Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Full Calculus For Scientists and Engineers 1St Edition Briggs Test Bank Online PDF All Chapter
Full Calculus For Scientists and Engineers 1St Edition Briggs Test Bank Online PDF All Chapter
Full Calculus For Scientists and Engineers 1St Edition Briggs Test Bank Online PDF All Chapter
https://testbankdeal.com/product/calculus-for-scientists-and-
engineers-1st-edition-briggs-solutions-manual/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/calculus-for-scientists-and-
engineers-early-transcendentals-1st-edition-briggs-test-bank/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/calculus-for-scientists-and-
engineers-early-transcendentals-1st-edition-briggs-solutions-
manual/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-foundations-and-connections-1st-edition-katz-test-bank/
Calculus 1st Edition Briggs Solutions Manual
https://testbankdeal.com/product/calculus-1st-edition-briggs-
solutions-manual/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/probability-and-statistics-for-
engineers-and-scientists-for-engineers-9th-edition-johnson-
solutions-manual/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-6th-edition-tipler-test-bank/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/c-for-engineers-and-
scientists-4th-edition-bronson-test-bank/
https://testbankdeal.com/product/physics-for-scientists-and-
engineers-9th-edition-serway-test-bank/
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
A) Yes B) No
2) 2)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
A) Yes B) No
3) 3)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
A) Yes B) No
1
4) 4)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
A) Yes B) No
5) 5)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
A) Yes B) No
6) 6)
10 y
-10 -5 5 x
-5
-10
A) No B) Yes
2
7) 7)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) No B) Yes
Find the domain and range of the inverse of the given function.
8) f(x) = 3.1 + 0.87x 8)
A) Domain: all real numbers; range: [3.1, ∞)
B) Domain: all real numbers; range: (-∞, 3.1]
C) Domain and range: all real numbers
D) Domain: [3.1, ∞); range: all real numbers
1
9) f(x) = x-2 9)
6
A) Domain and range: (-∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞)
B) Domain: (-∞, 2) ∪ (2, ∞); range: (-∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞)
C) Domain and range: all real numbers
D) Domain: (-∞, 6) ∪ (6, ∞); range: all real numbers
4
12) f(x) = - 12)
x
A) Domain: (0, ∞); range: (-∞, 0) B) Domain: (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞); range: (-∞, 0)
C) Domain and range: all real numbers D) Domain and range: (-∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞)
3
14) f(x) = x4 + 9, x ≥ 0 14)
A) Domain: [9, ∞); range: [0, ∞) B) Domain: (-∞, 0]; range: (-∞, 9]
C) Domain: [0, ∞); range: [9, ∞) D) Domain and range: all real numbers
9
15) f(x) = ,x≥0 15)
2
x +1
A) Domain and range: [0, ∞) B) Domain: (0, 9]; range: [0, ∞)
C) Domain: [0, ∞); range: (0, 9] D) Domain: (-∞, 0}; range: [-9, 0)
3 x 3 x-6
A) f-1 (x) = -6 B) f-1 (x) =
7 7
3 x+6
C) Not a one-to-one function D) f-1 (x) =
7
4
3
22) f(x) = 22)
x+5
-5x + 3 x
A) f-1 (x) = B) f-1 (x) =
x 5 + 3x
5 + 3x
C) f-1 (x) = D) Not a one-to-one function
x
5
Graph the inverse of the function plotted, on the same set of axes. Use a dashed curve for the inverse.
25) 25)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
6
26) 26)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
7
27) 27)
y
10
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
8
28) 28)
y
10
-10 10 x
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
-10 10 x -10 10 x
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
-10 10 x -10 10 x
-10 -10
9
29) 29)
y
10
-10 10 x
-10
-10 10 x -10 10 x
-10 -10
C) D)
y y
10 10
-10 10 x -10 10 x
-10 -10
10
30) 30)
y
3
1 2 3 x
A) B)
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 x 1 2 3 x
C) D)
y y
3 3
2 2
1 1
1 2 3 x 1 2 3 x
11
31) 31)
y
- - x
2 4 -1 4 2
-2
-3
-4
A) B)
y y
2 2
1 1
- - x - - x
2 4 -1 4 2 2 4 -1 4 2
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
C) D)
y y
2 2
1 1
- - x - - x
2 4 -1 4 2 2 4 -1 4 2
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
1
33) f(x) = x + 9, a = 3 33)
4
1 1
A) B) 9 C) 4 D)
4 9
12
34) f(x) = 5x2, x ≥ 0, a = 2 34)
3 1 1
A) B) C) 20 D)
40 10 20
1 3
38) f(x) = x+ 38)
6 4
1 9 9
A) B) x - C) 6x - D) 6
6 2 2
13
ln x
44) y = 44)
x7
1 + 7ln x 1 - 7ln x 7ln x - 1 1 - 7ln x
A) B) C) D)
x14 x8 x8 x14
1 3
45) y = x6 ln x - x 45)
3
A) x5 - x2 + 6x5 ln x B) 7x5 - x2
C) 6x5 - x2 D) x6 ln x - x2 + 6x5
1-x
47) y = ln 47)
(x + 3)4
3x - 7 3x - 7 (x + 3)4 5x - 7
A) B) C) D) ln
(x + 3)(1 - x) (x + 3)5 1-x (x + 3)5
1+ x
48) y = ln 48)
x2
-4 - 3 x -4 - 3 x -4 - 3 x 4-3 x
A) B) C) D)
2(1 + x ) 2x 2x(1 + x ) 2x(1 + x )
A) ln -1 + 6x + C B) -4 ln -1 + 6x + C
2 2
C) - ln 1 - 6x + C D) - ln -1 + 6x + C
3 3
2
51) ∫ x5 + 1
x6 + 6x
dx 51)
1
1 1 1 1 76 1 1
A) ln B) ln 2 C) ln D) ln
6 2 2 6 7 6 22
14
52) ∫ cos x dx
1 + 9 sin x
52)
1
A) ln 1 + 9 sin x + C B) ln 1 + 9 sin x + C
9
C) 9 sin x + C D) 9 ln 1 + 9 sin x + C
π/8
53) ∫ sec2 2x
6 + tan 2x
dx 53)
0
1 1 7 1 7
A) e7/6 B) ln C) ln D) ln
2 6 6 2 6
54) ∫ dx
x 4 + 7 ln x
54)
1 1
A) ln 4 + 7 ln x + C B) ln 4 + 7 ln x + C
4 7
4 1
C) ln 4 + 7 ln x + C D) ln 7 + 4 ln x + C
7 7
7π/4
55) ∫ tan
x
7
dx 55)
0
-7 2 7 ln 2 7 2 -7 ln 2
A) B) C) D)
2 2 2 2
π/6
56) ∫ 3 cot (3θ) dθ 56)
π/12
ln 2 ln 6 ln 2
A) B) C) ln 2 D) -
2 2 2
7π/3
57) ∫ 4 cot
t
7
dt 57)
7π/6
A) 28 ln 3 B) -28 ln 3 C) -14 ln 3 D) 14 ln 3
π/8
58) ∫ 12 tan 2x dx 58)
0
A) 6 ln 2 B) 3 ln 3 C) 3 ln 2 D) -3 ln 2
15
Find the derivative.
60) f(x) = 8e6x 60)
A) 8xe48x B) 48xe6x C) 8e48x D) 48e6x
8ex
62) f(x) = 62)
2ex + 1
8ex ex 8ex 8ex
A) B) C) D)
(2ex + 1)3 (2ex + 1)2 (2ex + 1) (2ex + 1)2
ex
63) h(x) = 63)
5x2 + 1
ex-1 (5x2 - 10x + 1) ex-1(5x2 + 1) - 10x ex
A) B)
(5x2 + 1)2 (5x2 +1)2
ex(5x2 - 10x + 1) 5x2 - 10x + 1
C) D) ex +
(5x2 + 1)2 (5x2 + 1)2
Find an equation of the line tangent to the given curve at the point (a, f(a)).
66) f(x) = e2x, a = 0 66)
A) y = 2x + 2 B) y = 2x + 1 C) y = 2e + 1 D) y = x + 1
16
71) ∫ 2e(2 sin 3x)
sec 3x
dx 71)
1 (2 sin 3x) 1
A) e +C B) ln sec 3x + C
3 3
72) ∫ 30e 5x
2 x
dx 72)
A) 30 e 5x + C B) 5 e 5x + C C) 6 5 e 5x + C D) 15 e 5x + C
1 1
A) x -x + C B) 2x -2x + C
2 e -e 2 e -e
e 1
C) 2x -2x + C D) 2x -2x + C
2 e +e 2 e +e
ln 5
75) ∫ ex dx 75)
ln 4
A) 1 B) 9 C) 10 D) -1
76) ∫ e1/x
2x2
dx 76)
π/12
77) ∫ (1 + etan 3x) sec 2 3x dx 77)
0
e e
A) B) - C) e D) 3e
3 3
ln π
78) ∫ 2x ex2 sin ex2 dx 78)
0
A) -1 B) 1 C) 1 + cos 1 D) 1 - cos 1
17
79) ∫ e5θ
1 + e5θ
dθ 79)
A) 5 ln (1 + e5θ) + C B) ln (1 + e5θ) + C
ln (1 + 5eθ) ln (1 + e5θ)
C) +C D) +C
5 5
x
81) y = 81)
x+3
3 x 1
A) B) (lnx - ln(x + 3))
2 x+3 2
1 x 1 1 1 1 1
C) - D) -
2 x+3 x x+3 2 x x+3
20x3 3 4
B) (x4 + 1)5 (x - 1)3 x4 + +
4
x +1 x - 1 x
24 3
C) (x4 + 1)5 (x - 1)3 x4 +
x x-1
D) (x4 + 1)5 (x - 1)3 x4 (5ln(x4 + 1) + 3ln(x - 1) + 4ln x)
18
x cos x
85) y = 85)
x+5
1 1 1 1 x cos x 1 1
A) + + B) - tan x -
2 x cos x x + 5 x+5 x 2x + 10
1 1 x cos x 1
C) - tan x - D) lnx + lncos x - ln(x + 5)
x 2x + 10 x+5 2
x x3 + 3
86) y = 86)
(x + 4)1/3
x x3 + 3 1 1 1 3x2 1
A) ln x + ln(x3 + 3) - ln(x + 4) B) + -
(x + 4)1/3 2 3 x 2x3 + 6 3x + 12
x x3 + 3 1 3x2 1 1 1
C) + - D) ln x + ln(x3 + 3) - ln(x + 4)
(x + 4)1/3 x 2x3 + 6 3x + 12 2 3
x(x - 6)
87) y = 3 87)
x3 + 9
x(x - 6) 1 1 3x2 1 1 3x2
A) 3 3 + - B) + -
x3 + 9 x x - 6 x3 + 9 x x - 6 x3 + 9
1 1 3 x(x - 6) 1 1 3x2
C) (ln x + ln(x - 6) - ln(x3 + 9)) D) + -
3 3 x3 + 9 x x - 6 x 3 + 9
90) Suppose the consumption of electricity grows at 3.6% per year, compounded continuously. Find 90)
the number of years before the use of electricity has tripled. Round the answer to the nearest
hundredth.
A) 0.31 yr B) 3.05 yr C) 83.33 yr D) 30.52 yr
19
91) In the formula N = Iekt, N is the number of items in terms of an initial population I at a given time t 91)
and k is a growth constant equal to the percent of growth per unit time. How long will it take for
the population of a certain country to double if its annual growth rate is 7.8%? Round to the nearest
year.
A) 26 yr B) 1 yr C) 4 yr D) 9 yr
92) In the formula N = Iekt, N is the number of items in terms of an initial population I at a given time t 92)
and k is a growth constant equal to the percent of growth per unit time. There are currently 75
million cars in a certain country, increasing by 1.1% annually. How many years will it take for this
country to have 95 million cars? Round to the nearest year.
A) 21 yr B) 5 yr C) 18 yr D) 272 yr
93) The population of a small country increases according to the function B = 2,300,000e0.02t, where t 93)
is measured in years. How many people will the country have after 3 years?
A) 6,470,845 people B) 2,442,224 people
C) 2,640,753 people D) 2,810,252 people
94) A certain radioactive isotope decays at a rate of 2% per 100 years. If t represents time in years and 94)
y represents the amount of the isotope left then the equation for the situation is y = y0 e-0.0002t. In
how many years will there be 93% of the isotope left?
A) 253 yr B) 700 yr C) 363 yr D) 350 yr
95) In the formula A = Iekt, A is the amount of radioactive material remaining from an initial amount I 95)
at a given time t and k is a negative constant determined by the nature of the material. A certain
radioactive isotope has a half-life of approximately 1200 years. How many years would be
required for a given amount of this isotope to decay to 70% of that amount?
A) 547 yr B) 2084 yr C) 360 yr D) 617 yr
99) 4x = 64 99)
A) x = 2 B) x = 3 C) x = 4 D) x = 16
20
101) 3(10 - 2x) = 81 101)
A) x = 3 B) x = -3 C) x = 5 D) x = 27
1
102) 4(5 - 3x) = 102)
256
1
A) x = B) x = 128 C) x = 3 D) x = -3
64
106) y = t2 - e 106)
t3 - e
A) (1 - e)t2 - e B) t2 - e C) (2 - e)t1 - e D)
3-e
108) y = 3 t 108)
ln 3 1 ln 3 t
A) 3 t ln 3 B) 3 t C) 3 t D)
2 t 2 t 2 t
2
109) ∫ x6 x2 dx 109)
1
6 6 2-6 15
A) B) 15 C) D)
ln 6 2 ln 6 ln 6
21
2
110) ∫ 6x22 x3 dx 110)
1
508 12 2
A) 508 B) C) D) +C
ln 2 ln 2 ln x
π/2
111) ∫ 9 cos t sin t dt 111)
0
8 -8 9 π/2 -1
A) B) 8 C) D)
ln 9 ln 9 ln 9
3
112) ∫ 5 ln x
x
dx 112)
1
5 ln 3 - 1 5 ln 3 120 14
A) B) C) D)
ln 5 ln 5 ln 5 ln 5
t 5 t 5-1 t 5-2
A) 1 B) +C C) +C D) +C
5 ln t 5-2
3
115) ∫ ( 7 + 1)x 7 dx 115)
0
3 7
A) x 7 + 1 + C B) 3 7 + 1 - 1 C) D) 3 7 + 1
ln 3
e8 7
116) ∫ t
dt 116)
1
2 1
A) 7 ln 8 B) 8 C) 56 D) -
2e16 2
e
117) ∫ 10xln 5 - 1 dx 117)
1
4-e 4 40
A) 40 B) C) +C D)
ln 10 10 ln x ln 5
22
Provide an appropriate response.
118) Find an equation of the line tangent to y = xcot x at the point x = 1. 118)
A) y = x cot 1 - 1 - cot 1 B) y = x cot 1 + 1 - cot 1
C) y = x cot 1 - 1 + cot 1 D) y = x cot 1 + 1 + cot 1
119) The graph of y = (x4 )x has two horizontal tangent lines. Find equations for both of them. 119)
A) y = e2/e and y = e-2/e B) y = e4/e and y = e-4/e
C) y = e4e and y = e-4e D) y = e1/e and y = e-1/e
23
128) f(x) = x4 log5 x 128)
x3
A) (ln 5) x3 + 4x3 log 5x B) + 4x3 log5 x
ln 5
4 x2
C) D) x3 + 4x3 log5 x
ln 5
24
Graph the function.
130) f(x) = 4 x 130)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
25
1 x
131) f(x) = 131)
3
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
26
132) f(x) = 4 -x 132)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
27
133) f(x) = 2 (2x - 3) 133)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
28
134) f(x) = 4 (x - 3) 134)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
29
1 x
135) f(x) = +2 135)
4
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
30
136) f(x) = 1.5 x - 2 136)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
31
137) f(x) = -3 -x + 1 137)
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
y
6
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2
-4
-6
32
A) B)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
C) D)
y y
6 6
4 4
2 2
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 x
-2 -2
-4 -4
-6 -6
-10 -5 5 10 x
-5
-10
A) B)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
33
C) D)
y y
10 10
5 5
-10 -5 5 10 x -10 -5 5 10 x
-5 -5
-10 -10
Use logarithmic differentiation to find the derivative of y with respect to the independent variable.
140) y = (x + 2)x 140)
x
A) (x + 2)x ln(x + 2) + B) x ln(x + 2)
x+2
x
C) x + (2)x-1 D) ln(x + 2) +
x+2
141) y = 4t t 141)
1 4t t + 1(ln 4t)
A) 4t ln 4t + 1 B)
2 t+ 1
4t t 1 1 1
C) ln 4t + 1 D) ln 4t + 1
t 2 t 2
34
146) y = (ln x)ln x 146)
(ln x)ln x ln (ln x) + 1
A) B)
x x
ln (ln x) + 1 ln x
C) (ln x) D) ln x ln (ln x)
x
151) A certain radioactive isotope decays at a rate of 2% per 100 years. If t represents time in years and 151)
y represents the amount of the isotope left then the equation for the situation is y = y0 e-0.0002t. In
how many years will there be 88% of the isotope left?
A) 600 years B) 639 years C) 1200 years D) 241 years
152) A loaf of bread is removed from an oven at 350° F and cooled in a room whose temperature is 152)
70° F. If the bread cools to 210° F in 20 minutes, how much longer will it take the bread to cool to
155° F.
A) 24 min B) 15 min C) 34 min D) 14 min
153) In a chemical reaction, the rate at which the amount of a reactant changes with time is proportional 153)
dy
to the amount present, such that = -0.7y, when t is measured in hours. If there are 74 g of
dt
reactant present when t = 0, how many grams will be left after 4 hours? Give your answer to the
nearest tenth of a gram.
A) 0.1 g B) 4.5 g C) 2.2 g D) 6.7 g
154) Find the half-life of the radioactive element radium, assuming that its decay constant is 154)
k = 4.332 x 10-4 , with time measured in years.
A) 800 years B) 1600 years C) 1400 years D) 2308 years
35
155) The charcoal from a tree killed in a volcanic eruption contained 66.1% of the carbon-14 found in 155)
living matter. How old is the tree, to the nearest year? Use 5700 years for the half-life of
carbon-14.
A) 1636 years B) 2360 years C) 5700 years D) 3404 years
156) The intensity L(x) of light x ft beneath the surface of a lake satisfies the differential equation 156)
dL
= - 0.09L. At what depth, to the nearest foot, is the intensity one tenth the intensity at the
dx
surface?
A) 13 ft B) 26 ft C) 17 ft D) 38 ft
157) The barometric pressure p at an altitude of h miles above sea level satisfies the differential 157)
dp
equation = -0.2 p. If the pressure at sea level is 29.92 inches of mercury, find the barometric
dh
pressure at 16,000 ft.
A) 1.22 in. B) 16.32 in. C) 8.16 in. D) 54.85 in.
158) Suppose that the amount of oil pumped from a well decreases at the continuous rate of 16% per 158)
year. When, to the nearest year, will the well's output fall to one-eighth of its present value?
A) 9 years B) 2 years C) 19 years D) 13 years
159) The amount of alcohol in the bloodstream, A, declines at a rate proportional to the amount, that is, 159)
dA
= - kA. If k = 0.6 for a particular person, how long will it take for his alcohol concentration to
dt
decrease from 0.10% to 0.05%? Give your answer to the nearest tenth of an hour.
A) 1.7 hr B) 2.3 hr C) 0.4 hr D) 1.2 hr
1
161) sin -1 - 161)
2
4 π π 3π
A) - B) - C) D)
π 4 2 4
3
162) sin -1 162)
2
π 3π π 2π
A) B) C) D)
4 4 3 3
2
163) sin -1 - 163)
2
π π π π
A) - B) C) - D) -
2 3 4 3
36
2
164) cos-1 164)
2
π 7π 11π π
A) B) C) D)
4 4 6 6
37
175) sin(2 tan -1 3x) 175)
3x 6x 3x 6x
A) B) C) D)
9x2 + 1 9x2 + 1 9x2 + 1 9x2 + 1
π
177) cos-1 cos - 177)
6
π 5π 7π π
A) B) C) D) -
6 6 6 6
Use the inverse trig functions to express the angle in terms of the indicated unknown side.
180) 180)
Given that y = 8, express angle A in terms of x. Use one of the inverse trig functions tan -1, sin -1 ,
or cos-1.
x x 8 8
A) A = sin -1 B) A = tan -1 C) A = sin -1 D) A = tan -1
8 8 x x
181) 181)
15 c
Express angle A in terms of c. Use one of the inverse trig functions tan -1 , sin -1 , or cos-1 .
15 c 15 c
A) A = cos-1 B) A = cos-1 C) A = sin -1 D) A = sin -1
c 15 c 15
38
182) 182)
25
b A
Express angle A in terms of b. Use one of the inverse trig functions tan -1 , sin -1 , or cos-1 .
25 b 25 b
A) A = sin -1 B) A = cos-1 C) A = tan -1 D) A = sin -1
b 25 b 25
183) 183)
30
b A
Use one of the inverse trig functions csc-1 or sec-1 to express angle A in terms of b.
b b 30 30
A) A = csc-1 B) A = sec-1 C) A = sec-1 D) A = csc-1
30 30 b b
184) 184)
3 c
Use one of the inverse trig functions csc-1 or sec-1 to express angle A in terms of c.
c c 3 3
A) A = sec-1 B) A = csc-1 C) A = csc-1 D) A = sec-1
3 3 c c
39
4x + 5
187) y = sin -1 187)
9
4 4
A) - B)
81 - (4x + 5)2 1 + (4x + 5)2
4 36
C) D)
81 - (4x + 5)2 1 + (4x + 5)2
8x + 3
188) y = sec -1 188)
3
24 -24
A) B)
(8x + 3)2 - 3 1 + (8x + 3)2
-24 24
C) D)
(8x + 3) (8x + 3)2 - 1 (8x + 3) (8x + 3)2 - 9
1
189) y = sin -1 189)
x3
-3 -3x3 -3 -3
A) B) C) D)
1 + x6 1 - x6 x 1 - x6 x x6 - 1
40
Evaluate the integral.
195) ∫ 5 dx
4 - 25x2
195)
1 -1 5 5
A) sin x + C B) tan -1 x + C
2 2 2
1 5 5
C) tan -1 x + C D) sin -1 x + C
2 2 2
196) ∫ x
dx
4x2 - 3
196)
1 3 2
A) sec -1 2x - 3 + C B) sec-1 3x +C
2 3 3
3 2 1
C) sin -1 3x +C D) sec-1 2 x + C
3 3 2
197) ∫ dx
9 + x2
197)
1 1
A) tan -1 (x + 3) + C B) tan -1 3x + C
3 3
x 1 x
C) 3 tan -1 +C D) tan -1 +C
3 3 3
1
198) ∫ dx
81 - x2
198)
0
1 1 1 1 1
A) cos-1 B) 9 cos-1 C) sin -1 D) sin -1
9 9 9 9 9
4
199) ∫ dx
16 - x2
199)
0
π π π
A) B) C) 0 D)
6 3 2
200) ∫ ex dx
1 - e2x
200)
201) ∫ dx
x(1 + 16 ln2 x)
201)
1 1
A) tan -1 (4 ln x) + C B) tan -1 (16 ln2 x) + C
4 4
1 1
C) ln ( 1 + 16 ln2 x) + C D) tan -1 (4 ln x) + C
32 4x
41
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
204) Derive the identity sec-1 (-x) = π - sec-1 x by combining the following two equations: 204)
cos-1 (-x) = π - cos-1 x
sec-1 x = cos-1 (1/x)
205) Consider the graphs of y = cos-1 x and y = sin -1 x. Does it make sense that the 205)
derivatives of these functions are opposites? Explain.
206) Graph y = sin -1 (sin x). Explain why the graph looks like it does. 206)
x 1
207) Graph f(x) = cos-1 and g(x) = tan -1 . Explain why the graph looks like it does. 207)
2
x +1 x
208) Graph f(x) = cos-1 x together with its first derivative. Comment on the behavior of f and 208)
the shape of its graph in relation to the signs and values of f′ .
y
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
42
3 x
210) lim 1 + 210)
x→0 x5
A) 0 B) ∞ C) 3 D) 1
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
214) Verify the identity using the definitions of hyperbolic functions. 214)
coth (-x) = -coth x
215) Use the fundamental identity cosh2 x - sinh2 x = 1 to verify the identity. 215)
1 - tanh2 x = sech2 x
216) Derive the formula given that d/dx (cosh x) = sinh x and d/dx (sinh x) = cosh x. 216)
d/dx (coth x) = -csch 2 x
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
43
221) y = ln sinh 5x 221)
1
A) 5 csch 5x B) C) coth 5x D) 5 coth 5x
sinh 5x
A) sech2 x + C B) tanh2 x + C
tanh2 x
C) sech x tanh x + C D) +C
2
224) ∫ sinh x
1 + cosh x
dx 224)
1
C) +C D) cosh2 x + C
1 + cosh x
coth 3 x coth 3 x
C) - +C D) +C
3 3
226) ∫ sinh(ln x)
x
dx (Simplify the answer using the definitions of hyperbolic functions.) 226)
x2 + 1 1 x2 - 1
A) +C B) x + +C C) +C D) cosh x + C
2x x 2x
227) ∫ dx
36 - x2
,x>6 227)
x 1 x
A) cosh-1 +C B) coth -1 + C
6 6 6
x 1 x
C) sinh-1 + C D) tanh-1 + C
6 6 6
44
228) ∫ dx
x2 - 4
228)
x 1 x
A) sinh-1 + C B) - sech-1 + C
2 2 2
x 1 x
C) cosh-1 +C D) - csch -1 +C
2 2 2
229) ∫ ex
4 - e2x
dx , x < ln 2 229)
1 ex ex
A) - sech-1 +C B) sinh-1 +C
2 2 2
1 ex 1 ex
C) tanh-1 +C D) - csch -1 +C
2 2 2 2
230) ∫ dx
x 36 + x2
230)
1 x 1 x
A) - sech-1 + C B) csch -1 +C
6 6 6 6
1 x x
C) - csch -1 +C D) sinh-1 + C
6 6 6
ln 10
232) ∫ tanh x dx 232)
ln 2
38 101 38
A) B) ln 2 C) ln D) ln
5 25 5
9
233) ∫ 10 sinh
x
x
dx 233)
1
1 1
A) 20 e3 + e-3 - e - B) 10 e3 + e-3 - e -
e e
C) 10(e3 - e) D) -10
45
5 sech(ln x)
234) ∫ x
dx (Give an approximate answer rounded to two decimal places if 234)
1
necessary.)
A) 0.73 B) 0.71 C) 1 D) 0.75
Find the value of the x-coordinate of the points at which the functions intersect, and approximate the area of the region
described. Round to two decimal places when necessary.
235) f(x) = sinh x, g(x) = tanh x; the region bounded by the graphs of f, g, and ln 4 235)
A) x = 0; 1 B) x = 0; 0.26 C) x = 0; 0.37 D) x = 0; 0.33
Evaluate the definite integral. Express the answer in terms of natural logarithms.
5 3
241) ∫ dx
25 + x2
241)
0
3+2
A) ln( 2 + 3) B) ln( 2 + 3) C) ln D) ln( 3 + 2)
5
46
7/2
242) ∫ dx
1 - x2
242)
6/5
1 9 1 9 7
A) ln - B) ln C) ln D) ln 2
2 55 2 55 11
10
243) ∫ dx
x2 - 9
243)
4
1 91 10 + 91
A) ln B) ln -1
2 4+ 7 23
10 + 91
C) ln D) ln 7
4+ 7
18
244) ∫ x
dx
x2 + 9
244)
3
1 1+ 2 1+ 37
A) - ln B) -ln
3 1 + 37 6
1 1+ 2 1 6(1 + 2)
C) ln D) ln
3 1 + 35 3 1 + 37
e8
245) ∫ dx
x (ln x)2 + 1
245)
1
A) ln( 65) B) ln 9 C) ln(8 + 65) D) ln(8 + 3 7)
y = 3 - cosh x
47
247) When an object falling from rest encounters air resistance proportional to the square of its velocity, 247)
m kg
the distance it falls (in meters) after t seconds is given by d(t) = ln cosh t , where m is the
k m
mass of the object in kilograms, g = 9.8 m/s2 is the acceleration due to gravity, and k is a physical
constant. A BASE jumper (m = 82 kg) leaps from a tall cliff and performs a ten-second delay (she
free falls for 10 s and then opens her chute). How far does she fall in 10 s? Assume k = 0.2. Round
the answer to one decimal place if necessary.
A) 73.6 m B) 367.9 m C) 14.7 m D) 330.6 m
248) A BASE jumper's velocity (in meters per second) after t seconds is given by 248)
mg kg
v(t) = tanh t , where m is the mass of the object in kilograms, g = 9.8 m/s2 is the
k m
acceleration due to gravity, and k is a physical constant. How fast is the BASE jumper falling at the
end of a 14 second delay? Use m = 75 kg, and k = 0.2. Round the answer to one decimal place if
necessary.
A) 830.5 m/s B) 59.3 m/s C) 19.6 m/s D) 61.9 m/s
Use a calculator to evaluate the expression, or state that the value does not exist. Round the answer to four decimal
places when necessary.
249) coth 3 249)
A) 0.0993 B) 1.005 C) 10.0677 D) 0.9951
1 x 20
253) coth -1 253)
3 4 8
A) -0.3466 B) -0.0252 C) -0.1155 D) -0.231
Evaluate the expression without using a calculator, or state that the value does not exist. Simplify the answer to the
extent possible.
254) sech 0 254)
1
A) 0 B) 1 C) D) 2
2
48
256) sinh(2 ln 4) 256)
257 255 257 255
A) B) C) D)
32 257 255 32
^
Use l'Hopital's Rule to evaluate the limit.
tanh-1 x
258) lim 258)
x→0 tanh(πx/3)
3 π
A) 1 B) C) D) ∞
π 3
49
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
1) B
2) A
3) B
4) B
5) A
6) B
7) A
8) C
9) C
10) A
11) C
12) D
13) B
14) A
15) B
16) A
17) C
18) B
19) C
20) A
21) D
22) A
23) B
24) D
25) A
26) C
27) A
28) C
29) B
30) B
31) A
32) A
33) C
34) D
35) D
36) B
37) D
38) D
39) B
40) A
41) D
42) A
43) C
44) B
45) A
46) B
47) A
48) C
49) B
50) D
50
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
51) C
52) B
53) D
54) B
55) B
56) A
57) D
58) C
59) D
60) D
61) D
62) D
63) C
64) D
65) B
66) B
67) D
68) B
69) D
70) A
71) A
72) C
73) B
74) D
75) A
76) D
77) A
78) C
79) D
80) A
81) C
82) C
83) B
84) B
85) B
86) C
87) D
88) D
89) A
90) D
91) D
92) A
93) B
94) C
95) D
96) D
97) D
98) C
99) B
100) C
51
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
101) A
102) C
103) B
104) B
105) C
106) C
107) A
108) B
109) D
110) B
111) A
112) A
113) A
114) B
115) D
116) C
117) D
118) B
119) B
120) C
121) A
122) A
123) C
124) D
125) B
126) D
127) C
128) B
129) D
130) B
131) A
132) D
133) C
134) D
135) B
136) C
137) D
138) D
139) A
140) A
141) C
142) B
143) A
144) A
145) D
146) C
147) B
148) B
149) B
150) B
52
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
151) B
152) D
153) B
154) B
155) D
156) B
157) B
158) D
159) D
160) D
161) B
162) C
163) C
164) A
165) A
166) B
167) D
168) D
169) D
170) B
171) D
172) D
173) B
174) C
175) D
176) A
177) A
178) B
179) C
180) D
181) C
182) B
183) C
184) B
185) D
186) B
187) C
188) D
189) D
190) C
191) C
192) B
193) A
194) D
195) D
196) B
197) D
198) C
199) D
200) D
53
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
201) A
202) cos-1 5, There is no angle whose cosine is 5.
1 1
203) csc-1 , There is no angle whose cosecant is .
6 6
204) sec-1 (-x) = cos-1 (-1/x) = π - cos-1 (1/x) = π - sec-1 x
205) Yes, They both have domains -1 ≤ x ≤ 1. They have the same basic shape with opposite slopes. Since the slopes are
opposites the derivatives will be opposites.
π π
206) When plugging in angles such that - ≤ x ≤ the output is the same angle. However, the range of
2 2
π π
y = sin -1 x is - ≤ y ≤ . Therefore, when plugging in angles outside of that interval the output will be different.
2 2
Instead of getting back the same angle you are getting back the first or fourth quadrant angle whose sine is the same
value. The overall result is a function going back and forth between 1 and -1 in a linear fashion.
207) When x is positive these graphs are identical because they are both giving the same angle.
x 1
cos θ = ↔ tan θ = . When x is negative both functions are still referring to the same angle. However,
2
x +1 x
inverse cosine gives values between π/2 and π while inverse tangent gives values between -π/2 and 0.
208) The graph of f(x) = cos-1 x has negative slope on its domain [-1, 1]. Therefore all values of the first derivative are
below the x-axis. The graph of f(x) becomes gradually less steep as the graph of f′ approaches its vertex at x = 0. To
the right of the y-axis, the graph of f′ quickly descends and f(x) becomes more steep.
209) E
210) D
211) A
212) D
cosh x ex + e-x ex e2x + 1
213) coth x = = ∙ =
sinh x ex - e-x ex e2x - 1
cosh2 x sinh2 x 1
215) - = → 1 - tanh2 x= sech2 x
cosh2 x cosh 2 x cosh2 x
d d cosh x
216) (coth x) =
dx dx sinh x
sinh x(sinh x) - cosh x(cosh x)
=
sinh2 x
-1
=
sinh2 x
= -csch 2 x
54
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
x x2 + 1 + x2 + 1
=
x + x2 + 1
x2 + 1(x + x2 + 1)
= = x2 + 1
x + x2 + 1
218) A
219) D
220) C
221) D
222) B
223) D
224) A
225) D
226) A
227) B
228) C
229) C
230) C
231) C
232) C
233) B
234) A
235) C
236) D
237) B
238) B
239) C
240) C
241) D
242) B
243) C
244) D
245) C
246) D
247) B
248) B
249) B
250) C
251) D
55
Answer Key
Testname: UNTITLED7
252) C
253) C
254) B
255) D
256) D
257) C
258) B
259) B
56
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
CHAPTER IX
THE SHELL, ITS FORM, COMPOSITION AND GROWTH—DESIGNATION OF
ITS VARIOUS PARTS
Fig. 148.—Aplustrum
aplustre L. Mauritius,
showing the partly
internal shell (S); F,
foot; LL, cephalic
lappets; TT, double
set of tentacles. (After
Quoy and Gaimard.)
Fig. 149.—Sigaretus
laevigatus Lam.,
showing shell partially
immersed in the foot;
F, anterior
prolongation of the
foot. (After Souleyet.)
(3) Internal; e.g. Philine, Gastropteron, Pleurobranchus, Aplysia,
Limax, Arion, Hyalimax, Parmacella, Lamellaria, Cryptochiton, and,
among bivalves, Chlamydoconcha.
(4) Absent; e.g. all Nudibranchiata and Aplacophora, many
Cephalopoda, a few land Mollusca, e.g. all Onchidiidae, Philomycus,
and Vaginula.
The Univalve Shell.—In univalve Mollusca the normal form of the
shell is an elongated cone twisted into a spiral form round an axis,
the spiral ascending to the left. Probably the original form of the shell
was a simple cone, which covered the vital parts like a tent. As these
parts tended to increase in size, their position on the dorsal side of
the animal caused them gradually to fall over, drawing the shell with
them. The result of these two forces combined, the increasing size of
the visceral hump, and its tendency to pull the shell over with it,
probably resulted in the conversion of the conical into the spiral shell,
which gradually came to envelop the whole animal. Where the
visceral hump, instead of increasing in size, became flattened, the
conical shape of the shell may have been modified into a simple
elliptical plate (e.g. Limax), the nucleus representing the apex of the
cone. In extreme cases even this plate dwindles to a few calcareous
granules, or disappears altogether (Arion, Vaginula).
Varieties of the Spiral.—Almost every conceivable modification
of the spiral occurs, from the type represented by Gena, Haliotis,
Sigaretus, and Lamellaria, in which the spire is practically confined to
the few apical whorls, with the body-whorl inordinately large in
proportion, to a multispiral form like Terebra, with about twenty
whorls, very gradually increasing in size.
Fig. 151.—Examples of
shells with
disconnected whorls;
A, Cyathopoma cornu
Mf., Philippines; B,
Cylindrella hystrix
Wright, Cuba. (Both ×
4.)
Fig. 152.—Example of a
shell whose apical
whorls alone are
coiled, and the
remainder produced in
a regular curve.
(Cyclosurus Mariei
Morel., Mayotte.)
In some cases the regularly spiral form is kept, but the whorls are
completely disconnected; e.g. some Scalaria, Spirula; among fossil
Cephalopoda, Gyroceras, Crioceras, and Ancyloceras; and, among
recent land Mollusca, Cylindrella hystrix and Cyathopoma cornu (Fig.
151). Sometimes only the last whorl becomes disconnected from the
others, as in Rhiostoma (see Fig. 180, p. 266), Teinostoma, and in
the fossil Ophidioceras and Macroscaphites. Sometimes, again, not
more than one or two whorls at the apex are spirally coiled, and the
rest of the shell is simply produced or coiled in an exceedingly
irregular manner, e.g. Cyclosurus, Lituites, Orygoceras, Siliquaria
(Fig. 153), Vermetus. In Coecum (Fig. 170, p. 260) the spiral part is
entirely lost, and the shell becomes simply a cylinder. In a few cases
the last whorl is coiled irregularly backwards, and is brought up to
the apex, so that the animal in crawling must carry the shell with the
spire downwards, as in Anostoma (Fig. 154), Opisthostoma (Fig.
208, p. 309), Strophostoma, and Hypselostoma (Fig. 202 A, p. 302).
Fig. 153.—Siliquaria anguina Lam.,
showing scalariform coil of upper
whorls and irregular extension of
the lower.
Fig. 156.—Fulgur
perversum L., Florida. ½.
Fig. 161.—Cornucopia-
shaped monstrosity of
Helix aspersa, from
Ilfracombe. (British
Museum.)
Composition of the Shell.—The shell is mainly composed of
pure carbonate of lime, with a very slight proportion of phosphate of
lime, and an organic base allied to chitin, known as conchiolin. The
proportion of carbonate of lime is known to vary from about 99 p.c. in
Strombus to about 89 p.c. in Turritella. Nearly 1 p.c. of phosphate of
lime has been obtained from the shell of Helix nemoralis, and nearly
2 p.c. from that of Ostrea virginica. The conchiolin forms a sort of
membranous framework for the shell; it soon disappears in dead
specimens, leaving the shell much more brittle than it was when
alive. Carbonate of magnesia has also been detected, to the extent
of ·12 p.c. in Telescopium and ·48 p.c. in Neptunea antiqua. A trace
of silica has also occasionally been found.
When the shell exhibits a crystalline formation, the carbonate of
lime may take the form either of calcite or aragonite. The calcite
crystals are rhombohedral, optically uniaxal, and cleave easily, while
the aragonite cleave badly, belong to the rhombic system, and are
harder and denser, and optically biaxal. Both classes of crystal may
occur in the same shell.
Two main views have been held with regard to the formation and
structure of the shell—(1) that of Bowerbank and Carpenter, that the
shell is an organic formation, growing by interstitial deposit, in the
same manner as the teeth and bones of the higher animals; (2) that
of Réaumur, Eisig, and most modern writers, that the shell is of the
nature of an excretion, deposited like a cuticle on the outside of the
skin, being formed simply of a number of calcareous particles held
together by a kind of ‘animal glue.’ Leydig’s view is that the shell of
the Monotocardia is a secretion of the epithelium, but that in the
Pulmonata it originates within the skin itself, and afterwards
becomes free.[335]
According to Carpenter, when a fragment of any recent shell is
decalcified by being placed in dilute acid, a definite animal basis
remains, often so fine as to be no more than a membranous film, but
sometimes consisting of an aggregation of ‘cells’ with perfectly
definite forms. He accordingly divides all shell structure into cellular
and membranous, according to the characteristics of the animal
basis. Cellular structure is comparatively rare; it occurs most notably
in Pinna, where the shell is composed of a vast multitude of tolerably
regular hexagonal prisms (Fig. 162 B). Membranous structure
comprises all forms of shell which do not present a cellular tissue.
Carpenter held that the membrane itself was at one time a
constituent part of the mantle of the mollusc, the carbonate of lime
being secreted in minute ‘cells’ on its surface, and afterwards
spreading over the subjacent membrane through the bursting of the
cells.
The iridescence of nacreous shells is due to a peculiar lineation of
their surface, which can be readily detected by a lens. According to
Brewster, the iridescence is due to the alternation of layers of
granular carbonate of lime and of a very thin organic membrane, the
layers very slightly undulating. Carpenter, on the other hand, holds
that it depends upon the disposition of a single membranous layer in
folds or plaits, which lie more or less obliquely to the general surface,
so that their edges show as lines. The nacreous type of shell occurs
largely among those Mollusca which, from other details in their
organisation, are known to represent very ancient forms (e.g.
Nucula, Avicula, Trigonia, Nautilus). It is also the least permanent,
and thus in some strata we find that only casts of the nacreous shells
remain, while those of different constitution are preserved entire.
Porcellanous shells (of which the great majority of Gasteropoda
are instances) usually consist of three layers, each of which is
composed of a number of adjacent plates, like cards on edge. The
inclination of the plates in the different layers varies, but that of the
plates in the inner and outer layer is frequently the same, thus if the
plates are transverse in the middle stratum, they are longitudinal in
the inner and outer strata, and, if longitudinal in the middle, they are
transverse in the other two. Not uncommonly (Fig. 163 B) other
layers occur. In bivalves the disposition and nature of the layers is
much more varied.
Fig. 162.—A, Section of shell of Unio: a, periostracal layer; b, prismatic layer; c,
nacreous layer. B, Horizontal section of shell of Pinna, showing the hexagonal
prisms.
Fig. 165.—Neritina
longispina Récl., Mauritius.
(Operculum removed.)
The various details of sculpture on the exterior surface of the
shell, the striae, ribs, nodules, imbrications, spines, and other forms
of ornamentation are all the product of similar and corresponding
irregularities in the mantle margin, and have all been originally
situated at the edge of the lip. Spines, e.g. those of Murex and
Pteroceras, are first formed as a hollow thorn, cleft down its lower
side, and are afterwards filled in with solid matter as the mantle edge
withdraws. What purpose is served by the extreme elaboration of
these spiny processes in some cases, can hardly be considered as
satisfactorily ascertained. Possibly they are a form of sculptural
development which is, in the main, protective, and secures to its
owners immunity from the attacks of predatory fishes.
‘Attached’ genera (e.g. Chama, Spondylus) when living on smooth
surfaces have a flat shell, but when affixed to coral and other uneven
surfaces they become very irregular in shape. The sculpture of the
base on which they rest is often reproduced in these ‘attached’
shells, not only on the lower, but also on the upper valve, the
growing edge of which rests on the uneven surface of the base.
Oysters attached to the branches of the mangrove frequently display
a central convex rib, modelled on the shape of the branch, from
which the plaits of sculpture radiate, while specimens fixed to the
smooth trunk have no such rib. Crepidula, a genus which is in the
habit of attaching itself to other shells, varies in sculpture according
to that of its host. Sometimes the fact may be detected that a
specimen has lived on a ribbed shell when young, and on a smooth
one when old, or vice versâ. A new genus was actually founded by
Brown for a Capulus which had acquired ribs through adhesion to a
Pecten. A specimen of Hinnites giganteus in the British Museum
must at one period of its growth have adhered to a surface on which
was a Serpula, the impression of which is plainly reproduced on the
upper valve of the Hinnites.[339]
Fig. 166.—A specimen of Anomia
ephippium L., Weymouth,
taken upon Pecten maximus,
the sculpture of which is
reproduced on the upper
valve of the Anomia, and
even on a young Anomia
attached to the larger
specimen.
Growth of the Shell.—Nothing very definite is known with regard
to the rate of growth of the shell in marine Mollusca. Under
favourable conditions, however, certain species are known to
increase very rapidly, especially if the food supply be abundant, and
if there is no inconvenient crowding of individuals. Petit de la
Saussaye mentions[340] the case of a ship which sailed from
Marseilles for the west coast of Africa, after being fitted with an
entirely new bottom. On arriving at its destination, the vessel spent
68 days in the Gambia River, and took 86 days on its homeward
voyage. On being cleaned immediately on its return to Marseilles, an
Avicula 78 mm. and an Ostrea 95 mm. long (both being species
peculiar to W. Africa) were taken from its keel. These specimens had
therefore attained this growth in at most 154 days, for at the period
of their first attachment they are known to be exceedingly minute. P.
Fischer relates[341] that in 1862 a buoy, newly cleaned and painted,
was placed in the basin at Arcachon. In less than a year after, it was
found to be covered with thousands of very large Mytilus edulis, 100