Lecture # 01 (Curves - Part-1 - Simple Curves)

Friday, February 23, 2024 1
SURVEYING-II
(CE-229)
Lecture Notes
Edited By;
Engr. Arshad A. Azeemi
Lecturer, Department of Agricultural Engineering
University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar, KPK
Email: arshadali@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
CLASS OUTLINES
• INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
• COURSE OUTLINES
Chapter # 01:
• CURVES

CLASS OUTLINES
• INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING

SURVEYING & LEVELING
Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of
determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the
distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called
a land surveyor.
Leveling may be defined as the art of determining the relative heights or
elevation of points or objects on the earth’s surface.
It deals with measurements in vertical plane.
Surveying: The art of making such measurements as will determine the
relative positions of points on the surface of the earth in order that the shape
and extent of any portion of earth’s surface may be ascertained and
delineated on a map or plane. (Surveying is a process of determining
positions of points in a horizontal Plane).
Levelling: The art of determining and representing the relative heights or
elevations of different points on the surface of the earth. (It is the process of
determining positions of points in a vertical plane).
THE TERM SUERVEYING INCLUDES LEVELLING



SURVEYING-II (Course Outlines)
Part I: Course Information
Course Title: Surveying-II
Course Title: Surveying-II
Course Code: CE – 229
Course Code: CE – 229 (Theory)
Course
CourseDuration:
Duration: One
OneSemester
Semester
Credit
CreditUnits:
Units: 03
03 Credit
CreditHrs.
Hrs.(Contact
(Contact Hrs.
Hrs. 03)
03)
th rd
Level:
Level: 64thSemester
Semester(3
(2ndYear)
Year)
Medium
MediumofofInstruction:
Instruction: English
English
Prerequisites:
Prerequisites: Surveying-I
Surveying-I
Equivalent
EquivalentCourses:
Courses: None
None
Part II: Course Aims, CLOs, TLAs, Grading
Course Aims
• To apply principles of surveying in related field problems
• To acquire knowledge of control surveys and their use in advanced branches of
surveying.
CLOs, Mapping with PLOs
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
CLOs, Mapping with PLOs
Upon successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
CLO Taxonomy
Description PLOs
No. Domain
Describe the modern techniques, concepts and equipment’s

1 C2 1
related to different type of surveys
Apply the knowledge of surveying and mathematics related to

2 C3 1
setting out of highway and railway curves.
Apply the knowledge of surveying and mathematics related to

3 the hydrographic surveys, field astronomy, GPS survey, and C3 1
photogrammetry and tunnel surveys.

Tentative Weekly Schedule
Week Topic CH
1 Introduction to Highway and Railway Curves 3
Circular curves, deflections and chord calculations, Setting out circular 6
2,3
curves by various methods
4,5 Transition Curve, types of Transition curve, Transition curve computations 6
6 Introduction to compound curves and their computations 3
7 Vertical Curve, types of vertical curve, vertical curve computations 3
Hydrographic Surveys, Objectives of hydrographic survey and electronic 3
8 charting, Vertical control, depth and tidal measurements, Position fixing
techniques, Sounding plan, horizontal control
Mid Exam

Construction Surveys, Introduction, horizontal and vertical control, 6
9,10
Buildings, rail roads, Route surveys, Pipeline and other construction surveys
Control Surveys, Geodesy universal transverse Mercator grid system, 6
11,12 Modified transverse Mercator grid system, Lambert projection,
Computations for lambert projection
Field Astronomy, Solar and stellar observations for position and azimuth 3
13
determination
Photogrammetry, Introduction, Application of aerial and terrestrial 3
14
photogrammetry, Stereoscopy
15, Tunnel Surveying, Introduction, Surface Alignment, Setting out from Ends, 6
16 Transferring Alignment Underground, Use of gyroscope
Final Exam

Recommended Book(s)
• Surveying and Leveling by “T.P Kanetkar & S.V. Kulkarni” Part I and II
• Surveying Theory and Practice, R.E. Davis, 7th Edition
Reference Book(s)
• Wolf P. R. & Ghilani C. D., (2004), Elementary Surveying – An introduction to
Geomatics, 11th Edition, Prentice Hall, USA.
• Thomas, M. Lillesand & Ralph W. Kiefer, (2005), Remote Sensing and Images
Interpretation, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
• Kavanagh Barry, (2010), Surveying with Construction Applications, 7th Edition,
Pearsons Education.

CHAPTER NO. 01

CURVES
Chapter Outlines:
Computation and Setting out Methods for;

➢ Simple Circular Curves
➢ Compound curves
➢ Reverse Curves
➢ Transition Curves
➢ Vertical Curves

Curves are regular bends
provided in the lines of
communication like roads,
railways and canals etc. to bring
B
about gradual change of
direction.
T2
T1
A
C
Fig. 1 . A CURVE

CURVES B
They enable the vehicle to
pass from one path on to
another when the two paths T2
T1
meet at an angle. They are
also used in the vertical A C
plane at all changes of
grade to avoid the abrupt
change of grade at the
apex.
O
Fig. 2. A CURVE

CURVES
• Curves are usually employed in lines of communication in order that the
change in direction at the intersection of the straight lines shall be gradual.
• The lines connected by the curves are tangent to it and are called Tangents or
Straights.
• The curves are generally circular arcs but parabolic arcs are often used in
some countries for this purpose.
• Most types of transportation routes, such as highways, railroads, and
pipelines, are connected by curves in both horizontal and vertical planes.
• The purpose of the curves is to deflect a vehicle travelling along one of the
straights safely and comfortably through a deflection angle θ to enable it to
continue its journey along the other straight.

Tangents & Curves
Tangent
Curve
Tangent to
Circular Curve
Tangent to
Spiral Curve to
Friday, February 23, 2024 Circular Curve
20
HORIZONTAL CURVES
Curves provided in the horizontal plane to have
the gradual change in direction are known as
horizontal curves.
VERTICAL CURVES
Curves provided in the vertical plane to obtain
the gradual change in grade are called as vertical
curves.
Curves may be circular or parabolic. Curves are
generally arcs of parabolas.
Curves are laid out on the ground along the
center line of the work.
NEED OF PROVIDING CURVES
Curves are needed on Highways, railways

and canals for bringing about gradual change
of direction of motion. They are provided for
following reasons:-
i) To bring about gradual change in
direction of motion.
ii) To bring about gradual change in grade
and for good visibility.

NEED OF PROVIDING CURVES Contd…
iii) To alert the driver so that, may not fall

asleep.
iv) To layout Canal alignment.
v) To control erosion of canal banks by the

……thrust of flowing water in a canal.

B
i) Simple Curve:
T2
A simple curve T1
Consists of a A C
single arc of R R
circle connecting
two straights. It
has radius of the O
same magnitude Fig. 3. A SIMPLE CURVE
throughout.

ii) COMPOUND CURVE
M P N
T1
R1
O1
R2
Fig.4 Compound Curve
A
C
O2
A compound Curve consists of two or

more simple curves having different radii
bending in the same direction and lying on
the same side of the common tangent. Their
centres lie on the same side of the curve.

iii) REVERSE OR SERPENTINE CURVE
A reverse or serpentine curve is
made up of two arcs having equal
B
or different radii bending in O2 R 2
opposite direction with a common T2
tangent at their junction . R 2
Their centres lie on M p N
opposite sides of the curve. T1

Reverse curves are used R1
when the straights are A

R1
parallel. O1
Fig. 5. A Reverse or Serpentine Curve.

REVERSE OR SERPENTINE CURVE
They are commonly used
B
in railway sidings and
O2
sometimes on railway T2
tracks and roads meant

for low speeds. They P
M N
should be avoided as far
as possible on main lines
T1
and highways where
speeds are necessarily A
O1
high.
Fig.6 A Reverse or Serpentine Curve.

O1 O3
iv) DEVIATION CURVE
A deviation curve is
simply a combination
of two reverse curves.
it is used when it
Building becomes necessary to
T1 T2
deviate from a given
straight path in order
O2 to avoid intervening
Fig. 7 A Deviation Curve obstructions such as
bend of river, a
building , etc.
DESIGNATION OF CURVE
A curve may be designated either by
the radius or by the angle subtended at the
centre by a chord of particular length.
In Pakistan, a curve is designated by the
angle (in degrees) subtended at the centre by a
chord of 30 metres (100 ft.) length. This angle
is called the degree of curve (D).
The degree of the curve indicates the
sharpness of the curve.

DESIGNATION OF CURVES.
In English practice , a curve is defined
by the radius of the curve in terms of chains,
such as a five chain curve means a curve
having radius equal to five full chains, chain
being 30 metres unless otherwise specified.
In America, Canada, UK and some
other countries a curve is designated by the
degree of the curve. For example a 40 curve
means a curve having angle of 40 degrees at the
centre subtended by a chord of 30m length
unless otherwise specified.
RELATION between the Radius of curve and
Degree of Curve.
The relation between the radius M P N
and the degree of the curve may
be determined as follows:-
D
R R
Let R = the radius of the curve in metres. D/2
D= the degree of the curve.
MN = the chord, 30m long.
P= the mid-point of the chord. O
Fig.9 Degree of Curve
In OMP, OM=R,
MP= ½ MN =15m
MOP=D/2
Then, sin D/2=MP/OM= 15/R
PTO
RELATION between the Radius of curve and
Degree of Curve.
Then, sin D/2=MP/OM= 15/R M P N
Or R = 15 (Exact)
sin D/2
But when D is small, sin D/2 may be D
R R
assumed approximately equal to
D/2
D/2 in radians.
Therefore:
R = 15 X 180 O
πD /2 Fig. 10 Degree of Curve
= 1718.87
D
R = 1719  This relation holds good up to 5
0
Or say ,
D curves. For higher degree curves the
(Approximate) exact relation should be used.
B’
B φ
I
F
T1 E T2
A C
R φ/2
φ
Fig. 8 SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

Layout of a Simple Horizontal Curve
R = Radius of Circular Curve
BC = Beginning of Curve
(or PC = Point of Curvature)
EC = End of Curve
(or PT = Point of Tangency)
PI = Point of Intersection
T = Tangent Length
(T = PI – BC = EC - PI)
L = Length of Curvature
(L = EC – BC)
M = Middle Ordinate
E = External Distance
C = Chord Length
Δ = Deflection Angle
NAMES OF VARIOUS PARTS OF CURVE
(i) The two straight lines AB and BC which are
connected by the curve are called the tangents
or straights to the curve.
(ii) The point of intersection of the two straights
(B) is called the intersection point or the vertex
or point of intersection or main point.
(iii) When the curve deflects to the right side of the
progress of survey ,it is termed as right handed
curve and when to the left , it is termed as left
handed curve.

(iv) The lines AB and BC are tangents to the curve. AB is
called the Initial/first/rear/back tangent . BC is called
the final/second/forward/front tangent.
(v) The points ( T1 and T2 ) at which the curve touches
the tangents are called the tangent points. The
beginning of the curve (T1) is called the tangent
curve point (point of curve or point of curvature) and
the end of the curve (T2) is called the curve tangent
point (point of tangency or end of curve).

(vi) The angle between the lines AB and BC (└ABC) is
called the angle of intersection (I).
(vii) The angle by which the forward tangent deflects from
the rear tangent (└B’BC) is called the deflection angle
(φ) of the curve.
(viii) The distance from the point of intersection to the
tangent point is called tangent length (BT1 and BT2).
(ix) The line joining the two tangent points (T1 and T2) is
known as the long chord.

(x) The arc T1FT2 is called the length of curve.
(xi) The mid point (F) of the arc (T1FT2) is called
the summit or apex of the curve.
(xii) The distance from the point of intersection to the apex
of the curve BF is called the apex distance.
(xiii) The distance between the apex of the curve and the mid
point of the long chord (EF) is called versed sine of the
curve.
(xiv) The angle subtended at the centre of the curve by the
arc T1FT2 is known as central angle and is equal to the
deflection angle (φ) .

43
ELEMENTS OF SIMPLE CURCULAR
CURVES
1. Central Angle
2. Tangent Length
3. Length of Chord
4. Length of Curve
5. Apex Distance or External Distance
6. Mid Ordinate or Versed Sine of the Curve
44

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Friday, February 23, 2024 1

Friday, February 23, 2024 3

Friday, February 23, 2024 4

Friday, February 23, 2024 5

Friday, February 23, 2024 6

Friday, February 23, 2024 7

Part II: Course Aims, CLOs, TLAs, Grading

Describe the modern techniques, concepts and equipment’s

Apply the knowledge of surveying and mathematics related to

Apply the knowledge of surveying and mathematics related to

Friday, February 23, 2024 10

Friday, February 23, 2024 11

Friday, February 23, 2024 12

Friday, February 23, 2024 13

Friday, February 23, 2024 14

Computation and Setting out Methods for;

Friday, February 23, 2024 15

Friday, February 23, 2024 16

Friday, February 23, 2024 17

Friday, February 23, 2024 18

Curves are needed on Highways, railways

Friday, February 23, 2024 22

iii) To alert the driver so that, may not fall

iv) To layout Canal alignment.

v) To control erosion of canal banks by the

Friday, February 23, 2024 23

same magnitude Fig. 3. A SIMPLE CURVE

Friday, February 23, 2024 25

A compound Curve consists of two or

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Their centres lie on M p N

opposite sides of the curve. T1

when the straights are A

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tracks and roads meant

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Friday, February 23, 2024 31

Fig. 8 SIMPLE CIRCULAR CURVE

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