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Studies in Big Data 137
Vinay Rishiwal
Pramod Kumar
Anuradha Tomar
Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar Editors
Towards
the Integration
of IoT, Cloud
and Big Data
Services, Applications and Standards
Studies in Big Data
Volume 137
Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
The series “Studies in Big Data” (SBD) publishes new developments and advances
in the various areas of Big Data- quickly and with a high quality. The intent is to
cover the theory, research, development, and applications of Big Data, as embedded
in the fields of engineering, computer science, physics, economics and life sciences.
The books of the series refer to the analysis and understanding of large, complex,
and/or distributed data sets generated from recent digital sources coming from
sensors or other physical instruments as well as simulations, crowd sourcing, social
networks or other internet transactions, such as emails or video click streams and
other. The series contains monographs, lecture notes and edited volumes in Big
Data spanning the areas of computational intelligence including neural networks,
evolutionary computation, soft computing, fuzzy systems, as well as artificial
intelligence, data mining, modern statistics and Operations research, as well as
self-organizing systems. Of particular value to both the contributors and the
readership are the short publication timeframe and the world-wide distribution,
which enable both wide and rapid dissemination of research output.
The books of this series are reviewed in a single blind peer review process.
Indexed by SCOPUS, EI Compendex, SCIMAGO and zbMATH.
All books published in the series are submitted for consideration in Web of Science.
Vinay Rishiwal · Pramod Kumar ·
Anuradha Tomar · Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar
Editors
Towards the Integration

of IoT, Cloud and Big Data
Services, Applications and Standards
Editors
Vinay Rishiwal Pramod Kumar
Department of CSIT Glocal University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology Saharanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India
M.J.P. Rohilkhand University
Bareilly, India Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar
Department of Data Science
Anuradha Tomar University of North Texas
Netaji Subhas University of Technology Denton, TX, USA
New Delhi, India
ISSN 2197-6503 ISSN 2197-6511 (electronic)

Studies in Big Data
ISBN 978-981-99-6033-0 ISBN 978-981-99-6034-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6034-7
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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Preface
The rapid advancement of technology has led to the emergence of the Internet of
Things (IoT), Cloud Computing, and Big Data as transformative forces in various
industries. As these technologies continue to evolve, there is a growing need for
their integration to unlock their full potential and enable the development of inno-
vative services, applications, and standards. The integration of these three domains
presents numerous challenges and opportunities. One of the key challenges is the
efficient and secure management of the massive data generated by IoT devices, as
well as the seamless integration of IoT devices with cloud-based infrastructure. This
requires the development of scalable and robust architectures, protocols, and stan-
dards that enable interoperability, data sharing, and resource allocation across hetero-
geneous systems. Moreover, the integration of IoT, Cloud, and Big Data enables the
creation of innovative services and applications. To achieve successful integration,
the establishment of common standards is crucial.
To summarise, it is the right time to explore the integration of IoT, Cloud, and
Big Data, which holds immense potential to transform industries, enhance services,
and enable data-driven decision-making. However, addressing the challenges related
to data management, interoperability, and security is vital for successful integration.
Moreover, the establishment of standards is crucial to facilitate seamless commu-
nication and collaboration between different systems. By leveraging the combined
power of IoT, Cloud, and Big Data, organizations can unlock new possibilities and
drive digital transformation in the era of interconnected and data-driven ecosystems.
This book consists of eight chapters. The first chapter covers introduction to Big
Data analysis and its need, skills required for Big Data analysis, characteristics of Big
data analysis, an overview of the Hadoop ecosystem, and some use cases of Big Data
analysis. The aim of the second chapter is to study and compare three of the most
common classification methods, Support Vector Machines, K-Nearest Neighbours
and Artificial Neural Networks, for heart disease prediction using the ensemble of
standard Cleveland cardiology data. The objective of the third article is to reduce the
energy consumption of the ECG machine. Authors in chapter four, have proposed a
system to implement an automatic water supply to the farms based upon their crop,
system that measures water level of soil and helps to decide to turn on or off the water
v
vi Preface
supply. Further, chapter five uses deep convolutional networks algorithms for leaf
image classification to provide accurate results. The concept of Blockchain is used
in chapter six with the aim to ensure the security of the patient’s medical records.
Chapter seven offers SHA-PSO, a PSO-based meta-heuristic technique that schedules
workloads among Virtual Machines (VM) to minimize energy. Authors in chapter
eight have proposed design of field monitoring device using IoT in Agriculture.
Bareilly, India Vinay Rishiwal

Saharanpur, India Pramod Kumar
New Delhi, India Anuradha Tomar
University of North Texas, USA Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar
Contents
Introduction to Big Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Nitin Arora, Anupam Singh, Vivek Shahare, and Goutam Datta
DCD_PREDICT: Using Big Data on Prediction for Chest Diseases
by Applying Machine Learning Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Umesh Kulkarni, Sushopti Gawade, Hemant Palivela,
and Vikrant Agaskar
Design of Energy Efficient IoMT Electrocardiogram (ECG)
Machine on 28 nm FPGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Pankaj Singh, Bishwajeet Pandey, Neema Bhandari, Shilpi Bisht,
Neeraj Bisht, and Sandeep K. Budhani
Automatic Smart Irrigation Method for Agriculture Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Rashmi Chaudhry, Vinay Rishiwal, Preeti Yadav,
Kaustubh Ranjan Singh, and Mano Yadav
Artificial Intelligence Based Plant Disease Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Vinay Rishiwal, Rashmi Chaudhry, Mano Yadav,
Kaustubh Ranjan Singh, and Preeti Yadav
IoT Equipped Intelligent Distributed Framework for Smart
Healthcare Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Sita Rani, Meetali Chauhan, Aman Kataria, and Alex Khang
Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization for Energy Minimization
in Cloud: A Success History Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Vijay Kumar Sharma, Swati Sharma, Mukesh Rawat, and Ravi Prakash
Field Monitoring and Automation in Agriculture Using Internet
of Things (IoT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Ashendra Kumar Saxena, Rakesh Kumar Dwivedi, and Danilla Parygin
vii
Editors and Contributors
About the Editors
Dr. Vinay Rishiwal Ph.D. is working as a Professor in the Department of Computer

Science and Information Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, MJP
Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India. He obtained B.Tech. degree
in Computer Science and Engineering in the year 2000 from M.J.P. Rohilkhand
University (SRMSCET), India and received his Ph.D. in Computer Science and
Engineering from Gautam Buddha Technical University, Lucknow, India, in the year
2011. He has 23 years of experience into academics. He is a senior member of IEEE,
ACM and worked as Convener, Student Activities Committee, IEEE Uttar Pradesh
Section, India. He has published more than 90 research papers in various journals
and conferences of international repute. He also has 20 patents into his credit. He
is a General/Conference chair of four International Conferences namely ICACCA,
IoT-SIU, MARC 2020 and ICAREMIT. He has received many awards as best paper/
research/orator at various platforms. Dr. Rishiwal has visited many countries for
academic purposes and worked upon many projects of CST, UP Government, MHRD
and UGC. His current research interest includes Wireless Sensor Networks, IoT,
Cloud Computing, Social networks and Blockchain Technology.
Prof. (Dr.) Pramod Kumar is an accomplished academic leader with over 24 years
of experience in the field. He currently serves as the Dean of Academics at Glocal
University in Saharanpur, UP, where he has been since September 2022. Prior to
this, he held the position of Dean of Computer Science and Engineering at Krishna
Engineering College in Ghaziabad and served as the director of Tula’s Institute in
Dehradun, Uttarakhand. Prof. Pramod Kumar holds a Ph.D. in Computer Science
and Engineering, which he earned in 2011, as well as an M.Tech in CSE from 2006.
He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Ex-Joint Secretary of the IEEE U.P. section.
Through his research, he has made significant contributions to the fields of Computer
Networks, IoT, and Machine Learning. He is the author or co-author of more than 70
ix
x Editors and Contributors
research papers and has edited four books. He has also supervised and co-supervised
several M.Tech. and Ph.D. students.
Dr. Anuradha Tomar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Instru-

mentation & Control Engineering Division of Netaji Subhas University, Delhi, India.
Dr. Tomar has completed her Postdoctoral research in EES, from Eindhoven Univer-
sity of Technology (TU/e), the Netherlands. She received her B.E Degree in Elec-
tronics Instrumentation & Control with Honours in the year 2007 from the Univer-
sity of Rajasthan, India. In the year 2009, she completed her M.Tech. Degree with
Honours in Power Systems from the National Institute of Technology Hamirpur. She
received her Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering, from the Indian Institute of Technology
Delhi (IITD), India. Dr. Anuradha Tomar has committed her research work efforts
towards the development of sustainable, energy-efficient solutions for the empower-
ment of society, and humankind. Her areas of research interest are the Operation &
Control of Microgrids, Photovoltaic Systems, Renewable Energy based Rural Elec-
trification, Congestion Management in LV Distribution Systems, Artificial Intelli-
gent & Machine Learning Applications in Power Systems, Energy conservation, and
Automation.
Dr. Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar is presently employed as an Assistant Professor at

the University of North Texas in the United States. Before joining this role, he served
as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Computer and Information Science
at Gannon University, USA. Prior to his tenure at Gannon University, he held the
position of Assistant Professor in the Computer Science and Engineering Department
at Kyung Hee University in South Korea. Additionally, he gained valuable experience
as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at Middlesex University in London, UK. Dr.
Kumar earned his Ph.D. degree from Vellore Institute of Technology University.
His academic journey also includes a Bachelor of Engineering degree from Anna
University and a Master of Engineering degree from Vellore Institute of Technology
University.
Dr. Kumar’s current research focuses on areas such as Big Data Analytics, Internet
of Things (IoT), Internet of Everything (IoE), and Internet of Vehicles (IoV) in the
context of healthcare. He has authored and co-authored papers published in inter-
national journals and conferences, including those indexed by the Science Citation
Index (SCI). He maintains a lifetime membership with the International Society for
Infectious Disease, the Computer Society of India, and is an active member of the
Vellore Institute of Technology Alumni Association.
Contributors
Vikrant Agaskar Vidyavardhani College of Engineering and Technology, Vasai-

Virar, Maharashtra, India
Editors and Contributors xi
Nitin Arora Electronics and Computer Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology,

Roorkee, India
Neema Bhandari Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Neeraj Bisht Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Shilpi Bisht Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Sandeep K. Budhani Graphic Era Hill University, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Rashmi Chaudhry Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Delhi, India
Meetali Chauhan Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak
Dev Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Goutam Datta School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy
Studies, Dehradun, India
Rakesh Kumar Dwivedi CCSIT, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad,
UP, India
Sushopti Gawade Pillai College of Engineering, Panvel, India
Aman Kataria Amity Institute of Defence Technology, Amity University, Noida,
India
Alex Khang GRITEx and VUST, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Umesh Kulkarni Vidyalankar Institute of Technology Wadala, Mumbai, Maha-
rashtra, India
Hemant Palivela Manager-AI, Accenture Solutions, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Bishwajeet Pandey Gyancity Lab, Guragaon, India
Danilla Parygin Volgograd State Techincal University, Vogograd, Russia
Ravi Prakash CSED, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad,
India
Sita Rani Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Guru Nanak Dev
Engineering College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
Mukesh Rawat CSED, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut,
India
Vinay Rishiwal MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
Ashendra Kumar Saxena CCSIT, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad,
UP, India
Vivek Shahare Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Dharwad, India
Swati Sharma IT, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, India
xii Editors and Contributors
Vijay Kumar Sharma CSED, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Meerut, India
Anupam Singh Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era
Deemed to be University, Dehradun, India
Kaustubh Ranjan Singh Delhi Technological University, Delhi, India
Pankaj Singh Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, Uttarakhand, India
Mano Yadav Bareilly College Bareilly, Bareilly, India
Preeti Yadav MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, India
Introduction to Big Data Analytics
Nitin Arora , Anupam Singh , Vivek Shahare , and Goutam Datta
Abstract Nowadays, social media and networks, scientific instruments, mobile

devices, mobile devices, and a high volume of information data (tabular data, text
files, images, videos, audio, logos, etc.) is generated at high velocity by social media
and networks, scientific instruments, mobile devices, and sensors technology and
networks. In these types of data, data quality is usually not guaranteed. This data can
be structured or unstructured, necessitating a cost-effective, innovative method of
data processing to improve understanding and decision-making. This chapter covers
some introduction to Big Data analysis and its need, skills required for Big Data
analysis, characteristics of Big data analysis, an overview of the Hadoop ecosystem,
and some use cases of Big Data analysis.
Keywords Big data · Hadoop ecosystem · Big data analysis · Business

intelligence analysis · Big data domain · Big data quality · Dimensions
N. Arora (B)
Electronics and Computer Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
e-mail: nitinarora.iitr@gmail.com
A. Singh
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Graphic Era Deemed to be University,
Dehradun, India
e-mail: anupamsingh.cse@geu.ac.in
V. Shahare
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology,
Dharwad, India
e-mail: vivek.shahare27@gmail.com
G. Datta
School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
e-mail: gdatta@ddn.upes.ac.in
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 1
V. Rishiwal et al. (eds.), Towards the Integration of IoT, Cloud and Big Data,
Studies in Big Data 137, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6034-7_1
2 N. Arora et al.
Table 1 Characteristics of data

Small data Big data
Volume Less than 1 TB Greater than 1 TB
Velocity Controlled and steady data flow Enormous data flowing at shorter time
frames
Variety Structured and semi-structured. E.g., Wide variety of data, i.e., tabular data,
Xcel, Table, data, Json text files, images, videos, audios, logs,
etc.
Veracity It contains more quality data The quality of data is rarely guaranteed
Value Business Intelligence, analysis, and Complex data mining, predictions,
reporting pattern finding, etc.
Time variance Data represents the business value for At times, history data becomes
the history of data as well as irrelevant for analyzing business
incremental insights
Infrastructure More defined resources allocation The Load-on system varies a lot
1 Introduction to Big Data
Big Data is a phrase that relates to a collection of vast and complex data sets that
are challenging to store and analyze using standard data processing methods. Big
data refers to data assets with a large volume, great velocity, and great diversity that
necessitate cost-effective, creative data processing to improve insight and decision-
making [1].
2 The Distinction Between Small and Big Data
There are several distinctions between small data and big data. These distinctions
include volume, velocity, variety, veracity, value, time variance, and infrastructure
[2]. Table 1 summarizes all the differences.
3 Classification of Big Data
Big data is classified as [3]

– Structured Data: Structured data has a well-defined format. It can be readily
stored in tabular form in relational databases such as MySQL and Oracle.
– Semi-Structured Data: Semi-structured data has some structure but can’t be
recorded in a tabular format in relational databases. XML files, JSON documents,
e-mail messages, and so forth are examples.
Introduction to Big Data Analytics 3
– Unstructured Data: Unstructured data has no structure and cannot be saved in

tabular form in relational databases. Examples include video, audio, text, and
machine-produced data.
4 Characteristics of Big Data
Big data has many characteristics. Some of them are: [4]

– Volume: The term “volume” refers to the “quantity of data,” which rapidly
increases daily. Humans, technology, and their interactions on social media create
enormous amounts of data.
– Variety: Because so many sources contribute to Big Data, the types of data they
generate are diverse. It might be organized, semi-organized, or unorganized. Many
different forms of data can be generated/collected by a single application. All of
these forms of data must be connected to extract knowledge.
– Velocity: Velocity refers to stream of data that arrives from different social media
sites continuously, and the repository gets completed with new data at the same
rate. It becomes a challenge to capture this stream of data promptly for further
processing.
– Veracity: The term “veracity” alludes to the data’s unreliability. Data inconsis-
tency and incompleteness create uncertainty in the data supplied. Many exten-
sive data types, such as Twitter postings with hashtags, abbreviations, typos, and
colloquial speech, have less controlled quality and accuracy.
– Value: It’s great to access massive data, but it isn’t sensible unless we can transform
it into practice.
– Variability: Diversity and variation are not the same things. Even though a coffee
shop may offer six different coffee blends, diversity only exists when you consis-
tently obtain and enjoy the same blend. The same is true for data; if the meaning
changes frequently, it can significantly affect the homogeneity of the data.
– Visualization: Using charts and graphs to represent vast quantities of accurate
data is far more successful than using spreadsheets.
5 Who’s Generating Big Data?
The capacity to acquire data no longer limits development and creativity. However,
the capacity to organize, analyze, summarise, display, and find information from
acquired data in a timely and scalable manner is critical.
4 N. Arora et al.
6 Why Is Big Data Important?
Companies obtain a complete knowledge of their company, consumers, products,

and rivals if big data is gathered, processed, and analyzed properly and efficiently. It
results in enhanced efficiency, more sales, cheaper expenses, better customer service,
and better goods and services. Sensors are embedded in manufacturing items to
provide a stream of telemetry. Retailers frequently know who buys their products.
To determine who didn’t buy and why, businesses can leverage social media and
blog data from their e-commerce sites, which is the knowledge they don’t have
today. Using extensive historical call center data more rapidly enhances customer
engagement and satisfaction. Use of social media material is encouraged to better
and more rapidly assess consumer sentiment about you/your customers and enhance
goods, services, and customer interactions [5].
7 Challenges in Big-Data
Big data size is enormous, and this data can be structured or unstructured. There are
many challenges in this and are discussed below [6].
– Volume: Thanks to new data sources that are developing, the volume of data,
particularly machine-generated data, is expanding, as is the rate at which it expands
each year. For example, the world’s data storage capacity was 800,000 petabytes
(PB) in 2000 and is anticipated to reach 35 zettabytes by 2020.
– Variety and the use of many data sets: Unstructured data makes up greater than
80% of today’s data. Most of this data is so vast for effective management.
– Velocity: As organizations realize the benefits of analytics, they face a problem:
they want the data sooner, or in other words, they want real-time analytics.
– Veracity, Data Quality, Data Availability
– Data Discovery: Finding high-quality data from the massive amounts of data
available on the Internet is a significant problem.
– Relevance and Quality: It’s tough to determine data sets’ quality and relevance
to specific requirements.
– Personally Identifiable Information: A lot of this data is about people. This
necessitates, in part, efficient industrial processes. “It partly asks for efficient
government monitoring. Partly-perhaps even entirely-it necessitates a severe
rethinking of what privacy truly entails.”
– Process Challenges: Finding the appropriate analysis model may take a lot of
time and effort; thus, the ability to cycle quickly and ‘fail fast’ through many
(perhaps throwaway) models is crucial.
– Management Challenges: Sensitive data, such as personal information, is found
in many warehouses. Accessing such data raises legal and ethical problems. As a
result, the data must be secured, access restricted, and audited.
8 Big Data Applications
There are many of data in today’s environment. Big businesses use these data to
expand their operations [7]. In a variety of circumstances, such as those outlined
below:
– Customer Spending Habits and Shopping Patterns: Management teams at large
retail stores keep customer spending habits, purchasing behavior, and customers’
most loved products. Based on which product is most searched/sold, that product’s
production/collection rate is fixed. Banking companies utilize information about
their customers’ purchasing habits to offer customers who want to buy a particular
product a discount or cashback using their bank’s credit or debit card. They will
send the appropriate offer to the right individual at the right time [8].
– Recommendation: Large retailers provide custom recommendations based on
spending and buying patterns. E-commerce platforms offer product suggestions.
They keep track of the products customers are interested in and propose them
based on that data [9].
– Smart Traffic System: Data on the traffic state on various roads were obtained
using a camera stationed alongside the road, at the city’s entry and departure
points, and a GPS device installed in the car. This information is examined, and
the least time-consuming or jam-free routes are advised. Big data analysis may
create an intelligent traffic system in the city. Another advantage is that fuel usage
may be lowered [10].
– Auto Driving Car: Without human interpretation, a car can be driven, thanks to
big data analysis. A sensor is installed in various places around the vehicle to
gather information on the size of the neighbouring car, barriers, distance from
the camera, and other things. Numerous computations are made based on these
data, including how many rotational angles to utilize, what speed to employ, when
to halt, etc. These calculations facilitate the automatic performance of activities
[11].
– Media and Entertainment Sector: Companies that offer media and entertain-
ment services, including Spotify, Amazon Prime, and Netflix, analyze subscriber
data. To develop the following business strategy, information is acquired and
assessed about video, music, and the number of time the users spend on the
website.
– Education Sector: Online education is highly impacted with usage of Big data.
An online or offline course provider company will market their course online to
someone looking for a YouTube tutorial video on a topic [12].
– IoT: IoT sensors are installed in equipment by manufacturing companies to collect
operational data. By analyzing this data, it is possible to anticipate how long
a machine will run without issue until it has to be repaired, allowing the firm
to take action before the equipment develops several problems or fails. As a
result, the cost of replacing the entire equipment can be reduced. Big data is
making a significant impact in healthcare [13]. Patient experiences are collected
using a big data platform and clinicians to improve treatment. An IoT gadget can
6 N. Arora et al.
detect a sign of a potentially fatal disease in the human body and prevent it from
receiving treatment in advance. IoT sensor installed nearpatients and newborn
infant continuously monitors various health conditions such as heart rate, blood
pressure, etc. When any parameter exceeds the safe limit, an alarm is transmitted
to a doctor, who can take action remotely.
– Energy Sector: Every 15 min, a smart electric meter reads the used power and
sends it to a server, where the data is evaluated, and the time of the day when the
city’s power load is lowest may be determined. Using this technology, a manu-
facturing company or a housekeeper may be advised to use their heavy machines
at night when the power load is lower, resulting in lower electricity bills.
– Secure Air Traffic System: Numerous locations along the flight route have
sensors (propellers). These sensors keep track of environmental variables such
as temperature, humidity, and flying speed. Based on this data analysis, the envi-
ronmental parameter is built up and changed while in flight. Studying the flight’s
machine-generated data may calculate how long a machine will perform flawlessly
after being replaced/repaired [14].
9 How Big Data Analysis Differs from Business Intelligence

Analysis?
9.1 Business Intelligence
We are analyzing the data to improve decision-making and gain a competitive advan-
tage. Business intelligence refers to a group of tools that offers quick access to data-
driven insights into an organization’s growth and development—BI’s open-source
tools a rebirth, JasperReport, KNIME, etc.
9.2 Big Data
Large amounts of organized and unstructured data are generated and sent fast from
various sources. Big data refers to massive, varied amounts of data increasing at a
high-speed rate. There are three fundamental pillars on which big data depends. Data
volume, creation speed, velocity, and the variety or scope of data points are all factors
to consider. The data variety may be structured, semi-structured, or unstructured.
Some available tools like Hadoop, Apache Spark, Cassandra, etc., are available to
deal with all types of data.
9.3 Differences Between Business Intelligence (BI) and Big

Data
– BI aims to help firms make improved decisions. Business intelligence supports the
delivery of credible information by extracting data directly from the data source.
In contrast, Big Data’s main aim is to capture, process, and analyze structured
and unstructured data to improve consumer results.
– Localization intelligence and what if analysis are some applications of BI. Variety,
Volume, Variability, Veracity, and Velocity, on the other hand, are characteristics
that better explain extensive data.
– Big Data results can handle historical data and data generated in real-time, whereas
Business Intelligence handles only historical data sets.
10 The Analytical Lifestyle of Big Data
To depict a simple project, the cycle is iterative. Figure 1 shows the different phases
involved in an analytical lifestyle of Big Data. A gradual approach is needed to
organize the actions and procedures involved with repurposing, collecting, analyzing,
and processing data to address the specific requirements for performing Big Data
analysis.
10.1 Phase 1: Discovery
– The data science team researches and learns about the issue.
– Creates a sense of context and understanding.
– Researches the data sources necessary for the project which will be available.
– The team builds an initial hypothesis which is tested later with data.
10.2 Phase 2: Data Preparation
– Data must be examined, pre-processed, and conditioned before modeling and

analysis.
– Data transformation, loading, and execution into an analytical sandbox are all
necessary for data preparation.
– Tasks for data preparation may be repeated frequently and in an arbitrary manner.
– At this stage, several technologies are used, including Hadoop, Alpine Miner,
Open Refine, and others.
8 N. Arora et al.
Fig. 1 Analytical lifestyle of big data
10.3 Phase 3: Model Planning
– After executing the model, the team must compare the established success and
failure criteria.
– The data science team produces data sets for training, testing, and production
during this phase.
– The team builds and executes the models based on work done during this.
10.4 Phase 4: Model Building
– Datasets are created for testing, training, and production by the team.
– The team also determines if its present tools are adequate for running the models
or whether a more stable environment is necessary.
– Open-source software includes R, PL/Rand, and WEKA.
10.5 Phase 5: Communicate Results
– After executing the model, the team must assess the findings against the success
and failure criteria.
– The team assesses the best methods for informing various team members
and stakeholders of the results and conclusions while considering justification
warnings and assumptions.
– The business value should be quantified, and a narrative should be established to
summarize and explain findings to stakeholders.
10.6 Phase 6: Operationalize
– The team conveys the benefits of the projects to a broader audience.

– It creates a pilot project to deploy work in a controlled fashion before extending
it to the whole organization.
– With this approach, the team may test the model’s capabilities and constraints in
a real-world setting before deploying it.
– The team delivers final reports, briefings, and codes.
– Octave, WEKA, and SQL are examples of open-source software.
11 Big Data Analysis Necessitates a Set of Skills
– Problem-solving abilities can go a long way in the age of Big Data. Because of
its unstructured data, Big Data is considered a risk. Someone who enjoys solving
problems is the best candidate for working in Big Data. Their ingenuity and
originality will aid them in developing a better solution to an issue they have
discovered.
– SQL serves as a foundation in the Big Data era. SQL is a data-centric programming
language. While working with Big Data buzzwords like NoSQL, knowing SQL
can benefit a programmer in dealing with high-dimensional data sets.
– Utilizing as many big data tools and technologies as possible, including R, SAS,
Scala, Hadoop, Linux, MatLab, SQL, Excel, SPSS, etc., is often preferred. The
demand for professionals with strong programming and statistical knowledge has
surged.
10 N. Arora et al.
12 Big Data Domain
Things connected and constantly delivering data to a system generate data, which
might be semi-structured, structured, or unstructured. The best examples are your
mobile devices, from which Telecom Operators receive a massive amount of data
from each cellular network and analyze it. Bioinformatics, the Internet-of-Things,
Cyber-Physical Systems, and Social Media are just a few fields that use Big Data
to look at trends and behavior for their purposes. Modern search engines, such as
Google, are based on Big data, used to obtain information using information retrieval
techniques and logic. Furthermore, you may argue that the World Wide Web is the
most important realm of Big Data.
13 Introduction to Big Data Analytics
Big Data analytics has become a first-class citizen of daily life. It involves a process of
continual discovery using practical analytic tools to find correlations, hidden patterns,
and various other insights from big data. This includes data of any source, struc-
ture, and size. Insights can be discovered more quickly and efficiently, resulting in
immediate business decisions that decide a winner [15].
The rise of big data, which began in the 1990s, prompted the development of
big data analytics. At the advent of the computer age, corporations employed enor-
mous spreadsheets to analyze information and look for trends. New data sources
helped boost the volume of data generated in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Due to
the widespread use of mobile devices and search engines, more data was generated
than any organization could handle. Another factor to consider was speed. The more
data generated, the more and more data need to be processed. Gartner defined this
phenomenon as the “3Vs” of data in 2005: volume, velocity, and variety. Anyone
who feels it boring to deal with the vast amounts of raw and unstructured data could
unlock a coffer of unseen facts about business operations, consumer behavior, popu-
lation changes, and natural phenomena. Conventional data warehouses and relational
databases were incapable of completing the task. So it required Innovation. There-
fore, Hadoop came into existence. Yahoo engineers created it in 2006 and released
it as an Apache open source project in 2007. Thanks to the distributed processing
framework, big data applications could now run on a clustered platform. Distributed
processing is the critical distinction between traditional and big data analytics.
Only big corporations such as Facebook and Google took extensive data analysis.
But then, in the 2010s, banks, retailers, healthcare, and manufacturing organizations
saw the value in big data analytics companies. At first, big organizations with on-
premises data stores were best suited to gathering and analyzing large data sets.
However, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and many other cloud
platform providers, on the other hand, give ease for any company to utilize a big data
analytics platform. The option to set up Hadoop clusters over the cloud allowed any
company to start and run just what they needed on-demand, irrespective of its size.
This provides flexibility in the usage of clusters. A big data analytics environment
is a critical component of adaptability, which is required for today’s businesses to
succeed [16].
14 Overview of the Hadoop Ecosystem
The Hadoop Ecosystem is a platform or framework for addressing significant data

issues and considering it as a package containing various services. That includes
storing, ingesting, analyzing, and maintaining the data. Hadoop is a platform for
storing Big Data in a distributed ecosystem that may be analyzed in parallel. Hadoop
consists primarily of two parts: The first is Hadoop distributed file system (HDFS),
which allows you to store data in several formats throughout a node. The second
is Yet another resource negotiator (YARN), which Hadoop utilizes to manage the
resource. It allows the concurrent processing of data stored throughout HDFS [17].
Figure 2 shows the Hadoop ecosystem, which has various components that
combine to form an ecosystem.
14.1 HDFS
HDFS creates abstraction. HDFS is logically a single unit for storing Big Data.
Similar to virtualization, the actual data is distributed among numerous nodes. HDFS
has a master–slave architecture. In HDFS, the primary node is Name-node, while
the enslaved people are Data-nodes. Name-node holds metadata about data stored in
Fig. 2 Hadoop ecosystem [18]

12 N. Arora et al.
Data-nodes, like which data block is saved in which data node, how many replications
of the data block are retained, etc. Data nodes are where the actual data is kept.
14.2 YARN
Yet another resource negotiator (YARN) handles all data processing duties. These
duties mainly allocate resources by the manager and schedule tasks. The Resource
Manager and the Node Manager are the two primary components of YARN. The
Resource Manager plays the role of a controller node. It accepts processing requests
and then forwards them to the corresponding Node Managers. Node managers are
responsible for the actual processing that takes place. Every Data-node has a Node
Manager installed. It is in charge of completing the task on each Data-node.
14.3 MapReduce
A MapReduce task separates the input data into fragments processed by the map jobs
in parallel. The framework sorts the output of the map tasks before being given to
the reduced tasks. HDFS stores the data from the job’s input and output. The frame-
work handles task monitoring, scheduling, and re-execution. The MR framework
and HDFS run on the same nodes; hence the compute and storage nodes are usually
the same. This configuration enables the framework to efficiently schedule jobs on
the data nodes, resulting in high aggregate bandwidth throughout the cluster. A
Resource Manager (master), Node Manager (enslaved person), each cluster node, and
MR AppMaster per application make up the MapReduce framework. A MapReduce
framework is composed of four steps including map, shuffle, sort and reduce.
14.4 Spark
Spark Programming is a cluster computing platform that is both for general-purpose

and is quicker. It can handle a wide range of data types, and more importantly, it is
a free and open-source data processing engine. This reveals development APIs that
qualify analytical professionals for streaming machine learning or SQL workloads
requiring frequent access to real-time data sets. Spark can handle both stream and
batch processing.
15 Overview of Big Data Analysis and Its Need
Big data analytics is processing large amounts of data efficiently using technolo-
gies. This is mainly used for decision-making, which requires individual intellectual
capabilities and collective knowledge. Businesses usually look forward to storing
business data history to get meaningful results for new insights to grow the busi-
ness. As a result, extensive data analysis needs technical Innovation and data science
expertise. Models for extensive data analysis were investigated and utilized to design
a general conceptual architecture to make things more transparent.
Following are examples of the need for Big Data Analytics:
1 Business decisions: online retail companies like Amazon look forward to making
decisions based on past’ Prime day’ sales and consider the best-selling items to
be repeated for the next sale.
2 Insight into data and business: A company located in multiple locations using
their sales data can get an insight into which location has maximum sales for the
last financial year.
3 Interpretation of outcomes: The data can be estimated in the nearest time range
based on pattern-based analysis.
4 Descriptive: Graphical representation of data can show business behavior.
5 Predictive analytics: Using mathematical and scientific techniques applied to
historical data, future data can be predicted with appropriate variables to a certain
confidence level.
16 Use Cases of Big Data Analytics
As per industry standards, big data broadly consists of three Vs. The three V’s are
as follows:
Volume: The term “volume” refers to the “quantity of data,” which rapidly increases
daily. Humans, technology, and their interactions on social media create enormous
amounts of data.
Velocity: Velocity refers stream of data that arrives from different social media sites
continuously, and the repository gets completed with new data at the same rate. It
becomes a challenge to capture this stream of data promptly for further processing.
Variety: There is a variety of data coming from various sources. The repository stores
this data in different file formats spreadsheet, text files, e-mails, image files, video
files, etc.
Some of the use cases of Big data are as follows:
1. Fraud detection in Financial Organization: Recently, the headlines recently
found credit and debit card fraud involving millions of people. Several consumers
discovered fraud activity associated with their accounts. With big data and
14 N. Arora et al.
machine learning, this could have been minimized. Based on machine learning
analysis, banks can learn about a customer’s typical activities and transactions.
And if they notice any suspicious conduct, they can quickly block the customer’s
card or account and notify them. Banks have begun to use Big Data to study
market and consumer behavior, but more work still needs to be done.
2. Big data in health care: Healthcare businesses are being used to enhance
profitability and save lives. Healthcare firms, hospitals, and researchers collect
massive volumes of data. However, none of this information is helpful on its
own. When the data is evaluated, it becomes critical to highlight trends and
threats in patterns and construct prediction models. This data can also be used
for classification purposes, for example, COVID-19 data as presented in [19, 20].
3. Big data in the telecom sector: Telecom operators use big data analytics to
gain a more comprehensive perspective of their operations and consumers and
accelerate innovation initiatives.
4. Big data in the Oil and Gas sector: This sector has been using big data to find
new ways to innovate for the last few years. Data sensors have long been used in
the oil and gas industry to track and monitor the performance of wells, gear, and
activities. Oil and gas corporations have used this information to track healthy
activity, develop Earth models to discover new oil sources, and perform other
value-added operations.
5. Log data Analytics in business: Many commercial big data applications rely on
log data as a foundation. Long before big data, there were log management and
analysis tools. However, as business activity and transactions rise exponentially,
storing, processing, and presenting log data most efficiently and cost-effectively
can become a significant burden. In this context, big data analytics play a signifi-
cant role because of some synergy found in log data search and big data analytics
discovering by industries.
6. Big Data Analytics in Recruitment: In the rush to place applicants as rapidly
as possible in a competitive climate, recruiters frequently believe they lack the
(proper) tools. Recruiters nowadays use a new technique that performs mining
of internal database with candidates’ overall skill sets such as educational back-
ground, certification is done, job title applied for, skill sets, years of experience,
and so forth. Then this mined result is matched and compared with previous
recruitment candidates’ performance, salaries, and overall past recruitment expe-
rience. The traditional approach of matching keywords with the job description is
no longer efficient in today’s scenario, where big data analytics has significantly
changed the paradigm in different industry verticals. Figure 3 shows the steps
involved in the recruitment process using Big data analytics.
7. Big Data Analytics in Natural Language Processing (NLP): In NLP, the
computer processes languages before feeding them to the model for training [21].
Various linguistic features are being considered during processing. We find many
important use cases of NLP in different industry verticals. Sentiment analysis of
customers is one of the essential applications of natural language processing used
by several companies. They analyze customers’ sentiment by capturing contin-
uous streaming data, where customers’ feedback on any particular product is
Fig. 3 Big data analytics in recruitment
positive, negative, and neutral. The company subsequently analyzes these textual
sentiment documents to improve its product further. One of the essential use
cases in the banking sector is a chatbot that primarily solves the customer service
officer’s job/responsibility. Chatbot process all textual data on a real-time basis,
and matching is done with the existing huge NLP database (corpus). It then tries
to respond to the user’s query—another critical use case of NLP, i.e., Machine
Translation (MT) system. Machine translation translates source language to target
language. The source is one language, e.g., English, and the target is another
language, e.g., Hindi. We call it a bilingual MT system if it translates from one
language to another.
We use neural-based translation known as the Neural Machine Translation
(NMT) system. NMT’s latest NLP models are used in its language model. In
NMT, since it uses a deep neural network, we need a massive amount of parallel
corpus to train our model. Model performance can be measured with automatic
metrics such as BLEU, METEOR, etc. Researchers have been researching perfor-
mance evaluation of MT/NMT systems with various automatic metrics, and
evaluated outcomes computed by different metrics are compared.
8. Blockchains aren’t efficient for storing large file sizes: Large file sizes are
inefficiently stored on blockchains [12]. Storing vast volumes of data on a public
blockchain is expensive and time-consuming. Storing data on-chain isn’t a very
scalable or efficient option for anything other than primary ledger data and asso-
ciated hashes. Each transaction may add up to thousands of dollars per terabyte on
the chain, plus costs each time you wish to access that data. It also consumes time,
such as minutes per megabyte, that SLAs cannot afford. As a result, blockchains
are almost entirely reliant on off-chain storage.
16 N. Arora et al.
17 Challenges in Analyzing Big Data
The fundamental issue is that most firms can’t keep up with the available data and
data sources. Big data has created several challenges in collecting and storing many
correct streaming data sources for correct analysis. Most of the big data technology
we use is obsolete. Sometimes even the tools are also not able to provide a satisfactory
solution. Hence, it is necessary for organizations to upgrade/replace their existing
system. Some of the significant challenges in analyzing Big Data are as follows:
– Lack of data science skills: There is a substantial relevant skill shortage in the
data scientist community. It is a considerable challenge to minimize this gap. It is
also an issue of educating people on using big data analytics. Instead, many other
technical issues require addressing, so it will take longer to close this gap.
– Lack of proper data visualization is often disregarded when interesting and
relevant data is mixed with ordinary or irrelevant discoveries. In other cases,
team members and even seasoned data scientists often fail to present data in a
meaningful and visually appealing manner due to a lack of skill. Consequently,
sometimes they may ignore/miss the most relevant and meaningful data.
– Lack of proper data transformation demands proper transformation when we
need to get or extract insight/value from data. Since data size is too significant
and data formats are not fixed, proper and correct transformation is a big chal-
lenge for data engineers. Data engineers are responsible for converting this data
into an analytics-ready form, i.e., which analytics team members can use. Data
engineers must only depend on rudimentary and code-heavy technologies during
this transformation process. Hence it sometimes becomes a significant challenge
to transform data as per requirement.
18 Big Data Quality Dimensions
The study of data quality in extensive data systems is still in its infancy. Most research
on big data quality acknowledges the relevance of standard dimensions in measuring
big data quality. Some critical quality dimensions of big data are accessibility, confi-
dentiality, redundancy, volume, etc. In Table 2, we have represented most of the
critical quality dimensions of Big data and their purpose.
19 Conclusion
Big Data Analytics plays a vital role in today’s world. All businesses carry vast
amounts of data with them, which can be used to uplift their future growth with
the help of Big Data Analytics and its tools. Big Data Analytics helps the company
predict future trends from past data using the Hadoop ecosystem, which eventually
Table 2 Critical key quality dimensions of Big data and purpose

Big data key Purpose
quality
dimension
Accessibility Accessibility and availability are the ability of a person to get data from his
physical status and available technology
Confidentiality This quality factor determines if the correct data is in the hands of the correct
people. Is the information safe?
Pedigree This dimension aids in determining the data’s source, allowing any
inconsistencies to be rectified in the source rather than elsewhere
Readability This dimension, also known as clarity, simplicity, ease of understanding,
interpretability, and comprehensibility, relates to the consumers’ ability to
grasp/understand data
Redundancy Redundancy, minimality, compactness, and conciseness refer to the capacity
to portray a reality of interest with the least amount of information resources
Volume The proportion of values present in the examined Data Object concerning
the source from which it is derived is provided by this quality dimension
enhances the organization’s profitability. The discussion presented in this chapter

gives a clear insight into Big Data analysis and the critical differences between Big
data analysis and business intelligence analysis. It explains the analytical life cycle
of big data. The skills required to deal with big data analysis are highlighted, and the
extensive data domain is depicted. We have also discussed how big data analytics
can be exploited in decision-making by different industries such as recruitment/HR
of the company, oil and gas sector, healthcare, sentiment analysis, and so on. Some
significant challenges in big data analytics, such as lack of proper skill, issues during
the data transformation process, big data quality dimension, etc., are also discussed.
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DCD_PREDICT: Using Big Data
on Prediction for Chest Diseases
by Applying Machine Learning
Algorithms
Umesh Kulkarni, Sushopti Gawade, Hemant Palivela, and Vikrant Agaskar
Abstract Technology with system learning algorithms is frequently utilized in the

medical domains to estimate disorders. Through the provision of some reference
guidelines, it assists in the real-world diagnosis of diseases. The DCD-PREDICT
system employs system learning to make prophetic diagnosis of diseases of the
chest, including lung cancer, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. A ques-
tionnaire will be provided to each participant (self-administered and physician-
administered). Understanding, specificity, and positive and negative analytical values
will be computed for each question, and the combined patient scores will be
contrasted with those of controls. It will be determined how closely the physician-
and self-administered questionnaires agree. This enables medical professionals to
do better differentiated analysis earlier, lowering errors and delivering timely treat-
ment. One of the main causes of death can be the heart disease. Because real-world
practitioners lack the necessary knowledge, expertise, or experience regarding the
signs of heart failure, it is challenging to diagnose the disease. Therefore, computer-
based predictions of cardiac illness may be crucial as an early diagnosis to take
the appropriate actions as well as a perspective on recovery. However, by choosing
the right data mining classification algorithm, the early stages of the disease and its
recurrence can be accurately predicted. The aim of this study was to compare three
of the most common classification methods, Support Vector Machines (SVM), K-
Nearest Neighbors (KNN) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), for heart disease
prediction using the ensemble of standard Cleveland cardiology data.
U. Kulkarni (B)
Vidyalankar Institute of Technology Wadala, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
e-mail: umesh.kulkarni@vit.edu.in
S. Gawade
Pillai College of Engineering, Panvel, India
e-mail: sgawade@mes.ac.in
H. Palivela
Manager-AI, Accenture Solutions, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
V. Agaskar
Vidyavardhani College of Engineering and Technology, Vasai Road, Vasai-Virar, Maharashtra,
India
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2023 19
V. Rishiwal et al. (eds.), Towards the Integration of IoT, Cloud and Big Data,
Studies in Big Data 137, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6034-7_2
20 U. Kulkarni et al.
Keywords Prediction · Classification (SVM · KNN) · Machine learning ·

Artificial neural network · Heart diseases
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
Numerous disorders related to the chest affect people. Diseases like asthma, COPD,
pneumonia, tuberculosis, and others have symptoms that demonstrate their presence.
These symptoms, which can occur in a number of settings while people are going
about their regular lives, include shortness of breath, chest symptoms, throat and chest
coughs, among others. In order to identify which chest ailment a person is experi-
encing, we plan to use these symptoms and how they present during various human
contexts, such as running, waking up, and other situations. We achieve this by using
a questionnaire that is symptom-based. The purpose of this activity is to help with the
first diagnosis of chest problems and to help distinguish between various diseases.
We employ the idea of prodrome based surveys furthermore, weighted scores for
these inquiries in our methodology. The initiative is made to fit seamlessly into any
nearby doctor’s office, nursing home, or hospital’s regular schedule to Programme the
computer to recognize and foretell the illness the patient is suffering from. Training
is carried out using example datasets that include survey-style cues. Test datasets
are accessible in the UCI vault dataset, the California Health and Human Services
(CHHS) data set, and data from the esteemed National Institute of Tuberculosis and
Respiratory Diseases.
1.2 Background
Coronary illness has a high worldwide mortality rate. Prediction and conclusion of
coronary illness has turned into a troublesome errand for specialists and emergency
clinics both in India and abroad. The Heart Infection Forecast System is a system
that aids in the prediction of heart disease, specifically cardiovascular disease such
as myocardial infarctions. In this field, data mining and system learning algorithms
are critical. The experiments of researchers are accelerating their work to develop
a graphical user interface and machine learning algorithm that can assist doctors
in making decisions regarding the prediction and diagnosis of heart disease. This
project’s main output is predicting a patient’s heart disease using machine learning
algorithms. A comparative study is carried out, with the performance calculated using
a machine learning procedure.
DCD_PREDICT: Using Big Data on Prediction for Chest Diseases … 21
1.3 Objective
The primary motivation behind this undertaking stands to utilize AI calculations

to foresee the presence of a coronary illness in a person. Using the existing data,
analysis is done to determine the presence of such characteristics in various types
of individuals which indicate the vulnerability to a heart disease. ML algorithms are
used on the data to calculate the probability of a person having a heart disease in the
future. This data is centered on the various functioning parameters of the heart. Our
project focuses on reducing efforts and time and increasing efficiency and accuracy
in prediction.
2 Literature Survey
Machine learning is a fast-growing field and I aim to utilize its potential to create this
Artificial Intelligence system. Having a vast application, this system will be used by
the doctor’s patients when all the elements are implemented in the system. Actual
doctors can decide disease with a large number of tests, which require a high process
time, conclusion, lack of skilled cognition and becoming inexperienced [1]. It is
difficult to extract important data in the form of knowledge, hence, it is crucial to use
various techniques such as mining and machine learning methods. Further, extracting
important data from such a type of medical data repository becomes important, when
using methods like classification, clustering, regression, prediction, etc. [2]. The
primary focal point of the paper is to see the strategy for information mining grouping
methods to identify coronary illness expectation in beginning phases. Likewise, by
utilizing PC based expectation, it will be not difficult to foresee heart illnesses at a
beginning phase [3]. KNN (k-closest neighbor), ANN (Artificial Neural organization)
and SVM (Support vector machine) are some of the techniques which are typically
involved and a relative report for our proposed project and for expectation is finished
utilizing the Cleveland coronary illness dataset [4].
2.1 Summary
Early detection and treatment options exist for heart disorders. Using the method
described above, we may determine whether a patient has heart disease based on their
numerous symptoms. In this instance, SVM and random forest classifiers provide
the most accurate predictions. We are unable to anticipate the many types of heart
disorders with any degree of accuracy due to the lack of abundant data, but we can
identify heart infections with a respectable degree of accuracy of roughly 80 to 85%.
When sufficient data is available, it will be possible to design methods for disease
diagnosis that are more accurate three data mining creation strategies that are used to
construct a model of the projection system for chest infections. The process retrieves
secret information from a historical record of chest infections. The models are made
and gotten to utilizing the DMX inquiry language and tasks. A test dataset is utilized
to prepare and approve the models. Methods like the Lift Chart and Categorization
Matrix are utilized to measure how well the models work. As a consequence of the
anticipated express, each of the three models are equipped for removing patterns.
Neural Network and Ruling Trees appear to be the best models for anticipating
individuals with chest disease. In correlation with the prepared models, the objec-
tives are assessed. Each of the three models enjoys its own benefits concerning the
effortlessness of model understanding, accessibility of exhaustive data, and preci-
sion in giving solutions to complex questions. This framework can be improved and
extended further. It may likewise incorporate extra information mining strategies, for
example, Association Rules and Time Series. The use of constant information is an
option to all out data. Another subject is to mine the colossal measure of unstructured
information present in medical care data sets utilizing message mining.
3 System Design
3.1 Existing System
A large number of people suffer from chest related diseases. Several people die from
chest conditions. This is often due to the fact that they are diagnosed much later after
they occur when it becomes difficult to solve the problem. In addition to this, they
are often misdiagnosed for one another. A patient with Asthma may be told he has
COPD and vice versa. This leads to adverse effects as it leads to wrong treatment
being given to the patient. Therefore, there is a need to build an easy system to
aid doctors for preliminary decision making. A need to empower the patient with a
tool that helps him understand his condition better and take appropriate measures by
talking to the correct doctor.
It is mainly focused on Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD) which is
the primary proposal from which mashup candidates are identified by addressing a
repository of open services. In this methodology, there is a personalized development
of software, which can be used to produce new software based on service integration
methods. KDS define service integration qualification by discovering different phases
of web service specifications.
The process that is being used here intersects the fields of data mashup and service
mashup. This idea of obtaining information from web service offerings is comparable
to the well-established KDD approaches. The representations of data integration and
service mashup are discussed in this work. Furthermore, cutting-edge techniques for
the fundamental KDS domains of comparison processing, grouping, filtering, etc.
3.2 Identification of Common Risks
Heart disease include risk factors like

1. High blood pressure.
2. Abnormal blood lipids.
3. Use of tobacco.
4. Obesity.
5. Physical inactivity.
6. Diabetes.
7. Age.
8. Gender.
9. Family generation.
Extracting Data from huge data sets data mining can be one of the methods to
automatically process knowledgeable information [3].
3.3 Types of Heart Diseases
Heart diseases identified are [2]

1. Coronary heart disease.
2. Cardiomyopathy.
3. Cardiovascular disease.
4. Ischemic heart disease.
5. Heart failure.
6. Hypertensive heart disease.
7. Inflammatory heart disease.
8. Valvular heart disease.
Therefore, to do so, one of the simplest ways to empower the patient as well as
doctors for early diagnosis is through a simple symptom-based questionnaire. This
questionnaire is a simple tool that consists of the different symptoms faced by the
patient such as chest congestion, wheezing, symptom from the throat, symptom from
the body part, shortness of breath, etc. Using these symptoms in a wide variety of
scenarios in the regular lives of patients compared with the regular lives of people with
no chest conditions and no related symptom, we are able to diagnose the percentage
of a particular chest disease occurring and are able to tell which of the many chest
diseases the patient might be suffering from out of a set of diseases. To be able to
build such a scalable tool, we need indicators that have been well researched by
medical researchers.
There are a number of reputed published questionnaires for the identification
of Asthma, diagnosis of COPD, etc. We aim to combine these questionnaires into a
single tool and adjust the weights assigned to these questions by training the machine
with both understanding and controlling data keeping. These questions have yes or
no inputs or they have a spectrum of inputs that indicate the extent of the symptom
occurring from 1 to 4. While the patient enters the answers to the questionnaire,
there is an initial weight that has been assigned to the question that determines and
calculates the percentage chances of the disease taking place. This weight changes as
we train our machine with more understanding and control data for both Western as
well as Indian conditions. As we get more training data, the diagnosis of the system
becomes more and more precise. To test the working of the system, there will be
extensive use of UCI datasets and CHHS datasets.
3.4 Problem Statement
Currently systems utilize a large amount of medical data taken from tests that deter-
mine the nature of the chest disease. These are costly and not scalable in nature and
require advanced medical professionals. To overcome problems on existing systems,
in the proposed system users may not require to search data in various reposito-
ries with special features. Users need only to give information which is required to
collect. Users can just type a combination of queries and based on user behavior
analysis exact data will be predicted. However, over the years, medical researchers
have compiled this medical data into prodrome based surveys which are used to
determine the complexities.
3.5 Scope
The objective of the task is to recognize the primary side effect of chest simplicity—
the recognizing component of these diseases. Our project utilizes the idea of side
effect based shapes and changed scores for these sections. The project is planned to
be incorporated into the everyday activities of any nearby doctor, nursing home, or
medical clinic.
3.6 Proposed System
Currently, systems utilize a large amount of medical data taken from tests that deter-
mine the nature of the chest disease. These are high-priced and not scalable in
nature and require advanced medical professionals. To overcome problems of the
existing system. In the proposed system, such data is stored in various reposito-
ries with special features. The user needs to provide only the information which is
required to be collected. Users can just type a combination of queries and based on the
user’s behavior analysis, exact data will be predicted. However, over time, medical
researchers have synthesized this medical data to provide us with symptom-based

questionnaires that people can use to detect these diseases. Be that as it may, when
utilized in little clinical examinations with sparse patient and control information,
these polls have burdens. To validate and deploy these symptom-based question-
naires for the general public, a machine learning system that makes use of a lot of
patient and control data is needed. In order to reliably and quickly identify which
chest condition the patient has, we intend to combine a number of these symptom-
based questionnaires with information from actual case studies. Data from patients
(patients with chest ailments and their symptoms) and control data from healthy
groups without chest issues are the two categories that are required. Consolidating
these datasets will bring about weighted scores for each inquiry on the structure,
which will permit us to recognize which kind of chest illness the patient has, to train
the machine, our new system intends to use supervised machine learning algorithms
and built-in Python libraries.
1. Questionnaire Generation and Machine Training
At the beginning, we generate a global questionnaire based on the different ques-
tionnaires from medical researchers. These questions will have standard weightage
scores assigned at the beginning. Once the questionnaire has been established with
its standardized scores, the machine will be trained taking into consideration patient
data and control data associated with these symptoms that will change the weightage
of the score using TensorFlow.
2. Patient Input
The patient inputs the answers to the questions using simple yes or no, or multiple-
choice ranging from 1 to 4 in extent of the symptom and also chooses between
symptoms occurring in daily situations.
3. Disease Probability Calculation
Entered percentage chance of the illness is calculated and generated for the user to
see.
4. Graph Generation
Based on the inputs and the probability, the system will also generate comparison
graphs with respect to other diseases and other patients.
4 Methodology
4.1 Supervised Learning
There are various methods used in the main classification as follows

(i) Supervised Learning Model.
(ii) Unsupervised Learning Model.

Here we are going to target on supervised methodology mainly on the model as.
(i) Support Vector Machine (SVM)
(ii) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN)
(iii) Artificial Neural Network (ANN).
(a) Support Vector Machine (SVM) [16]
A controlled learning model known as the Support Vector Machine (SVM) is depicted
as limited layered vector spaces, where each aspect signifies a specific property of
an object., and it has been shown that SVM functions admirably for tackling high-
layered space issues. Due to its computational ability on tremendous datasets, SVM
is most of the time used in report classification, opinion examination, and expectation
based undertakings [16].
(b) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) [16]
The test information is quickly ordered utilizing the preparation tests utilizing K-
Nearest Neighbor (KNN), one more directed learning model. The greater part vote of
an item’s closest neighbors decides its grouping in KNN. As another option, distance
measurements, which can be essentially as fundamental as Euclidean distance, are
utilized to foresee the class of another sample. In the functioning strides of KNN, k
is at first determined (No. of the closest neighbors). The test information will then
be given a class name in view of the results of the normal democratic [16].
(c) Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
The administered learning procedure known as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
contains three layers: input, secret result, and output. The joints between the key units,
the mystery, and the result are not entirely settled by the pertinence of the allotted
load of that specific info unit. In general, significance increments with expanding
weight. ANN can utilize both direct and sigmoid exchange (actuation) functions.
ANNs might be prepared to deal with immense volumes of information with few
inputs. The most famous learning calculation for multi-facet feed forward ANNs is
the backpropagation learning tool. Three sub-datasets for preparing, approval, and
testing ought to be made from the information records for ANN.
4.2 Symptom-Based Questionnaire
Symptom-based Questionnaires are required for the following heart related diseases.
. Asthma.
. COPD.
. Pneumonia.
. Tuberculosis.
4.3 Dataset Training and Testing
. Dataset required for the purpose can be obtained from the UCI database, CSSH
database and datasets obtained from the National Institute of Tuberculosis and
Respiratory Diseases (India).
. An ML training service like TensorFlow may be used to train the system based
on the dataset selected.
. A Cloud ML service like Azure ML or Amazon ML may be used to verify and
double check the training.
Working of the system:

. User chooses one of the diseases entered
. Collection of data based on the survey.
. Working on the input, a chance percentage of the illness occurring.
. Graphs are calculated indicating relationship with other diseases.
5 Process and Analysis
5.1 General Process
The Agile cycle model was employed. Agile showcasing is a strategy that follows
programming engineers and attempts to speed up straightforwardness in marketing.
Agile is ordinarily a period boxed, iterative technique to programming conveyance
that produces programming step by step from the start as opposed to holding on until
the finish to introduce the undertaking as a whole. Agile philosophies frequently work
by separating projects into little pieces of client usefulness known as client stories,
focusing on them, and afterward consistently conveying them in short emphases of
about fourteen days.
(i) Probability Generation: Here as per the input given by the user this block will
try to give the probability of chest disease in which category it will be defined
as shown in Fig. 1.
(ii) Graph Calculation: Here it is expected depending upon the category by which
a definite Path by which the method of medicine can be worked out as shown
in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 General Process Diagram [self-prepared as per required for project]
5.2 Use Case Diagram
General process will be as given below,

(i) User Choice: Here it expected to know the choice of the user from where a
classification of the chest diseases can be identified to get analysis done as
shown in Fig. 2.
(ii) User Input Data: Here the user is expected to give data which may be used for
further calculation as shown in data level 0 in Fig. 3.
(iii) User Input Data: Here the user is expected to give data which may be used for
further calculation as shown in data level 1 in Fig. 4 where a processing and
training phase is being worked out which in turn help in preparing a probability
output for the graph calculation model.
5.3 Data Flow Diagram
See Figs. 3 and 4.
5.4 System Flow
Working of the flow shown in Fig. 5.

1. Start.
2. Collect general information of the patient.
Fig. 2 Use Case Diagram [self-prepared as per required for project]
Fig. 3 Level 0
3. Enter the option about the type of disease the patient is suffering from like.
. Heart Disease.
. Tuberculosis.
. Asthma.
4. Make an expert conclusion out of the information collected through the
questionnaire.
Fig. 4 Level 1 [self-prepared as per required for project]
5. The expert conclusion is matched using the information from the data set, where
one can determine the likelihood that a particular condition exists.
6. If a decision cannot be made from the patient data and the data from the data set,
in other words if data does not match, then reexamination of the patient is done
with more questionnaires.
7. If the decision is made, that is, if the match is found then the probability of the
occurrence of a particular disease is confirmed.
6 Implementation and Results
6.1 Details of Algorithms
The project is designed to obtain the highest accuracy. The two methods Support
Vector Machine and Random Forest, which have the highest accuracy out of the
numerous prediction and classification algorithms available, have been chosen for
the project.
Fig. 5 System flow [self-prepared as per required for project]
Support Vector Machine

Support
Vector Machines work by graphically expressing the data points in space and gener-
ating a geometrical shape that can separate the data points into different groups for
classification.SVM offers an algorithm with good performance and there is no need
for optimization. It is one of the earliest and most well-known classification machine
learning methods.
It is a supervised machine learning technique that is frequently used for regression
as well as classification.
Fig. 6 Support vector

machine [free image from
google pages]
Finding a hyperplane, a geometrical object with a definite definition that allows it

to distinguish between the data points in space, is the foundation of an SVM method.
The example of SVM is provided below as shown in Fig. 6.
The data points in a data set that would be used to establish the location of the
hyperplane are known as support vectors; these are the data points closest to the
hyperplane in space. Therefore, the support vectors can be thought of as the most
important components of a support vector machine.
Working of Random Forest
. Each tree is trained using a distinct subset of training data (around 2/3) with
replacement.
. Error and variable importance are estimated using the remaining training data
(OOB-out of box).
. The amount of votes from each tree determines the class, and the average of the
results is utilized for regression.
Advantages of Random Forests
. Tree pruning is not necessary.
. Automatic accuracy and variable importance generation.
. Being overfit is not a concern.
. In training data, not highly sensitive to outliers.
. Simple to set limits.
6.2 Data Set and Its Parameters
The dataset has been imported from the University of California, Irvine repository for
machine learning. The dataset is multivariate with a total 75 attributes. The attributes
consist of categorical, numeric, binary and continuous attributes. Out of these 75

attributes, 11 major attributes are considered for this problem. The total number of
instances are 303. There are 5 labels which are 0 for no disease and 1–4 for the
progression of disease. There are multiple datasets from different sources but the
Cleveland dataset is used here as it has a smaller number of missing values hence
is more accurate. It consists of 0.2% missing values and is used for classification
problems.
6.3 Dataset Attributes
The 11 main attributes which help machines to learn are:

1. Age: age in years.
2. Thal
. 3—Normal.
. 6—Defect (fixed).
. 7—reversible (defect).
3. Number of containers: 0-3 colored by fluoroscopy.
4. Exercise induced angina
1 = yes.
0 = no.
5. Maximum heart rate achieved.
6. Sex
. 1—male.
. 0—female.
7. Rest ECG: resting electrocardiographic results
. Value 0—Normal.
. Value 1—Having ST-T wave abnormality.
. Value 2—Showing probable or definite left chamber hypertrophy.
8. Diagnosis of heart disease: value range between 0 and 4.
Anomaly in Dataset
During the analysis of the dataset it is found that the dataset is highly imbalanced.
Apart from the label 0, the entries for the labels 1–4 are under sampled as shown
in Fig. 7. This means that there is not enough data separately for these labels to
effectively predict the presence of heart disease, which would result in low accuracy
and precision. For example, if a dataset consists of 100 instances out of which the
tuples for label 1 are 98 and for the label 2 are only 2, we say that the data for label
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Title: Egalité des hommes et des femmes

A la Reyne
Author: Marie Le Jars de Gournay
Contributor: Horace
Release date: November 28, 2023 [eBook #72251]
Language: French
Original publication: none: none, 1622
Credits: Claudine Corbasson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK EGALITÉ DES HOMMES ET

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Au lecteur
Version modernisée
EGALITÉ
DES
HOMMES ET DES FEMMES.
A LA REYNE.
M. D C . XX II .
A LA REYNE.
adame,
Ceux qui s’aduiſerent de donner vn Soleil pour deuiſe au Roy voſtre

Pere, auec ce mot, Il n’a point d’Occident pour moy, firent plus qu’ils ne
penſoient: parce qu’en repreſentans ſa grandeur qui voit preſque touſiours ce Prince
des Aſtres ſur quelqu’vne de ſes terres, ſans interuale de nuict; ils rendirent la deuiſe
hereditaire en voſtre Majeſté, preſageans vos vertus, & de plus, la beatitude des
François ſous voſtre Auguſte preſence. C’eſt diſie chez voſtre Majeſté, Madame, que la
lumiere des vertus n’aura point d’Occident, ny cõſequemment l’heur & la felicité de
nos Peuples qu’elles eſclairerõt. Or comme vous eſtes en l’Orient de voſtre aage & de
vos vertus enſemble, Madame, daignez prendre courage d’arriuer en meſme point au
midy de luy & d’elles, ie dis de celles qui ne peuuent meurir que par temps & culture:
car il en eſt quelques vnes des plus recommendables, entre autres la Religion, la
charité vers les pauures, la chaſteté & l’amour coniugale, dont vous auez touché le
midy dés le matin. Mais certes il faut le courage requis à cet effort auſsi grand &
puiſſant que voſtre Royauté, pour grande & puiſſante qu’elle ſoit: les Roys eſtãt battus
de ce malheur, que la peſte infernale des flatteurs qui ſe gliſſent dans les Palais, leur
rend la vertu & la clair voyance ſa guide & ſa nourrice, d’vn accez infiniment plus
difficile qu’aux inferieurs. Ie ne ſcay qu’vn ſeur moyen à vous faire eſperer, d’atteindre
ces deux midys en meſme inſtant: c’eſt qu’il plaiſe à V. M. ſe ietter viuement ſur les
bons liures de prudence & de mœurs: car außi toſt qu’vn Prince s’eſt releué l’eſprit par
cet exercice, les flatteurs ſe trouuans les moins fins ne s’oſent plus iouër à luy. Et ne
peuuent communemẽt les Puiſſans & les Roys receuoir inſtruction opportune que des
mors: parce que les viuans eſtans partis en deux bandes, les foux & meſchans, c’eſt à
dire ces flateurs dont eſt question, ne ſçauent ny veulent bien dire pres d’eux; les
ſages & gens de bien peuuent & veulent, mais ils n’oſent. C’eſt en la vertu certes,
Madame, qu’il faut que les perſonnes de voſtre rang cherchent la vraye hauteſſe & la
Couronne des Couronnes: d’autant qu’ils ont puiſſance & non droit de violer les loix &
l’equité, & qu’ils trouuent autant de peril & plus de honte que les autres hommes à
faire ce coup. Außi nous apprend vn grand Roy luy meſme, que toute la gloire de la
fille du Roy eſt par dedans. Quelle eſt cependant ma ruſticité, tous autres abordent
leurs Princes & Roys en adorant & loüant, i’oſe aborder ma Reyne en preſchant?
Pardonnez neantmoins à mon zele, Madame, qui meurt d’enuie d’ouyr la France crier
ce mot, auec applaudiſſement, La lumiere n’a point d’Occident pour moy, par tout où
paſſera voſtre Majesté nouueau Soleil des vertus: & d’enuie encore de tirer d’elle, ainſi
que i’espere de ſes dignes commencemens, vne des plus fortes preuues du Traicté
que i’offre à ſes pieds, pour maintenir l’egalité des hommes & des femmes. Et non
ſeulement veu la grandeur vnique qui vous eſt acquiſe par naiſſance & par mariage,
vous ſeruirez de miroir au ſexe & de ſuiet d’emulation aux hommes encore, en
l’eſtẽduë de l’Vniuers, ſi vous vous esleuez au prix & merite que ie vo9 propoſe: mais
außi toſt, Madame, que vous aurez pris reſolution de vouloir luyre de ce bel & precieux
eſclat, on croira que tout le meſme ſexe eſclaire en la ſplendeur de vos rayons. Ie ſuis
de voſtre Maieſté
MADAME,
Tres-humble & Tres-obeiſſante
ſeruante & ſubjecte.
Gournay.
EGALITÉ DES HOMMES ET
DES FEMMES.
a pluſpart de ceux qui prennẽt la cauſe, des femmes, contre cette

orgueilleuſe preferance que les hommes s’attribuent, leur rendent le
change entier: r’enuoyans la preferance vers elles. Moy qui fuys toutes
extremitez, ie me contente de les eſgaler aux hommes: la nature
s’oppoſant pour ce regard autant à la ſuperiorité qu’à l’inferiorité. Que diſ-
je, il ne ſuffit pas à quelques gens de leur preferer le ſexe maſculin, s’ils ne les
confinoient encores d’vn arreſt irrefragable & neceſſaire à la quenoüille, ouy meſme à
la quenouille ſeule. Mais ce qui les peut conſoler contre ce meſpris, c’eſt qu’il ne ſe
faict que par ceux d’entre les hommes auſquels elles voudroient moins reſſembler:
perſonnes à donner vray ſemblance aux reproches qu’on pourroit voſmir ſur le ſexe
feminin, s’ils en eſtoient, & qui ſentent en leur cœur ne ſe pouuoir recommãder que
par le credit de l’autre. D’autant qu’ils ont ouy trompetter par les ruës, que les femmes
manquent de dignité, manquent auſſi de ſuffiſance, voire du temperament & des
organes pour arriuer à cette-cy, leur eloquence triomphe à preſcher ces maximes: &
tant plus opulemment, de ce que, dignité, ſuffiſance, organes & temperament ſont
beaux mots: n’ayans pas appris d’autre part, que la premiere qualité d’vn mal
habill’homme, c’eſt de cautionner les choſes ſoubs la foy populaire & par ouyr dire.
Voyez tels eſprits comparer ces deux ſexes: la plus haute ſuffiſance à leur aduis où les
femmes puiſſent arriuer, c’eſt de reſſembler le commun des hommes: autant eſlongnez
d’imaginer, qu’vne grande femme ſe peuſt dire grand homme, le ſexe chãgé, que de
conſentir qu’vn homme ſe peuſt eſleuer à l’eſtage d’vn Dieu. Gens plus braues
qu’Hercules vrayement, qui ne desfit que douze monſtres en douze combats; tandis
que d’vne ſeule parolle ils desfont la moitié du Monde. Qui croira cependant, que ceux
qui ſe ueulent eſleuer & fortifier de la foibleſſe d’autruy, ſe puiſſent eſleuer ou fortifier de
leur propre force? Et le bon eſt, qu’ils penſent eſtre quittes de leur effronterie à
vilipender ce ſexe, vſants d’vne effronterie pareille à ſe loüer & ſe dorer eux meſmes, ie
dis par fois en particulier comme en general, voire à quelque tort que ce ſoit: comme ſi
la verité de leur vãterie receuoit meſure & qualité de ſon impudence. Et Dieu ſçait ſi ie
congnois de ces ioyeux vanteurs, & dont les vanteries ſont tantoſt paſſées en
prouerbe, entre les plus eſchauffez au meſpris des femmes. Mais quoy, s’ils prennent
droict d’eſtre galans & ſuffiſans hommes, de ce qu’ils ſe declarent tels cõme par Edict;
pourquoy n’abeſtiront ils les femmes par le contrepied d’vn autre Edict? Et ſi ie iuge
bien, ſoit de la dignité, ſoit de la capacité des dames, ie ne pretends pas à cette heure
de le prouuer par raiſons, puiſque les opiniaſtres les pouroient debattre, ny par
exemples, d’autant qu’ils ſont trop cõmuns; ains ſeulement par l’aucthorité de Dieu
meſme, des arcſboutans de ſon Egliſe & de ces grands hommes qui ont ſeruy de
lumiere à l’Vniuers. Rangeons ces glorieux teſmoins en teſte, & reſeruons Dieu, puis
les Saincts Peres de ſon Egliſe, au fonds, comme le treſor.
Platon à qui nul n’a debattu le tiltre de diuin, & conſequemment Socrates ſon
interprete & Protecole en ſes Eſcripts; (s’il n’eſt là meſme celuy de Socrates, ſon plus
diuin Precepteur) leur aſſignent meſmes droicts, facultez & functions, en leurs
Republiques & par tout ailleurs. Les maintiennent, en outre, auoir ſurpaſſé maintefois
tous les hommes de leur Patrie: comme en effect elles ont inuenté partie des plus
beaux arts, ont excellé, voire enſeigné cathedralement & ſouuerainement ſur tous les
hommes en toutes ſortes de perfections & vertus, dans les plus fameuſes villes
antiques entre autres Alexandrie, premiere de l’Empire apres Rome. Dont il Hypathia.
eſt arriué que ces deux Philoſophes, miracles de Nature, ont creu dõner plus
de luſtre à des diſcours de grand poix, s’ils les prononçoient en leurs liures par la
bouche de Diotime & d’Aſpaſie: Diotime que ce dernier ne craint point d’appeller ſa
maiſtreſſe & Preceptrice, en quelques vnes des plus hautes ſciences, luy Precepteur &
maiſtre du genre humain. Ce que Theodoret releue ſi volontiers en l’Oraiſon de la Foy,
ce me ſemble; qu’il paroiſt bien que l’opinion fauorable au ſexe luy eſtoit fort plauſible.
Apres tous ces teſmoignages de Socrates, ſur le faict des dames; on void aſſez que s’il
lache quelque mot au Sympoſe de Xenophon contre leur prudence, à comparaiſon de
celle des hommes, il les regarde ſelon l’ignorance & l’inexperience où elles ſont
nourries, ou bien au pis aller en general, laiſſant lieu frequent & ſpatieux aux
exceptions: à quoy les deuiſeurs dont eſt queſtion ne s’entendent point.
Que ſi les dames arriuẽt moins ſouuẽt que les hõmes, aux degrez d’excellence,
c’eſt merueille que le deffaut de bonne inſtructiõ, voire l’affluẽce de la mauuaiſe
expreſſe & profeſſoire ne face pis, les gardant d’y pouuoir arriuer du tout. Se trouue til
plus de difference des hommes à elles que d’elles à elles meſmes, ſelon l’inſtitution
qu’elles ont prinſe, ſelon qu’elles ſont eſleuées en ville ou village, ou ſelon les Nations?
Et pourquoy leur inſtitution ou nourriture aux affaires & Lettres à l’egal des hommes,
ne rempliroit elle ce vuide, qui paroiſt ordinairement entre les teſtes des meſmes
hommes & les leurs: puis que la nourriture eſt de telle importance qu’vn de ſes
membres ſeulement, c’eſt à dire le commerce du monde, abondant aux Françoiſes &
aux Angloiſes, & manquant aux Italiennes, celles cy ſont de gros en gros de ſi loing
ſurpaſſées par celles là? Ie dis de gros en gros, car en detail les dames d’Italie
triumphent par fois: & nous en auons tiré deux Reynes à la prudence deſquelles la
France a trop d’obligation. Pourquoy vrayment la nourriture ne frapperoit elle ce coup,
de remplir la diſtance qui ſe void entre les entendemens des hommes & des femmes;
veu qu’en cet exemple icy le moins ſurmonte le plus, par l’aſſiſtance d’vne ſeule de ſes
parcelles, ie dis ce cõmerce & conuerſatiõ: l’air des Italiẽnes eſtant plus ſubtil & propre
à ſubtilizer les eſprits, comme il paroiſt en ceux de leurs hommes, confrontez
communement contre ceux là des François & des Anglois? Plutarque au Traicté des
vertueux faicts des femmes maintient; que la vertu de l’homme & de la femme eſt
meſme choſe. Seneque d’autre part publie aux Conſolations; qu’il faut croire que la
Nature n’a point traicté les dames ingratement, ou reſtrainct & racourcy leurs vertus &
leurs eſprits, plus que les vertus & les eſprits des hõmes: mais qu’elle les a doüées de
pareille vigueur & de pareille faculté à toute choſe honeſte & loüable. Voyons ce qu’en
iuge apres ces deux, le tiers chef du Triũuirat de la ſageſſe humaine & morale en ſes
Eſſais. Il luy ſemble, dit il, & ſi ne ſçait pourquoy, qu’il ſe trouue rarement des femmes
dignes de commander aux hommes. N’eſt ce pas les mettre en particulier à l’egale
contrebalance des hommes, & confeſſer, que s’il ne les y met en general il craint
d’auoir tort: bien qu’il peuſt excuſer ſa reſtrinction, ſur la pauure & diſgraciée nourriture
de ce ſexe. N’oubliant pas au reſte d’alleguer & releuer en autre lieu de ſon meſme
liure, cette authorité que Platon leur depart en ſa Republique: & qu’Anthiſtenes nioit
toute difference au talent & en la vertu des deux ſexes. Quant au Philoſophe Ariſtote,
puiſque remuant Ciel & terre, il n’a point contredit en gros, que ie ſcache, l’opinion qui
fauoriſe les dames, il l’a confirmée: s’en rapportant, sans doubte, aux ſentences de
ſon pere & grand pere ſpirituels, Socrates & Platõ, comme à choſe conſtante & fixe
ſoubs le credit de tels perſonnages: par la bouche deſquels il faut aduoüer que le
genre humain tout entier, & la raiſon meſme, ont prononcé leur arreſt. Eſt il beſoing
Eraſme Epiſt: & Colloq. d’alleguer infinis autres anciens & modernes de nom illuſtre, ou
Politia: Epiſt. Agripa parmy ces derniers, Eraſme, Politien, Agripa, ny cet honneſte &
Precel: du ſexe pertinent Precepteur des courtizans: outre tant de fameux
feminin Courtizan. Poëtes ſi contrepoinctez tous enſemble aux meſpriſeurs du ſexe
feminin, & ſi partiſans de ſes aduantages aptitude & diſpoſition à
tout office & tout exercice louable & digne? Les dames en verité ſe conſolent, que ces
deſcrieurs de leur merite ne ſe peuuent prouuer habiles gens, ſi tous ces eſprits le ſont:
& qu’vn homme fin ne dira pas, encores qu’il le creuſt, que le merite & paſſedroit du
ſexe feminin tire court, pres celuy du maſculin; iuſques à ce que par arreſt il ait faict
declarer tous ceux là buffles, affin d’infirmer leur teſmoignage ſi contraire à tel decry.
Et buffles faudroit il encores declarer des Peuples entiers & des plus ſublins, entre
autres ceux de Smyrne en Tacitus: qui pour obtenir iadis à Rome preſſeãce de
nobleſſe ſur leurs voiſins, allegoient eſtre deſcendus, ou de Tantalus fils de Iupiter ou
de Theſeus petit fils de Neptune ou d’vne Amazone, laquelle par ce moyen ils
contrepeſoient à ces Dieux. Pour le regard de la loy Salique, qui priue les femmes de
la couronne, elle n’a lieu qu’en France. Et fut inuẽtée au temps de Pharamond, pour
la ſeulle conſideration des guerres contre l’Empire duquel nos Peres ſecoüoient le
ioug: le ſexe feminin eſtant vray ſemblablement d’vn corps moins propre aux armes,
Hotman pour par la neceſſité du port & nourriture des enfans. Il faut rémarquer
l’etymologie des Pairs: encores neantmoins, que les Pairs de France ayans eſté créez
du Tillet & Math. en premiere intention comme vne eſpece de perſonniers des
Hiſtoire du Roy pour Roys, ainſi que leur nom le declare: les dames Pairaiſſes de leur
les Dames Pairreſſes. chef ont ſeance, priuilege & voix deliberatiue par tout où les pairs
en ont & de meſme eſtendue. Comme auſſi les Lacedemoniens
ce braue & genereux Peuple, conſultoit de toutes affaires priuées & publiques auec
Plut. ſes femmes. Bien a ſeruy cependant aux François, de trouuer l’inuention des
Regentes, pour vn equiualent des Roys; car ſans cela combien y a il que leur
Eſtat fuſt par terre? Nous ſçaurions bien dire auiourd’huy par eſpreuue, quelle neceſſité
les minoritez des Roys ont de cette recepte. Les Germains ces belliqueux Peuples,
dit Tacitus, qui apres plus de deux cens ans de guerre, furent pluſtoſt triumphéz que
vaincus; portoient dot à leurs femmes, non au rebours. Ils auoient au ſurplus des
Nations, qui n’eſtoient iamais regies que par ce ſexe. Et quand Ænee preſente à Didon
le ſceptre d’Ilione, les ſcoliaſtes diſent, que cela prouient, de ce que les dames filles
aiſnées, telle qu’eſtoit cette Princeſſe, regnoient anciennement aux maiſons Royalles.
Veult on deux plus beaux enuers à la loy Salique, ſi deux enuers elle peut ſouffrir? Si
ne meſpriſoient pas les femmes nos anciens Gaulois, ny les Carthaginois auſſi; lors
qu’eſtans vnis en l’armée d’Hanibal pour paſſer les Alpes, ils eſtablirent les dames
Gauloiſes arbitres de leurs differends. Et quand les hommes deſroberoient à ce ſexe
en pluſieurs lieux, part aux meilleurs aduantages; l’inegalité des forces corporelles
plus que des ſpirituelles, ou du merite, peut facilement eſtre cauſe du larrecin & de ſa
ſouffrance: forces corporelles, qui ſont vertus ſi baſſes, que la beſte en tient plus par
deſſus l’homme, que l’homme par deſſus la femme. Et ſi ce meſme Hiſtoriographe Latin
nous apprend, qu’où la force regne, l’equité, la probité, la modeſtie meſme, ſont les
attributs du vainqueur; s’eſtonnera-on, que la ſuffiſance & les merites en general,
ſoient ceux de nos hommes, priuatiuement aux femmes.
Au ſurplus l’animal humain n’eſt homme ny femme, à le bien prendre, les ſexes
eſtants faicts non ſimplement, mais ſecundum quid, comme parle l’Eſchole: c’eſt à dire
pour la ſeule propagation. L’vnique forme & difference de cet animal, ne conſiſte qu’en
l’ame humaine. Et s’il eſt permis de rire en paſſãt, le quolibet ne ſera pas hors de ſaisõ,
nous apprenant; qu’il n’eſt rien plus ſemblable au chat ſur vne feneſtre, que la chatte.
L’homme & la femme ſont tellement vns, que ſi l’homme eſt plus que la femme, la
femme eſt plus que l’homme. L’homme fut creé maſle & femelle, dit l’Eſcriture, ne
comptant ces deux que pour vn. Dont Ieſus-Chriſt eſt appellé fils de l’homme, bien qu’il
ne le ſoit que de la femme. Ainſi parle apres le grãd Sainct Baſile: La vertu de Homil. I.
l’homme & de la femme eſt meſme choſe, puis que Dieu leur a decerné
meſme creation & meſme honneur: maſculum & fœminam fecit eos. Or en ceux de qui
la Nature eſt vne & meſme, il faut que les actions auſſi le ſoient, & que l’eſtime & loyer
en ſuitte ſoient pareils, où les œuures ſont pareilles. Voila donc la depoſition de ce
puiſſant pilier, & venerable teſmoing de l’Egliſe. Il n’eſt pas mauuais de ſe ſouuenir ſur
ce poinct, que certains ergotiſtes anciens, ont paſſé iuſques à cette niaiſe arrogance,
de debattre au ſexe feminin l’image de Dieu à difference de l’homme: laquelle image
ils deuoient, ſelon ce calcul attacher à la barbe. Il failloit de plus & par conſequent,
deſnier aux femmes l’image de l’homme, ne pouuant luy reſſembler, ſans qu’elles
reſſemblaſſent à celuy auquel il reſſemble. Dieu meſme leur a departy les Olda Debora.
dons de Prophetie indifferamment auec les hommes, les ayant eſtablies
auſſi pour Iuges, inſtructrices & conductrices de ſon Peuple fidelle en paix & en guerre:
& qui plus eſt, rendu triumphantes auec luy des hautes victoires, qu’elles ont auſſi
maintefois emportées & arborées en diuers lieux du Monde: mais ſur quelles gens, à
voſtre aduis? Cyrus & Theſeus: à ces deux on adiouſte Hercules, lequel elles ont ſinon
vaincu, du moins bien battu. Auſſi fut la cheute de Pentaſilée, couronnemẽt de la gloire
d’Achilles: oyez Seneque & Ronſard parlans de luy.
L’Amazone il vainquit dernier effroy des Grecs.

Pentaſilée il rua ſur la poudre.
Ont elles au ſurplus, (ce mot par occaſion) moins excellé de foy, qui comprend toutes
les vertus principales, que de ſuffiſance & de force magnanime & guerriere?
Paterculus nous apprend, qu’aux proſcriptions Romaines, la fidelité des enfãs fut
nulle, des affranchis legere, des femmes treſgrande. Que ſi Sainct Paul, ſuyuãt ma
route des teſmoignages ſaincts, leur deffend le miniſtere & leur commande le ſilence
en l’Egliſe: il eſt euident que ce n’eſt point par aucun meſpris: ouy bien ſeulement, de
crainte qu’elles n’eſmeuuent les tentations, par cette montre ſi claire & publique qu’il
faudroit faire en miniſtrant & preſchant, de ce qu’elles ont de grace & de beauté plus
que les hommes. Ie dis que l’exemption de meſpris eſt euidente, puiſque cet Apoſtre
parle de Theſbé comme de ſa coadiutrice en l’œuure de noſtre Seigneur, ſans toucher
le grand credit de Saincte Petronille vers ſainct Pierre: & puis auſſi que la Magdeleine
eſt nommée en l’Egliſe egale aux Apoſtres, par Apoſtolis. Voire Entre autres au
que l’Egliſe & eux-meſmes ont permis vne exception de ceſte Calendrier des Grecs,
reigle de ſilence pour elle, qui preſcha trente ans en la Baume de publié par Genebrard.
Marſeille au rapport de toute la Prouence. Et ſi quelqu’vn
impugne ce teſmoignage de predications, on luy demandera que faiſoient les Sibyles,
ſinon preſcher l’Vniuers par diuine inſpiration, ſur l’euenement futur de Ieſus-Chriſt?
Toutes les anciennes Nations cõcedoient la Preſtriſe aux fẽmes, indifferemment auec
les hommes. Et les Chreſtiens ſont au moins forcez de conſentir, qu’elles ſoyent
capables d’appliquer le Sacrement de Bapteſme: mais quelle faculté de diſtribuer les
autres, leur peut eſtre iuſtement deniée; ſi celle de diſtribuer ceſtuy-là, leur eſt iuſtement
accordé? De dire que la neceſſité des petits enfãs mourãs, ait forcé les Peres anciens
d’eſtablir cet vſage en deſpit d’eux: il eſt certain qu’ils n’auroient iamais creu que la
neceſſité les peuſt diſpenſer de mal faire, iuſques aux termes de permettre violer &
diffamer l’application d’vn Sacrement. Et partant concedans ceſte faculté de
diſtribution aux femmes, on void à clair qu’ils ne les ont interdites de diſtribuer les
autres Sacremẽs, que pour maintenir touſiours plus entiere l’auctorité des hommes;
ſoit pour eſtre de leur ſexe, ſoit afin qu’à droit ou à tort, la paix fuſt plus aſſeurée entre
Epiſt. les deux ſexes, par la foibleſſe & rauallement de l’vn. Certes ſainct Ieroſme eſcrit
ſagement à noſtre propos; qu’en matiere du ſeruice de Dieu, l’eſprit & la doctrine
doiuent eſtre conſiderez, non le ſexe. Sentence qu’on doit generaliſer, pour permettre
aux Dames à plus forte raiſon, toute action & ſciẽce honneſte: & cela ſuyuant auſſi les
intentions du meſme ſainct, qui de ſa part honnore & auctoriſe bien fort leur ſexe.
Dauantage ſainct Iean l’Aigle & le plus chery des Euangeliſtes, ne meſpriſoit pas les
fẽmes, non plus que ſainct Pierre, ſainct Paul & ces deux Peres, i’entends ſaint Baſile
& ſainct Ieroſme; puis qu’il leur addreſſe ſes Epiſtres particulieremẽt: ſans Electra.
parler d’infinis autres Ss: ou Peres, qui font pareille addreſſe de leurs Eſcrits.
Quand au faict de Iudith ie n’en daignerois faire mention s’il eſtoit particulier, cela
s’appelle dependant du mouuement & volonté de ſon auctrice: non plus que ie ne
parle des autres de ce qualibre; bien qu’ils ſoient immenſes en quantité, comme ils
ſont autant heroiques en qualité de toutes ſortes, que ceux qui couronnent les plus
illuſtres hommes. Ie n’enregiſtre point les faicts priuez, de crainte qu’ils ſemblent, non
aduantages & dons du ſexe, ains boüillons d’vne vigueur priuée & ſpecialle. Mais
celuy de Iudith merite place en ce lieu, parce qu’il eſt bien vray, que ſon deſſein
tombant au cœur d’vne ieune dame, entre tant d’hommes laſches & faillis de cœur, à
tel beſoing, en ſi haulte & ſi difficile entrepriſe, & pour tel fruict, que le ſalut d’vn Peuple
& d’vne Cité fidelle à Dieu: ſemble pluſtoſt eſtre vne inſpiration & prerogatiue diuine
vers les femmes, qu’vn traict purement voluntaire. Comme auſſi le ſemble eſtre celuy
de la Pucelle d’Orleans, accompagné de meſmes circonſtances enuiron, mais de plus
ample & large vtilité, s’eſtendant iuſques au ſalut d’vn grand Royaume & de ſon Prince.
Æneid. I.
alluſion. Cette illuſtre Amazone inſtruicte aux ſoins de Mars,
Fauche les eſcadrons & braue les hazars:
Veſtant le dur plaſtron ſur ſa ronde mammelle,
Dont le bouton pourpré de graces eſtincelle:
Pour couronner ſon chef de gloire & de lauriers,
Vierge elle oſe affronter les plus fameux guerriers.
Adjouſtons que la Magdelene eſt la ſeule ame, à qui le Redempteur ait iamais
prononcé ce mot, & promis cette auguſte grace: En tous lieux où ſe preſchera
l’Euangile il ſera parlé de toy. Ieſus-Chriſt d’autrepart, declara ſa tres heureuſe & tres
glorieuſe reſurrection aux dames les premieres, affin de les rẽdre, dit vn venerable
Pere ancien, Apoſtreſſes aux propres Apoſtres: cela, cõme lon ſçait, auec miſſion
expreſſe: Va, dit il, à cette cy meſme, & recite aux Apoſtres & à Pierre ce que tu as
veu. Surquoy il faut notter, qu’il manifeſta ſa nouuelle naiſſance eſgalement aux
femmes qu’aux hommes, en la perſonne d’Anne fille de Phannel, qui le recongneut en
meſme inſtant, que le bon vieillard Sainct Simeon. Laquelle naiſſance, d’abondant, les
Sybilles nommées, ont predite ſeules entre les Gentils, excellent priuilege du ſexe
feminin. Quel honneur faict aux femmes auſſi, ce ſonge ſuruenu chez Pilate;
s’addreſſant à l’vne d’elles priuatiuement à tous les hommes, & en telle & ſi haulte
occaſion. Et ſi les hommes ſe vantent, que Ieſus-Chriſt ſoit nay de leur ſexe, on reſpond,
qu’il le failloit par neceſſaire bien ſceance, ne ſe pouuant pas ſans ſcandale, meſler
ieune & à toutes les heures du iour & de la nuict parmy les preſſes, aux fins de
conuertir, ſecourir & ſauuer le genre humain, s’il euſt eſté du ſexe des femmes:
notamment en face de la malignité des Iuifs. Que ſi quelqu’vn au reſte eſt ſi fade;
d’imaginer maſculin ou feminin en Dieu, bien que ſon nom ſemble ſonner le maſculin,
ny conſequemment beſoin d’acception d’vn ſexe pluſtoſt que de l’autre, pour honnorer
l’incarnation de ſon fils; cettuy cy monſtre à plein iour, qu’il eſt auſſi mauuais Philoſophe
que Theologien. D’ailleurs, l’aduantage qu’ont les hommes par ſon incarnation en leur
ſexe; (s’ils en peuuent tirer vn aduantage, veu cette neceſſité remarquée) eſt cõpenſé
par ſa conception tres precieuſe au corps d’vne femme, par l’entiere perfection de
cette femme, vnique à porter nom de parfaicte entre toutes les creatures purement
humaines, depuis la cheute de nos premiers parens, & par ſon aſſumption vnique en
ſuiect humain auſſi.
Finalement ſi l’Eſcripture a declaré le mary, chef de la femme, la plus grande ſottiſe
que l’homme peuſt faire, c’eſt de prendre cela pour paſſedroict de dignité. Car veu les
exemples, aucthoritez & raiſons nottées en ce diſcours, par où l’egalité des graces &
faueurs de Dieu vers les deux eſpeces ou ſexes eſt prouuée, voire leur vnité meſme, &
veu que Dieu prononce: Les deux ne ſeront qu’vn: & prononce encores: L’hõme
quittera pere & mere pour ſuiure ſa femme; il paroiſt que cette declaration n’eſt faicte
que par le beſoin expres de nourrir paix en mariage. Lequel beſoin requeroit, ſans
doubte, qu’vne des parties cédaſt à l’autre, & la preſtance des forces du maſle ne
pouuoit pas ſouffrir que la ſoubmiſſiõ vĩt de ſa part. Et quand bien il ſeroit veritable,
ſelon que quelques vns maintiennent, que cette ſoubmiſſion fut imposée à la femme
pour chaſtiement du peché de la pomme: cela encores eſt bien eſloigné de conclure à
la pretendue preferance de dignité en l’homme. Si lon croioit que l’Eſcripture luy
commendaſt de ceder à l’homme, comme indigne de le contrecarrer, voyez l’abſurdité
qui ſuiuroit: la femme ſe treuueroit digne d’eſtre faicte à l’image du Createur, de iouyr
de la treſſaincte Eucariſtie, des myſteres de la Redemptiõ, du Paradis & de la viſion
voire poſſeſſion de Dieu, non pas des aduantages et priuileges de l’homme: ſeroit ce
pas declarer l’homme plus precieux & releué que telles choſes, & partant commettre
le plus grief des blaſphemes?
FIN.
L’ I M P R I M E V R A R A N G É
ces vers icy pour emplir le reſte
de la feuille.
AVTHEVR INCERTAIN.
Lvmine Acron dextro captus, Leonilla ſiniſtro,

Et potis eſt forma vincere vterque Deos.
Blande puer, lumen quod habes concede ſorori:
Sic tu cæcus Amor, ſic erit illa Venus.
VERSION.
Lys & ſa ieune mere außy beaux que les Dieux:

De deux coſtez diuers ont perdu l’vn des yeux.
Lys, donne ton bon œil à ta mere Argentine;
Tu ſeras Cupidon, elle ſera Cyprine.
AVTREMENT
Lyſe & ſon petit Lys außy beaux que les Dieux,
De deux coſtez diuers ont perdu l’vn des yeux.
Si Lys donne l’autre œil à ſa mere admirée;
Il eſt l’aueugle Amour, & Lyſe Cytherée.
EX HORATIO.
Dial.
Donec gratus eram tibi,

Nec quiſquam potior brachia candidæ
Ceruici iuuenis dabat,
Perſarum vigüi Rege beatior.
Donec non alia magis
Arſiſti, neque erat Lydia poſt Chloen,
Lydia multi nominis,
Romana vigui clarior Ilia.
Me nunc Thraſſa Chloe regit,
Dulces docta modos & Cytharæ ſciens:
Pro qua non metuam mori,
Si parcent animæ fata ſuperſtiti.
Me torret face mutua
Thurini Calais filius Orinthi:
Pro quo bis patiar mori,
Si parcent puero fata ſuperſtiti.
Quid ſi priſca redit Venus,
Diductosque iugo cogit aheneo?
Si flaua excutitur Chloe
Reiectæque patet ianua Lydiæ?
Quanquam ſidere pulchrior
Ille eſt, tu leuior cortice & improbo
Iracundior Adria;
Tecum viuere amem, tecum obeam libens.
DIALOGVE D’HORACE
ET DE LYDIE.
Tandis que mon Amour t’enflãmoit conſtãmẽt,

Tandis qu’vn ieune amy, brauãt ma ialouſie,
Ne preſſoit ton beau col d’vn mol embraſſement,
I’ay flory plus heureux qu’vn Monarque d’Aſie.
Deuant que ton eſprit briſaſt ſa loyauté,
Deuant qu’il euſt chery d’vne aueugle folie
Cloé plus que Lydie, illuſtre de beauté,
I’ay ſurmonté l’eſclat de la Romaine Ilie.
Cloé Greque ſans pair me poſſede à ſon tour
Par sõ luth & ſa voix qui ſcait charmer l’oreille:
Et mourrois volontiers, victime de l’Amour,
Pour conſeruer mourant cette ieune merueille.
Calaïs Thurien épris de mes appas,
Par vn reuers gentil de ſes attraits me bleſſe:
Et ſouffrirois deux fois la rigueur du trespas,
Pour ſauuer du tombeau cette belle ieuneße.
Quoy ſi l’amour premier reſſuſcitant ſon feu
Ramenoit ſoubs ton ioug mon ame reuoltée?
Quoy ſi mon cœur ſolide éterniſant ſon vœu,
Ma Lydie eſt reçeue & Cloé rejettée?
Encor qu’il ſoit pl9 beau qu’vn aſtre au frõt des cieux,
Toy plus leger qu’vn liege & plus mutin que l’õde;
Ie veux rouler mes iours aux priſons de tes yeux,
Ie veux que mon cercueuil tes obſeques ſeconde.
I N C E R TA I N S V R L’ H O R L O G E
DE SABLE.
Exiguus vitro puluis qui diuidit horas,

Et leuis anguſtum ſæpe recurrit iter,
Olim Alcipus erat: qui Marthæ vt vidit ocellos
Arſit, & eſt ſubito factus ab igne cinis.
Irrequiete cinis, miſeros teſtabere amantes,
More tuo, nulla poſſe quiete frui.
VERSION
Ce peu de poudre, helas qui fîle en ces deux verres,

Courant & recourant ſur ſes eſtroictes erres,
Affin de marquer l’heure & meſurer le iour,
Eſtoit iadis Alcipe eſclaue de l’Amour.
Bruſlé des yeux de Marthe il coula tout en cẽdre:
Et faut, cendre inquiete, en ton aſpect cõprendre:
Qu’vn miſerable eſprit bleſſé par vn bel œil
N’a iamais de repos s’il te manque au cercueil.
VERSION MODERNISÉE

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Towards the Integration of IoT, Cloud

and Big Data: Services, Applications

Blockchain for Big Data: AI, IoT and Cloud Perspectives

Blockchain and IoT Integration Approaches and

Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth

Big Data Analytics in Fog-Enabled IoT Networks: Towards

IoT enabled Smart Healthcare Systems Services and

Contemporary Issues in Communication, Cloud and Big

Information Fusion and Analytics for Big Data and IoT

Machine Learning, Big Data, and IoT for Medical

Towards the Integration

ISSN 2197-6503 ISSN 2197-6511 (electronic)

Paper in this product is recyclable.

Bareilly, India Vinay Rishiwal

Introduction to Big Data Analytics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

About the Editors

Dr. Vinay Rishiwal Ph.D. is working as a Professor in the Department of Computer

Dr. Anuradha Tomar is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Instru-

Dr. Priyan Malarvizhi Kumar is presently employed as an Assistant Professor at

Vikrant Agaskar Vidyavardhani College of Engineering and Technology, Vasai-

Nitin Arora Electronics and Computer Discipline, Indian Institute of Technology,

Vijay Kumar Sharma CSED, Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Nitin Arora , Anupam Singh , Vivek Shahare , and Goutam Datta

Abstract Nowadays, social media and networks, scientific instruments, mobile

Keywords Big data · Hadoop ecosystem · Big data analysis · Business

Table 1 Characteristics of data

1 Introduction to Big Data

2 The Distinction Between Small and Big Data

3 Classification of Big Data

Big data is classified as [3]

– Unstructured Data: Unstructured data has no structure and cannot be saved in

4 Characteristics of Big Data

Big data has many characteristics. Some of them are: [4]

5 Who’s Generating Big Data?

6 Why Is Big Data Important?

Companies obtain a complete knowledge of their company, consumers, products,

8 Big Data Applications

9 How Big Data Analysis Differs from Business Intelligence

9.1 Business Intelligence

9.2 Big Data

9.3 Differences Between Business Intelligence (BI) and Big

10 The Analytical Lifestyle of Big Data

10.1 Phase 1: Discovery

10.2 Phase 2: Data Preparation

– Data must be examined, pre-processed, and conditioned before modeling and

Fig. 1 Analytical lifestyle of big data

10.3 Phase 3: Model Planning

10.4 Phase 4: Model Building

10.5 Phase 5: Communicate Results

10.6 Phase 6: Operationalize

– The team conveys the benefits of the projects to a broader audience.

11 Big Data Analysis Necessitates a Set of Skills

12 Big Data Domain

13 Introduction to Big Data Analytics

14 Overview of the Hadoop Ecosystem

The Hadoop Ecosystem is a platform or framework for addressing significant data

Fig. 2 Hadoop ecosystem [18]

Spark Programming is a cluster computing platform that is both for general-purpose