EXECUTIVES

Trifecta Control of Legislature and Governor 2002-2017

January for each year except 2017, which is based on 2016 election results.

Chapter 10
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2017
Alabama Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep
Alaska Rep Rep Rep
Arizona Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Arkansas Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep
California Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Colorado Rep Dem Dem Dem
Connecticut Dem Dem Dem Dem
Delaware Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Florida Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Georgia Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Hawaii Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Idaho Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Illinois Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem

Executing the Laws and Representing the People Indiana

Iowa
Kansas Rep
Rep
Dem Dem
Rep

Rep
Rep

Rep
Rep

Rep
Rep
Rep
Rep
Kentucky Rep
Louisiana Dem Dem Rep Rep
Maine Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep
Maryland Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Massachusetts Dem Dem Dem Dem
Michigan Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Minnesota Dem
Mississippi Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep
Missouri Dem Rep Rep Rep
Montana Rep Rep
Nebraska NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Nevada Rep
New Hampshire Rep Dem Dem Rep
New Jersey Dem Dem Dem Dem
New Mexico Dem Dem Dem Dem
New York Dem
North Carolina Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Rep Rep
North Dakota Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Ohio Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Oklahoma Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep
Oregon Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Pennsylvania Rep Rep Rep
Rhode Island Dem Dem
South Carolina Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
South Dakota Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Tennessee Dem Rep Rep Rep Rep
Texas Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Utah Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep Rep
Vermont Dem Dem Dem
Virginia Rep
Washington Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
West Virginia Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem Dem
Wisconsin Dem Rep Rep Rep
Wyoming Rep Rep Rep Rep

1 2

Party Control of Legislature and Governor After 2016 Elections Figure 10.2
Trifecta Control States, January of Each Year
Divided
Year Rep Trifecta Dem Trifecta Total
Divided Divided
Divided Rep 2002 11 11 22
Dem Divided
Rep Divided
Divided 2004 12 9 21
Rep Rep
Rep Divided Dem 2006 12 7 19
Rep
Rep
Divided Dem 2008 9 14 23
Divided
Divided Rep 2010 9 17 26
Rep Divided Rep Dem
Dem Divided
Divided 2012 21 11 32
Rep Rep Divided Divided
Rep
2014 23 13 36
Divided
Rep 2016 22 7 29
Rep Rep
Divided Rep Rep

Rep Rep
Rep
Rep Rep

Divided Rep

Dem

3 4
 EXECUTIVES

RECRUITMENT OF GOVERNORS GUBERNATORIAL ELECTIONS

• PRIOR EXPERIENCE • PARTISAN

• STATEWIDE OFFICE • CONTESTED

• STATE LEGISLATURE • INCUMBENT ADVANTAGE

5 6

GOVERNOR’S CAREERS GOV. DUTIES

• ADMINISTRATOR 28%
• PRESIDENCY
• LEGISLATOR 17%
• FEDERAL CABINET
• PARTY 7%
• U.S. SENATE
• CEREMONIAL 14%
• FEDERAL JUDGES
• NEGOTIATOR 14%
• PUBLIC OPINION 9%
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 EXECUTIVES

Figure 10.4
Governors’ Institutional Powers

INSTITUTIONAL POWER 4

3.3 3.8 2.6

3.3

2.5 3.4
2.8 2.8

• APPOINTMENT
3.8 3.3 3.7 4.3
3.8 2.3
3.5
3.4
3.2 3.4 4
3.1
3 3.8

• TENURE
3.6 3.9 3.3 4.2 3.3
2.9 3.1 3.4
3.5 2.8 3.3
3.2

2.5

• MANAGERIAL
2.8
3.3 2.4
3.5 2.7 2.7

3.3 3
3.7

• FISCAL 3.5
2.8
2.8

3.1

• LEGISLATIVE

9 10

Figure 10.6
Figure 10.5 Governors’ Institutional and Personal Powers
Governors’ Personal Powers
OK TX DE UT SD R
5
3.5 r = -.09 KY NY
1.8 3.8 MO NV GA WV KS
3 4
LA TN CA IA NM MD
3.8 4 IN HI IL
3.8 3.8
AK
4 VT CO AZ PA NJ
Governor's Personal Power

5 4.8 2.8
3.3 3.5
4 NH MN AL
3.8 OR SC
2.8 ID
4.3 4 4 NC ME WY OH
3.8 RI WA
4.5 3.5 AR
5 4.3 4.3 5 MI
4.5 4 4.5
4.3 ND
4
4.8 4.5
4.5 3
CT MA
3.5
4.5 FL MS
4 5
4.5 3.5 3.8

4 4.5
2.5
2
5 MT
4.5

4.3 2.5
R2 Linear =

1 2 3 4 5
Governor's Institutional Power

11 12
 EXECUTIVES

Correlations With Governors’ Powers Governors’ Salaries

Institutional Personal Combined

Per Capita Income .38 -.10 .14

Poverty Rate -.20 .07 -.05
TANF Monthly Benefit Family of 3 .34 -.07 .14
Percent Medicaid Paid by State and Local Government .26 .00 .16

Educational spending per child in ADA .31 -.11 .09

Infant Mortality Rate Per 100,000 Live Births -.10 .01 -.05
State and Local Tax Burden .14 -.00 .09
Regressivity of State and Local Taxes .18 -.02 .09
Per Capita State and Local Revenue .32 -.01 .19

Per Capita State and Local Expenditure .28 -.01 .17

Per Capita State and Local Long Term Debt .28 .12 .28
Violent Crime Rate -.04 .20 .15
Property Crime Rate -.21 .08 -.05
High School Educational Attainment .32 -.20 .01

College Educational Attainment .32 -.08 .12

Percent Population Conservative -.27 -.03 -.19
Percent Population Republican -.11 -.08 -.01
Republican Percent of State Legislature -.16 .13 .01
Prisoners Per 100,000 Population -.35 .15 -.06
New Prisoners Per 100,000 Population -.12 .21 .11
Restrictiveness of Abortion Policies -.05 .06 .02
Percent Revenue from Personal Income Tax .10 -.07 .01
Percent Income From Corporate income Tax .06 -.04 -.01

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Figure 10.9
Figure 10.8 Correlations With Governors Salary
Governor’s Salary 2016
Salary
$171,898
$127,443
$70,000
Governors’ Institutional Powers .20
$111,569 $129,096 $145,538

$98,600 $127,150 Governors’ Personal .15

$122,597
$109,264 $147,328
$159,300
$179,000 $151,800 Governors’ Combined Powers .25
$105,000
$175,000 Per Capita Income .35
$130,000 $190,283
$105,000 $111,688 $132,710
$149,573
$109,990 $177,412
$148,304
Per Capita State and Local Expenditures .19
$182,789 $150,000 $150,000
$90,000
$99,636 $133,821 $175,000 $171,000 Per Capita State and Local Total Revenue .18
$140,070

$187,500
$142,265 Number of bills submitted in legislature .47
$170,000
$95,000 $147,000
$110,000 $141,000 $106,078 Number of bills passed by legislature .22
$139,339
>$100K Percent of bills passed by legislature -.29
$153,750
Legislators’ salaries .63
$145,000 $130,273 $100-$130K
$130,000
$120,395 Legislative Professionalism -.48
$122,160
>$130-150K Length of legislative session .33
$149,556
Governor’s staff .31
>$150K

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 EXECUTIVES

TEXAS EXECUTIVE
DEPARTMENT
• GOVERNOR
• LT. GOVERNOR
• COMPTROLLER OF PUBLIC ACCTS
• LAND COMMISSIONER
• ATTORNEY GENERAL

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Figure 10.10 Figure 10.8 Population Employed by State and Local Governments
Representativeness of State and Local Government Employment 2013
0.50%

State and Local U.S r = -.50

Percent of Population Employed by State and Local

Government Population
Employees HI

Male 54.3% 49.2% 0.40%

AK
Female 45.7% 50.8%
Governments

DE
White 65.3% 63.9% 0.30%
ND

African-American 18.8% 12.3% WY

NM

Hispanic 11.3% 16.3% VT

AR
WV
MT OK MS
0.20% LA
RI UT KY AL WA NJ
SD NE
CTIA SCMD VA
ME KS MO NC
OR MN IN
NH ID MI PA NY
CO TN MA
GA TX
WI AZ OH FL CA
NV IL
0.10%

0 10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000

Population

19 20