NNAMDI AZIKIWE UNIVERSITY AWKA

FACULTY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE

LOCALIZING THE ECO CITY MODEL IN NNEWI

TOWN

NNAJI GOODLUCK CHISOM

2020274003

URBAN DESIGN
ARC

ARC ODOANYANWU

MAY 2024
 INTRODUCTION
An eco-city is a sustainable urban community designed to mimic the harmony and resilience of natural
ecosystems. It is also known as ecological city. It’s a city that prioritizes ecological health and well-being,
balancing human needs with environmental stewardship. According to Eco city builders, an eco-city is a
self-sustaining settlement that thrives like a natural ecosystem. The world bank defines it as a city that
enhances citizens’ quality of life through integrated urban planning and management that harness the
benefits of ecological systems and protect and nurture these assets for future generations.

An eco-city aims to minimize its environmental footprint by reducing pollution, waste and carbon
emissions. It promotes efficient use of resources, sustainable transportation and green infrastructure, such
as parks, gardens and green roof. Eco-cities also prioritize social equity, community engagement and
economic viability, creating thriving and inclusive environments for all citizens.

Nnewi town, though a major town in Anambra state with residential, industrial, commercial,
administrative and agricultural sectors, face a problem of urban development with the increase in
population and urbanization. It calls for a reevaluation of its urban areas to find the unsustainable
practices being carried out and to propose measures that will make it ecologically sustainable, branding it
an eco-city.

CONCEPT OF ECO-CITY

The world bank defined eco-cities as urban areas that prioritize citizen’s well-being and sustainable
development by incorporating eco-friendly planning and management strategies. These cities aim to
preserve and utilize natural resources, ensuring a healthy environment for current and generations.

Sustainability is a key factor of an eco-city. Sustainability is defined as the process of making the
environment conducive and habitable for the current generation whilst making provision or ensuring that
the future generation enjoys such luxury. Sustainability ensures that urban areas are ecologically
adaptable just like the natural environment.

The concept of eco-cities has its roots in the 1970’s, when a group of forward-thinking architects and
activists formed Urban Ecology, a non-profit organization in Berkeley, California. Led by Richard
Register, they combined urban planning, ecology and community engagement to design sustainable cities.
Their early initiatives included tree planting, solar greenhouses, eco-friendly policies and promoting
public transportation. Register’s 1987 book, ‘Eco-city Berkeley’, popularized the term eco-city,
envisioning a harmonious relationship between humans and nature. Urban Ecology’s magazine and
newsletters, published over two decades, further advanced the movement, shaping the vision of
sustainable urban living.

The 1990’s named a turning point for eco-city initiatives, driven by two significant events: the Brundtland
Report and the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit. The idea of a sustainable development was published
in the Brundtland Report and plans to incorporate sustainable development into city designs were created.
Thus, a concept of sustainable development was used for eco-cities.

CRITERIA OF AN ECO-CITY

A city cannot be called an eco-city if it does not fulfill the following criteria.

 Energy Efficiency: buildings and infrastructure should be designed to maximize energy

efficiency, using green building materials, insulation and smart grid systems.
 Renewable Energy: a significant portion of the city’s energy should come from renewable sources
like solar, wind, hydro or geothermal power.
 Sustainable Transportation: the city should prioritize public transportation, walking and cycling
with a focus on electric or hybrid vehicles and invest in non-motorized transportation
infrastructure.
 Water Transportation: the city should implement efficient water management systems, including
rainwater harvesting, greywater reuse and efficient irrigation systems.
 Waste Reduction and Recycling: the city should implement effective waste reduction, recycling
and composting programs, aiming to minimize waste sent to landfills.
 Green Spaces: the city should have ample green spaces, parks and gardens, providing habitat for
wildlife, mitigating urban heat islands and promoting biodiversity.
 Sustainable Urban Planning: the city should adopt compact, mixed-use development, with a focus
on walkable neighborhoods, public spaces and accessible amenities.
 Innovative Technologies: the city should embrace innovative technologies like green roofs, urban
agriculture and smart city infrastructure to enhance sustainability.
 Community Engagement: the city should foster community involvement in sustainability
initiatives, promoting education, awareness and participation.
 Continuous Monitoring and Improvement: the city should regularly monitor and assess its
sustainability performance, setting goals and implementing improvements.
 Green Infrastructure: the city should incorporate green infrastructure, such as green walls, green
roofs and urban forests, to mitigate urban environmental challenges.
  Resilience and Adaptation: the city should be designed to be resilient and adaptable to climate
change, natural disasters and other potential disruptions.
 Inclusive and Equitable: the city should prioritize social equity, ensuring that all citizens have
access to sustainable resources, services and opportunities.
 Economic Sustainability: the city should promote sustainable economic development, supporting
local businesses, innovation and job creation.
 Sustainable Buildings and Architecture: the city should encourage sustainable building practices,
such as green building practices, such as green building certification (LEED, BREEM) and
incorporate energy efficient design, materials and technologies.
 Public Health and Well-being: the city should implement initiatives to improve air and water
quality, reducing negative impacts on public health while promoting physical activity, mental
well-being and access to green spaces.
 Food systems and Urban Agriculture: the city should promote sustainable food systems, urban
agriculture and local food production. It should also encourage organic farming, community
gardens and green spaces for food productions.
 Governance and Policy: the city should have effective governance structures and policies in place
to support sustainability initiatives and ensure accountability.

NNEWI TOWN AND ITS SPECIAL NEEDS

Nnewi is a town in Anambra state, Nigeria, known for its rich cultural heritage, economic significance
and historical importance. It is situated in the southeastern region of Nigeria, approximately 30 kilometers
southeast of Onitsha. The town covers an area of about 40 square kilometers and has tropical savanna
climate with two distinct seasons: the rainy season (April to October) and the dry season (November to
March).

Nnewi town has a rich history dating back to the 15 th century when it was founded by a group of Igbo
settlers. The town played a significant role in the pre-colonial Igbo society as a center of commerce, trade
and craftsmanship. During the British colonial era, Nnewi was an important center to produce palm oil
and kernel. Nnewi town is known for its vibrant cultural heritage, including traditional festivals like the
Nnewi Afia Olu Festival, which celebrates the town’s rich cultural heritage and economic prosperity. The
town is also home to several traditional markets, including the Nkwo Nnewi Market, which is one of the
largest markets in West Africa.

Nnewi town is a major commercial hub in the southeastern Nigeria, with a strong focus on
industrialization, trade and entrepreneurship. The town is home to several industries, including
pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and automative spare parts manufacturing. The town’s entrepreneurial spirit
has earned it the nickname “Japan of Africa.”

Nnewi town has several special needs that the eco-city model can address, including:

 Environmental Degradation: Nnewi town faces environmental challenges like pollution,

deforestation and erosion, which the eco-city model can tackle through sustainable practices
and green infrastructure.
 Traffic Congestion: the town’s rapid growth has led to traffic congestion, which can be
alleviated through eco-city initiatives like public transportation systems, pedestrian-friendly
infrastructure, and non-motorized transportation options.
 Waste Management: Nnewi town struggles with inadequate waste management, leading to
unsanitary conditions and health risks. Eco-city initiatives can implement efficient waste
collection, recycling and composting systems.
 Water Scarcity: Nnewi town experiences water scarcity, which can be addressed through eco-
city initiatives like rainwater harvesting, water conservation measures and efficient water
management systems.
 Energy Poverty: many residents lack access to reliable energy sources, which can be solved
through eco-city initiatives like renewable energy generation, energy-efficient buildings and
smart grid systems.
 Flooding and Erosion: Nnewi town is prone to flooding and erosion, which can be mitigated
through eco-city initiatives like green infrastructure, flood protection measures and
sustainable urban planning.
 Limited Public Spaces: the town lacks adequate public spaces, which can be addressed
through eco-city initiatives like parks, gardens and green roofs, providing recreational areas
and promoting community engagement.
 Unemployment and Poverty: Nnewi town faces high unemployment and poverty rates, which
can be tackled through eco-city initiatives like job creation, entrepreneurship opportunities
and social programs.
 Healthcare Challenges: the town faces healthcare challenges, including inadequate facilities
and limited access to medical services, which can be addressed through eco-city initiatives
like healthcare infrastructure development and community health programs.
 Education and Awareness: Nnewi town requires education and awareness programs to
promote sustainable practices and environmental conservation, which can be achieved
 through eco-city initiatives like community engagement, education centers and awareness
campaigns.
 Infrastructure Development: the town needs infrastructure development, including roads,
transportation systems and utilities which can be addressed through eco-city initiatives like
sustainable infrastructure development and public-private partnerships.
 Climate Change Resilience: Nnewi town is vulnerable to climate change impacts, which can
be addressed through eco-city initiatives like climate-resilient infrastructure, adaptation
measures and community resilience programs.
 Social Inequality: the town faces social inequality challenges, including gender and socio-
economic disparities, which can be addressed through eco-city initiatives like inclusive
planning, community engagement and social programs.
 Limited Access to Technology: Nnewi town has limited access to technology, including
internet connectivity and digital platforms, which can be addressed through eco-city
initiatives like technology infrastructure development and digital literacy programs.
 Cultural Heritage Preservation: the town requires preservation of its cultural heritage,
including traditional practices and historical practices and historical sites, which can be
achieved through eco-city initiatives like cultural conservation programs and community
engagement.

STRATEGIES THAT WILL LOCALIZE THE ECO-CITY MODEL IN NNEWI TOWN

Localizing the eco-city model in Nnewi town requires a multi-faceted approach. Here are some
strategies with real-life case studies that can be implemented:

 Community Engagement and Participation: this can be achieved by organizing community

workshops, surveys and public meetings to raise awareness and involve residents in the
planning process. The city of Barcelona, Spain, engaged citizens in the design and
development of their superblocks program, which prioritizes pedestrian-friendly spaces and
reduces traffic congestion.
 Sustainable Transportation Systems: this strategy is implemented by developing public
transportation systems, pedestrian-friendly infrastructure and non-motorized transportation
options. The city of Copenhagen, Denmark, has implemented a bike-sharing system and
prioritized pedestrian-friendly spaces, reducing carbon emissions and improving air quality.
 Renewable Energy Generation: investing in solar, wind and hydroelectric power to reduce
reliance on fossil fuels reduces carbon emissions and fosters renewable energy. The city of
 Reykjavik, Iceland, generates 100% of its electricity from renewable sources, primarily
geothermal energy.
 Energy-Efficient Buildings: this can be achieved by implementing building codes and
incentives for energy-efficient buildings, such as green buildings and passive houses. The city
of Vancouver, Canada, has implemented a zero-emissions building plan, which requires new
buildings to meet high energy-efficiency standards.
 Waste Reduction and Recycling: this can be achieved by implementing efficient waste
collection, recycling and composting system. The city of Curitiba, Brazil, has implemented a
successful waste management system, which includes door-to-door collection and recycling
programs.
 Water Conservation: this can be achieved by implementing water saving measures, such as
sufficient appliances and rainwater harvesting systems. The city of Melbourne, Australia, has
implemented a water-saving program, which includes rebates for water-efficient appliances
and rainwater tanks.
 Urban Agriculture: this can be encouraged through community gardens, greenhouses and
vertical farming. The city of Detroit, USA, has implemented an urban agriculture program,
which includes community gardens and greenhouses, providing fresh produce to the residents.
 Public-Private Partnerships: this can be achieved by collaborating with private sector
companies to finance and implement eco-city initiatives. The city of Masdar, Abu Dhabi, has
partnered with private companies to develop a sustainable city, which includes a zero-carbon
footprint and 100% renewable energy.
 Education and Awareness: this can be achieved by implementing education and awareness
programs to promote sustainable practices and environmental conservation. The city of
Stockholm, Sweden, has implemented an environmental education program, which includes
workshops and public awareness campaigns, promoting sustainable practices among
residents.

By implementing these strategies, Nnewi town can localize the eco-city model and become a
sustainable, resilient and thriving community.

BENEFITS OF LOCALIZING THE ECO-CITY MODEL IN NNEWI TOWN

Localizing the eco-city model in Nnewi town can bring numerous benefits, including:

 Sustainable Development: eco-city initiatives promote sustainable development, aligning with

the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
 Environmental Conservation: Nnewi town can reduce its environmental footprint by
implementing eco-city initiatives, such as renewable energy, waste reduction and green
spaces.
 Economic Growth: localizing the eco-city model can attract investments, create jobs and
stimulate local economic growth.
 Improved Quality of Life: eco-city initiatives can enhance the overall quality of life for Nnewi
town residents, providing clean air and water and promoting health and well-being.
 Climate Change Resilience: Nnewi town can build resilience to climate change impacts by
implementing eco-city initiatives, such as flood protection and drought management.
 Innovation and Technology: localizing the eco-city model can encourage innovation and
technology adoption, driving progress and development in Nnewi town.
 Community Engagement: eco-city initiatives can foster community engagement, promoting a
sense of ownership and responsibility among residents.
 Education and Awareness: localizing the eco-city model can raise environmental awareness
and education, empowering residents to adopt sustainable practices.
 Infrastructure Development: eco-city initiatives can lead to infrastructure development,
improving transportation, energy, and water management systems.
 Private Sector Investment: localizing the eco-city model can attract private sector investment,
driving economic growth and development.
 Government Support: eco-city initiatives can receive government support, providing funding
and policy backing.
 Job Creation: localizing the ecocity model can create new job opportunities in sustainable
industries,
 Improved Public Health: eco-city initiatives can improve public health by reducing pollution,
increasing green spaces, and promoting sustainable transportation.
 Increased Property Values: eco-city initiatives can enhance property values, making Nnewi
town a more attractive place to live and invest.
 Reduced Poverty: localizing the eco-city model can help reduce poverty by creating jobs and
stimulating economic growth.
 Cultural Preservation: eco-city initiatives can help preserve Nnewi town’s cultural heritage,
promoting sustainable development that respects local traditions.
 Disaster Risk Reduction: localizing the eco-city model can help reduce disaster risks, such as
flooding and erosion.
  Improved Water Management: eco-city initiatives can improve water management, reducing
scarcity and ensuring sustainable use.
 Enhanced Food Security: localizing the eco-city model can promote sustainable agriculture,
enhancing food security and reducing hunger.
 Global Recognition: Nnewi town can gain global recognition as a sustainable and eco-friendly
city, attracting tourism and investment.

By localizing the eco-city model, Nnewi town can become a sustainable, resilient and thriving
community, providing a high quality of life for its residents while protecting the environment.

CHALLENGES TO BE ENCOUNTERED

Localizing the eco-city model in Nnewi town may encounter the following problems:

 Cultural Resistance: Nnewi town’s cultural heritage and traditional practices may clash with
the eco-city concept, leading to resistance from the community.
 Limited Financial Resources: Nnewi town may lack the necessary funding to invest in eco-
city infrastructure, such as renewable energy systems and green buildings.
 Infrastructure Deficits: the town’s existing infrastructure may be inadequate or non-existent,
making it difficult to implement eco-city initiatives.
 Technical Capacity: Nnewi town may lack the necessary technical expertise to design and
implement eco-city projects, requiring external assistance.
 Political and Institutional Barriers: the town’s governance structure and political landscape
may hinder the adoption and implementation of eco-city policies and initiatives.
 Community Engagement: raising awareness and engaging the local community in eco-city
initiatives may be challenging due to limited education and environmental awareness.
 Land use and Planning: Nnewi town’s existing land use patterns may not align with eco-city
principles, requiring revisions and updates.
 Private Sector Buy-in: encouraging private sector investment and participation in eco-city
initiatives may be difficult due to perceived risks and lack of economic incentives.
 Climate and Geographic Limitations: Nnewi town’s climate and geography may pose
challenges to certain eco-city initiatives, such as renewable energy generations or urban
agriculture.
 Economic Growth versus Sustainability: Nnewi town may need to balance economic
development with sustainability goals, which can be a challenging trade-off.
  Limited Access to Technology: Nnewi town may have limited access to technology, such as
internet connectivity and digital platforms, which are essential for eco-city initiatives.
 Inadequate Waste Management: Nnewi town’s existing waste management practices may be
inadequate, leading to environmental and health issues.
 Transportation Challenges: the town’s transportation infrastructure may be inadequate,
making it difficult to implement sustainable transportation systems.
 Energy Poverty: Nnewi town may experience energy poverty, making it difficult to transition
to renewable energy sources.
 Water Scarcity: the town may face water scarcity, making it challenging to implement water
conservation measures.
 Limited Education and Awareness: the community may lack education and awareness about
eco-city concepts and sustainable practices.
 Governance and Institutional Framework: Nnewi town’s governance structure and
institutional framework may not be conducive to implementing eco-city initiatives.
 Limited Private Sector Investment: the private sector may be hesitant to invest in eco-city
initiatives due to perceived risks and lack of economic incentives.
 Limited Access to Funding: Nnewi town may have limited access to funding opportunities for
eco-city initiatives.
 Climate Change and Resilience: Nnewi town may be vulnerable to climate change impacts,
such as flooding and drought, which can affect eco-city initiatives.

Addressing these challenges will require a collaborative effort from local stakeholders, including
government, private sector, civil society and the community, to adapt the eco-city model to Nnewi
town’s unique context and needs.

CONCLUSION

Localizing the eco-city model in Nnewi town is a vital step towards creating a sustainable, resilient
and thriving community. By adopting eco-city initiatives, Nnewi town can address its unique
challenges like environmental degradation, traffic congestion and limited public spaces, while
promoting economic growth, social equity and environmental conservation.

Through community engagement, green infrastructure development, sustainable transportation

systems, renewable energy generation, energy-efficient buildings, waste reduction and recycling,
water conservation, urban agriculture, public-private partnerships and education and awareness
programs, Nnewi town can become a model for eco-city development in Nigeria and Africa.
Localization of the eco-city model in Nnewi town requires a collaborative effort from government,
private sector, civil society and the community to adapt global best practices to the town’s unique
context and needs. By working together, Nnewi town can create a sustainable future for its residents,
while contributing to national and global efforts to address climate change, sustainable development
and environmental conservations.

Ultimately, localizing the eco-city model in Nnewi town is a crucial step towards creating a better
future for generations to come and serves as a shining example of how sustainable urban development
can be achieved in Africa.