UNIVERSITY OF DUHOK

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
CIVIL DEPARTMENT-
FLUID KINEMATICS

IMPACT OF JET

BY
STUDENT NAME: GORGEES A. KAWRASH
GROUP: A

SUPERVISOR
MS. JIHAN

EXPERIMNET NO.: 4
EXPERIMENT DATE: MAY 3, 2023
Abstract

This report is about impact of jet this experiment or this test had done in
the laboratory of fluid in university of Duhok campus, by second stage
student of civil department, and the aim of this report is find or determine
the discharge of water and the forces acting to the jet

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Table of Contents

Abstract .......................................................................................... 1
1 Introduction ................................................................................ 3
2 Objectives .................................................................................. 3
3 Description of Equipment ............................................................. 4
4 Procedure and Readings ............................................................... 5
5 Calculation and Result .................................................................. 6
5.1 For the flat plat ...................................................................... 6
5.2 For the hemispherical cup ....................................................... 6
6 Discussion and conclusion ...........................................................10
7 References ................................................................................10

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1 Introduction

Moving fluid, in natural or artificial systems, may exert forces on objects in

contact with it. To analyze fluid motion, a finite region of the fluid (control
volume) is usually selected, and the gross effects of the flow, such as its
force or torque on an object, is determined by calculating the net mass rate
that flows into and out of the control volume. These forces can be
determined, as in solid mechanics, by the use of Newton’s second law, or
by the momentum equation. The force exerted by a jet of fluid on a flat or
curve surface can be resolved by applying the momentum equation. The
study of these forces is essential to the study of fluid mechanics and hy

2 Objectives

The objectives of the Experiment are:

1. To studying the relation between the force produced and the
change of momentum when a jet strikes a vane.
2. Compare between force exerted by a jet on a flat plate and on
a hemispherical surface

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3 Description of Equipment

• Water
•

Figure 3.1 Arrangement of Apparatus

Figure 3.2 stopwatch

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4 Procedure and Readings

1. The apparatus is first leveled and the lever brought to the balanced
position (as indicated by the tally), with the jockey weight at its zero
setting. Note the weight of the jockey, and the following dimensions:
diameter of the nozzle, height of the vane above the tip of the nozzle
when the lever is balanced, and distance from the pivot of lever to the
center of the vane

2. Water is then admitted through the bench supply valve, and the flow
rate increased to the maximum. The force on the vane displaces the lever,
which is then restored to its balanced position by sliding the jockey weight
along the lever.

3. The mass flow rate is established by collection of water over a timed

interval. Further observations are then made at a number reducing flow
rates. About eight readings should suffice. The base way to set the
conditions for reduced flow rate is to place the jockey weight exactly at
the desired position, and then to adjust the flow control valve to bring the
lever to the balanced position. The condition of balance is there by found
without touching the lever, which is much easier than finding the point of
balance by sliding the jockey weight. Moreover, the range of settings of
the jockey position may be divided neatly into equal steps.

4. The experimental should be run twice, first with the flat plate and
then with the hemispherical cup (The same steps were then repeated by
using the hemispherical cup instead of the flat plate).

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 5 Calculation and Result

Diameter of the nozzle, D = 10 mm,

Height of hemispheric plate above nozzle, S = 35 mm,
Distance from center of hemispheric plate to pivot of lever, L = 150 mm,
and
Mass of jockey weight, M = 0.6 kg

Fact = 4gy ……………….…………………………………………………………………………….(5.1)

……………………………….…………………………(5.2)

Q = volume / time,

(5.3)

……………………………………………………………………………… (5.4)

5.1 For the flat plat

………………….………………………………………..… (5.5)

5.2 For the hemispherical cup

θ=180o cos180= -1 Vout = Vin * -1

…………………………………………………………….….. (5.6)

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Where:
= = the velocity at the nozzle,

g = the gravitational acceleration,

y = is the rule reading for the jockey weight,

F = the force exerted by the jet on the plate,

= the mass density of water,

Q = volumetric rate of flow (Q = Volume / time),

A = area of the nozzle,

= the change in velocity just after and before impact,

W = weight of jockey weight.

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 FLAT PLATE

Vol.(lt) Time(sec) Y(mm) Qact(m3/s) Vnozlle(m/s) Vin(m/s) Fact(N) Fth(N)

5 25.8 10 0.000194 2.47 2.33 0.39 0.45

5 16.25 30 0.000308 3.92 3.83 1.18 1.18

5 13.75 40 0.000364 4.63 4.56 1.57 1.66

5 12.2 50 0.000410 5.22 5.15 1.96 2.11

5 11.3 60 0.000442 5.64 5.58 2.35 2.47

the relation between Fact and Fth

3.00

2.50

2.00
F th (N)

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

F act (N)

For example:
𝑣𝑜𝑙. 5 𝑙𝑡 0.194𝑙𝑡/𝑠
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = = 0.000194 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 25.8 𝑠 1000
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 0.000194 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑙𝑙𝑒 = = 𝜋 = 2.47 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.01𝑚) 2
4
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 = √𝑉 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑙𝑙𝑒 2 − 2𝑔𝑆 = √2.472 − (2)(9.81)(0.035) = 2.33 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4𝑔𝑦 = 4(9.81)(0.01) = 0.39 𝑁
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 𝜌 𝑄 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = (1000)(0.000194)(2.33) = 0.45 𝑁
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 HEMISPHERICAL PLATE

Vol.(lt) Time(sec) Y(mm) Qact(m3/s) Vnozlle(m/s) Vin(m/s) Fact(N) Fth(N)

5 25.6 20 0.000195 2.49 2.35 0.78 0.92

5 18.4 40 0.000272 3.46 3.36 1.57 1.83

5 15.95 60 0.000313 3.99 3.91 2.35 2.45

5 13.65 80 0.000366 4.67 4.59 3.14 3.36

5 12.5 100 0.000400 5.10 5.03 3.92 4.02

the relation between Fact and Fth

3.00

2.50

2.00
F th (N)

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50

F act (N)

For example:

𝑣𝑜𝑙. 5 𝑙𝑡 0.195𝑙𝑡/𝑠
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = = = 0.000195 𝑚3/𝑠
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 25.6 𝑠 1000
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡 0.000195 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑉 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑙𝑙𝑒 = = 𝜋 = 2.49 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.01𝑚)2
4
𝑉 𝑖𝑛 = √𝑉 𝑛𝑜𝑧𝑙𝑙𝑒 2 − 2𝑔𝑆 = √2.492 − (2)(9.81)(0.035) = 2.35 𝑚/𝑠
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 4𝑔𝑦 = 4(9.81)(0.02) = 0.78 𝑁
𝐹𝑡ℎ = 2𝜌 𝑄 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 2(1000)(0.000195)(2.35) = 0.92𝑁

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6 Discussion

For this experiment, we used two type of deflector which is 90°and 180°.
For each type test from test 1 to 5, the applied weight was increased
because to balance the water out from the nozzle strike a target Based on
time recorded and information above, we are able to to calculate velocity
and force for each test for different type of deflector. Other than that, when
the measured increased, the time needed to level up the water in volumetric
is decrease. This result also decrease the flow rate of water. When
comparing two type of deflectors, the flow rate for the deflector type 180
degree is found to be lowest. It occurs because the more angle deflector is
more smooth to water fill up the tank than deflector with flat surface. Hence,
flow rate will become low.

For the slope we can see that have a little bit different between experimental
and theoretical slope. This thing happen due to several errors and
assumptions when conductiong experiment. Firstly, the effect of gravity on
the water jet is neglected. In fact, the velocity of water jet will decrease as
it leaves the nozzle and before it collides with the target surface. The
decrease in velocity due to the acceleration due to gravity will cause more
mass is needed to produce effect of same flow rate. The other assumption
made is the contact of water molecules and target surface are assumed to
be frictionless. In fact, movement of water along the targeted surface is not
totally frictionless, energy is loss in the form of heat. Moreover, the
assumption of elastic collision between water molecules and wall also cause
the error of experiment. The collision between water molecule and target
surface is not completely elastic and therefore some of the energy transform
into heat energy due to friction.

Another of the errors may be the error made during setting the pointer, the
pointer may not precisely set to zero due to parallex error. Lastly, the error
is was made when recording the time because of the limitation of human
eyes.
To summarise, a higher degree deflector a steeper gradient, for example,
with a 180° deflector, its max velocity is the lowest among the three
deflectors. Next, if a lower degree deflector is used, it will obtain a higher
flow rate when the heaviest weight is applied.

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7 References

1. https:///topics/engineering/level-gauge
2. https:///fluid-kinematics/

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