CAPE Pure Mathematics Unit 2

Module 1 – Complex Numbers and Calculus 2

Topic: Integration

Teacher: Mr. G Reid

BSc Mathematics and Education (Ongoing)
Student Ambassador of UTech, Ja
 Objectives for Today
At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Integrate exponential functions.
f  x 
Find integrals of the form  f  x  dx .
Integrate trigonometric functions using appropriate trigonometric identities.
Express a rational function (proper and improper) in partial fractions in the cases
where the denominators are distinct linear factors, repeated linear factors and
quadratic factors
Standard Integrals
 Worked Examples
1
Example 1: Find  x  2 dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method

Let u  x  2 1 1
du  dx   du
1 x2 u
dx  ln u  c
du  dx
 ln x  2  c
 Worked Examples
7
Example 2: Find  7 x  1 dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method
7 7 1
Let u  7 x  1 
 dx    du
7x 1 u 7
du
7 1
dx   u du
du  7 dx
 ln u  c
1
du  dx  ln 7 x  1  c
7
 Worked Examples
2x
Example 3: Find  10  x 2 dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method
2x 2 x dt
Let t  10  x 2   dx   
dt 10  x 2
t 2x
 2x 1
dx   dt
dt  2 xdx t
dt  ln t  c
 dx
2x  ln 10  x 2  c
Recall:
d f  x  f  x 
ln f  x     dx  ln f  x   c
dx f  x f  x
 Worked Examples
10
Example 4: Find  10 x  1 dx
Solution:
10
 10 x  1 dx  ln 10 x  1  c
 Worked Examples
Example 5: Find  3  30 x 1
2
3 x
dx
x  15 x  x  2
2

Solution:

3 x 2  30 x  1
 x3  15 x 2  x  2   x2 k
3 2
dx ln x 15 x
 Worked Examples
3e3 x  sec 2  x 
Example 6: Find  dx
e  tan  x 
3x

Solution:

3e3 x  sec 2  x 
 dx  ln e3 x  tan  x   c
e3 x  tan  x 
 Worked Examples
5
Example 7: Find  dx
13  x
Solution:
5 1
 13  x dx  5 13  x dx
 5ln 13  x  k
 Worked Examples
7
Example 9: Find  8  15 x dx
Solution:
7 1
 8  15 x dx  7  8  15 x dx
7 15
  dx
15 8  15 x
7
 ln 8  15 x  c
15
 Worked Examples
1
Example 10: Find  dx
x
Solution:

1
 x  dx  ln x  c
1
dx  x
 Worked Examples
dx
Example 11: Find  x 1
Solution:
dx
 x  1  ln x  1  c
 Worked Examples
8x  4
Example 12: Find  x 2  x  6 dx
Solution:
8x  4 4  2 x  1
 x 2  x  6 dx   x 2  x  6 dx
2x 1
 4 2 dx
x  x6
 4ln x 2  x  6  c
 Worked Examples
8 x3
Example 13: Find  4 dx
x 7
Solution:
8 x3 x3
 x 4  7 dx  8 x 4  7 dx
8 4 x3
  4 dx
4 x 7
 2ln x 4  7  k
 Worked Examples
Example 14: Find  cot  x  dx
Solution:
cos  x  cos  x 
 cot  x  dx   sin  x  dx Recall: cot  x  
sin  x 
 ln sin  x   c
 Worked Examples
Example 15: Find  tan  x  dx
Solution:
sin  x  sin  x 
 tan  x  dx   cos  x 
dx Recall: tan  x  
cos  x 
 sin  x 
  1  dx
cos  x 
  ln cos  x   c
1
 ln c
cos  x 
 ln sec  x   c
 Class Activity #1
Find the integrals below.

dx
9 x
1
 16  x dx
2x  5
 x 2  5 x  6 dx

e2 x
 e2 x  1 dx
 Solutions
Find the integrals below.
 1 1
dx
 9  x   1  9  x dx  16  x dx  ln 16  x  c e2 x 1 2e 2 x
 e2 x  1 dx  2  e2 x  1 dx
  ln 9  x  c 1
 ln e 2 x  1  k
2x  5 2
1
 ln c  x2  5x  6   5x  6  c
2
dx ln x
9 x  ln e 2 x  1  k
Integrating Exponential Functions
Recall:
d x
dx
 e   e x
  e x dx  e x  c
 Worked Examples
Example 1: Find  dx
6x
e
Solution: Using the Substitution Method

1 u
Let u  6 x   e6 x dx   e du
6
du
6 1
 eu  c
dx 6
du  6dx 1
 e6 x  c
1 6
du  dx
6
 Worked Examples
Example 2: Find  e11x dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method

Let t  11x   e11x dx   1  et dt

11
dt 1
 11   et  k
dx 11
dt  11dx 1 11x
 e k
1 11
 dt  dx
11
 Worked Examples
Example 3: Find  e3 x5 dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method

Let u  3x  5   e3 x5 dx  1  eu du
3
du 1
3  eu  c
dx 3
du  3dx 1 3 x 5
 e c
1 3
du  dx
3
Note:
1 axb
e
ax b
dx  e c
a
 Class Activity #2
Find the integrals below.


8 x 3
10 e dx

1
e 2 x 5
dx

1
 x
dx
3
10e
 Solutions
Find the integrals below.
10 1 1  3x
10e
8 x 3
dx  e8 x3  c
8
 10e x
3
dx  
10
e dx

5 1
 e 8 x 3  c   x
   e 3 c
4 10 
 1
 
1  3
e  dx
5 2 x
2 x 5
dx  e 3  3x
 e c
1 5 2 x 10
 e k
 2  
3
x  c
10e 3
1
  e 5 2 x  k
2
1
  2 x 5  k
2e
Note:
d x
dx
 a   a x
ln     a ln  a  dx  a  c
a x x

ln  a   a x dx  a x  c
x
a
  a x dx  c
ln  a 
 Worked Examples
Example 1: Find  3x dx
Solution:
x
3
 dx  ln  3  c
x
3
 Worked Examples
x
Example 2: Find  1  dx
 9 
Solution:
x
1
x  
1 9 k
  9  dx 
1
ln  
9
 Class Activity #3
Find the following antiderivatives.

 dx
x
2

x
1
  2  dx
 Solutions
Find the following antiderivatives.

2x
 2 dx  ln  2   c
x

x
1
x  
1 2 k
  2  dx 
1
ln  
2
 Worked Examples
Example 3: Find  35 x dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method
Let u  5 x   35 x dx  1  3u du
5
du
5 1 3u
dx  c
5 ln  3
du  5dx
1 35 x
du  dx  c
5 5ln  3
 Worked Examples
Example 4: Find  27 x2 dx
Solution: Using the Substitution Method
Let t  7 x  2   27 x2 dx  1  2t dt
7
dt
7 1 2t
dx  k
7 ln  2 
dt  7 dx
1 27 x 2
dt  dx  k
7 7 ln  2 
Note:
bx  c
a
a
bx  c
dx  c
b ln  a 
 Class Activity #4
Find the following antiderivatives.

 dx
9 x 1
2

6 4 x
1
  2  dx
 Solutions
Find the following antiderivatives.

29 x1
2
9 x 1
dx  c
9ln  2 

6 4 x
1
6 4 x  
1 2
  2  dx  
 
1
k
4ln  
2
Integrating Trigonometric Functions
 Integrating Even and Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine
Functions
Types of Integrals Case I: when n is a even positive integer.
Example 1:  sin 2  x  dx
  f  x  dx
n
sin
Solution:
1  cos  2 x 
Substitute sin 2  x  
 cos  g  x  dx
n 2
1  cos  2 x 
  x  dx  
2
sin dx
2
1
Where, n    1  cos  2 x   dx
2
1 sin  2 x  
  x  k
2 2 
 Integrating Even and Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine
Functions
Types of Integrals Case I: when n is a even positive integer.
Example 2:  cos 2  x  dx
  f  x  dx
n
sin
Solution:
1  cos  2 x 
Substitute cos 2  x  
 cos  g  x  dx
n 2
1  cos  2 x 
  x  dx  
2
cos dx
2
1
Where, n    1  cos  2 x   dx
2
1 sin  2 x  
  x  k
2 2 
 Integrating Even and Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine
Functions
Types of Integrals Case I: when n is a even positive integer.
Example 3:  sin 2  6  x  dx
  f  x  dx
n
sin
Solution:
1  cos  2  6  x   1  cos 12  2 x 
Substitute sin 2  6  x   
 cos  g  x  dx
n 2 2
1  cos 12  2 x 
  6  x  dx  
2
sin dx
2
1
Where, n    1  cos 12  2 x   dx
2
1 sin 12  2 x  
  x  c
2 2 
 More Worked Examples   4 x 
1  cos  2    1  cos  
8x
 4x    7    7 
Example 4: Find  sin 4  2 x  dx Substitute cos 2   
 7  2 2
 7 
Solution:
 2x  1  1  cos  87x  
 sin  7  dx  4  1  2cos  7   2  dx
4 4x
2
4  2x   2  2 x 
 sin  7  dx   sin  7   dx
1  1 1 8x 
  1  2cos  4x
7    cos  7   dx
  2 x  4  
1  cos  2    1  cos  
4x 2 2
2  2x    7    7 
Substitute sin    1 2sin  47x  1 1 sin  87x  
 7  2 2  x   x c
4 7
4
2 2 7 
8

1  cos   
2
 2x 
4x

 sin  7  dx  
4 7
dx 1 7 1 7 8x 
4   x  sin 7
4x
 x  sin  7   c
4 2 2 16 
1
  1  2cos  47x   cos 2  47x   dx 1  3x 7 7 
4    sin  47x   sin  87x    c
4 2 2 16 
 Class Activity #5
Find the following antiderivative.

 7x  5 
 cos  4  dx
2
 Solution
Find the following antiderivative.
 7x  5 
  7 x  5   7x  5  1  cos  
1  cos  2   1  cos   2  7x  5   2 
Substitute 2  7x  5 
cos  
  4 
  2   cos  4  dx   2
dx
 4  2 2
1   7 x  5 
 
2 1  cos 
 2 
  dx

  7x  5  
1
sin  
 x   2   c
2 72 
 
1 2  7 x  5 
  x  sin    c
2 7  2 
 More Worked Examples
Case II: When n is a odd positive integer.
Example 5:  sin 3  x  dx
Note:  sin n  x  dx   sin n1  x  sin  x  dx , now  n  1 is an even positive integer.

    x  sin  x  dx
n 1
   f  x  
3 2
sin x dx sin
  f  x  f   x  dx  n  1
n
c
  1  cos 2  x   sin  x  dx

  sin  x   sin  x  cos 2  x   dx f  x   cos  x  , f   x    sin  x 

  cos  x    1   sin  x  cos 2  x  dx

  cos  x     sin  x  cos 2  x  dx

cos3  x 
  cos  x   k
3
 More Worked Examples
Case II: When n is a odd positive integer.
Example 6:  cos3  x  dx
Note:  cos n  x  dx   cos n1  x  cos  x  dx, now  n  1 is an even positive integer.

n 1
 f  x  
  f  x  f   x  dx  n  1
n
c
 cos 3
 x  dx    x  cos  x  dx
cos 2

  1  sin 2  x   cos  x  dx f  x   sin  x  , f   x   cos  x 

  cos  x   cos  x  sin 2  x   dx

sin 3  x 
 sin  x   c
3
 More Worked Examples
Case II: When n is a odd positive integer.
Example 7:  cos3  3x  1 dx
Note:  cos n  x  dx   cos n1  x  cos  x  dx , now  n  1 is an even positive integer.

 cos 3
 3 x  1 dx    3x  1 cos  3x  1 dx
cos 2
 f  x  
n 1

  f  x  f   x  dx  n  1
n
c
  1  sin  3 x  1  cos  3 x  1 dx
2

  cos  3 x  1  cos  3 x  1 sin 2  3 x  1  dx f  x   sin  3 x  1 , f   x   3cos  3 x  1

1
  cos  3 x  1 dx   3cos  3 x  1 sin 2  3 x  1 dx
3
sin  3 x  1 1 sin 3  3 x  1
  c
3 3 3
sin  3 x  1 sin 3  3 x  1
  c
3 9
 Integrating Even and Odd Powers of Sine and Cosine Functions
Types of Integrals
Example 8:  sin 3
 x  cos 2
 x  dx
     g  x  dx
 
m n
sin f x cos Solution:
 sin  x  cos  x  dx   sin  x  sin  x  cos  x  dx
3 2 2 2

  
    g  x  dx

m n
cos f x sin Substitute sin 2  x   1  cos 2  x 

 sin 3
 x  cos 2
 x  dx  
1  cos 2
 x  
 sin  x  cos 2
 x  dx
Where, m is a odd positive integer   sin  x  cos 2  x   sin  x  cos 4  x   dx
and n  .   sin  x  cos 2  x  dx   sin  x  cos 4  x  dx
n 1
 f  x  
  1   sin  x  cos 2  x  dx    sin  x  cos 4  x  dx
  f  x  f   x  dx  n  1
n
c
cos3  x  cos5  x 
  c
3 5
f  x   cos  x  , f   x    sin  x 
 More Worked Examples
Example 9:  sin 3  2 x  5  cos  2 x  5  dx

 sin  2 x  5 cos  2 x  5  dx   sin  2 x  5  cos  2 x  5  dx

3 1
3 2

 sin  2 x  5 cos  2 x  5  dx   sin  2 x  5  sin  2 x  5  cos  2 x  5  dx

2 1
3 2

n 1
Substitute sin  2 x  5   1  cos  2 x  5 
2 2  f  x  
  f  x  f  x  dx  n  1  c
n

 sin  2 x  5 cos  2 x  5 dx   1  cos  2 x  5  sin  2 x  5  cos  2 x  5  dx
1
3 2 2

f  x   cos  2 x  5  , f   x   2sin  2 x  5 
  sin  2 x  5  cos  2 x  5   sin  2 x  5  cos  2 x  5   dx
1 5
2 2

 
  sin  2 x  5  cos 2  2 x  5  dx   sin  2 x  5  cos 2  2 x  5  dx
1 5

1  1 
       
2  2 
1 5
 2sin 2 x  5 cos 2
2 x  5 dx   2sin 2 x  5 cos 2
2 x  5 dx 

1  cos 2  2 x  5   1  cos 2  2 x  5  
3 7

    c
2
  2     2  
3 2 7

1 1
  cos 2  2 x  5   cos 2  2 x  5   c
3 7

3 7
 More Worked Examples
1

Example 10:  cos3  x  sin  x  dx 10

 cos  x  sin  x  dx   cos  x  cos  x  sin  x  dx

1
3 10 2 10

Substitute cos 2  x   1  sin 2  x 

n 1
1
 f  x  
  x  sin  x  dx   1  sin 2  x   cos  x  sin  x  dx   f  x  f   x  dx  n  1
1 n
cos 3 10 10
c

  cos  x  sin 10  x   cos  x  sin 10  x   dx

1 21

  f  x   sin  x  , f   x   cos  x 
 x   sin  x   k
11 31
sin 10 10


1110   3110 
10 1011 10 1031
 sin  x   sin  x   k
11 31
Recall the following trigonometric
identities

sin  A  B   sin  A  cos  B   cos  A  sin  B 

cos  A  B   cos  A  cos  B  sin  A  sin  B 
 Deriving Identities for Integration
sin  A  B   sin  A  cos  B   cos  A  sin  B  cos  A  B   cos  A  cos  B   sin  A  sin  B 
 sin  A  B   sin  A  cos  B   cos  A  sin  B   cos  A  B   cos  A  cos  B   sin  A  sin  B 
sin  A  B   sin  A  B   2sin  A  cos  B  cos  A  B   cos  A  B   2cos  A  cos  B 
1 1
 sin  A  cos  B   sin  A  B   sin  A  B   eqn 1  cos  A  cos  B   cos  A  B   cos  A  B   eqn  2 
2 2

cos  A  B   cos  A  cos  B   sin  A  sin  B 

 cos  A  B   cos  A  cos  B   sin  A  sin  B  
cos  A  B   cos  A  B   2sin  A  sin  B 
1
 sin  A  sin  B   cos  A  B   cos  A  B   eqn  3
2
 Integrating Products of Sine and Cosine Functions

Types of Integrals Example 1:  sin  3 x  cos  6 x  dx

Solution:
 sin  f  x  cos  g  x  dx 1 1
Substitute sin  3x  cos  6 x   2 sin 3x  6 x   sin 3x  6 x   2 sin 9 x   sin 3x 
1
 cos  f  x  cos  g  x  dx  sin  3x  cos  6 x  dx  2  sin  9 x   sin  3x  dx
1  cos  9 x  cos  3 x  
   c
 sin  f  x  sin  g  x  dx 2 9 3 

Recall: sin   A    sin  A 

 Integrating Products of Sine and Cosine Functions

Types of Integrals Example 2:  sin  2 x  cos  4 x  dx

Solution:
 sin  f  x  cos  g  x  dx sin  2 x  cos  4 x  
1
sin  6 x   sin  2 x  
Substitute 2
1
 cos  f  x  cos  g  x  dx  sin  2 x  cos  4 x  dx  2  sin  6 x   sin  2 x   dx

1  cos  6 x  cos  2 x  
   c
 sin  f  x  sin  g  x  dx 2 6 2 

Recall: sin   A    sin  A 

 Integrating Products of Sine and Cosine Functions

Types of Integrals Example 3:  cos  8 x  cos  2 x  dx

Solution:
 sin  f  x  cos  g  x  dx cos  8 x  cos  2 x  
1
cos 10 x   cos  6 x  
Substitute 2
1
 cos  f  x  cos  g  x  dx  cos 8 x  cos  2 x  dx  2  cos 10 x   cos  6 x   dx

1  sin 10 x  sin  6 x  

 sin  f  x  sin  g  x  dx  
2  10

6 
c
 Integrating Products of Sine and Cosine Functions

Types of Integrals Example 4:  cos  5 x  cos  3 x  dx

Solution:
 sin  f  x  cos  g  x  dx cos  5 x  cos  3 x  
1
cos  8 x   cos  2 x  
Substitute 2
1
 cos  f  x  cos  g  x  dx  cos  5 x  cos  3x  dx  2  cos  8 x   cos  2 x   dx

1  sin  8 x  sin  2 x  
   c
 sin  f  x  sin  g  x  dx 2 8 2 
 Integrating Products of Sine and Cosine Functions

Types of Integrals Example 5:  sin 10 x  sin  x  dx

Solution:
 sin  f  x  cos  g  x  dx sin 10 x  sin  x  
1
cos  9 x   cos 11x  
Substitute 2
1
 cos  f  x  cos  g  x  dx  sin 10 x  sin  x  dx  2  cos  9 x   cos 11x   dx

1  sin  9 x  sin 11x  

   k
 sin  f  x  sin  g  x  dx 2 9 11 
 Integrating Products of Sine and Cosine Functions

Types of Integrals Example 6:  sin  6 x  sin  2 x  dx

Solution:
 sin  f  x  cos  g  x  dx Substitute sin  6 x  sin  2 x  
1
cos  4 x   cos  8 x  
2
1
 cos  f  x  cos  g  x  dx  sin  6 x  sin  2 x  dx  2  cos  4 x   cos  8 x   dx

1  sin  4 x  sin  8 x  
   k
 sin  f  x  sin  g  x  dx 2 4 8 
Integrating Partial Fractions
 The Introduction
2 1 5
Simplify   Decomposing into Partial Fractions
7 x  1 3x  2 x  1
Solution:  Ensure that the fraction given in the problem
is proper. In other words, the degree of the
numerator is less than the degree of the
2 1 5 denominator. If this is not the case, you are
  required to do polynomial division.
7 x  1 3x  2 x  1
 Factorize the denominator completely into its
prime factors.
106 x 2  83 x  7

 7 x  1 3x  2  x  1
 The Introduction
The Proper Fraction Form of Partial Fractions

f  x A B

 ax  b  cx  d  ax  b cx  d

g  x A B C
 
 ax  b  cx  d 
2
ax  b cx  d  cx  d 2

h x A Bx  C
 2
 ax  b  cx  dx  e  ax  b cx  dx  e
 Worked Examples
1
Example 1: Find the antiderivative.   x  2  x  3 dx
Solution: 1   15 1

1 A B Substitute x  2   x  2  x  3   x  2 x  3  dx
dx   5

 
 x  2  x  3 x  2 x  3 1  A  2  3   B  2  2  1
 
1
dx  
1 1
dx
1  5 A 5 x2 5 x3
Multiply by LCM   x  2  x  3
1 1
1   ln x  2  ln x  3  c
1  A  x  3  B  x  2   A 5 5
5
Substitute x  3 
1 1  ln
1
 ln 5
 x  3 c
1  A  3  3  B  3  2  
1
 5  5
5
 x  2
1  5B  x  2  x  3 x  2 x  3
1
B
5
 Worked Examples
1  24 x  7 x 2
Example 2: Find the antiderivative. I   dx
 x  3  x  2 
2

Solution:
1  24 x  7 x 2 4 2 3
Substitute x  2    
1  24 x  7 x 2 A B C  x  3  x  2 
2
x  3  x  32 x  2
  
 x  3  x  2  x  3  x  3 x  2
2 2
1  24  2   7  2   25C
2

 4 2 3 
Multiply by LCM   x  3  x  2 
2
 75  25C I       dx
  x  3 
2
 x 3 x 2 
 C  3
1  24 x  7 x 2  A  x  3 x  2   B  x  2   C  x  3
2
4 2 3
  dx   dx   dx
Substitute x  3 Substitute x  0 x3  x  3 x2
2

1  24  3  7  3  5 B 1  24  0   7  0   A  0  3 0  2   B  0  2   C  0  3 
2 2 2
1 1
dx  2   x  3 dx  3
2
 4  dx
1  6 A  2 B  9C x3 x2
10  5 B
2  x  3
1
1  6 A  4  27
B2  6 A  24  4ln x  3   3ln x  2  c
 11
 A  4
2
 4ln x  3   3ln x  2  c
x3
 Worked Examples
x
Example 3: Find the antiderivative. I   dx
 x  1  x 2
 1
Solution:
x A Bx  C Substitute x  0
 
 x  1  x 2  1 x  1 x 2  1 0  A  02  1   B  0   C   0  1
0  AC   12 2 x 2
1 1
Multiply by LCM   x  1  x 2
 1 I    2  dx
0   12  C  x 1 x 1 
x  A  x 2  1   Bx  C  x  1
C  1
2   12  x11 dx  12  xx211 dx
Substitute x  1 Substitute x  1
1
1  A 1  1   B 1  C  1  1
  1
 1
dx   x
dx   1
dx 
 
1  A  1  1   B  1  C   1  1
 
2 
2 2 x 1 2 x 1
2
x 1
2

1  2 A  2 B  2C   12  x11 dx  12  12  x22 x1 dx   x211 dx 

1  2 A  
1  2  21  2 B  2  12
 A2 1
  12 ln x  1  12  12 ln x 2  1  tan 1  x    c
1  1  2 B  1
 B  12
 Worked Examples
x2
Example 4: Find the antiderivative. I   x 2  3x  2 dx
Solution: Using Long Division
1 I   1  4
 1
 dx
 x 2  3x  2  x 2  0 x  0 Substitute x  1 x 2 x 1

3 1  2  B 1  2   1dx  4  x1 2 dx   x11 dx

  x 2  3x  2 
1  B  x  4ln x  2  ln x  1  k
3x  2  B  1
2
x 3x  2
 1 
x 2  3x  2 x 2  3x  2 Substitute x  2
3x  2
3  2   2  A  2  1
A B
 
 x  2  x  1 x  2 x  1
 A4
Multiply by LCM   x  2  x  1
x2 4 1
3 x  2  A  x  1  B  x  2   2
x  3x  2
 1 
x  2 x 1