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Name: Class: Date:
Chapter 07: Observing and Reflecting Feelings: The Heart of Empathic Understanding
1. Paraphrasing is concerned with feeding back the key points of what a client has said. Reflection of feeling, in contrast,
involves:
a. observing emotions.
b. naming emotions.
c. repeating emotions back to the client.
d. helping clients become more affective.
ANSWER: d
2. Which of the following is not used in reflection of feeling?

a. Identifying key emotions
b. Emphasizing cognitive content
c. Affective empathy
d. Searching for positive feelings
ANSWER: b
3. Which of the following is a common quality of both paraphrasing and reflection of feeling?
a. They are both included in feedback to the client.

b. They may be found together in the same statement.
c. They are both used in interviews.
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
4. There is a distinctive difference between paraphrasing and reflection of feeling. Paraphrase focuses on ________ and
reflection of feeling is concerned with ________.
a. content; emotion
b. emotion; content
c. content; observations
d. observations; emotion
ANSWER: a
5. When the interviewer reflects feeling, he or she can expect the client will ________.
a. experience their emotional state more fully

b. talk in more depth about their feelings
c. correct the interviewer's reflection with a more accurate descriptor
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
6. If a ____________ is inaccurate, it provides the client with an opportunity to correct the counselor. If a questioning
tone of voice is used, the client may elaborate further.
a. paraphrase
Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1
Name: Class: Date:
b. reflection of feeling
c. summary
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
7. The first task in eliciting and reflecting feelings is to _________ key emotional words expressed by the client.
a. recognize
b. paraphrase
c. reflect
d. confront
ANSWER: a
8. In order to reflect feeling, the interviewer must first identify the presenting emotion. Which of the following is NOT a
method to identify feelings?
a. Match one of the primary emotions to client behavior.
b. With a closed question, ask the client to supply the missing feeling word.
c. Ask an open question: "How do you feel about that?"
d. Name the feeling expressed implicitly by client behaviors.
ANSWER: a
9. The effective salesperson:

a. wisely ignores the feelings of her or his clients.
b. carefully observes emotions so he or she can optimize sales.
c. will note the feelings of clients and may regularly reflect them back.
d. none of these
ANSWER: b
10. Which of the following is NOT an emotional word?

a. Angry
b. Excited
c. Joyful
d. Considerate
ANSWER: d
11. Which of the following correctly details the techniques of reflecting feelings?
a. Sentence stem, feeling label, content summary, past tense, check-out
b. Feeling label, brief context, sentence content, tense, check-out
c. Sentence stem, feeling label, brief context, tense, check-out
d. Feeling label, brief context, tense, check-out, closing
ANSWER: c
12. The check-out is important because:
a. it provides the client room to clarify things that the interviewer may have missed.
Name: Class: Date:
b. it tends to clarify what the client has been saying.

c. if the counselor is wrong, the client can come back and restate the issue more clearly.
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
13. The most immediate and potentially powerful tense for a reflection of feeling is:
a. past tense.
b. present tense.
c. future tense.
d. all tenses have equal power.
ANSWER: b
14. What should you do when the feelings of the client are not fully understandable and seem confused?
a. Ignore the feeling until you understand fully what the client is saying.
b. Paraphrase and summarize what you have heard.
c. Reflect the feelings as you have heard them, but include a check-out for accuracy.
d. All of these
ANSWER: c
15. Nonverbal indications of a client who is deeply emotional may most often include:
a. rapid breathing, speech hesitations, and facial flushing.

b. relaxed body posture concealing deeper feelings.
c. focusing on a single topic to the exclusion of all others.
d. All of these
ANSWER: a
16. Josephine: I've been in this “home” for three years now. The staff doesn't care, my family never comes, and the food is
awful.
Which is the most appropriate reflection of her implicit feelings?
a. “Josephine, you sound really angry. Is that close to what you are feeling?”
b. “Josephine, you are frustrated and angry. Is that close to what you are feeling?”
c. “Josephine, you sound really frustrated!”
d. “Josephine, I hear that you are frustrated. Underneath that, you sound lonely . . . and angry? Is that close to
what you are feeling?”
ANSWER: d
17. Accurately reflecting feeling results in:
a. bringing out the richness of the client’s emotional world.

b. helping clients sort out complex feelings and thoughts.
c. grounding the counselor and client in basic experience.
Name: Class: Date:
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
18. "I feel really terrible. My folks have divorced. They have moved apart, and I don't know where to live." Which would
be a reflection of feeling in response to this client?
a. "You're really confused."
b. "Really terrible?"
c. "Sounds like you're really upset and are confused as to what to do next."
d. "Looks like you have had a bad experience. I can see that it would be tough deciding what to do next."
ANSWER: c
19. Barry (jiggling his feet and shuffling restlessly): I can't get the scene of the World Trade Center bombing off my mind.
It keeps coming up in my dreams again and again. I don't understand what's going on.
Which is the most appropriate response?
a. “You seem to be anxious right now. Could you tell me more about your story and what's happening for you?”
b. “You seem to be anxious right now? Is that close?”
c. “The lack of sleep is really frustrating you.”
d. “You wonder what is going on?”
ANSWER: a
20. Feelings are so important in the counseling process that you should:
a. reflect every feeling you observe as it comes along.
b. only reflect those feelings that are directly apparent.
c. avoid reflecting discrepant feelings.
d. none of these
ANSWER: d
21. Client: Since my mother was diagnosed with cancer, I've been really worried and concerned. She just doesn't look as
well as she did before; she needs a lot more rest.
Which of the following interviewer responses is reflection of feeling?
a. "Your mother has cancer and she needs more rest."
b. "You seem really worried and concerned about your mother."
c. "Your mother looks well, but she needs more rest."
d. "Umm, tell me more."
ANSWER: b
22. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the skill of reflecting feelings?
a. It is probably one of the easiest skills for you to master.

b. It is probably the skill we use the most in our daily communications.
c. It is probably one of the skills that takes more time to get fully comfortable with.
d. All of these
ANSWER: c
Name: Class: Date:
23. Which of the following will NOT help you practice reflection of feeling?
a. Combine reflection of feeling with paraphrasing.
b. Become aware of and competent in each of the microskills.
c. Focus on integrating reflection of feeling with questioning, encouraging, and paraphrasing.
d. Use the skill as frequently as possible, and gradually integrate the microskills naturally into your personal
style.
ANSWER: c
24. The following primary emotions, in terms of facial expression and language, have been validated throughout the world
in all cultures. These primary emotions are ________.
a. mad, annoyed, angry, contempt, surprised, and furious
b. sad, mad, glad, surprised, disgust, and scared
c. happy, joyous, excited, nervous, contempt, and surprised
d. surprised, disgusted, caring, guilt, obstinate, and contempt
ANSWER: b
25. Social emotions include:
a. embarrassment.
b. guilt.
c. pride.
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
26. Which of the following is the emotional center of the brain?

a. Right brain
b. Limbic system
c. Left brain
d. Hippocampus
ANSWER: b
27. When a client feels anger, the ________ energizes the limbic HPA axis, and hormones lead to a faster heartbeat,
higher blood pressure, breathing changes, and muscular tension.
a. TAP
b. amygdala
c. pituitary gland
d. All of these
ANSWER: b
28. Sorting out mixed feelings is best done, according to the authors, by:
a. using the exact words of the client.
b. paraphrasing feelings clearly, encouraging, and then summarizing.
Name: Class: Date:
c. noting ambivalent words such as "confusion" and discovering underlying deeper feelings through questioning
and reflection of feeling.
d. carefully bringing out additional specifics of the client's emotional world.
ANSWER: c
29. ____________ clients may demonstrate a general tension and increased breathing rate, averted eyes or raised
eyebrows, furrowed brow, biting the lips, crossed arms, or anxious playing with fingers.
a. Sad
b. Mad
c. Scared
d. Disgusted
ANSWER: c
30. ____________ clients may demonstrate an upright body position, frowning, and a louder or forced vocal tone; the
mouth and jaws may be tense and lips tightened, and the fists clenched or palms down.
a. Sad
b. Mad
c. Scared
d. Disgusted
ANSWER: b
31. ____________ clients may demonstrate a mouth curved down and upper drooping eyelids or a raise of the inner
brows. Their body may slump or the shoulders drop, while vocal tone may be soft and speech rate slow.
a. Sad
b. Mad
c. Scared
d. Disgusted
ANSWER: a
32. ____________ clients may demonstrate a wrinkled nose and raised and pursed upper lip.
a. Sad
b. Mad
c. Scared
d. Disgusted
ANSWER: d
33. Assuming you have sufficient trust, you might try ___________ to help a client increase emotional expression.
a. commenting on their nonverbals
b. asking them to repeat emotionally loaded words
c. holding back for an interview or two and avoiding the issue
d. both a and b
ANSWER: d
34. Which of the following may NOT help clients slow down and regain control of their emotions?
a. Join clients where they are
Name: Class: Date:
b. Pace clients appropriately

c. Gestalt exercises
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
35. Which of the following would be a possible way to help clients increase emotional expression?
a. "What are you feeling right now at this moment?"
b. "Pay attention to the feelings in your body."
c. "Would you go back and say that again?"
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
36. Which of the following might be useful to help clients decrease emotional expression?
a. "Let's stop for a moment and breathe deeply."
b. "Would you say that again?"
c. "Pay attention to the feelings in your body."
d. All of these
ANSWER: a
37. Research suggests that positive emotions produce patterns of thought that are:
a. flexible.
b. creative.
c. integrative.
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
38. Choose the FALSE statement regarding positive and negative emotions.
a. Positive emotions make everything OK with a client's negative issues.
b. Do not minimize difficult emotions by too quickly focusing on the positive.
c. Identifying positive feelings helps balance the focus on negative emotion.
d. A wellness assessment provides positive emotions to draw on when needed.
ANSWER: a
39. When a client is depressed, you can expect less brain activity in the:
a. prefrontal cortex.
b. limbic system.
c. right brain and amygdala.
d. hippocampus
ANSWER: a
40. If a client is continually talking about negative emotions, which of the following is most helpful?
Name: Class: Date:
a. Encourage the client to continue as he or she wishes. This will empower the client to make his or her own
decisions.
b. Work to identify strengths and positives that the client has available, thus empowering the client to face the
negatives from a basis of strength.
c. Ask the client to identify positive feelings in his or her body.
d. All of these
ANSWER: b
41. Which of the following is true of positive emotions?

a. They increase capacity to cope in a crisis.
b. They facilitate wellness.
c. They affect resiliency.
d. All of the these
ANSWER: d
42. Acknowledging feelings is:

a. another term for reflection of feeling.
b. not a recognized term associated with the microskills.
c. brief recognition of feeling before moving on with the client's story.
d. reflection of feeling used mainly with adult clients.
ANSWER: c
43. Which of the following represents a potential limitation of reflection of feeling?

a. Not all clients will appreciate your comments on their feelings.
b. Empathic reflection can have a confrontational quality to some clients.
c. Timing is particularly important with reflection of feeling.
d. All of these
ANSWER: d
44. With some clients, the brief acknowledgment of ____ may be more appropriate.
a. encouragement
b. paraphrase
c. feeling
d. summary
ANSWER: c
45. ____ is demonstrated when the interviewer responds to the client, "You really feel frustrated, almost crazy, over the
situation."
a. Encouraging
b. Paraphrasing
c. Summarizing
d. Reflecting feeling
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: d
46. Instructions:
Classify each of the following counseling leads as a paraphrase, encourage, or reflection of feeling.
P for paraphrase
E for encourage
R for reflection of feeling
Client: I really wonder what's going to happen to me. I find myself aging faster than I anticipated. I simply can't do all that
I'd like to do anymore. It makes me sick just to think of it. I'm confused and worried.
____ "Confused and worried?"
ANSWER: E
47. ____ "You are wondering how to cope with the changes that age is bringing to you."
ANSWER: P
48. ____ "You're confused and worried over the changes that come with age."
ANSWER: R
49. Instructions: Classify each of the following counseling leads as a paraphrase, encourage, or reflection of feeling.
P for paraphrase
E for encourage
Client: Yes, somehow it just doesn't seem fair. I've taken care of myself and worked hard, but my spouse just says I'm
angry and bitter. It hurts.
____ "You feel hurt that your spouse says that."
ANSWER: R
50. ____ "The situation isn't fair after you've worked so hard to do right."
ANSWER: P
51. ____ "It hurts."

ANSWER: E
52. Instructions: Classify each of the following counseling leads as a paraphrase, encourage, or reflection of feeling.
P for paraphrase
E for encourage
Client: If it were just my arthritis, I think I could deal with it, but I didn't expect to have muscle spasms and leg cramps so
bad I can't walk as well. I feel totally useless.
____ "Having more than one physical issue complicates things a good deal."
ANSWER: P

Name: Class: Date:
53. ____ "You can't walk?"
ANSWER: E
54. ____ "I hear you saying you are very discouraged and hurting right now. Am I hearing you correctly?"
ANSWER: R
55. The critical distinction between paraphrasing and reflection of feelings is the emphasis on content and emotion
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
56. Reflections of feeling in the past tense tend to be more useful for reflecting feeling.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
57. Counselors and therapists can observe and identify unspoken feelings expressed through a client's nonverbal behavior.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
58. Reflecting feelings is central to every helping professional.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
59. Social emotions are built on primary emotions and are learned in family and cultural contexts.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
60. Feelings are physical and mental.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
61. Microexpressions are fleeting expressions of concealed emotion.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
62. Feelings guide our cognitive decisions.
a. True
b. False
Name: Class: Date:
ANSWER: True
63. If your client can begin from a positive base of emotion, they may be better able to cope with negative issues.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True
64. While learning to identify and reflect client feelings, it is critical for prospective counselors and interviewers to focus
only on their client's personal history and ability to deal with emotions.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False
65. Write reflections of feeling, paraphrases, and encouragers to the following client statements.
a. "I don't like this test. It is too long and difficult. It makes me angry when the instructor
provides open-ended statements and expects me to provide the correct answer."
b. "I'm so pleased with myself. I did well on the examination in spite of the unfairness of the
instructor. He's a nice person, but it was I who straightened the situation out. But on the
other hand, he did sit and listen to me when I complained. A funny person he is."
c. "How do you expect me to handle role-playing, a skill I don't even understand? I've read the
book three times and still it isn't clear. I've tried, but I am just so confused in this course."
ANSWER: Answers may vary
66. Write three responses (present tense, past tense, and future tense) to each of the following client statements. Indicate
whether your response is an open or closed question, a paraphrase, an encourager, or a reflection of feeling.
a. "I've lived alone all my life. My parents died when I was young, and it has been tough. But
I've survived, and I'm proud of what I have done."
b. "Well, one thing is for sure. My stepfather was really hard on me. I can't say I really like
him, but I do respect him a great deal."
c. "But then, my mother-in-law right now really bugs me. She reminds me of my stepmother—
always harsh and brassy, and not sensitive at all."
67. Describe potential risks or drawbacks of reflecting feelings. Discuss how and when reflection of feelings may be
unwise to use.
68. Discuss the importance of positive emotions in counseling and therapy. Describe different strategies for positive
reflection.
69. You are working with a client who gets over-involved and too deep in emotion. There is a clear need to tone down
emotional expression. How would you go about this?

Name: Class: Date:
70. How might you encourage a client who resists emotion to express feelings more fully?
71. Discuss how the skill of acknowledgment of feeling may be useful in settings outside of counseling and interviewing.
72. The HPA system does NOT include:

a. the thorax.
b. the hypothalamus.
c. the pituitary gland.
d. the adrenal glands.
ANSWER: a
73. Which of the following is seen as the most basic emotion?

a. Anger
b. Fear
c. Surprise
d. Disgust
ANSWER: b

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the approval of the governor of the islands, authorize the
cities and towns to form among themselves associations or
communities for determined ends, such as the construction of
public works, the creation and foundation of beneficent,
charitable, or educational institutions, for the better
encouragement of public interests or the use of communal
property.
{389}
"ARTICLE 54.
It shall be the duty of commanding officers of military
districts, immediately after the publication of this order, to
recommend to the office of the military governor in which towns
within their commands municipal governments shall be
established, and upon approval of recommendations, either
personally or through subordinate commanders designated by
them, to issue and cause to be posted proclamations calling
elections therein. Such proclamations shall fix the time and
place of election and shall designate three residents of the
town who shall be charged with the duty of administering
electors' oaths; of preparing, publishing, and correcting,
within specified dates, a list of electors having the
qualifications hereinbefore set forth, and of presiding at and
making a due return of the election thus appointed. The
proclamation shall specify the offices to be filled, and in
order to determine the number of councilors the commanders
charged with calling the election shall determine, from the
best available evidence, the class to which the town belongs,
as hereinbefore defined; the classification thus made shall
govern until the taking of an official census. The first
alcaldes appointed under the provisions of this order shall
take and subscribe the oath of office before the commanding
officer of the military district or some person in the several
towns designated by said commanding officer for the said
purpose; whereupon the alcalde so sworn shall administer the
said oath of office to all the other officers of the municipio
there elected and afterwards appointed. The election returns
shall be canvassed by the authority issuing the election
proclamation, and the officers elected shall assume their
duties on a date to be specified by him in orders.
"ARTICLE. 55.
Until the appointment of governors of provinces their duties
under this order will be performed by the commanding officers
of the military districts. They may, by designation, confer on
subordinate commanding officers of subdistricts or of other
prescribed territorial limits of their commands the
supervisory duties herein enumerated, and a subordinate
commander so designated shall perform all and every of the
duties herein prescribed for the superior commanding officer.
"ARTICLE. 56.
For the time being the provisions of this order requiring that
alcaldes be elected, in all cases shall be so far modified as
to permit the commanding officers of military districts, in
their discretion, either to appoint such officers or to have
them elected as hereinbefore prescribed. The term of office of
alcaldes appointed under this authority shall be the same as
if they had been elected; at the expiration of such term the
office shall be filled by election or appointment.
"ARTICLE 57.
The governments of towns organized under General Orders No.
43, Headquarters Department of the Pacific and Eighth Army
Corps, series 1899, will continue in the exercise of their
functions as therein defined and set forth until such time as
municipal governments therefor have been organized and are in
operation under this order."
United States, 56th Congress, 1st Session,

House Document Number 659.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (April).

Appointment of the Second Commission to the Philippines and
the President's instructions to it.
Steps to be taken towards the establishment of civil
government, and the principles to be observed.
On the 7th of April, 1900, the President of the United States

addressed the following communication to the Secretary of War,
appointing a Second Commission to the Philippines, "to
continue and perfect the work of organizing and establishing
civil government" in the Islands, and defining the principles
on which that work should proceed: "In the message transmitted
to the Congress on the 5th of December, 1899, I said, speaking of
the Philippine Islands: 'As long as the insurrection continues
the military arm must necessarily be supreme. But there is no
reason why steps should not be taken from time to time to
inaugurate governments essentially popular in their form as
fast as territory is held and controlled by our troops. To
this end I am considering the advisability of the return of
the commission, or such of the members thereof as can be
secured, to aid the existing authorities and facilitate this
work throughout the islands.'
"To give effect to the intention thus expressed I have

appointed the Honorable William H. Taft of Ohio, Professor
Dean C. Worcester of Michigan, the Honorable Luke I. Wright of
Tennessee, the Honorable Henry C. Ide of Vermont, and
Professor Bernard Moses of California, Commissioners to the
Philippine Islands to continue and perfect the work of
organizing and establishing civil government already commenced
by the military authorities, subject in all respects to any
laws which Congress may hereafter enact. The Commissioners
named will meet and act as a board, and the Honorable William
H. Taft is designated as President of the board. It is
probable that the transfer of authority from military
commanders to civil officers will be gradual and will occupy a
considerable period. Its successful accomplishment and the
maintenance of peace and order in the meantime will require
the most perfect co-operation between the civil and military
authorities in the island, and both should be directed during
the transition period by the same executive department. The
commission will therefore report to the Secretary of War, and
all their action will be subject to your approval and control.
"You will instruct the commission to proceed to the City of

Manila, where they will make their principal office, and to
communicate with the Military Governor of the Philippine
Islands, whom you will at the same time direct to render to
them every assistance within his power in the performance of
their duties. Without hampering them by too specific
instructions, they should in general be enjoined, after making
themselves familiar with the conditions and needs of the
country, to devote their attention in the first instance to
the establishment of municipal governments, in which the
natives of the islands, both in the cities and in the rural
communities, shall be afforded the opportunity to manage their
own local affairs to the fullest extent of which they are
capable, and subject to the least degree of supervision and
control which a careful study of their capacities and
observation of the workings of native control show to be
consistent with the maintenance of law, order, and loyalty.
The next subject in order of importance should be the
organization of government in the larger administrative
divisions corresponding to counties, departments, or
provinces, in which the common interests of many or several
municipalities falling within the same tribal lines, or the
same natural geographical limits, may best be subserved by a
common administration. Whenever the commission is of the
opinion that the condition of affairs in the islands is such
that the central administration may safely be transferred from
military to civil control, they will report that conclusion to
you, with their recommendations as to the form of central
government to be established for the purpose of taking over
the control.
{390}
"Beginning with the 1st day of September, 1900, the authority

to exercise, subject to my approval, through the Secretary of
War, that part of the power of government in the Philippine
Islands which is of a legislative nature is to be transferred
from the Military Governor of the Islands to this commission,
to be thereafter exercised by them in the place and stead of
the Military Governor, under such rules and regulations as you
shall prescribe, until the establishment of the civil central
government for the islands contemplated in the last foregoing
paragraph, or until Congress shall otherwise provide. Exercise
of this legislative authority will include the making of rules
and orders, having the effect of law, for the raising of
revenue by taxes, customs duties, and imposts; the
appropriation and expenditure of public funds of the islands;
the establishment of an educational system throughout the
islands; the establishment of a system to secure an efficient
civil service; the organization and establishment of courts;
the organization and establishment of municipal and
departmental governments, and all other matters of a civil
nature for which the Military Governor is now competent to
provide by rules or orders of a legislative character. The
commission will also have power during the same period to
appoint to office such officers under the judicial,
educational, and civil service systems and in the municipal
and departmental governments as shall be provided for. Until
the complete transfer of control the Military Governor will
remain the chief executive head of the Government of the
islands, and will exercise the executive authority now
possessed by him and not herein expressly assigned to the
commission, subject, however, to the rules and orders enacted
by the commission in the exercise of the legislative powers
conferred upon them. In the meantime the municipal and
departmental governments will continue to report to the
Military Governor, and be subject to his administrative
supervision and control, under your direction, but that
supervision and control will be confined within the narrowest
limits consistent with the requirement that the powers of
government in the municipalities and departments shall be
honestly and effectively exercised and that law and order and
individual freedom shall be maintained. All legislative rules
and orders, establishments of Government, and appointments to
office by the commission will take effect immediately, or at
such times as it shall designate, subject to your approval and
action upon the coming in of the commission's reports, which
are to be made from time to time as its action is taken.
Wherever civil Governments are constituted under the direction
of the commission, such military posts, garrisons, and forces
will be continued for the suppression of insurrection and
brigandage, and the maintenance of law and order, as the
military commander shall deem requisite, and the military
forces shall be at all times subject, under his orders to the
call of the civil authorities for the maintenance of law and
order and the enforcement of their authority.
"In the establishment of Municipal Governments the commission

will take as the basis of its work the Governments established
by the Military Governor under his order of Aug. 8, 1899, and
under the report of the board constituted by the Military
Governor by his order of January 29, 1900, to formulate and
report a plan of Municipal Government, of which his Honor
Cayetano Arellano, President of the Audencia, was Chairman,
and it will give to the conclusions of that board the weight
and consideration which the high character and distinguished
abilities of its members justify. In the constitution of
Departmental or Provincial Governments it will give especial
attention to the existing Government of the Island of Negros,
constituted, with the approval of the people of that island,
under the order of the Military Governor of July 22, 1899, and
after verifying, so far as may be practicable, the reports of
the successful working of that Government, they will be guided
by the experience thus acquired, so far as it may be
applicable to the conditions existing in other portions of the
Philippines. It will avail itself, to the fullest degree
practicable, of the conclusions reached by the previous
commissions to the Philippines. In the distribution of powers
among the Governments organized by the commission, the
presumption is always to be in favor of the smaller
sub-division, so that all the powers which can properly be
exercised by the Municipal Government shall be vested in that
Government, and all the powers of a more general character
which can be exercised by the Departmental Government shall be
vested in that Government, and so that in the governmental
system, which is the result of the process, the Central
Government of the islands, following the example of the
distribution of the powers between the States and the National
Government of the United States, shall have no direct
administration except of matters of purely general concern,
and shall have only such supervision and control over local
Governments as may be necessary to secure and enforce faithful
and efficient administration by local officers.
"The many different degrees of civilization and varieties of

custom and capacity among the people of the different islands
preclude very definite instruction as to the part which the
people shall take in the selection of their own officers; but
these general rules are to be observed: That in all cases the
municipal officers, who administer the local affairs of the
people, are to be selected by the people, and that wherever
officers of more extended jurisdiction are to be selected in
any way, natives of the islands are to be preferred, and if
they can be found competent and willing to perform the duties,
they are to receive the offices in preference to any others.
It will be necessary to fill some offices for the present with
Americans which after a time may well be filled by natives of
the islands. As soon as practicable a system for ascertaining
the merit and fitness of candidates for civil office should be
put in force. An indispensable qualification for all offices and
positions of trust and authority in the islands must be
absolute and unconditional loyalty to the United States, and
absolute and unhampered authority and power to remove and
punish any officer deviating from that standard must at all
times be retained in the hands of the central authority of the
islands.
{391}
In all the forms of government and administrative provisions
which they are authorized to prescribe, the commission should
bear in mind that the government which they are establishing
is designed not for our satisfaction, or for the expression of
our theoretical views, but for the happiness, peace, and
prosperity of the people of the Philippine Islands, and the
measures adopted should be made to conform to their customs,
their habits, and even their prejudices, to the fullest extent
consistent with the accomplishment of the indispensable
requisites of just and effective government.
"At the same time the commission should bear in mind, and the
people of the islands should be made plainly to understand,
that there are certain great principles of government which
have been made the basis of our governmental system which we
deem essential to the rule of law and the maintenance of
individual freedom, and of which they have, unfortunately,
been denied the experience possessed by us; that there are
also certain practical rules of government which we have found
to be essential to the preservation of these great principles
of liberty and law, and that these principles and these rules
of government must be established and maintained in their
islands for the sake of their liberty and happiness, however
much they may conflict with the customs or laws of procedure
with which they are familiar. It is evident that the most
enlightened thought of the Philippine Islands fully
appreciates the importance of these principles and rules, and
they will inevitably within a short time command universal
assent. Upon every division and branch of the government of
the Philippines, therefore, must be imposed these inviolable
rules: That no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or
property without due process of law; that private property
shall not be taken for public use without just compensation;
that in all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the
right to a speedy and public trial, to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation, to be confronted with the
witnesses against him, to have compulsory process for
obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance
of counsel for his defense; that excessive bail shall not be
required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punishment inflicted; that no person shall be put twice in
jeopardy for the same offense, or be compelled in any criminal
case to be a witness against himself; that the right to be
secure against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be
violated; that neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall
exist except as a punishment for crime; that no bill of
attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed; that no law
shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech or of the
press, or the rights of the people to peaceably assemble and
petition the Government for a redress of grievances; that no
law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof, and that the free
exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship
without discrimination or preference shall forever be allowed.
"It will be the duty of the commission to make a thorough

investigation into the titles to the large tracts of land held
or claimed by individuals or by religious orders; into the
justice of the claims and complaints made against such
landholders by the people of the island or any part of the
people, and to seek by wise and peaceable measures a just
settlement of the controversies and redress of wrongs which
have caused strife and bloodshed in the past. In the
performance of this duty the commission is enjoined to see
that no injustice is done; to have regard for substantial
rights and equity, disregarding technicalities so far as
substantial right permits, and to observe the following rules:
That the provision of the treaty of Paris pledging the United
States to the protection of all rights of property in the
islands, and, as well, the principle of our own Government,
which prohibits the taking of private property without due
process of law, shall not be violated; that the welfare of the
people of the islands, which should be a paramount
consideration, shall be attained consistently with this rule
of property right; that if it becomes necessary for the public
interest of the people of the islands to dispose of claims to
property which the commission finds to be not lawfully
acquired and held, disposition shall be made thereof by due
legal procedure, in which there shall be full opportunity for
fair and impartial hearing and judgment; that if the same
public interests require the extinguishment of property rights
lawfully acquired and held, due compensation shall be made out
of the public Treasury therefor; that no form of religion and
no minister of religion shall be forced upon any community or
upon any citizen of the islands; that, upon the other hand, no
minister of religion shall be interfered with or molested in
following his calling, and that the separation between State
and Church shall be real, entire, and absolute.
"It will be the duty of the commission to promote and extend,

and, as it finds occasion, to improve, the system of education
already inaugurated by the military authorities. In doing this
it should regard as of first importance the extension of a system
of primary education which shall be free to all, and which
shall tend to fit the people for the duties of citizenship and
for the ordinary avocations of a civilized community. This
instruction should be given in the first instance in every
part of the islands in the language of the people. In view of
the great number of languages spoken by the different tribes,
it is especially important to the prosperity of the islands
that a common medium of communication may be established, and
it is obviously desirable that this medium should be the
English language. Especial attention should be at once given
to affording full opportunity to all the people of the islands
to acquire the use of the English language. It may be well
that the main changes which should be made in the system of
taxation and in the body of the laws under which the people
are governed, except such changes as have already been made by
the military Government, should be relegated to the civil
Government which is to be established under the auspices of
the commission. It will, however, be the duty of the
commission to inquire diligently as to whether there are any
further changes which ought not to be delayed, and, if so, it
is authorized to make such changes, subject to your approval.
In doing so it is to bear in mind that taxes which tend to
penalize or to repress industry and enterprise are to be
avoided; that provisions for taxation should be simple, so
that they may be understood by the people; that they should
affect the fewest practicable subjects of taxation which will
serve for the general distribution of the burden.
{392}
"The main body of the laws which regulate the rights and
obligations of the people should be maintained with as little
interference as possible. Changes made should be mainly in
procedure, and in the criminal laws to secure speedy and
impartial trials, and at the same time effective
administration and respect for individual rights. In dealing
with the uncivilized tribes of the islands the commission
should adopt the same course followed by Congress in
permitting the tribes of our North American Indians to
maintain their tribal organization and government, and under
which many of those tribes are now living in peace and
contentment, surrounded by a civilization to which they are
unable or unwilling to conform. Such tribal governments
should, however, be subjected to wise and firm regulation;
and, without undue or petty interference, constant and active
effort should be exercised to prevent barbarous practices and
introduce civilized customs. Upon all officers and employés of
the United States, both civil and military, should be
impressed a sense of the duty to observe not merely the
material but the personal and social rights of the people of
the islands, and to treat them with the same courtesy and
respect for their personal dignity which the people of the
United States are accustomed to require from each other. The
articles of capitulation of the City of Manila on the 13th of
August, 1898, concluded with these words: 'This city, its
inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its
educational establishments, and its private property of all
descriptions, are placed under the special safeguard of the
faith and honor of the American Army.' I believe that this
pledge has been faithfully kept. As high and sacred an
obligation rests upon the Government of the United States to
give protection for property and life, civil and religious
freedom, and wise, firm, and unselfish guidance in the paths
of peace and prosperity to all the people of the Philippine
Islands. I charge this commission to labor for the full
performance of this obligation, which concerns the honor and
conscience of their country, in the firm hope that through
their labors all the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands may
come to look back with gratitude to the day when God gave
victory to American arms at Manila and set their land under
the sovereignty and the protection of the people of the United
States.
WILLIAM McKINLEY."
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (April).

Speech of Senator Hoar against the subjugation and
retention of the Islands by the United States.
See (in this volume)

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (APRIL).
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (May).

Filipinos killed, captured and surrendered from the breaking
out of hostilities with them to May, 1900.
Losses of American army.
In response to a resolution of the United States Senate, May

17, 1900, the following report, by cable, from Manila, was
made by General MacArthur:
"Filipinos killed, 10,780;

wounded, 2,104;
captured and surrendered, 10,425;
number prisoners in our possession, about 2,000.
No systematic record Filipino casualties these headquarters.

Foregoing, compiled from large number reports made immediately
after engagements, is as close an approximation as now
possible, owing to wide distribution of troops. More accurate
report would take weeks to prepare. Number reported killed
probably in excess of accurate figures; number reported
wounded probably much less, as Filipinos managed to remove
most wounded from field, and comparatively few fell into our
hands. Officers high rank and dangerous suspicious men have
been retained as prisoners; most other men discharged on field
as soon as disarmed. Propose to release all but very few
prisoners at early date."
56th Congress, 1st Session,

Senate Doc. 435.
For returns of casualties in the American army during the same

period,

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (JUNE).
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (May-November).

The question in American politics.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1900 (MAY-NOVEMBER).
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 {July).

Appeal of citizens of Manila to the
Congress of the United States.
An appeal "to the Congress of the United States," dated at

Manila, July 15, 1900, and signed by 2,006 of the inhabitants
of the city, who were said by Senator Hoar and Senator Teller
to be "the leading people of that section of country—lawyers
and bankers and professional men generally" was presented to
the Senate on the 10th of January, 1901. It opens as follows:
"The undersigned, Filipinos and peaceful inhabitants of this

city, in their own name and in the name of the misnamed
'irreconcilables,' respectfully present themselves and submit
to the worthy consideration of the Congress of the United
States of America the following appeal: "The people of the
Philippine Islands, in view of their calamitous condition,
demand in the name of her sons, in the name of all races, in
the name of humanity, that an end be put to the misfortunes
which afflict them which, while they distress and agonize her,
compel her to struggle for the rights that are hers, and for
the maintenance whereof she must, if necessary, continue to
pour out her blood as she has so constantly and generously
done on battlefields, in the woods, on the mountains, in the
city, everywhere! The blood which has been shed and that is
still being shed, and which will continue to be shed until she
has secured her rights, is not shed because of the intrigues
of a few who, according to misinformed persons, desire to
exploit the people and enrich themselves at the cost of their
brother's blood. It has, gentlemen, sprung from the hearts of
the people, who alone are the real strength of nations, the
sovereign king of races, the producers of the arts, of
science, of commerce, of wealth, of agriculture, of
civilization, of progress, and of all the productions of human
labor and intelligence, in all of which the people of the
Philippine Islands had made great progress. The Filipinos were
not sunk in lethargy, as some untruthfully assert. They
suffered, but the hour to break their chains came to them in
August, 1896, and they proclaimed to the world their
emancipation."
{393}
The paper proceeds to review the circumstances of the revolt

against Spanish rule which broke out in 1896, and the later
circumstances of the conflict between Filipinos and Americans
at such length that it cannot be given in full. Its aim and
its spirit may be sufficiently shown by quotation of the
following passages from the closing parts of the appeal:
"Even supposing that America should force us to submit, and

after many years of war the country should submit, as the
lesser evil, to the proclamation of an ample autonomy, that
autonomy would not produce a sincere bond of friendship
between the two people, because, having sacrificed herself for
her independence, the country could not look with affection upon
those who would be the only obstacle to her happiness. She
would always retain her aspirations, so that autonomy would be
a short 'interregnum' which the country would necessarily take
advantage of to regain new strength to be used in the
attainment of her high political ideals, happen what may, and
perhaps in some hour of peril strike a fatal blow at a hated
oppressor. … In giving this warning we do not forget the good
Americans whom we sincerely respect; we are mindful of the
rupture of our good relations with the United States; we are
mindful of the blood which will again run on the soil of our
country. We see in that autonomy a new and sorrowful page in
the history of the Philippines, and therefore we can not but
look upon it with horror. Our people have had enough of
suffering. … They steadfastly believe that their independence
is their only salvation. Should they obtain it, they would be
forever grateful to whomsoever shall have helped them in their
undertaking; they would consider him as their redeemer, and
his name will be engraved with bright letters in the national
history, that all the generations to come may read it with
sublime veneration. America, consistent with her tradition, is
the only one which could play that great rôle in the present
and future of the Philippines. If she recognizes their
independence, they could offer her a part of the revenues of
the Philippine state, according to the treaty which shall be
stipulated; the protection in the country of the merchandise
of the United States, and a moral and material guarantee for
American capital all over the archipelago; finally, whatever
may bring greater prosperity to America and progress to the
country will, we doubt not, be taken into account in the
treaty which shall be celebrated.
"That the independence of the country will be attended with

anarchy is asserted only by those who, offending the truth and
forgetting their dignity, represent the Filipinos under
horrible colors, comparing them to beasts. Their assertions
are backed by isolated acts of pillage and robbery. What
revolution of the world was free from such deeds? At this
epoch passions are unrestrained; vengeance finds opportunity
to satisfy itself; private ambitions are often favored by the
occasion. Could such criminal deeds be avoided? Pythagoras
said: 'If you like to see monsters, travel through a country
during a revolution.' …
"In order to end our appeal we will say, with the learned
lawyer, Senor Mabini: 'To govern is to study the wants and
interpret the aspirations of the people, in order to remedy
the former and satisfy the latter.' If the natives who know
the wants, customs, and aspirations of the people are not fit
to govern them, would the Americans, who have had but little
to do with the Filipinos, be more capable to govern the
latter? We have, therefore, already proven—
1. That the revolution was the exclusive work of the public;
2. That in preparing it they were moved by a great ideal, the

ideal of independence;
3. That they are ready to sacrifice their whole existence in
order to realize their just aspirations;
4. That in spite of the serious difficulties through which

they are passing, they still expect from America that she will
consider them with impartiality and justice, and will
recognize what by right belongs to them, and thus give them an
opportunity to show their boundless gratitude;
5. That the annexation of the Philippines to America is not

feasible;
6. That the American sovereignty is not favored by the

Philippine people;
7. That an ample autonomy can not be imposed without violating

the Filipino will;
8. That the Filipinos are firm for self-government.
"From this it results that the only admissible solution for

the present difficulties is the recognition by America of the
independence of the Filipinos. In saying this we do not
consider either the nullity or the legality of the Paris
treaty on our country, but the well-known doctrine of the
immortal Washington, and of the sons of the United States of
America, worthy champions of oppressed people. Therefore we,
in the name of justice and with all the energies of our souls,
demand—
1. That the independence of the Filipinos be recognized;
2. That all the necessary information regarding the events

which are taking place, concerning the peaceful towns and
places which are supporting the arms of the revolution, be
obtained from Filipinos who, by their antecedents and by their
actual conduct, deserve the respect and confidence of the
Filipino people."
Congressional Record,
January 10, 1901, page 850.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (September).

Adoption of civil service rules.

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A. D. 1900.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (September-November).

Civil government of the Islands by the President's Commission.
Legislative measures.
Report of the Commission.
"In April of this year the second Philippine commission, of

which Honorable William H. Taft, of Ohio, Professor Dean C.
Worcester, of Michigan, Honorable Luke I. Wright, of
Tennessee, Honorable Henry C. Ide, of Vermont, and Professor
Bernard Moses, of California, were members, sailed for Manila
with the powers of civil government prescribed in the
instructions of April 7, 1900 [see above]. After devoting
several months to familiarizing themselves with the conditions
in the islands, this commission on the 1st of September, 1900,
entered upon the discharge of the extensive legislative powers
and the specific powers of appointment conferred upon them in
the instructions, and they have since that time continued to
exercise all that part of the military power of the President
in the Philippines which is legislative in its character,
leaving the military governor still the chief executive of the
islands, the action of both being duly reported to this
Department for the President's consideration and approval. …
On consultation with the commission, and with the President's
approval, a note of amnesty was issued by the military
governor, dated June 21, 1900, and supplemented by a public
statement by the military governor, under date of July 2,
1900, based, in the main, upon the instructions to the
commission.
{394}
… In pursuance of them something over 5,000 persons, of all
grades of the civil and military service of the insurrection,
presented themselves and took the following oath: 'I hereby
renounce all allegiance to any and all so-called revolutionary
governments in the Philippine Islands and recognize and accept
the supreme authority of the United States of America therein;
and I do solemnly swear that I will bear true faith and
allegiance to that government; that I will at all times
conduct myself as a faithful and law-abiding citizen of said
islands, and will not, either directly or indirectly, hold
correspondence with or give intelligence to an enemy of the
United States, neither will I aid, abet, harbor, or protect
such enemy. That I impose upon myself this voluntary
obligation without any mental reservation or purpose of
evasion, so help me God.' This number included many of the
most prominent officials of the former Tagalog government. …
"The commission in its legislative action is following the

ordinary course of legislative procedure. Its sessions are
open, and its discussion and the proposed measures upon which
it is deliberating are public, while it takes testimony and
receives suggestions from citizens as if it were a legislative
committee. Its first legislative act was the appropriation, on
the 12th of September, of $2,000,000 (Mexican), to be used in
construction and repair of highways and bridges in the
Philippine Islands. The second act, on the same day, was an
appropriation of $5,000 (Mexican) for a survey of a railroad
to the mountains of Benguet, in the island of Luzon. The
proposed railroad, about 45 miles in length, extending from
the Manila and Dagupan road, near the Gulf of Lingayen, to the
interior, will open, at a distance of about 170 miles from
Manila, a high tableland exceedingly healthy, well wooded with
pine and oak, comparatively dry and cool, and where the
mercury is said to range at night in the hottest season of the
year between 50° and 60° F. The value of such a place for the
recuperation of troops and foreign residents will be very
great. The third act of the commission was an appropriation
for the payment of a superintendent of public instruction.
They have secured for that position the services of Frederick
W. Atkinson, recently principal of the high school of
Springfield, Massachusetts, who was selected by the commission
for that purpose before their arrival in Manila.
"Before the 1st of September a board of officers had been

engaged upon the revision of the tariff for the islands in the
light of such criticisms and suggestions as had been made
regarding the old tariff. The commission has considered the
report of this board, and after full public hearings of
business interests in the island has formulated a tariff law
which has been transmitted to the Department. … A
civil-service board has been constituted by the commission
[see, in this volume, CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A. D. 1900). They
have secured from the United States Civil Service Commission
the experienced and capable services of Mr. Frank M. Kiggins,
and a civil-service law has been enacted by the commission
providing for the application of the merit system to
appointments in the island."
United States, Secretary of War, Annual Report,

November 30, 1900, pages 25-27.
A report by the Commission, dated November 30, was received at

Washington late in January, 1901. Of the legislative work on
which it entered September 1st, and which, at the time of
reporting, it had prosecuted during three months, the
Commission speaks as follows:
"It adopted the policy of passing no laws, except in cases of

emergency, without publishing them in the daily press after
they had passed a second reading, and giving to the public an

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Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy

2. Which of the following is not used in reflection of feeling?

a. They are both included in feedback to the client.

a. experience their emotional state more fully

9. The effective salesperson:

10. Which of the following is NOT an emotional word?

12. The check-out is important because:

b. it tends to clarify what the client has been saying.

a. rapid breathing, speech hesitations, and facial flushing.

17. Accurately reflecting feeling results in:

a. bringing out the richness of the client’s emotional world.

a. It is probably one of the easiest skills for you to master.

25. Social emotions include:

26. Which of the following is the emotional center of the brain?

b. Pace clients appropriately

41. Which of the following is true of positive emotions?

42. Acknowledging feelings is:

43. Which of the following represents a potential limitation of reflection of feeling?

51. ____ "It hurts."

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9

58. Reflecting feelings is central to every helping professional.

60. Feelings are physical and mental.

61. Microexpressions are fleeting expressions of concealed emotion.

62. Feelings guide our cognitive decisions.

ANSWER: Answers may vary

ANSWER: Answers may vary

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11

ANSWER: Answers may vary

72. The HPA system does NOT include:

73. Which of the following is seen as the most basic emotion?

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12

United States, 56th Congress, 1st Session,

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (April).

On the 7th of April, 1900, the President of the United States

"To give effect to the intention thus expressed I have

"You will instruct the commission to proceed to the City of

"Beginning with the 1st day of September, 1900, the authority

"In the establishment of Municipal Governments the commission

"The many different degrees of civilization and varieties of

"It will be the duty of the commission to make a thorough

"It will be the duty of the commission to promote and extend,

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (April).

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (May).

In response to a resolution of the United States Senate, May

"Filipinos killed, 10,780;

No systematic record Filipino casualties these headquarters.

56th Congress, 1st Session,

For returns of casualties in the American army during the same

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (May-November).

See (in this volume)

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 {July).

An appeal "to the Congress of the United States," dated at