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CHAPTER 3—The Role of Community Policing
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What event during the 1970s helped “set the stage” for new approaches to policing?
a. research indicating that citizen engagement reduces crime
b. research indicating that problem solving reduces crime
c. “nothing works” research
d. “everything works” research
3. Police agency responses to a PERF survey measuring progress in implementing community policing in
2002 indicated that at least 50 percent had an initiative of
a. citizens on patrol programs.
b. court watch programs.
c. citizens helping evaluate officer performance.
d. citizen participation in the promotional process.
5. It is suggested that tagging what term onto a descriptive phrase of a strategic approach is harmful?
a. aggressive
b. policing
c. deployment
d. initiative
6. Cordner’s assessment of published reports of the effect of community policing reported results as
a. overwhelmingly positive.
b. overwhelmingly negative.
c. mixed.
d. never directly identified.
7. Of four empirical assessments of community policing, how many reported an impact on crime?
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
9. Analysis of the array of community engagement programs tested in Redlands, California, found what
difference in citizen attitudes between experimental and control areas?
a. Experimental areas were more supportive of the police.
b. Experimental areas were less fearful of crime.
c. Control areas were actually more supportive of the police.
d. No differences were found.
10. Among the array of community engagement programs tested in Redlands, California, which would
likely draw criticism for overextending the police role?
a. neighborhood watch
b. parenting classes
c. citizen police academy
d. citizens on patrol program
12. Analysis of citizen feedback in Fort Worth, Texas, indicated that a valid measure of the effect of
community policing was
a. the absence of crime.
b. a reduction in petty or nuisance offenses.
c. citizen satisfaction with the police.
d. direct citizen engagement in neighborhood crime control.
13. The fact that police officers rate generic community engagement as less important than citizens, as
compared to direct law enforcement functions, is best explained by
a. the traditional police subculture.
b. police officers’ more realistic assessment of the value of community engagement.
c. greater officer exposure to the consequences of criminal victimization.
d. cynicism among police officers.
14. The difficulty in measuring the effect of community policing is similar to the difficulty in theoretical
physics of measuring the veracity of
a. string theory.
b. relativity.
c. electromagnetic radiation.
d. Newton’s laws.
17. An Urban Institute publication notes that analysis of a program or intervention’s costs and benefits is
necessary because
a. programs are frequently politically driven.
b. there is usually no measurable benefit.
c. the costs might outweigh the benefits.
d. full costs are seldom accounted for.
19. Survey data compiled by the Bureau of Justice Statistics indicates that since 2000, the number of
community policing specialist positions funded by police agencies has
a. decreased dramatically.
b. held steady.
c. increased marginally.
d. increased dramatically.
20. Of departments serving populations of 1 million or more, what percentage reports to the Bureau of
Justice Statistics that they have a specialized community policing unit?
a. 100 percent
b. 85 percent
c. 45 percent
d. 25 percent
SI-NGAN-FU,
SINGAN FU, The Chinese Imperial Court at.
SIRDAR, Egyptian.
SLAVERY: A. D. 1885.
Emancipation in Cuba.
SLAVERY: A. D. 1895.
New anti-slavery law in Egypt.
SLAVERY: A. D. 1896.
Abolition in Madagascar.
SLAVERY: A. D. 1897.
Compulsory labor in Rhodesia.
SLAVERY: A. D. 1897.
Subjugation of Fulah slave raiders in Nupé and Ilorin.
SLAVERY: A. D. 1899.
Forced labor in Congo State.
SLESWICK:
Complaints of German treatment.
BELGIUM: A. D. 1894-1895;
SWITZERLAND: A. D. 1894-1898;
SOKOTO.
SOUDAN.
See (in this volume)
SUDAN.
{456}
(d) That the South African Colonies and States, either each
for itself or in conjunction with one another, shall
regulate their own native affairs, employing thereto the
forces of the land by means of a satisfactory burgher law;
and
(f) The watching over the public honor, and against the
adulteration of the necessaries of life, and the defiling
of ground, water, or air, as well as against the spreading
of infectious diseases.
See, in volume 4,
SOUTH AFRICA: A. D. 1885-1893.
{457}
{458}
Edward Dicey,
British Suzerainty in the Transvaal
(Nineteenth Century, October, 1897).
In its preamble, the Convention of 1884 recites that—"Whereas
the Government of the Transvaal State, through its Delegates,
consisting of [Kruger, Du Toit and Smit], have represented
that the Convention signed at Pretoria on the 3rd day of
August, 1881, and ratified by the Volksraad of the said State
on the 25th of October, 1881, contains certain provisions
which are inconvenient, and imposes burdens and obligations
from which the said State is desirous to be relieved, and that
the south-western boundaries fixed by the said Convention
should be amended with a view to promote the peace and good
order of the said State, … now, therefore, Her Majesty has
been pleased to direct," &c.—substituting the articles of a
new Convention for those signed and ratified in 1881.
Articles XIV. and XV. read thus: Article XIV. "All persons,
other than natives, conforming themselves to the laws of the
South African Republic, (a) will have full liberty, with their
families, to enter, travel or reside in any part of the South
African Republic; (b) they will be entitled to hire or possess
houses, manufactories, warehouses, shops and premises; (c)
they may carry on their commerce either in person or by any
agents whom they may think fit to employ; (d) they will not be
subject, in respect of their persons or property, or in
respect of their commerce or industry, to any taxes, whether
general or local, other than those which are or may be imposed
upon citizens of the said Republic." Article XV. "All persons,
other than natives, who establish their domicile in the
Transvaal between the 12th day of April, 1877, and the 8th day
of August, 1881, and who within twelve months after such last
mentioned date have had their names registered by the British
resident, shall be exempt from all compulsory military service
whatever." Article XVI. provides for a future extradition
treaty; XVII. for the payment of debts in the same currency in
which they were contracted; XVIII. establishes the validity of
certain land grants; XIX. secures certain rights to the
natives; XX. nullifies the Convention if not ratified by the
Volksraad within six months from the date of its
signature—February 27, 1884.
{459}
1st.
The settlement of the boundary, especially on the western
border of the Republic, in which the deputation eventually
acquiesced only under the express conditions with which the
Raad agree.
2nd.
The right of veto reserved to the British Crown upon treaties
to be concluded by the Republic with foreign powers; and
3rd.
The settlement of the debt.
Also in:
State Papers, British and Foreign, volume 75.
"It was not until 1884 that England heard of the presence of
gold in South Africa. A man named Fred Stuben, who had spent
several years in the country, spread such marvellous reports
of the underground wealth of the Transvaal that only a short
time elapsed before hundreds of prospectors and miners left
England for South Africa. When the first prospectors
discovered auriferous veins of wonderful quality on a farm
called Sterkfontein, the gold boom had its birth. It required
the lapse of only a short time for the news to reach Europe,
America, and Australia, and immediately thereafter that vast
and widely scattered army of men and women which constantly
awaits the announcement of new discoveries of gold was set in
motion toward the Randt [the Witwatersrand or
Whitewatersridge]. … In December, 1885, the first stamp mill
was erected for the purpose of crushing the gneiss rock in
which the gold lay hidden. This enterprise marks the real
beginning of the gold fields of the Randt, which now yield one
third of the world's total product of the precious metal. The
advent of thousands of foreigners was a boon to the Boers, who
owned the large farms on which the auriferous veins were
located. Options on farms that were of little value a short
time before were sold at incredible figures, and the prices
paid for small claims would have purchased farms of thousands
of acres two years before. In July, 1886, the Government
opened nine farms to the miners, and all have since become the
best properties on the Randt. … On the Randt the California
scenes of '49 were being re-enacted. Tents and houses of sheet
iron were erected with picturesque lack of beauty and
uniformity, and during the latter part of 1886 the community
had reached such proportions that the Government marked off a
township and called it Johannesburg. The Government, which
owned the greater part of the land, held three sales of
building lots, or 'stands,' as they are called in the
Transvaal, and realized more than $300,000 from the sales. …
Millions were secured in England and Europe for the
development of the mines, and the individual miner sold his
claims to companies with unlimited capital. The incredibly
large dividends that were realized by some of the investors
led to too heavy investments in the Stock Exchange in 1889,
and a panic resulted. Investors lost thousands of pounds, and
for several months the future of the gold fields appeared to
be most gloomy. The opening of the railway to Johannesburg and
the re-establishment of stock values caused a renewal of
confidence, and the growth and development of the Randt was
imbued with renewed vigour. Owing to the Boers' lack of
training and consequent inability to share in the development
of the gold fields, the new industry remained almost entirely
in the hands of the newcomers, the Uitlanders [so called in
the language of the Boers], and two totally different
communities were created in the republic. The Uitlanders, who,
in 1890, numbered about 100,000, lived almost exclusively in
Johannesburg and the suburbs along the Randt. The Boers,
having disposed of their farms and lands on the Randt, were
obliged to occupy the other parts of the republic, where they
could follow their pastoral and agricultural pursuits. The
natural contempt which the Englishmen, who composed the
majority of the Uitlander population, always have for persons
and races not their intellectual or social equals, soon
created a gulf between the Boers and the newcomers."
H. C. Hillegas,
Oom Paul's People,
chapter 3
(with permission of D. Appleton & Co., copyright, 1899).
A. P. Hillier,
Raid and Reform,
pages 24-29 (London: Macmillan & Co.).
SOUTH AFRICA:
Portuguese Possessions: A. D. 1891.
Delagoa Bay Railway question.
SOUTH AFRICA:
The Transvaal: A. D. 1894.
Estimated population.