 10−2 ; for the not-a-knot cubic
spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 3.814 × 10−3 . A plot of the error in both splines as a function
of x is shown below.

16. Determine the natural cubic spline for the data in Exercise 11. Compare the
error in the natural cubic spline to that of the not-a-knot cubic spline.

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
2 0.5 c1 1.019388
 0.5 2 0.5   c2  =  0.758022  .
0.5 2 c3 0.604062

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equation
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
 Cubic Spline Interpolation 15

aj bj cj dj
0.000000 1.13983175 0.0000000 0.306257
0.608198 1.36952450 0.4593855 −0.172101
1.386294 1.69983425 0.2012340 0.033659
2.290727 1.92631250 0.2517225 −0.167815
For the natural cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.167 × 10−2 ; for the not-a-knot cubic
spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.048 × 10−3 . A plot of the error in both splines as a function
of x is shown below.

17. Determine the natural cubic spline for the data in Exercise 12. Compare the
error in the natural cubic spline to that of the not-a-knot cubic spline.

The linear system for the coefficients cj (1 ≤ j ≤ 3) is

     
1 0.25 c1 1.757352
 0.25 1 0.25   c2  =  −3.514716  .
0.25 1 c3 −6.727920

We solve this system and then use equation (3) to determine the dj and equation
(4) to determine the bj . The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
0.000000 0.506565 0.000000 3.208688
0.176777 1.108194 2.406516 −6.670896
0.500000 1.060659 −2.596656 −4.642800
0.530330 −1.108194 −6.078756 8.105008
For the natural cubic spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 2.343 × 10−2 ; for the not-a-knot cubic
spline, kf − sk∞ ≈ 1.579 × 10−2 . A plot of the error in both splines as a function
of x is shown below.
 16 Section 5.6

18. Determine the natural cubic spline for the following data sets. In each case,
compare the natural cubic spline with the not-a-knot cubic spline.

(a) viscosity of water (Exercise 5)

(b) vapor pressure of water (Exercise 8)

(c) sound speed of water (Exercise 9)

(d) pressure of the standard atmosphere (Exercise 2)

(e) density of the standard atmosphere (Exercise 3)

(a) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

aj bj cj dj
1.788 −0.052230255227 0.000000000000 0.000041302552
1.307 −0.039839489545 0.001239076568 −0.000029512761
1.003 −0.023911786592 0.000353693727 −0.000000251507
0.799 −0.016913364086 0.000346148524 −0.000007481212
0.657 −0.012234757065 0.000121712178 0.000001176353
0.548 −0.009447607656 0.000157002762 −0.000002224200
0.467 −0.006974812313 0.000090276772 −0.000001279554
0.405 −0.005553143091 0.000051890150 0.000000342416
0.355 −0.004412615322 0.000062162627 −0.000001090109
0.316 −0.003496395622 0.000029459343 −0.000000981978

(b) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is

 Cubic Spline Interpolation 17

aj bj cj dj
0.611 0.052390086309 0.000000000000 0.000092099137
1.227 0.080019827381 0.002762974107 0.000033504315
2.337 0.145330604166 0.003768103571 0.000074883601
4.242 0.243157755954 0.006014611607 0.000099961280
7.375 0.393438372016 0.009013449999 0.000129271280
12.34 0.612488755981 0.012891588398 0.000165953600
19.92 0.920106604060 0.017870196410 0.000251914318
31.16 1.353084827778 0.025427625962 0.000116389126
47.35 1.896554084829 0.028919299744 0.000902529177
70.11 2.745698832906 0.055995175064 −0.001866505835
(c) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
1402.0 4.72066205821 0.00000000000 −0.00220662058
1447.0 4.05867588358 −0.06619861746 0.00103310291
1482.0 3.04463440747 −0.03520553015 0.00007420894
1509.0 2.36278648656 −0.03297926194 −0.00032993867
1529.0 1.60421964630 −0.04287742208 0.00124554575
1542.0 1.12033492823 −0.00551104972 −0.00165224431
1551.0 0.51444064078 −0.05507837902 0.00236343149
1553.0 0.12190250866 0.01582456581 −0.00180148167
1554.0 −0.10205067541 −0.03821988422 0.00084249518
1550.0 −0.61369980703 −0.01294502895 0.00043150096
(d) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
101350.0 −11.859197436 0.00000000000 0.00000047679
95480.0 −11.501605128 0.00071518461 −0.00000015195
89889.0 −10.900382051 0.00048726154 0.00000003501
84565.0 −10.386866667 0.00053976923 −0.00000005207
79500.0 −9.886151282 0.00046166154 0.00000009328
74684.0 −9.354528205 0.00060158462 −0.00000040106
(e) The complete set of natural spline coefficients is
aj bj cj dj
1.2255 −0.00011650436 0.00000000000 0.00000000000362
1.1677 −0.00011379128 0.00000000543 −0.00000000000129
1.1120 −0.00010933051 0.00000000350 0.00000000000073
1.0583 −0.00010528667 0.00000000459 −0.00000000000084
1.0067 −0.00010132282 0.00000000334 0.00000000000102
0.9570 −0.00009722205 0.00000000487 −0.00000000000324

19. Show that the natural cubic spline satisfies the following minimum curvature
property: Let g be any function, continuous and twice continuously differen-
18 Section 5.6

tiable on the interval [a, b], which interpolates f over the partition

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b.

Then Z b Z b
2
′′
[s (x)] dx ≤ [g ′′ (x)]2 dx,
a a
where s is the natural cubic spline.

Let g be any function, continuous and twice continuously differentiable on the

interval [a, b], which interpolates f over the partition

a = x0 < x1 < x2 < · · · < xn−1 < xn = b.

Also, let s denote the natural cubic spline. First, observe that
Z b Z b
[g ′′ (x)]2 dx = [g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x) + s′′ (x)]2 dx
a a
Z b Z b
= [g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]2 dx + 2 s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx
a a
Z b
+ [s′′ (x)]2 dx.
a

Next, focus on the term

Z b n−1
X Z xi+1
s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx = s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx.
a i=0 xi

After integrating by parts twice, it follows that

Z xi+1
x
s′′ (x)[g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]dx = {s′′ (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)] − s′′′ (x)[g(x) − s(x)]}|xi+1
i
xi
Z xi+1
+ s(4) (x)[g(x) − s(x)]dx.
xi

Since s is a cubic polynomial on [xi , xi+1 ], s(4) (x) ≡ 0. Furthermore, since both s
and g interpolate f at each xi ,
x
{s′′′ (x)[g(x) − s(x)]}|xi+1
i
= 0.

Therefore,
Z b n−1
x
X
′′ ′′ ′′
s (x)[g (x) − s (x)]dx = s′′ (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)]|xi+1
i
a i=0
= s (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)]|b − s′′ (x)[g ′ (x) − s′ (x)]|a
′′

= 0,
Cubic Spline Interpolation 19

due to the natural boundary conditions satisfied by s. Thus

Z b Z b Z b Z b
[g ′′ (x)]2 dx = [g ′′ (x) − s′′ (x)]2 dx + [s′′ (x)]2 dx ≥ [s′′ (x)]2 dx,
a a a a

since the integral of a non-negative function is always non-negative.

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247. Lib. VII. Così traduce Magenta:

Qualunque cosa d’Ombria a te conduce,

O d’Etruria il castaldo o il tusculano,
O quel tre miglia da costì lontano,
Tutto ciò la Subura a me produce.

248.

Di Cesare son questi i fori, ei disse,

Questa è la via che dai sacrati luoghi
Assume il nome.
Tristium, Lib. III.

249. «Singolare ne sarebbe dovunque la struttura e maravigliosa anche per

consenso degli Dei».

250.

Poi mi getto a dormir senza pensiere

Di dovermi levar insiem col sole,
E Marsia riveder.
Trad. Gargallo.

251. Tien nel gran foro i consacrati templi. Lib. III.

252. «Se ciò approvate, andatevene, o Quiriti. — Procedete al suffragio, col

favore degli Dei, ed ordinate voi quello che i padri sancirono.»

253. De Architectura, lib. 1, c. 7.

254. V. Popidio figlio d’Epidio Questore ha fatto costruire i portici.

255. Lib. V. c. 1 e 2.

256. Pompei descritta da Carlo Bonucci: Foro Civile.

257. Lo squarcio che reco è la traduzione della traduzione francese

dell’opera del Bonucci, perchè io non potei avere che questa. Quando
l’Italia era sbocconcellata, i libri che si publicavano in Napoli era difficile
che pervenissero alle nostre biblioteche di Lombardia e viceversa.

258. A Marco Lucrezio Decidiano Rufo duumviro, tre volte quinquennale,

pontefice, tribuno dei militi per voto di popolo, prefetto de’ fabbri, Marco
Pilonio Rufo.
259. A Marco Lucrezio Decidiano Rufo, duumviro, tre volte quinquennale,
pontefice, tribuno dei militi per voto di popolo, prefetto de’ fabbri, per
decreto de’ Decurioni, eretto dopo la morte.

260. A Quinto Sallustio figlio di Publio, duumviro, incaricato della giustizia,

quinquennale, patrono delle Colonie, per decreto de’ Decurioni.

261. A Cajo Cuspio Pansa figlio di Cajo, duumviro incaricato della giustizia,
quattro volte quinquennale, per decreto de’ decurioni, col danaro
publico.

262. A Cajo Cuspio Pansa, pontefice, duumviro, incaricato della giustizia, per
decreto de’ decurioni eretto con denaro publico.

263. «Scrive Rutilio avere i Romani istituito le nundine, perchè per otto giorni
i contadini dessero opera a’ lavori de’ campi, nel nono poi interrottili
venissero a Roma pel mercato e per ricevervi le leggi e riportassero con
maggior concorso di popolo gli sciti e consulti (voti popolari), i quali,
proposti per diciasette giorni, facilmente si potevano da tutti conoscere.»

264. «A Marco Claudio Marcello figlio di Marco patrono.»

265. Lib. VII c. 70.

266. Così parmi di dover tradurre:

«Possano i Numi esterminar chi primo

L’ore inventò, chi primo in questa nostra
Città poneva un quadrante solare!
Lo sciagurato m’ha per mio malanno
Tagliato a pezzi il giorno! Oh! non avevo
Ne’ miei giorni d’infanzia altro orologio
Che lo stomaco mio, ed era quello
Il migliore, il più esatto ad avvertirmi,
A men che nulla da mangiar vi fosse.
Ora, quantunque la cucina piena,
Non si serve la tavola che quando
Al sol talenta, e di tal guisa avviene
Che dall’istante in cui la città intera
Da’ quadranti solar’ venne segnata,
Quasi tutta la gente non si vegga
Che scarna trascinarsi ed affamata.»

267. I. Sylv. I. 29.

 Quivi i Giulii delubri venerati,
Del belligero Paolo indi la reggia
Sublime.

268. Satyra IV. Lib. I.

Del foro
Nel bel mezzo, e nel bagno (in chiuso luogo
S’ode più grata risonar la voce)
Recitan molti i loro scritti.
Trad. Gargallo.

269. Satyra III. Lib. I.

Ecco a tutti i cantor vizio comune;

Pregati, non c’è capo che s’inducano
A cantar tra gli amici: non pregati,
Non la finiscon mai.
Id. ibd.

270. Æneid. Lib. VIII:

E come pria cader vedrai le stelle,

Porgi solennemente a la gran Giuno
Preghiere e voti.
Trad. del Caro.

271.

Convien pregar perchè la mente sia

Sana nel corpo sano.

272. «La miglior parte di ciascun giorno sono le sette delle prime, non delle
ultime ore del giorno.» Lib. I.

273.

Poichè del dì la miglior parte è scorsa,

Quel che avanza cercate allegramente
Di ben esercitar le vostre membra.

274. Satyra V Lib. I. Sermonum:

Al giuoco Mecenate,
A letto andiam Virgilio ed io; chè il giuoco
 De la palla a’ cisposi e agli indigesti
Certo non fa buon pro.
Trad. Gargallo.

275. Specie di lettiga, o palanchino, portato da due muli, uno davanti, l’altro di
dietro, ad uso più specialmente delle donne.

276. Quando si annunzia l’ora del bagno, cioè la nona nel verno, e la ottava
nella state. Plinio Lib. III. Epist. I.

277.

Con i clienti ei dissipa

La prima e second’ora mattutina;
L’altra ai rauci causidici destina.
Sino alla quinta s’occupa
In varie cure; alla quiete è data
La sesta; ogni opra a settima è cessata.
L’ottava della nitida
Palestra basta agli esercizii e sprona,
Gli eccelsi letti a premere la nona. [278]
Alta, Eufemo, è la decima
Ora a’ miei libri, quando per tua cura
Le dapi eterne al ventre suo misura.
Epig. Lib. IV. 8. Trad. Magenta.

278. I letti del triclinio sui quali i Romani sedevano a mensa. Nel capitolo che
tratterà delle Case ne parleremo.

279. «Imperocchè quivi erano e i mercati delle merci e le trattative dei

contratti, le proposte delle nozze e le pratiche delle transazioni.»

280. «Paolo, Maria, Pietro, Lorenzo e Giovanni tengono nella città il nome di
patriarcato.»

281.

Nefasto è allor che taccionsi i tre stili

Del pronunziare [283]; e quello è giorno fasto,
In cui lice trattar cause civili.
Nè creder già che il giorno quanto è vasto
Sua ragion serbi: talor fasto fia
La sera quel che al mattin fu nefasto.
Che quando fatto il sagrificio sia,
 Può di tutto parlarsi; e al pronunziare
Si apre al nobil pretor libera via.
Trad. di G. B. Bianchi.

282.

Quando grida il Liburno: olà correte,

Egli già siede.

283. I tre stili, tria verba, sono le tre seguenti formule del pretore: Do, Dico,
Addico; ed ecco, secondo il Sigonio, il significato di queste parole: «Il
Pretore dicebat ex. gr. aliquem liberum esse. Addicebat v. g. ad un’altra
famiglia come nell’adozione. Dabat, ex. g. il possesso dei beni, o i
giudici, poichè il Pretore era cosa straordinaria che facesse da giudice.»

284.

Nembo d’altre faccende al capo, a’ fianchi

Ecco assalirmi. «In tribunal ti prega
Roscio pria delle due trovarti seco
Per domani.» I notai, Quinto, per oggi
Preganti di tornar: l’affar rammenta
Ch’è di tutto il collegio: è grande, è nuovo.
Fa che Mecena a queste tavolette
Ponga il suggel. Mi proverò; le dici,
Replica, insiste — «Purchè il vogli, il puoi.
Trad. Gargallo.

285.

Fugge intanto il ribaldo, e me abbandona

Sotto il coltel. Quand’ecco l’avversario
Gli vien tra’ piedi e — O tu svergognatissimo
Dove? dove? gli introna ad alta voce.
E a me — Mi faresti tu da testimonio?
Allor subito subito l’orecchio
Gli presento, strascinalo in giudizio;
Di qua, di là rumor.
Trad. Gargallo.

286. Se scientemente sbaglio, allora Giove mi respinga, salva però sempre la

città, dai buoni, come io getto questa pietra.

287.
 «Ai Triumviri andrò e i vostri nomi
Denunzierò.»
Asinar. I. 2. 4.

288.

Nè la bianca benda
La composta ricopra onesta chioma,
Nè la stola che a pie’ lunga discenda.
Epist. ex Ponto III. 3, 51. Art. Am. 1, 31.

289.

Vergogna egli è che due, testè già amanti,

Veggansi avversi divenir d’un tratto:
Odia Venere tali litiganti.
Sovente avvien che sia processo fatto
A chi s’adora, ma trïonfa amore,
Se un odio acerbo non dettò quell’atto.
Un dì assistetti a giovane amatore:
Stava l’amante sua nella lettica,
Fieri oltraggi ei diceale in suo furore.
«Che principio al processo ora s’indica,
Grida, e avanzi la rea» — ella apparia; —
Ma restò muto nel veder l’amica.
L’una tabella e l’altra allor gli uscìa
Dalle mani, per correre all’amplesso,
Dicendo: hai vinto, hai vinto, amica mia!
Meglio è così ch’ora ne sia concesso
Ambo in pace partir, anzi che al foro
Dal talamo passar per un processo.
E sia per tanto la sentenza loro:
«Senza lite ella tenga i doni tuoi.»
Remed. Amor. v. 659-671,
mia traduzione.

290.

Se de’ suffragi suoi libero avesse

Il popolo a venir, qual mai ribaldo
Seneca preferir dubiteria
Un istante a Neron, al cui supplicio
Vi vorrebbe più assai che d’un serpente,
D’una scimia e d’un sacco?
 Mia trad.

291.

A codesto sguajato, acciò non chiaccheri,

Si spezzeran in fede mia le gambe.

292. «È delitto imprigionare un cittadino romano: scelleraggine il farlo battere

con verghe; quasi parricidio l’ucciderlo; ma che dirò il sospenderlo in
croce?» Cicero, Orat. In Ver.

293.

A far baldoria andrai

Fiaccola in mezzo a quei che per la gola
Ritti e fitti all’uncin fumano ed ardono.
Sat. I. v. 155. Trad. Gargallo.

294. «Rifletti al carcere ed alla croce, e all’albero infitto per mezzo all’uomo sì
che gli esca dalla bocca.»

295.

Ei diverrà l’adultero di Roma,

Tremando ognor ch’abbia a pagar il fio
Del maritale onor dovuto a l’onta:
Nè credersi vorrà più fortunato
De l’astrifero Marte, a non lasciarsi
Coglier mai nella rete. Ira gelosa
Vendetta più crudel talor ne trae
Che quella dalle leggi al reo prescritta:
Uno uccide col ferro, un altro sbrana
Con sanguigno staffil: ci ha sin di quelli
Che sviscerar si sentono per altra
Bocca che per l’usata, un mugil vivo.
Sat. X. III. 317. Trad. Gargallo.

296.

Oh allor te misero ti colga il danno,

Che stretti i piedi, dentro le viscere
Rafani e mugili ti cacceranno.
Carmen XV.

297. Dufour. Storia della Prostit. Vol. I. Cap. XV.

298.

Una gran causa trattasi nel foro

D’un amico e vuo’ essergli avvocato.
Epidicus. Act. III. x. W.

299.

Lo scoppiante polmon rompiti, o gramo,

Per veder, lasso alfin, di palme intesti,
De le tue scale onor, verdi festoni.
Qual prezzo a tanti strilli? Un presciutello
Ben magro, di pelamide salate
Qualche bariglioncin, viete cipolle
(Mensil dono degli Afri), ovver del vino,
Per Tevere approdato, un cinque fiaschi.
Che se quattro comparse un aureo in saldo
T’abbian valuto, pattüita usanza
Parte di quello a’ curïali addice.
— Emilio ottien più del dover; e a noi
Qual merito si dà di maggior opra? —
N’è cagion la superba ne l’androne
Quadriga in bronzo eretta; e n’è l’equestre
Sua statua la cagion. Vè come, assiso
Su feroce destrier, del curvo astile,
Già da lunge ammiccando, i colpi assesta;
Già medita fra sè pugne e trofei.
Così sossopra va Pedon: Matone
Va fallendo così: ne fia diversa
Di Tongillo la fin, c’usa lavarsi
Con immenso alicorno, e col seguace
Suo treno inzaccherato infesta il bagno;
O il collo a Medi gestator premendo,
In lettiga a lung’aste il foro scorre;
Vasi argentei e mirrini, e ville, e servi
Sceso a comprar. Quel suo piratic’ostro
Di tirio stame a pro di lui fidanza.
Pur queste appariscenze a lor son lucro:
La porpora dà prezzo; le ametiste
Dàn prezzo a l’Orator: compie a costoro
E strombettar, ed ostentare un censo
Maggior del vero: omai già più non serba
A lo splendor confin prodiga Roma.
 I bisnonni orator tornino al mondo:
Sesterzi chi darìa, se grossa gemma
Non gli vedesse sfolgorar dal dito?
In prima in prima il litigante adocchia
Se otto servi ti portino: se diece
Ti circondino intorno; se una seggiola
Ti tenga dietro, ed i togati avanti.
Quindi arringando Paolo fea pompa
D’un cammeotto a fitto, e quindi a prezzo
Maggior che Cosso e Basilo arringava:
Va di rado facondia in cenci avvolta.
E quando il duol di lacrimosa madre
Lice a Basilo esporre? e chi su’ rostri
Soffre un Basilo udir, benchè facondo?
Te Gallia accolga, o meglio, di causidici
Nutricatrice l’Africa, se agogni
Espor la lingua mercenaria a prezzo.

300. «Per passare poi la vecchiaja con decoro e con credito, qual può mai
essere più onorata via che l’occuparsi dello interpretare le leggi? Io per
me insin dalla mia giovinezza mi son provveduto di questo soccorso,
non solamente per farne uso nelle cause e nel foro, ma per aver
eziandio un ornamento ed un pregio col quale, quando mi sieno colla
vecchiezza venute meno le forze (il qual tempo già s’avvicina), io mi
assicuri di non avere in casa mia a patir solitudine.» De Oratore Lib. 1.
XLV. tr. di Gius. Ant. Cantova.

301. Lib. 1, c. 13.

302. «La curia, dove il Senato cura la republica.»

303. L’erario, la carcere e la curia si hanno a situare accanto al foro; ma in

modo tale, che la grandezza loro sia proporzionata a quella del foro. E
soprattutto dee principalmente la curia corrispondere all’eminenza del
municipio, o città che sia... Oltre a questo, a mezza altezza delle mura vi
si hanno a tirare attorno attorno delle cornici o di legname o di stucco.
Che se queste non vi si fanno, dissipandosi in alto la voce de’ disputanti,
non giungerà chiara all’orecchio degli ascoltatori; come all’incontro
quando le mura avranno queste cornici attorno attorno, si sentirà bene
la voce, perchè vien trattenuta da quelle, prima che si dissipi in alto. —
Trad. di Berardo Galiani.

304. Le basiliche unite ai Fori si hanno a situare nell’aspetto più caldo,

acciocchè possano i negozianti radunarvisi l’inverno senza sentire
 l’incommodo della stagione... E se il luogo fosse più lungo del bisogno,
si situeranno piuttosto nell’estremità le Calcidiche, appunto come si
veggono nella Basilica Giulia Aquiliana. — Vitruvio, De Architect. Lib. V.
eI

305. Dec. IV, c. 36.

306. Pompeja. Pag. 125 in nota.

307. L’usò il Salvini nella versione dell’Iliade per camera degli sposi:

Egli scese nel talamo odorato

Di cedro e in alto soffittato.

308. Ad Eumachia figlia di Lucio, sacerdotessa publica, i Tintori.

309. Parole della classica traduzione di Tacito del Davanzati il quale le voci
arcta ed obscura rende per prigionia nè stretta nè dubbia.

310. «Sentirà esistere in questa città una carcere, la quale vollero i maggiori
nostri che fosse vendicatrice degli uomini malvagi e delle più aperte
scelleratezze» c. 12.

311. Juvenal. Sat. III:

Tante son le maniere onde si foggia

Per ceppi il ferro, da temer che manchi
Al vomere ed al sarchio ed alla marra.

312. Vers. 312-314. Traduco:

Ben felici puoi dir gli avi, beata

Puoi appellar l’antica età, quand’era
Da’ suoi Re e dai Tribuni governata
Che un carcer sol bastava a Roma intera.

313.

Così gli otto littor’ d’incude al pari

Me infelice martellino.
Atto I. Sc. I. 7.

314.

Comanda a quei che meco ho qui condotti

 Per essere al carnefice affidati
Che a me dalla città vengano al porto
Incontro; poi qua di ritorno, tienli
Ben custoditi.
Atto III. Sc. VI. 18.

315.

«Io vo scrivendo come amor mi spira [316],

E pera io pur, se di mutarmi in Dio,
Senza di te, la volontà m’attira.»

316. Dopo dell’Innamorato Pompejano, scrisse pur l’Allighieri in questo verso

il medesimo concetto.
 Nota del Trascrittore

Ortografia e punteggiatura originali sono state

mantenute, correggendo senza annotazione minimi
errori tipografici. Le correzioni indicate a pag. 390-91
sono state riportate nel testo.
Copertina creata dal trascrittore e posta nel pubblico
dominio.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK POMPEI E LE
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