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Exam
Name___________________________________
MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
4) The names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. What does the term levator mean? 4)
A) The muscle functions as a synergist.
B) The muscle elevates and/or adducts a region.
C) The muscle is a fixator and stabilizes a bone or joint.
D) The muscle flexes and rotates a region.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
1
5) Which of the following muscles is involved in crossing one leg over the other while in a sitting 5)
position?
A) the sartorius B) all of the hamstrings
C) the quadriceps femoris D) the gastrocnemius
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
6) What is a muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement called? 6)
A) a synergist B) a fixator C) an agonist D) an antagonist
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
8) A nursing infant develops a powerful sucking muscle that adults also use for whistling. What is 8)
this muscle called?
A) buccinator B) zygomaticus C) platysma D) masseter
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
2
10) Which type of lever is demonstrated by using scissors? 10)
A) a first-class lever B) a second-class lever
C) a third-class lever D) a fourth-class lever
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
11) Which of the following describes fascicle arrangement in a pennate muscle? 11)
A) The fascicles form a triangle.
B) The fascicles are short and attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of a
muscle.
C) The fascicles are in a fusiform arrangement.
D) The fascicular pattern is circular.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
12) Which of the following muscles does not act in plantar flexion? 12)
A) tibialis posterior B) flexor digitorum longus
C) popliteus D) gastrocnemius and soleus
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
13) What do the geniohyoid, hyoglossus, and stylohyoid muscles have in common? 13)
A) All names indicate the relative size of the muscle.
B) Each acts synergistically to elevate the jaw.
C) All act on the tongue.
D) All names reflect direction of muscle fibers.
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
3
14) Which of the following statements is true regarding the total number of skeletal muscles in the 14)
human body?
A) There are approximately the same number of muscles as bones: 206.
B) If one considers the very tiny, insignificant muscles, there are over 1000 muscles in the body.
C) There are approximately 350 muscles in the body.
D) There are over 600 muscles in the body.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
15) Which of the following best describes the orbicularis oris?. 15)
A) It draws the eyebrows together.
B) It allows blinking, squinting, and various other protective mechanisms for the eye.
C) It pulls the lower lip down and back.
D) It closes, purses, and protrudes the lips.
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
16) A muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) ________. 16)
A) fixator B) protagonist C) antagonist D) synergist
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
17) Paralysis of which of the following would make an individual unable to flex the thigh? 17)
A) soleus B) vastus medialis
C) biceps D) iliopsoas and rectus femoris
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
18) What is the main factor that determines the power of a muscle? 18)
A) the shape
B) the number of neurons innervating it
C) the total number of muscle cells available for contraction
D) the length
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
4
19) Which of the following muscles is a flexor of the thigh? 19)
A) adductor magnus B) tibialis posterior
C) vastus lateralis D) gluteus maximus
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
22) What muscle is responsible for keeping your toes from dragging when walking? 22)
A) extensor hallucis longus B) tibialis anterior
C) fibularis tertius D) extensor digitorum
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
23) Paralysis of which of the following muscles would make an individual unable to flex the knee? 23)
A) gluteal muscles B) hamstring muscles
C) brachioradialis D) soleus
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
5
24) Which of the following does not compress the abdomen? 24)
A) transversus abdominis B) external oblique
C) internal oblique D) coccygeus
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
25) What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called? 25)
A) dysfunctional levers B) functional levers
C) speed levers D) power levers
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
26) Which generalization concerning movement by skeletal muscles is not true? 26)
A) The movements produced may be of graded intensity.
B) During contraction the two articulating bones move equally.
C) The bones serve as levers.
D) Muscles produce movement by pulling on bones.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
27) Which of the following muscles serves as a common intramuscular injection site, particularly in 27)
infants?
A) the vastus lateralis B) rectus femoris
C) the vastus intermedius D) the vastus medialis
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
28) A cute, little curly-haired child is sitting behind you in church. You turn around for a moment and 28)
she sticks her tongue out at you. Which tongue muscle did she use?
A) genioglossus B) stylohyoid C) hyoglossus D) orbicularis oris
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
6
29) Which of the following muscles is involved in producing horizontal wrinkles in the forehead? 29)
A) the medial pterygoid B) the zygomaticus major
C) the temporalis D) the frontal belly of the epicranius
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
30) If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the ________. 30)
A) load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
B) effort is farther than the load from the fulcrum
C) load is near the fulcrum and the effort is at the distal end
D) lever system is useless
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
31) Which of the following muscles inserts by the calcaneal tendon? 31)
A) the tibialis anterior B) the semitendinosus
C) the sartorius D) the gastrocnemius
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
33) If L = load, F = fulcrum, and E = effort, what type of lever system is described as LEF? 33)
A) third-class lever B) fourth-class lever
C) second-class lever D) first-class lever
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
7
34) Tennis players often complain about pain in the arm (forearm) that swings the racquet. What 34)
muscle is usually strained under these conditions?
A) the anconeus B) the brachioradialis
C) the triceps brachii D) the flexor digitorum profundus
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
35) What is the major factor controlling how levers work? 35)
A) the direction the load is being moved
B) the structural characteristics of the muscles of the person using the lever
C) the difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
D) the weight of the load
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
36) Spasms of this straplike muscle often result in wryneck or torticollis. 36)
A) sternocleidomastoid B) serratus anterior
C) platysma D) zygomaticus
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
37) Which group of muscles flexes and rotates the neck? 37)
A) the scalenes B) the splenius C) the spinalis D) the iliocostalis
Answer: A
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
38) Adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis are parts of a large muscle mass of the 38)
________.
A) anterior compartment of the thigh B) lateral rotators
C) medial compartment of the thigh D) posterior muscle group of the thigh
Answer: C
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
8
39) The supraspinatus is named for its location on the posterior aspect of the scapula above the spine. 39)
What is its action?
A) to help hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity and rotate the humerus laterally
B) to extend and medially rotate the humerus and to act as a synergist of the latissimus dorsi
C) to flex and adduct the humerus and to act as a synergist of the pectoralis major
D) to stabilize the shoulder joint and help prevent downward location of the humerus and to
assist in abduction
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
41) What are the muscles that are found at openings of the body collectively called? 41)
A) convergent muscles B) divergent muscles
C) parallel muscles D) circular muscles
Answer: D
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
42) What type of muscle assists an agonist by causing a like movement or by stabilizing a joint over 42)
which an agonist acts?
A) a prime mover B) a synergist C) an agonist D) an antagonist
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
9
43) When the term biceps, triceps, or quadriceps forms part of a muscle's name, what does it tell you 43)
about the muscle?
A) The muscle is able to change direction twice, three times, or four times faster than other
muscles, respectively.
B) The muscle has two, three, or four origins, respectively.
C) The muscle has two, three, or four functions, respectively.
D) The muscle has two, three, or four insertions, respectively.
Answer: B
Explanation: A)
B)
C)
D)
SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.
Figure 10.2
45) The quadriceps femoris is composed of three "vastus" muscles and the ________. 45)
Answer: rectus femoris
Explanation:
46) Damage to the ischiocavernosus muscle would have what effect? 46)
Answer: In the male, it would be impossible to achieve an erection of the penis. In the
female, the clitoris would not become erect.
Explanation:
10
Figure 10.1
49) The abnormal protrusion of the small intestine through a weak point in the muscle of the 49)
abdominal wall is called a ________.
Answer: hernia
Explanation:
11
Figure 10.1
12
Figure 10.2
13
Figure 10.1
14
Figure 10.3
54) Bodybuilders are known for their "great quads." Describe the quadriceps muscles. 54)
Answer: These are the muscles of the front and sides of the thigh, and include the rectus
femoris and the lateral, medial, and intermediate vastus muscles.
Explanation:
55) A wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys pulled a hamstring muscle. What muscles could 55)
be affected and what would the effect be?
Answer: The muscles include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus.
They are important flexors of the leg and extensors of the thigh. Injuries here could
make it impossible to run properly or to bend the thigh.
Explanation:
15
Figure 10.3
57) The ________ draws the corners of the mouth downward as in expressing horror. 57)
Answer: platysma
Explanation:
16
Figure 10.2
17
Figure 10.1
18
Figure 10.3
62) The ________ helps keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth during chewing. 62)
Answer: buccinator
Explanation:
19
Figure 10.2
64) What muscles are involved in biting and chewing an apple? 64)
Answer: Open and close lips levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris
Open the mouth digastric and mylohyoid
Closing the mouth and chewing masseter, temporalis, and pterygoids
Tongue genioglossus, hypoglossus, and styloglossus
Extra buccinator holds food in teeth grinding area
Explanation:
20
Figure 10.1
21
Figure 10.3
68) What are the components of a lever system? Describe the role of each component. 68)
Answer: The lever system components are lever, fulcrum, effort, and load. The lever is a
rigid bar that moves on a fixed point (the fulcrum) when a force is applied to it. The
applied force, or effort, is used to move a resistance, or load.
Explanation:
22
Figure 10.3
70) Muscles that act as synergists seem to have valuable functions, especially in stabilizing 70)
joints. Briefly explain their function.
Answer: Synergists aid agonists by promoting the same movement or by reducing
undesirable or unnecessary movements that might occur as the prime mover
contracts.
Explanation:
71) Which muscle is used for normal breathing and which additional muscles are used when 71)
performing strenuous exercise?
Answer: The diaphragm is the primary breathing muscle. The external intercostals are used
to increase inspiration and are synergistic to the diaphragm. Forced exhalations use
the internal intercostals.
Explanation:
23
Figure 10.2
74) A woman mentions to her friend that another person on the beach has "great abs." What is 74)
she talking about?
Answer: The woman is referring to well-developed rectus abdominis muscles on some
individual. This is a term coined by bodybuilders and refers to the bulging muscles
between the tendinous intersections.
Explanation:
75) How does an antagonist differ from a prime mover? How is it the same? 75)
Answer: A prime mover is the muscle that causes the desired movement to occur. An
antagonist is a muscle that opposes the action of the prime mover in a given
movement. If, however, the direction of movement reverses, the former antagonist is
now the prime mover and the former prime mover is now the antagonist.
Explanation:
24
Figure 10.3
25
Figure 10.1
78) The ________ is a synergist of the latissimus dorsi; it extends, medially rotates, and adducts 78)
the humerus.
Answer: teres major
Explanation:
80) An elderly woman, with extensive osteoarthritis of her left hip joint, entered the hospital to 80)
have a total hip joint replacement (prosthesis implantation). After surgery, her left hip had
to be maintained in adduction to prevent dislocation of the prosthesis while healing was
occurring. Physical therapy was prescribed to prevent atrophy of the gluteal muscles
during the interval of disuse. Name the gluteal muscles and describe the action of each that
was being prevented while the hip was adducted.
Answer: Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. These muscles originate
on the pelvis; they act as major extensors of the thigh and abduct and rotate the
thigh as well.
Explanation:
26
81) How can a lever system work at a disadvantage but still be of use to us? 81)
Answer: A lever that operates with the load far from the fulcrum and the effort applied near
the fulcrum is operating at a disadvantage, but the advantage is that the load can
move over large distances at a rapid rate.
Explanation:
TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.
82) The arrangement of a muscle's fascicles determines its range of motion and power. 82)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
83) Both first- and second-class levers operate at a mechanical disadvantage. 83)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
84) Movements of the thigh are accomplished by muscles anchored to the pelvic girdle. 84)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
85) Electromyography is the recording and interpretation of graphic records of the electrical activity of 85)
contracting muscles.
Answer: True False
Explanation:
86) The epicranius or occipitofrontalis has two bellies, the frontal and occipital. 86)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
87) Severing of the patellar tendon would inactivate the hamstring group. 87)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
88) Muscle spasms of the back often are due to the erector spinae contraction. 88)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
89) The calcaneal tendon (Achilles tendon) is the largest, strongest tendon in the body. 89)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
90) Muscles are only able to pull, they never push. 90)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
91) The muscles of facial expression insert into skin or other muscles, not bones. 91)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
27
92) The broadest muscle of the back is the latissimus dorsi. 92)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
93) Muscles that help to maintain posture are often called synergists. 93)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
94) The chewing muscle covering the ramus of the mandible is the buccinator. 94)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
95) Muscle power does not depend on the direction of the fascicles. 95)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
96) The deltoid is a prime mover of the arm that acts in adduction. 96)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
97) In order to propel food down to the esophagus, the pharyngeal constrictor muscles are used. 97)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
98) Plantar flexion at the ankle joint is accomplished by the tibialis anterior muscle. 98)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
99) The soleus is a synergist of the gastrocnemius during plantar flexion. 99)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
101) Regardless of type, all levers follow the same basic principle: effort farther than load from fulcrum 101)
= mechanical advantage; effort nearer than load to fulcrum = mechanical disadvantage.
Answer: True False
Explanation:
103) Muscles connecting to the hyoid bone are important for swallowing and speech. 103)
Answer: True False
Explanation:
28
104) Although all skeletal muscles have different shapes, the fascicle arrangement of each muscle is 104)
exactly the same.
Answer: True False
Explanation:
MATCHING. Choose the item in column 2 that best matches each item in column 1.
29
ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
114) The patient has a stroke and has weakness on his right side. How will the weakness affect his ability to
swallow?
Answer: The patient may have difficulty swallowing related to weakness or paralysis of the suprahyoid muscles.
The suprahyoid muscles form the floor of the oral cavity and are involved in the swallowing process.
115) Brian decided to enter a 5-mile race designed to raise money for a class trip. He did not do any preconditioning,
nor has he ever jogged before. The morning after the race, Brian had so much pain in both his legs, he was
unable to go to school. What caused this pain?
Answer: Brian was not conditioned for this type of run, and he now has shin splints. This is a condition in which
the anterior tibialis muscle is irritated, and as the inflamed muscle swells, its circulation is impaired by
the tight fascial wrappings, causing pain and tenderness.
116) The nurse is explaining Kegel exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles. What factors may contribute to a
weakening of the pelvic floor muscles?
Answer: Aging, multiple births, and decreased estrogen production.
117) A 52-year-old woman states she has been "leaking urine" during such times as laughing, sneezing, or exercise.
What can cause this problem?
Answer: Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles.
118) In emphysema, the lungs become overdistended with trapped air. Effective abdominal breathing is decreased.
Describe the muscles involved when breathing becomes an active process, such as a patient who has
emphysema.
Answer: The internal intercostal muscles form the deeper layer of the thorax and aid active (forced) expiration by
depressing the rib cage.
119) A young pregnant woman went to a childbirth class and the instructor informed them about strengthening the
muscles of the pelvic floor. What are these muscles?
Answer: The levator ani and coccygeus muscles form the bulk of the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor).
Strengthening these muscles helps in the delivery of the child by resisting downward forces when
"pushing."
120) A nurse can facilitate respiratory functioning by encouraging deep breathing exercises such as diaphragmatic
breathing. Explain diaphragmatic breathing.
Answer: Diaphragmatic breathing is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causing pressure
in the abdominopelvic cavity below that facilitates blood to the heart. Diaphragmatic breathing
promotes maximum inhalation and lung expansion.
121) Donna was rushing to class and slipped on a patch of ice and fell backward. An X ray revealed a broken coccyx.
All the associated muscles were bruised. Name these muscles.
Answer: The bruised muscles were levator ani and coccygeus.
30
Answer Key
Testname: C10
1) B
2) D
3) D
4) B
5) A
6) C
7) C
8) A
9) C
10) A
11) B
12) C
13) C
14) D
15) D
16) D
17) D
18) C
19) A
20) A
21) D
22) C
23) B
24) D
25) B
26) B
27) A
28) A
29) D
30) A
31) D
32) D
33) A
34) B
35) C
36) A
37) A
38) C
39) D
40) D
41) D
42) B
43) B
44) D
45) rectus femoris
46) In the male, it would be impossible to achieve an erection of the penis. In the female, the clitoris would not become
erect.
47) C
48) serratus anterior
49) hernia
31
Answer Key
Testname: C10
50) C
51) A
52) B
53) D
54) These are the muscles of the front and sides of the thigh, and include the rectus femoris and the lateral, medial, and
intermediate vastus muscles.
55) The muscles include the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus. They are important flexors of the leg
and extensors of the thigh. Injuries here could make it impossible to run properly or to bend the thigh.
56) C
57) platysma
58) B
59) A
60) Triceps brachii
61) B
62) buccinator
63) E
64) Open and close lips levator labii superioris and orbicularis oris
Open the mouth digastric and mylohyoid
Closing the mouth and chewing masseter, temporalis, and pterygoids
Tongue genioglossus, hypoglossus, and styloglossus
Extra buccinator holds food in teeth grinding area
65) masseter
66) B
67) E
68) The lever system components are lever, fulcrum, effort, and load. The lever is a rigid bar that moves on a fixed point
(the fulcrum) when a force is applied to it. The applied force, or effort, is used to move a resistance, or load.
69) B
70) Synergists aid agonists by promoting the same movement or by reducing undesirable or unnecessary movements that
might occur as the prime mover contracts.
71) The diaphragm is the primary breathing muscle. The external intercostals are used to increase inspiration and are
synergistic to the diaphragm. Forced exhalations use the internal intercostals.
72) extensor hallucis longus
73) C
74) The woman is referring to well-developed rectus abdominis muscles on some individual. This is a term coined by
bodybuilders and refers to the bulging muscles between the tendinous intersections.
75) A prime mover is the muscle that causes the desired movement to occur. An antagonist is a muscle that opposes the
action of the prime mover in a given movement. If, however, the direction of movement reverses, the former
antagonist is now the prime mover and the former prime mover is now the antagonist.
76) A
77) A
78) teres major
79) internal oblique
80) Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. These muscles originate on the pelvis; they act as major
extensors of the thigh and abduct and rotate the thigh as well.
81) A lever that operates with the load far from the fulcrum and the effort applied near the fulcrum is operating at a
disadvantage, but the advantage is that the load can move over large distances at a rapid rate.
82) TRUE
83) FALSE
84) TRUE
85) TRUE
32
Answer Key
Testname: C10
86) TRUE
87) FALSE
88) TRUE
89) TRUE
90) TRUE
91) TRUE
92) TRUE
93) FALSE
94) FALSE
95) TRUE
96) FALSE
97) TRUE
98) FALSE
99) TRUE
100) TRUE
101) TRUE
102) FALSE
103) TRUE
104) FALSE
105) A
106) A
107) A
108) A
109) A
110) C
111) B
112) B
113) A
114) The patient may have difficulty swallowing related to weakness or paralysis of the suprahyoid muscles. The
suprahyoid muscles form the floor of the oral cavity and are involved in the swallowing process.
115) Brian was not conditioned for this type of run, and he now has shin splints. This is a condition in which the anterior
tibialis muscle is irritated, and as the inflamed muscle swells, its circulation is impaired by the tight fascial wrappings,
causing pain and tenderness.
116) Aging, multiple births, and decreased estrogen production.
117) Weakening of the pelvic floor muscles.
118) The internal intercostal muscles form the deeper layer of the thorax and aid active (forced) expiration by depressing
the rib cage.
119) The levator ani and coccygeus muscles form the bulk of the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor). Strengthening these
muscles helps in the delivery of the child by resisting downward forces when "pushing."
120) Diaphragmatic breathing is the alternating contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm causing pressure in the
abdominopelvic cavity below that facilitates blood to the heart. Diaphragmatic breathing promotes maximum
inhalation and lung expansion.
121) The bruised muscles were levator ani and coccygeus.
33
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should have been apparent to the delegates that this was a blocking
motion and might prevent the committee from doing anything, but it
was evidently not so regarded, or else the delegates could not make
up their minds on the subject, for it was agreed to without comment.
The committee did not allow the motion for reopening the question
in six months to hinder them from going on with the new branch, for
immediately the meeting was over they gave instructions to the sub-
committee to secure temporary premises in the vicinity.
THE END OF THE PROPOSAL.
The subject again arose at the 34th quarterly meeting, held on 1st
September, when Paisley Provident was again forward with a
motion: “That if a branch be required after Barrhead had left the
Federation, it be established at Paisley or Johnstone, and that the
present branch in Glasgow be not retaken.” To this it was moved by
Mr Gardiner, Cathcart, and seconded by Mr M‘Murran, Glasgow
Eastern, as an amendment, “That this question lie over for six
months.” After a long discussion the Paisley motion was withdrawn,
on condition that the amendment limit the period of lying over to
three months, and that, meantime, a special committee, constituted
from the delegates present and from the committee, be appointed to
investigate the matter and report to the next quarterly meeting. This
was agreed to, and Messrs M‘Murran, O’May, Aitchison, Brown, and
Slater were appointed the special committee. In less than three
months’ time the committee sent out their report to the societies.
The report contained details of three plans which the sub-committee
had considered. The first of these, that of a branch bakery in Paisley,
they considered could not be worked except at a slight loss. With
regard to the second one, that of a branch at Johnstone, they
considered that the loss would be slightly greater; while, with the
branch at Johnstone, the trade would be more difficult to work. The
third proposal which had been considered was that of increasing the
number of ovens in the present premises, and in the report they
stated they were not prepared to recommend any one of the schemes
in the meantime, but recommended, instead, that the branch in
Paisley Road be taken for another year. The reason they gave for this
recommendation was that they considered that an inquiry should be
made into the advisability of introducing machinery into the
bakehouse, as the whole of their premises would be vacant in
eighteen months and could be utilised; if the result of the inquiry was
satisfactory, steps should then be taken to have it introduced. This
report was accepted by the delegates at the quarterly meeting, and so
a subject which had been a fruitful source of controversy at the
general meetings of the Federation for nearly two years disappeared.
It was again raised at a quarterly meeting some years later, when the
question of removing altogether from St James Street was being
discussed, but was summarily disposed of by the delegates.
BARRHEAD, JOHNSTONE, AND PAISLEY
PROVIDENT WITHDRAW.
Meantime the Barrhead bakery was ready for work and baking was
commenced in the last week of the year, but the society, although it
had withdrawn a large proportion of the loan capital invested with
the Baking Society in order to pay for the erection of its own bakery,
retained membership of the Federation until requested by the
committee to withdraw as the interest on the share capital was an
unnecessary burden on the Federation’s funds. The society was
allowed to withdraw without any of its capital being retained, being
the first of the withdrawing societies to which this privilege was
extended. In 1894, after fancy biscuit baking had been firmly
established by the Baking Society, Barrhead Society rejoined again,
taking up 1,500 shares.
Another withdrawal which occurred in a comparatively short time,
and which was doubtless influenced to some extent by the refusal to
establish a branch in the West, was that of Johnstone Society. At a
meeting of the committee which took place on 15th February 1879,
the minutes record a conversation which took place regarding a
decision of that society, come to the previous evening, to start baking
for themselves. The effect of the information that they were likely to
lose Johnstone Society’s custom so soon after having lost that of
Barrhead had a damping effect on the spirits of the committee, and it
was decided that in the meantime the erection of the new ovens
which they had proposed to build be not proceeded with. With the
withdrawal of Paisley Provident Society at the end of 1880,
consequent on having a bakery of their own ready for occupation, the
controversy with respect to the branch, and also its effects on the
welfare of the Federation, may be said to have ended.
The Federation had lost three of its best customers, but it had
succeeded in keeping its business centralised. It must always remain
a matter of argument whether it would have been better to branch
out at an earlier date and do for the societies in Renfrewshire that
which in later years it has done for Clydebank and the North of
Ireland. The question of branches is still one on which there is
considerable controversy, and, at any rate, it is certain that the
committee, and latterly the delegates, played for safety, and chose to
conserve the strength of the Federation at a time when all its
strength was needed rather than weaken it by widening the scope of
the society’s energies. The majority of the committee, it is quite
evident, were opposed to branching out, for had this not been so,
they would have gone ahead when two general meetings of the
Society gave them the mandate.
It is difficult to see that any great harm was done by the course
which was adopted. The growth of the three societies has been so
great that each of them is large enough to maintain a bakery of its
own, and although the Federation had one or two temporary
setbacks, none of them was serious enough to affect its stability or its
efficiency. It is possible, therefore, to argue that either decision
would have had equally good results. There we may leave what was
undoubtedly a stirring controversy while it lasted, the importance of
which at the time forms sufficient justification for the space which
has been devoted to it.
CHAPTER VI.
ST JAMES STREET: DEVELOPMENTS.