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FREE CARIBBEAN
STUDIES CRASH
COURSE
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Pegus Tutoring Academy Ac
Tutor: Mr. Pegus
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FOUR QUESTIONS in 3 HOURS?!

- 2 on Module 1
- 2 on Module 2
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Ac
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Common mistakes:
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1. Spending equal amount of time on each question

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- 30 marks questions require more time than 20 marks

questions
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2. Bad use of time

9:00am - 12:00pm
- START and END WITH A 20 MARK QUESTION
20 marks - 30 mins
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30 marks - 50 mins
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Ques 1 Module 1 - 20 marks - 9:00 - 9:30
Ques 3 Module 1 - 30 marks - 9:30 - 10:20 Ac
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YOU MUST USE TIME TO PLAN - NO MORE THAN 5 MINS

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Last 20 mins, complete each question & check over.

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Type A: 20 mark essays

These shorter essays generally test a particular aspect of the
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topic: ‘Describe ways’ or ‘Explain how’. You should not spend

more than 30 minutes on these questions.
Marks are allocated as follows:
• knowledge – 7 marks
• use of knowledge – 8 marks
• enquiry and communication – 5 marks.

Type B: 30 mark essays
These questions require exposition of the subject, with
command words such as ‘Discuss’, ‘Evaluate’, ‘Assess the
extent’. You should not spend more than 50 minutes on these
questions.
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Marks are allocated as follows:
• knowledge – 10
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• use of knowledge – 12
• enquiry and communication – 8 Ac
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KNOWLEDGE - WHAT YOU KNOW (LITERAL WORDS)
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USE OF KNOWLEDGE - HOW YOU USE WHAT YOU KNOW,

CITE EXAMPLES, ELABORATE ON THE TOPIC
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ENQUIRY AND COMMUNICATION - HOW YOU EXPRESS

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WHAT YOU KNOW, PRESENTATION OF ARGUMENTS,

TRANSITIONAL WORDS/PHRASES, DETAILED
DISCUSSIONS, DRAWING CONCLUSIONS
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Transitional words:
As a result
Consequently
Therefore
Thus
In conclusion
To sum up
All in all
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In summary
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To conclude
For example
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For instance
Specifically
Namely
In particular
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To illustrate
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Such as
Notably
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Importantly
Firstly
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In addition
Furthermore
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Moreover
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Additionally
Secondly
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Next
Furthermore
Likewise
Similarly
On the other hand
However
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
In contrast
Although
Even though
Despite
In spite of
In the first place
In the second place
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Finally
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Last but not least
Above all
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In fact
Indeed
Of course
Admittedly
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Surprisingly
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Ironically
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In retrospect
Without a doubt
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Undoubtedly
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Regrettably
Hopefully
Fortunately
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Unsurprisingly
Evidently
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MARK SCHEME FOR PAPER 02 ESSAYS

A. Knowledge
Level 3. The candidate shows a sound understanding of all
the
concepts critical to the discussion and consistently
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shows their relevance to the issues being discussed.
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B. USE OF KNOWLEDGE Ac
Level 3. The candidate presents a sound discussion of the
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issues. Arguments are logical and clear; strong

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supporting evidence is provided for positions taken.

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C. ENQUIRY AND COMMUNICATION

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Level 3. The candidate demonstrates a sound command of

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the
skills necessary to convey meaning. Ideas are
clearly sequenced, and the student is able to
manipulate vocabulary, sentence structure and
paragraphing to convey ideas effectively.
3. The exam is not Trinidad Studies, it is Caribbean

studies, you must have examples from different
Caribbean countries.
4. Misunderstanding what the question is asking. Pay
attention to key words used in each question:
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○ Analyse is asking for a full and methodical examination of the
parts of a process, situation or theory, and then that you draw your
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conclusions.
○ Assess expects you to give reasons for the importance of
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something such as a process, relationship or approach.
○ Describe is asking that you write a lengthy answer; you explain
key concepts and issues, and give logical arguments using
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applicable examples, without necessarily drawing a conclusion.
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○ Discuss means that you should write an extended answer in which

you define key concepts, state the situation, explore related issues
and concepts, use examples to illustrate the arguments for and
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against, but do not necessarily come to a definite conclusion.

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○ Evaluate expects your answer to weigh up the evidence and give a

judgement based on the provided criteria.
○ Examine expects you to write an extended answer defining key
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concepts, stating the situation, explaining the issues) and

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exploring related concepts and issues.

○ Outline means that you are being asked to provide only the main
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points or features.
5. POOR ESSAY STRUCTURE
You would have learnt in English A how to structure a basic essay:
● INTRO
● BODY PARAGRAPHS
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● CONCLUSIONS
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While the basic structure can be used for your 20 mark essays, your 30
mark essays require more elements in its structure:
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Longer introductions Ac
TWO separate body paragraphs for each point. One Paragraph
must contain the main point, analysis and an example and the
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second paragraph must contain a counter-argument and rebuttal
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- Conclusion summarizes main points discussed

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6. MUST USE EXAMPLES & STATISTICS (even if you have to make

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them up - be smart about this!)

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Important Historical Dates

1) The Historical Process
Indigenous People migrated to the Caribbean

1200s
Developed the Slash and Burn System
1492 Arrival of Cristopher Columbus
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Spanish Colonisation
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1494
Treaty of Tordesillas
Encomienda System
Spanish controlled the Americas
1500s
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Developed Plantation Systems
Genocide of Indigenous People
British, French, and Dutch colonisers came
1600s – 1700s
Encomienda ends
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Challenged Spain’s control
White Indentureship
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1652 African Slavery by all colonists
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1791 – 1804 Haitian Revolution (ended in 1804)

Slave Rebellions
1791 – 1832 Maroonage
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Emancipation Movements
*1807 Slave trade Ends
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1834 - 1838 Amelioration and Apprenticeship Systems

1838 Emancipation
Immigration of various diasporas
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Indentureship Schemes
1838 - 1865
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Peasantry
Emigration
1865 Morant Bay Rebellion
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1917 Indentureship ends

1930s Labour Riots
1940s Universal Adult Suffrage
1950s Internal Self-Government
1960s Independence
2) Globalization and Development
1945 International Monetary Fund (IMF)

1946 World Bank (WB)
1978 Women and Development Unit (WAND)

Caribbean Association for Feminist Research and Action
1985
(CAFRA)
1995 World Trade Organisation (WTO)
2000 Economic Partnership Agreement
3) Integration Movements
1958 West Indies Federation (WIF)
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1965 Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA)
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1973 Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
1981 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)
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1994 Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
2002 CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME)
4) Regional Institutions
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1928 West Indies Cricket Board (WICB)
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1948 University of the West Indies (UWI)
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1970 Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)
1970s Regional Security System (RSS)

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1972 Caribbean Examination Council (CXC)

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Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication

1974
(CARIMAC)
1989 Caribbean Tourism Organisation (CTO)
Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)
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2003
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ESSAY #1
Examine THREE ways in which the justice system, as a social
institution, impacts on society and culture.
- Courts
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- Police
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- Government
- The law itself
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- Protective services
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Knowledge [7 marks]
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Culture
Justice System
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Society
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Social Control
Social Institution
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Sanctions
Rewards
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Inequalities
Socio-economic status
Judiciary
Legal System
Police
Socialisation
Crime
Family Protective Services
Use of Knowledge [8 marks]
Social institutions are essential segments of society. They
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dominate and play a large role in defining what issues are
important to our daily existence, what we are to determine as
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norms and values and what is appropriate behaviour in a
society. Ac
Culture is the lived experience of a society, or the way of life
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of that society. Definitions of culture stress the ordinary,

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everyday practices that are good indicators of what that

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society
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views as its culture. It places emphasis on what the society

considers as its norms and values which in turn is reflected
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its social institutions.

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The concept known as “the justice system” captures five key

elements: the judiciary, the law, the protective services,
crime
and the police. All of these are part of the concept of social
control as members of the society are socialised into what

the
society deems as appropriate behaviour.
Point 1 - The justice system purports to defend our rights as
citizens of the society. It is based on a system of rewards and
sanctions for lawful conduct and is mainly concerned with
ensuring that all citizens are treated justly and fairly. As the
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enforcers of law and order they are to ensure that all citizens
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are treated fairly regardless of the class, race, colour or
creed.
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Example: FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS -
CONSTITUTION Ac
CA - Judges are biased, However, the police and the judiciary
are often seen as having little impact on crime when they
appear to favour members of society who have political
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favour or are of the elite. This brings the justice system into
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disrepute because of corruption at the highest levels, as the

ordinary citizen appears to be brought before the law more
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often than other members of the society who are in a higher

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socio-economic level.
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Point 2 - The justice system guides our understanding of such

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acts as deviance which is usually seen as breaking the rules

of acceptable behaviour (norms and values). Society is then
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accused of improper socialisation of its youth - such as

maintaining dysfunctional families, allowing the erosion of
traditional norms, poor standards of education, all of which
lead to deviant behaviour.
Example: Children’s court aims to deter deviance in youth
CA - Teenage deviance still rampant
Point 3 - Maintaining social order: The justice system helps to

maintain social order by enforcing laws and punishing those
who break them. This helps to create a sense of stability and
predictability in society, which can have a positive impact on
culture. When people feel safe and secure, they are more
likely to engage in cultural activities such as art, music, and
literature.
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Example: CARICOM’s security goals
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CA - Trinidad ranks #6 for countries with most crime
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Enquiry and Communication [5 marks] Ac
Candidates must be able to discuss the justice system as an
integral element of society and show how the lived
experience, or the culture assists and/or diminishes the
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impact of the system on that society. They can stress that the
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traditional forms of social control are themselves changing

and argue that they are no longer effective. Candidates must
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present their arguments logically and clearly and display

good use of writing skills.
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ESSAY #2
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“Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North

America have had a limited impact on these societies.”
Present arguments for OR against this statement.
Total 30 marks
- Politics
- Culture - festivals, carnival

- Economic - migrant labour
- Social - religion - rastafarianism
Knowledge [10 marks]
Migrants
Diaspora
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Metropole
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Labour
Racism
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Race relations Ac
Second generation
Festivals
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Culinary Arts
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Multicultural
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Identity
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Foreign exchange
Travelling Cultures
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Intro - Emancipation (1838), migration patterns, reasons for

migration (push and pull factors), thesis statement
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Point # 1 - Political impact

Problems in Cuba lead to Cubans fleeing their country and
moving to Florida.
Wet foot, dry foot policy
2017 consensus: over 2 million cubans in Florida, 30% of

Florida’s population
Manifestos tailored towards this group as they are allowed to
vote
Haitians also fled to Florida
Daphne D Campbell - born in Haiti and became Senator in US
For example in the UK Bernie Grant of Guyana, Diane Abbott
of Jamaica were the first two Caribbean persons to be
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elected as Members of Parliament in 1987.
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CA - Power is superficial, white majority population still rules
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Rebuttal - Great impact still evident
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Points #2 - Cultural impact
Festivals in the UK such as Notting Hill Carnival, Bristol
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Carnival, Leeds Carnival are significant events on the UK
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national calendar. The carnivals are based on traditions

within the Caribbean like Trinidad carnival and St Kitts
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masquerade. Notting Hill attracts over one million

participants each year. Also Festivals such as Caribana
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(Toronto), Labour Day (New York), Carnival in Miami and

Boston. Also, Hindu celebrations in North America - though
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not as vast.
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- Impact: brings revenue to London and other cities with

visitors from other parts of England, and overseas. It can be
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argued that it is only for one day or seasonal. Caribana is a

major money earner for Toronto for that one weekend.
Tourism benefits; foreign exchange; hotels filled; services
benefit (transport - air and land). However, it can be argued
that the festivals and carnivals are seasonal and so have
limited impact.
Point #3 - Economical impact

Labour: UK: Caribbean migration to the United Kingdom
increased in the early 1950’s in response to post-WWII
demand for labour.
Migrants, especially male migrants, took jobs in the transport
industry as conductors, bus drivers, train drivers. Female
migrants trained to be nurses and worked in hospitals in the
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UK and also at places such as Lyons Tea House. In later
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periods, migrants also worked as teachers.
- Impact: filled in vacuum left by loss of able bodied men and
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women as a result of the war. Essential services were staffed
by West Indian migrants which were vital to the economy and
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society.
Labour: North America: Caribbean migrant labour to North
America
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- seasonal labour in 1950’s and to Florida etc to pick oranges

and other fruit. Also, post-1950’s migration to work in US - as
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domestics, nurses, artisans. Skilled workers also migrated to

Canada and the US especially in the 1960s period and
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beyond.
- Impact: persons needed to work these jobs - filled in
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vacuum in key states where such labour was needed, such as

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New York.
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ESSAY # 3
Examine the ways in which entrepreneurial activity can
promote development.
Knowledge [7 marks]
Business
Entrepreneur
Entrepreneurial activity
Development
Import bill
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Social services
Small business development
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Unemployment
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Use of Knowledge [8 marks]
- Entrepreneurial activity can create jobs and reduce the
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high unemployment levels in the Caribbean. For

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example, the Four Seasons hotel project created

approximately 700 jobs for Barbadians when it started in
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2008.
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- Corporation taxes paid by entrepreneurs will help to pay

for the cost of social services. Government collects
corporation taxes ranging from 25 to 35%, in addition to
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licensing fees paid by power companies and

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telecommunication companies. Services such as road

repair and construction, hospital services and education
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benefit from this.

- Entrepreneurial activity brings foreign investment into
the region. For example, a Barbadian construction
magnate has invested in the construction of upscale
residential houses. Foreign businessmen have followed
the lead to invest in other hotel-related ventures.
- Innovation can reduce the foreign imports into the

region. The creation of soap factories in Dominica
reduces the importation of soap; while a company
making Carib Beer reduces the import of such products.
- Entrepreneurial activities give stimulus to spin-off
business ventures. The construction of a hotel creates
opportunities for small construction sub-contractors to
participate in projects. In addition, food vendors benefit
from sales to construction workers.
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- Entrepreneurial activities, through innovation in energy,
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can reduce the region’s high energy bill and
dependence on fossil fuels. The work of James
Husbands to pioneer solar water heaters has reduced
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the dependence on electric water heaters. Further
innovations to use solar panels to generate electricity
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are also being embarked upon to reduce dependence on
oil.
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Enquiry and Communication [5 marks]

Candidates must communicate by giving a well structured
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answer in which they outline the key issues or points of the

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essay as well as a definition of key terms. Candidates must

develop each point by drawing examples from Caribbean
countries to show the link between business and
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development. The essay should end with a conclusion which

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summarises the main ideas.

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ESSAY #4
Discuss the view that the policy of “industrialisation by
invitation” has retarded Caribbean development.
Knowledge [10 marks]

William Arthur Lewis
Tax holidays
Operation Bootstrap - Puerto Rico
Assembly industries
Operation Beehive - Barbados
Backward and forward linkages
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Industrial estates
Raw materials
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Pioneer industries
Industrial Development Ac
Legislation
Corporation
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Tax incentives
Industrialization by Invitation
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Use of knowledge: [12 marks]

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Disadvantages:
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- Caribbean governments have spent scarce resources in

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creating the infrastructure necessary to attract foreign

investors. Money has to be spent in outfitting buildings
with the necessary utilities + tax holidays - Governments
lose significant revenue when companies leave prior to
the end of their tax holidays. Companies such as Intel
and Caribbean Data Services have left Barbados, for
example, before the end of the tax holidays. This means
that the Government did not fully benefit from their

presence in the region.
- focus on industrialization rather than agriculture and
other important sectors
- dependency on large multinational corporations -
dependency theory
- repatriation of money
- unsustainable use of land - goes against UN Sustainable
development goals
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- Companies have not employed the numbers to keep
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pace with the growing number of school leavers. In
Jamaica and Puerto Rico, the number of school leavers
has outstripped the available places in manufacturing
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industries.
- Wages in industrial corporations tend to be low. In the
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1980s in Barbados some workers at garment factories
received $80 per week. Today, workers receive
approximately $250 to $300 per week.
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Benefits:
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- Better technology
- Increase in GDP and reduction in unemployment - better
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standard of living - Some industries have remained in

the region, making a contribution to regional exports.
Yankee Garments in Barbados, for example, has
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remained in the region for almost 50 years since it

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started in 1962.
- Development in education and skills
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- The policy has given impetus to the economic

diversification of Caribbean economies. Many
economies were based on agricultural production of
bananas, coffee and sugar. With industrialization, the
presence of manufacturing industries offers viable
alternatives.
Enquiry and Communication [8 marks]
Candidates must communicate by giving a well structured

answer in which they outline the key issues or points of the
essay as well as a definition of key terms. Candidates must
give a position on the ‘view’ and develop this position by
drawing examples from Caribbean countries to show the
impact of the policy on development. The essay should end
with a conclusion which summaries the main ideas.
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Past Paper Questions by Topics
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(Essay Writing) Ac
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Location and Definition of the Caribbean Region and its Diaspora
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Explain TWO ways in which EACH of the following changed the social structure of
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2022 Q1 Caribbean society during post-emancipation era, from 1838 up to the pre-independence
20 marks movements in the 1950s:
(a) Education
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(b) Economic activities

2016 Q1 The Caribbean is a diverse and complex place, with the term 'Caribbean' itself
20 marks understood in many ways by researchers. Explain FOUR ways in which the concept of
Caribbean is defined by researchers.
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2013 Q5 "The ideal way to describe the Caribbean is by using political and historical definitions."
30 marks With the use of examples, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
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Historical Process
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The colonisers employed different systems of production in the Caribbean as means of

2019 Q1
increasing production and wealth. Choose any TWO of the following systems of
20 marks
production and describe TWO ways in which each system contributed to the oppression
of the peoples of the Caribbean:
Encomienda, Slavery, Indentureship
2006 Q6
'"The history of the Caribbean is a history of the exploitation of labour." Discuss with
30 marks
reference to T'WO of the following labour systems: Encomienda, Slavery, Indentureship
Caribbean people continue to migrate outside of the region in search of a better life.
2018 Q3
Assess the extent to which extra-regional migration is a loss for the Caribbean. ~Mock
30 marks
Exam
2015 Q6 "Internal self-government was the most important movement towards independence in
30 marks the Caribbean." Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
2011 Q5 To what extent can it be argued that genocide and revolution are central themes in
30 marks Caribbean history?
2008 Q2 Using examples from the Caribbean, explain how Caribbean people throughout history
20 marks have responded to oppression
2007 Q1 Describe the contribution of peasant groups to the development of Caribbean society in
20 marks the period after emancipation.
Society and Culture
2018 Q1 Describe FOUR popular ways of understanding society, outlining ONE limitation of EACH
20 marks for understanding Caribbean societies.
2017 Q2 Explain FOUR ways in which Indo-Caribbean people have influenced Caribbean culture.
20 marks
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2014 Q1 Using examples, describe FOUR ways in which indigenous peoples have contributed to
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20 marks the way of life in the Caribbean.
2011 Q1 Using THREE examples from the Caribbean, explain the relationship between culture
20 marks and society.
2010 Q2 Describe the MAJOR migrations into the Caribbean that greatly impacted society and
20 marks culture.
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2008 Q5 Assess the role of ONE of the following in the formation of Caribbean identity:
30 marks African-Caribbean culture, or Indo-Caribbean culture
2007 Q2 Describe THREE different ways in which the term 'culture' is used. Refer to examples
20 marks Ac
from Caribbean society and culture to illustrate your answer.
Identity and Social Formation

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"While some men, particularly in the highest social strata, have been able to maintain
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their traditional position in the family, educational system and labour force, the majority
2016 Q5
are being eclipsed [replaced] by women rising in all these areas." Discuss the extent to
30 marks
which you agree with this view taking into consideration gender practices in the
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Caribbean context.
"Caribbean societies are undergoing processes of cultural change. These processes
2016 Q6 have been variously viewed as acculturation, transculturation, or Creolisation.” Discuss
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30 marks the relationship between any TWO of these processes and the extent to which you agree
with any of them.
2015 Q2 Examine FOUR factors that promoted social mobility in the Caribbean
30 marks
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2014 Q5 "The Caribbean needs its diaspora in order to fully understand itself." Examine the extent
30 marks to which Caribbean diasporic communities influence the formation of Caribbean identity.
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2014 Q6 “United we stand, divided we fall.” Examine the extent to which social challenges faced
30 marks by people in the Caribbean region may hinder Caribbean unity.
2012 Q5 "Social stratification continues to be a key feature of Caribbean society." Using examples
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30 marks to support your answer, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement,
2012 Q6 "Cultural practices are never erased: they are transformed." Using examples from the
30 marks Caribbean, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
2009 Q5 Account for the changing role that race, colour and ethnic affiliation play in Caribbean
30 marks society and culture.
2009 Q6 "There is no single Caribbean culture." Do you agree? Provide arguments and examples
30 marks to support your answer.
2008 Q1 Using examples from the Caribbean, explain TWO of the following concepts: cultural
20 marks erasure, cultural retention, cultural renewal.
2006 Q6 *All ah we is one." Discuss the social challenges faced by Caribbean people in achieving
30 marks Caribbean unity.
2005 Q6 Drawing on your own experiences, discuss the extent to which the concept of "Caribbean
30 marks identity" is a myth or a reality.
2004 Q1 Describe the causes of social stratification in Caribbean countries

20 marks
2004 Q5 Discuss the view that a “Caribbean Identity” is more clearly evident among the Caribbean
30 marks nationals who meet outside the region than it is among nationals in the Caribbean itself.
2003 Q1 Describe the factors that have led Caribbean migrants living in metropolitan countries to
20 marks create a "home away from home
2003 Q6 Discuss the challenges for Caribbean society as it seeks to achieve national unity in a
30 marks context of cultural diversity
Geographical Phenomena
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2021 Q1 Coral reefs across the Caribbean are in danger of extinction. Examine FOUR ways in
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20 marks which citizens and/or the private sector can help protect coral reefs.
Individuals, more than governments, have a responsibility to mitigate the effects of
2017 Q5
natural disasters. Discuss the extent to which it is the responsibility of individuals rather
30 marks
than governments to mitigate the effects of natural disasters
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2015 Q1 Examine FOUR ways in which settlement patterns in the Caribbean have been
20 marks influenced by the physical landscape.
2011 Q2 Explain THREE ways in which the physical landscape has influenced settlement patterns
20 marks
2003 Q2
in the Caribbean Ac
Describe how the physical landscape has influenced settlement patterns in the
20 marks Caribbean.
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2014 Q2 Using examples, describe FOUR measures that can be taken to minimize the impact of
20 marks soil erosion in the Caribbean
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2013 Q1 Examine FOUR factors which have caused coral reefs in the Caribbean to be threatened
20 marks with extinction. Include examples in your response
2012 Q2 Examine THREE strategies that Caribbean countries can use to minimize the impact of
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20 marks earthquakes in the region

2010 Q6 "Flooding is caused by a combination of natural and man-made factors." Discuss the
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30 marks extent to which flooding is a MAIOR environmental hazard, in the Caribbean

2009 Q1 Examine THREE measures that Caribbean countries can implement to minimise the
20 marks danger posed to coral reefs in the region.
2008 Q6 Discuss the social and economic impact of natural disasters on the Caribbean.
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30 marks
2005 Q1 Describe the value of coral reef to Caribbean society and culture
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20 marks
2004 Q6 Assess the measures that Caribbean countries can realistically undertake to minimize
30 marks the danger posed by earthquake
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Citing examples, discuss FOUR effects of soil erosion on the development of Caribbean
20 marks Countries.
Caribbean Arts and Popular Culture
2017 Q1 Explain FOUR ways in which the arts have contributed to human development in the
20 marks Caribbean.
2016 Q2 Explain FOUR ways in which the historical experiences and culinary practices of
20 marks Caribbean people have shaped/influenced food choices today.
2015 Q5 "Carnival and Phagwah create opportunities for Caribbean people to publicly express
30 marks their identities." Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
2003 Q3 Describe how ONE art form or expression of popular culture has contributed significantly
20 marks to the economic development of Caribbean countries
During the past three decades Caribbean music and Caribbean festivals have gained
2005 Q5
widespread acceptance internationally. Analyse the nature of this impact for the
30 marks
Caribbean
Spec Q1 Explain THREE ways in which creolisation has impacted on the development of
20 marks Caribbean art forms.
Societal Institutions
2021 Q3 Christianity has played a major role in the formation of the values and beliefs of
30 marks Caribbean people. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
2019 Q3 During colonial rule, education in the Caribbean was an effective means of upward social
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30 marks mobility. Using THREE points, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
2013 Q6 Assess the ways in which colonial education impacted the formation of Caribbean society
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30 marks and culture.
2012 Q1 Examine THREE ways in which the family, as a social institution, impacts on society and
20 marks culture in the Caribbean.
2011 Q6 “European cultural institutions continue to impact Caribbean society and culture in the
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30 marks independence period." To what extent do you agree with this statement
2005 Q5 To what extent do European cultural institutions continue to dominate Caribbean society
30 marks
2010 Q1
20 marks
and culture? Ac
Describe THREE ways in which education facilitated the colonial agenda in the
Caribbean.
2009 Q2 Examine THREE ways in which the justice system, as a social institution, impacts on
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20 marks society and culture.
2007 Q6 Assess the extent to which religion continues to dominate the life of Caribbean people.
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30 marks
2006 Q1 Examine at least FOUR challenges being faced by the justice system in Caribbean
20 marks society and culture today
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2005 Q2 Describe how education as a social institution. impacts on Caribbean society and culture
20 marks
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Spec Q2 Examine THREE ways in which the justice system, as a social institution, impacts on
20 mark society and culture.
Spec Q6 Assess the extent to which religion continues to be significant in the lives of Caribbean
30 mark people.
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Caribbean-Global Interactions
Since the early twentieth century, Caribbean nationals have migrated to regions such as
Europe and North America. Discuss FOUR ways in which this migration has impacted
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2022 Q3
the culture and economies of these extra-regional territories.
30 marks
(Remember that in a discussion you should give both sides of the argument)
2017 Q6 Festivals in the Caribbean have become commercialized as a result of the influence of
30 marks extra-regional countries. Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view
2013 Q2 Describe FOUR ways in which the Rastafarian culture has impacted the societies of
20 marks metropolitan countries.
2010 Q5 Examine the impact of Rastafarian culture on the metropolitan societies of North America
30 marks and Europe
2007 Q5 "Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North America have had a limited impact
30 marks on those societies." Present arguments for OR against this statement.
2006 Q2 Describe FOUR ways in which Caribbean society and culture impact upon the
20 marks economies of extraregional countries
Spec Q5 “Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North America have had a limited impact
30 marks on these societies.” Present arguments for OR against this statement.
"It is difficult to see how extra-regional societies has had any impact on Caribbean
30 marks society and culture." Discuss the view to which you agree or disagree with this
statement.
Concepts and Indicators of Development
Per capita measurements are used to understand economic growth indicators such as
2018 Q2
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GDP and GNP. Explain TWO advantages and TWO disadvantages of using GDP per
20 marks
capita measurement as an indicator of development
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2015 Q7 In light of the region's vulnerable environment, discuss the extent to which sustainable
30 marks development is a viable option.
2014 Q3 Discuss FOUR measures that can be taken by Caribbean governments to promote
20 marks economic growth during a recession.
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2011 Q3 Discuss THREE similarities and THREE differences between sustainable development
20 marks and economic development
2009 Q3 Using examples from the Caribbean, describe the importance of EACH of the following
20 marks
2008 Q3
20 marks
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concepts: Economic development, Political development, Social development
Describe the contribution made by Caribbean Governments to sustainable development
in the region
2007 Q3 Outline FOUR indicators of development and describe their relevance as indicators of
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20 marks development in the Caribbean
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Social Justice
2017 Q8 Police brutality is an issue of social justice in the Caribbean. Analyse the effects of such
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30 marks brutality on Caribbean societies.

"Discriminatory practices limit the potential of the Caribbean to facilitate development'"
2014 Q8
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Discuss this statement with reference to discrimination in the Caribbean based on race
30 marks
and sexual orientation.
"Development is directly related to the ability of citizens to exercise their fundamental
2013 Q8
democratic rights." Do you agree? Using examples from the Caribbean, assess the
30 marks
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validity of the statement above.

2011 Q8 “Breaches of social justice hinder development by perpetuating inequality in Caribbean
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30 marks society." Discuss this statement with reference to age and class'
2008 Q8 “Many Caribbean people continue to experience discrimination in their own countries."
30 marks Discuss this statement with reference to age, ethnicity and class.
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2012 Q4 Describe FOUR ways in which Caribbean countries can increase their levels of
20 marks productivity.
2004 Q4 Examine FOUR ways in which Caribbean countries can achieve high levels of
20 marks productivity.
2004 Q8 Discuss the extent to which the inequitable distribution of wealth in Caribbean countries
30 marks can be regarded as a breach of social justice
Factors that affect Development
2017 Q3 Explain FOUR challenges to the development of the tourism sector in the Caribbean,
20 marks indicating how EACH challenge impacts development in the region.
2016 Q3 Explain FOUR ways in which global economic conditions influence the economic options
20 marks of regional governments.
2016 Q4 Explain FOUR measures which governments can use to encourage entrepreneurial
20 marks activities in the Caribbean region.
2015 Q4 Discuss FOUR ways in which popular movements in the Caribbean have shaped the
20 marks region's political identity.
Describe FOUR ways in which the empowerment of women can promote development in
2013 Q4
the Caribbean.
20 marks
2012 Q3 Describe FOUR ways in which technology has advanced development in the Caribbean.
20 marks
2012 Q7 "The Caribbean needs sustainable tourism." Discuss the extent to which you agree that it
30 marks is feasible for the Caribbean to practise sustainable tourism.
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2010 Q4 Describe how the distribution of wealth in the Caribbean hinders development in the
20 marks region.
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2009 Q4 Describe THREE ways in which discrimination against women hinders development in
20 mark the region.
2009 Q9 'Tourism has advanced development in the Caribbean." Present arguments for AND
30 marks against this statement
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2007 Q4 Explain how the distribution of wealth in a Caribbean country impacts on its
20 marks development.
2006 Q6 Describe FOUR challenges faced by Caribbean governments in their efforts to promote
20 marks
2005 Q3
20 marks
tourism development.
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For a named Caribbean country, describe the factors that may be hindering the process
of development.
2005 Q4 Describe how discrimination against women impacts development in the Caribbean
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20 marks
2005 Q8 Suggest ways in which the tourism industry in the Caribbean can further advance
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30 marks development in the region.

2004 Q2 Explain how the tourist industry has helped to shape patterns of behaviour within
20 marks Caribbean communities
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2003 Q8 "Imported technology has marginally improved the economies of the Caribbean." To what
30 marks extent do you agree with this statement
Spec Q4 Examine the ways in which entrepreneurial activity can promote development.
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20 marks
Intellectual Traditions
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‘Industrialization by invitation’ was suggested by Sir Arthur Lewis as a strategy to help

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transform Caribbean economies from being overly dependent on agriculture to being

more diversified.
2022 Q2
Pe
With respect to pre-independence era, explain

20 marks
(a) TWO ways by which policies resulting from ‘industrialization by invitation’ has
benefited the region
(b) TWO ways by which such policies have impacted the region NEGATIVELY.
2018 Q4 Discuss the extent to which the ideology 'indigenous perspectives' has contributed to the
30 marks reshaping of thoughts on Caribbean development
"In the 1960s, the Dependency Theory attempted to explain underdevelopment in the
2014 Q7
Caribbean." Discuss the extent to which the Dependency Theory is still useful in
30 marks
explaining Caribbean development in the twenty-first century
Spec Q7 Discuss the view that the policy of “industrialisation by invitation” has retarded Caribbean
30 marks development
Discuss the ways in which historical factors have led to the development of:
30 marks Pan-Africanism, Negritude, and Indo-Caribbean Though, and explain how EACH
intellectual tradition have impacted Caribbean development in the 20th century.
Describe FOUR ways in which the Caribbean Feminist Thought have promoted
20 marks
Caribbean development.
Globalisation and Development
2019 Q2 “Technology not only played a role in ushering in the age of globalisation, but has been a
20 marks driving force behind its advancement.” Describe FOUR ways in which technology has
contributed to the advancements of globalisation in the Caribbean.
2008 Q4 Describe FOUR ways in which technology facilitates globalisation in the Caribbean
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20 marks
Explain FOUR ways in which the Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) between
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2017 Q4
CARIFORUM and the European Union (EU) promotes free trade between CARIFORUM
20 marks
countries and the EU
2016 Q7 Examine the evolution of the labour movement in the region from colonialism to
30 marks globalization and describe THREE impacts on regional economies.
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2015 Q3 Discuss FOUR ways in which structural adjustment programs (SAPs) impact development
20 marks in the Caribbean
2014 Q4 Discuss FOUR ways in which the distribution sector in the Caribbean can contribute to the
20 marks
2013 Q3
20 marks
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overall growth and development of the region and its diaspora
Examine TWO ways in which EACH of the following organizations facilitates development
in the Caribbean: The World Bank and The World Trade Organization (WTO)
2010 Q3 Explain how globalization affects industry and trade in the Caribbean.
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20 marks
2006 Q3 Describe FOUR ways in which the process of globalization is affecting the development of
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20 marks the Caribbean.

2004 Q7 “Globalisation only benefits the rich and powerful countries more than it benefits the
30 marks nations of the Caribbean.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?
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Spec Q3 Explain how MNCs promote globalisation, but hinder development in the Caribbean
20 marks
Tu
Mass Media and Development
A key role of the mass media is to defend and promote the rights of citizens. Discuss the
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extent to which you agree that the mass media in the Caribbean promotes human
2022 Q4
development in the region. Use FOUR arguments to support your position.
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30 marks
(Remember that in a discussion you should give both sides of the argument)
2011 Q7 Discuss the view that freedom of movement is the key factor hindering integration in the
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30 marks Caribbean region

"The mass media in the Caribbean is pre-occupied with sensational news reporting such
2010 Q8 as crime and violence - rapes and burglaries - with little focus on the region's economic,
30 marks educational, and other developmental issues." Give arguments for and against this
statement.
2008 Q7 and Spec Q8 "Freedom of the press is a necessity in all Caribbean countries." Do you agree? Provide
30 marks arguments and examples to support your answer.
2007 Q7 Examine how freedom of the press impacts on development in the Caribbean
30 marks
2003 Q4 Describe how political interference has affected the mass media's ability to contribute
20 marks positively to the development of the Caribbean region
The Integration Movement
2021 Q2 The OECS is one organisation which contributes to integration in the Caribbean region.
20 marks Examine, in detail, FOUR contributions of this organisation to Caribbean integration.
A major challenge to the CARICOM Single Market and Economy (CSME) is the
2019 Q4
differences in level of the development among member states. Using THREE points,
30 marks
discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement.
2016 Q8 Discuss FOUR of the challenges faced by the Regional Security System (RSS) in its
30 marks efforts to respond to the security needs of the Caribbean region.
2015 Q8 Discuss the extent to which the Caribbean Community (CARICOM), in its present form, is
30 marks capable of responding to the economic challenges of globalization
2012 Q8 "CARICOM cannot last for five more years!" Discuss the extent to which you agree with
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30 marks this statement in view of the challenges faced by CARICOM
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*The ultimate goal of CARICOM is to institute a single Government for CARICOM member
2009 Q7
states." If this goal becomes a reality, discuss the ways in which this development may
30 marks
help OR hinder the movement towards Caribbean integration.
2007 Q8 Describe THREE factors that encourage Caribbean integration, and assess the impact this
30 marks integration is likely to have on social, political and economic development of the region.
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2006 Q7 "Freedom of movement poses the greatest challenge to establishing the CSME." To what
30 marks extent do you agree with this comment?
2004 Q7 Discuss the view that a major challenge to the integration movement in the Caribbean is
30 marks Ac
the wide disparity in levels of development among member countries of CARICOM
Sports and Development

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2021 Q4 The most significant contribution of sports to the region is the generation of income.
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30 marks Discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement
2017 Q7 Sports play a major role in regional development. Discuss the extent to which you agree
30 marks with this statement
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2013 Q7 Discuss the extent to which sports have contributed to the development of Caribbean
30 marks identity regionally and in the diaspora.
2011 Q4 Discuss FOUR challenges that are faced by Caribbean governments in using sports as a
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20 marks means of facilitating development in the region

2010 Q7 For ONE named Caribbean country, examine its commitment to human development
30 marks through sport
"West Indian cricket, once the pride and joy of Caribbean sports fans worldwide, has in
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2007 Q7 recent years often lacked competitiveness in test matches." Assess the impact that this
30 marks "lack of competitiveness" will have on regional cricket in general AND on the region's
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development specifically.
2006 Q8 To what extent do sports in the Caribbean provide educational opportunities for Caribbean
30 marks people as well as a route to Caribbean nationalism?
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2003 Q7 "Sports have made a major contribution to development in the Caribbean.’ To what extent
30 marks do you agree with this statement?
Do as many practice essays as possible! You can WhatsApp

me your essays for feedback.
UPCOMING CSEC CRASH COURSES
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(Comm. Studies P2 will be free)
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FOUR QUESTIONS in 3 HOURS?!

1. Spending equal amount of time on each question

- 30 marks questions require more time than 20 marks

2. Bad use of time

YOU MUST USE TIME TO PLAN - NO MORE THAN 5 MINS

Last 20 mins, complete each question & check over.

Type A: 20 mark essays

topic: ‘Describe ways’ or ‘Explain how’. You should not spend

• enquiry and communication – 5 marks.

USE OF KNOWLEDGE - HOW YOU USE WHAT YOU KNOW,

ENQUIRY AND COMMUNICATION - HOW YOU EXPRESS

WHAT YOU KNOW, PRESENTATION OF ARGUMENTS,

On the other hand

​In the first place

In the second place

MARK SCHEME FOR PAPER 02 ESSAYS

issues. Arguments are logical and clear; strong

supporting evidence is provided for positions taken.

C. ENQUIRY AND COMMUNICATION

Level 3. The candidate demonstrates a sound command of

3. The exam is not Trinidad Studies, it is Caribbean

○ ﻿Discuss means that you should write an extended answer in which

against, but do not necessarily come to a definite conclusion.

○ ﻿Evaluate expects your answer to weigh up the evidence and give a

concepts, stating the situation, explaining the issues) and

exploring related concepts and issues.

5. POOR ESSAY STRUCTURE

You would have learnt in English A how to structure a basic essay:

- Conclusion summarizes main points discussed

6. MUST USE EXAMPLES & STATISTICS (even if you have to make

them up - be smart about this!)

Important Historical Dates

Indigenous People migrated to the Caribbean

1791 – 1804 Haitian Revolution (ended in 1804)

1834 - 1838 Amelioration and Apprenticeship Systems

1917 Indentureship ends

2) Globalization and Development

1945 International Monetary Fund (IMF)

1946 World Bank (WB)

1978 Women and Development Unit (WAND)

2000 Economic Partnership Agreement

1958 West Indies Federation (WIF)

1981 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS)

1970 Caribbean Development Bank (CDB)

1970s Regional Security System (RSS)

1972 Caribbean Examination Council (CXC)

Caribbean Institute of Media and Communication

of that society. Definitions of culture stress the ordinary,

everyday practices that are good indicators of what that

views as its culture. It places emphasis on what the society

its social institutions.

The concept known as “the justice system” captures five key

control as members of the society are socialised into what

disrepute because of corruption at the highest levels, as the

often than other members of the society who are in a higher

Point 2 - The justice system guides our understanding of such

acts as deviance which is usually seen as breaking the rules

accused of improper socialisation of its youth - such as

Point 3 - Maintaining social order: The justice system helps to

traditional forms of social control are themselves changing

present their arguments logically and clearly and display

“Caribbean migrants in the United Kingdom and North

- Culture - festivals, carnival

In the first place

○ Discuss means that you should write an extended answer in which

○ Evaluate expects your answer to weigh up the evidence and give a