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 Chapter 6
Analytic Trigonometry
Section 6.1 15. sin −1 ( −1)

1. Domain: { x x is any real number} ; π π

We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2
Range: { y − 1 ≤ y ≤ 1} whose sine equals −1 .
π π
2. { x | x ≥ 1} or { x | x ≤ 1} sin θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤
2 2
π
3. [3, ∞ ) θ =−
2
π
4. True sin −1 ( −1) = −
2
3
5. 1;
2 16. cos −1 ( −1)
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
1 cosine equals −1 .
6. − ; −1
2 cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π
7. x = sin y θ =π
cos −1 ( −1) = π
8. 0 ≤ x ≤ π

9. −∞ ≤ x ≤ ∞ 17. tan −1 0
π π
10. False. The domain of y = sin −1 x is −1 ≤ x ≤ 1 . We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2
tangent equals 0.
11. True π π
tan θ = 0, − <θ <
12. True 2 2
θ =0
13. sin −1 0 −1
tan 0 = 0
π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 18. tan −1 ( −1)
sine equals 0.
π π π π
sin θ = 0, − ≤ θ ≤ We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 2 2
tangent equals −1 .
θ =0
π π
sin −1 0 = 0 tan θ = −1, − <θ <
2 2
π
14. cos −1 1 θ =−
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose 4
cosine equals 1. π
tan −1 (−1) = −
cos θ = 1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 4
θ =0
cos −1 1 = 0

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

2  3
19. sin −1 22. sin −1  − 
2  2 
π π π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2 2 2
2 3
sine equals . sine equals − .
2 2
2 π π 3 π π
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 2 2 2
π π
θ= θ =−
4 3
2 π  3  π
sin −1 = sin −1  −
2 4 2  = − 3
 
3
20. tan −1  3
3 23. cos −1  − 
π π  2 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose
2 2 We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose
3 3
tangent equals . cosine equals − .
3 2
3 π π 3
tan θ = , − <θ < cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
3 2 2 2
π 5π
θ= θ=
6 6
3 π  3  5 π
tan −1 = cos −1  −  =
3 6  2  6

21. tan −1 3  2
π π 24. sin −1  − 
We are finding the angle θ , − < θ < , whose  2 
2 2
π π
tangent equals 3 . We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose
2 2
π π
tan θ = 3, − < θ < 2
2 2 sine equals − .
π 2
θ= 2 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
−1 π 2 2 2
tan 3= π
3 θ =−
4
 2 π
sin −1  −  = −
 2  4

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

25. sin −1 0.1 ≈ 0.10   3π 

39. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  8 
26. cos −1 0.6 ≈ 0.93

−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . Since
27. tan 5 ≈ 1.37 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
28. tan −1 0.2 ≈ 0.20
8  2 2
the equation directly and get
7   3π   3π
29. cos −1 ≈ 0.51 tan −1  tan  −   = − .
8   8  8
1
30. sin −1 ≈ 0.13   3π
8 
40. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
31. tan −1 (− 0.4) ≈ − 0.38   7 

−1
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
32. tan (− 3) ≈ −1.25 3π  π π
− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
7  2 2
33. sin −1 (− 0.12) ≈ − 0.12
the equation directly and get
  3π   3π
34. cos −1 (− 0.44) ≈ 2.03 sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  7  7
2
35. cos −1 ≈ 1.08
3   9π 
41. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
3   8 
36. sin −1 ≈ 0.35
5 ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
 4π  9π
37. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation cannot use the formula directly since is not
 5  8
4π  π π
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
5
is in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2
in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation  π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 4π  4π  2 2
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 5  5 9π 9π
sin = sin θ . The angle is in quadrant III
8 8
  π  9π
38. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the so sine is negative. The reference angle of is
  10   8
π
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since
8
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV so sine

π  π π will still be negative. Thus, we have

− is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
10  2 2 9π  π π
sin = sin  −  . Since − is in the interval
the equation directly and get 8  8 8
  π  π  π π
sin −1  sin  −   = − .  − 2 , 2  , we can apply the equation above and
  10  10  
 9π  −1   π  π
get sin −1  sin  = sin  sin  −   = − .
 8    8  8

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

  5π    2π 
42. cos −1  cos  −   follows the form of the 44. tan −1  tan  −   follows the form of the
  3    3 
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x , but ( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x . but we
5π 2π
we cannot use the formula directly since − is cannot use the formula directly since − is not
3 3
not in the interval 0, π  . We need to find an  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an angle
angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which  2 2
 π π
 5π  5π θ in the interval  − ,  for which
cos  −  = cos θ . The angle − is in  2 2
 3  3
 2π  2π
5π π tan  −  = tan θ . The angle − is in
quadrant I so the reference angle of − is .  3  3
3 3
quadrant III so tangent is positive. The reference
 5π  π π
Thus, we have cos  −  = cos . Since is 2π π
 3  3 3 angle of − is and we want θ to be in
3 3
in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation quadrant I so tangent will still be positive. Thus,
above and get  2π  π  π
we have tan  −  = tan   . Since is in the
  5π   −1  π π  3  3
  3
cos −1  cos  −   = cos  cos  = .
  3   3 3  π π
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2
  4π   
43. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the above and get tan −1  tan  − 2π   = tan −1  tan π  = π .
  3 
  5     3 3

( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x , but
 1
4π 45. sin  sin −1  follows the form of the equation
we cannot use the formula directly since is  4
5
 π π
not in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since
1
4
is in
 2 2 the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
 π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which  1 1
 2 2 directly and get sin  sin −1  = .
 4 4
 4π  4π
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 5  5   2 
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of 46. cos  cos −1  −   follows the form of the
  3 
4π π
5
is
5
and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
( ) (
equation f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . )
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have 2
 4π   π π Since − is in the interval  −1,1 , we can
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the 3
 5   5  5 apply the equation directly and get
 π π   2  2
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation cos  cos −1  −   = − .
 2 2   3  3
above and get
  4π   −1   π  π
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  5    5  5

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

( )
47. tan tan −1 4 follows the form of the equation we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x−2
function is and that it must lie in the
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 4 is a ) 5
real number, we can apply the equation directly interval  −1,1 . That is,

(
and get tan tan −1 4 = 4 . ) −1 ≤
x−2
≤1
5
( )
48. tan tan −1 ( −2 ) follows the form of the equation −5 ≤ x − 2 ≤ 5
−3 ≤ x ≤ 7
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since −2 is a ) The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 7} , or
real number, we can apply the equation directly  −3, 7  in interval notation. Recall that the
(
and get tan tan −1 ( −2 ) = −2 . ) domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the
49. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = 1.2 , domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
the quantity cos −1 1.2 is not defined. Thus, also  −3, 7  .
( )
cos cos −1 1.2 is not defined.
54. f ( x ) = 2 tan x − 3
50. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −2 , y = 2 tan x − 3
the quantity sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined. Thus, x = 2 tan y − 3
2 tan y = x + 3
( )
sin sin −1 ( −2 ) is not defined.
tan y =
x+3
2
( )
51. tan tan −1 π follows the form of the equation
y = tan −1
x+3
= f −1 ( x )
( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since π is a ) 2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of f −1 ( x)
real number, we can apply the equation directly
π π  π π
(
and get tan tan −1 π = π . ) and is −
2
<x<
2
or  − ,  in interval
 2 2
52. Since there is no angle θ such that sin θ = −1.5 , notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
the quantity sin −1 ( −1.5) is not defined. Thus, that the argument of the inverse tangent function
can be any real number. Thus, the domain of
( )
sin sin −1 ( −1.5 ) is not defined.
f −1 ( x ) is all real numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in
interval notation. Recall that the domain of a
53. f ( x ) = 5sin x + 2
function equals the range of its inverse and the
y = 5sin x + 2 range of a function equals the domain of its
x = 5sin y + 2 inverse. Thus, the range of f is ( −∞, ∞ ) .
5sin y = x − 2
55. f ( x ) = −2 cos ( 3 x )
x−2
sin y = y = −2 cos ( 3 x )
5
x−2
y = sin −1= f −1 ( x )
5
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
π π  π π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ or  − ,  in
2 2  2 2
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

x = −2 cos ( 3 y )  −1,1 . That is,

x x
cos ( 3 y ) = − −1 ≤ ≤ 1
2 3
 x −3 ≤ x ≤ 3
3 y = cos −1  − 
 2 The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or
1  x
y = cos −1  −  = f −1 ( x )  −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the
3  2 domain of a function equals the range of its
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of inverse and the range of a function equals the
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
π  π  −3,3 .
f −1 ( x ) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ , or 0, 3  in interval
3  
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note 57. f ( x ) = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

that the argument of the inverse cosine function y = − tan ( x + 1) − 3

is
−x
and that it must lie in the interval  −1,1 . x = − tan ( y + 1) − 3
2
That is, tan ( y + 1) = − x − 3
x
−1 ≤ − ≤ 1 y + 1 = tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2
y = −1 + tan −1 ( − x − 3)
2 ≥ x ≥ −2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 = −1 − tan −1 ( x + 3) = f −1 ( x )
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or (note here we used the fact that y = tan −1 x is an
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the odd function).
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
domain of a function equals the range of its
inverse and the range of a function equals the π π
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is f −1 ( x) and is −1 − ≤x≤ − 1 , or
2 2
 −2, 2  .  π π 
 −1 − 2 , 2 − 1 in interval notation. To find the
56. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x )  
domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
y = 3sin ( 2 x )
the inverse tangent function can be any real
x = 3sin ( 2 y ) number. Thus, the domain of f −1 ( x ) is all real
x
sin ( 2 y ) = numbers, or ( −∞, ∞ ) in interval notation. Recall
3
x that the domain of a function equals the range of
2 y = sin −1 its inverse and the range of a function equals the
3
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
1 x
y = sin −1 = f −1 ( x ) ( −∞, ∞ ) .
2 3
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of 58. f ( x ) = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
π π  π π y = cos ( x + 2 ) + 1
f −1 ( x) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
4 4  4 4 x = cos ( y + 2 ) + 1
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )
cos ( y + 2 ) = x − 1
we note that the argument of the inverse sine
x y + 2 = cos −1 ( x − 1)
function is and that it must lie in the interval
3 y = cos −1 ( x − 1) − 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
 −3,3 .
f −1 ( x) and is −2 ≤ x ≤ π − 2 , or  −2, π − 2  in
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) 60. f ( x ) = 2 cos ( 3 x + 2 )

we note that the argument of the inverse cosine y = 2 cos ( 3x + 2 )

function is x − 1 and that it must lie in the
x = 2 cos ( 3 y + 2 )
interval  −1,1 . That is, −1 ≤ x − 1 ≤ 1
x
0≤ x≤2 cos ( 3 y + 2 ) =
2
The domain of f ( x ) is { x | 0 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
−1
x
3 y + 2 = cos −1  
0, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the 2
domain of a function equals the range of its x
inverse and the range of a function equals the 3 y = cos −1   − 2
2
domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is
1 x 2
0, 2  . y = cos −1   − = f −1 ( x )
3 2 3
59. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x + 1)
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
y = 3sin ( 2 x + 1) 2 2 π
f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
x = 3sin ( 2 y + 1) 3 3 3
x  2 2 π
sin ( 2 y + 1) =  − 3 , − 3 + 3  in interval notation. To find the
3  
x domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument of
2 y + 1 = sin −1
3 x
x the inverse cosine function is and that it must
2 y = sin −1   − 1 2
3 lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
1  x 1
y = sin −1   − = f −1 ( x ) x
2 3 2 −1 ≤ ≤1
2
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of −2 ≤ x ≤ 2
1 π 1 π The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
f −1 ( x) and is − − ≤ x ≤ − + , or
2 4 2 4  −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
 1 π 1 π domain of a function equals the range of its
 − 2 − 4 , − 2 + 4  in interval notation. To find
  inverse and the range of a function equals the
the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note that the argument domain of its inverse. Thus, the range of f is

x  −2, 2  .
of the inverse sine function is and that it must
3
lie in the interval  −1,1 . That is,
61. 4sin −1 x = π
x π
−1 ≤ ≤ 1 sin −1 x =
3 4
−3 ≤ x ≤ 3 π 2
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −3 ≤ x ≤ 3} , or x = sin
4 2
=

 −3,3 in interval notation. Recall that the  2 

The solution set is   .
domain of a function equals the range of its  2 
inverse and the range of a function equals the

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

62. 2 cos −1 x = π 67. 4 cos −1 x − 2π = 2 cos −1 x

π 2 cos −1 x − 2π = 0
cos −1 x =
2 2 cos −1 x = 2π
π
x = cos=0 cos −1 x = π
2
The solution set is {0} . x = cos π = −1
The solution set is {−1} .
63. 3cos −1 ( 2 x ) = 2π
68. 5sin −1 x − 2π = 2sin −1 x − 3π
2π
cos ( 2 x ) =
−1
3sin −1 x = −π
3
2π π
2 x = cos sin −1 x = −
3 3
1  π 3
2x = − x = sin  −  = −
2  3 2

x=−
1  3 
The solution set is − .
4
 2 
 1
The solution set is −  .
 4 69. Note that θ = 29°45′ = 29.75° .
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
64. −6sin −1 ( 3x ) = π a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 π 
π
sin −1 ( 3x ) = − ≈ 13.92 hours or 13 hours, 55 minutes
6
 π  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 x = sin  −  b. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
 6  π 
1 ≈ 12 hours
3x = −
2
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 29.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
1 c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 
x=− π
6  
 1 ≈ 13.85 hours or 13 hours, 51 minutes
The solution set is −  .
 6
70. Note that θ = 40°45′ = 40.75° .
−1
65. 3 tan x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x =  
3 ≈ 14.93 hours or 14 hours, 56 minutes
π
x = tan = 3  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
3 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
 
The solution set is { 3} . 
π

≈ 12 hours

66. −4 tan −1 x = π  cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 40.75 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
π  π 
tan −1 x = −  
4 ≈ 14.83 hours or 14 hours, 50 minutes
 π
x = tan  −  = −1
 4
The solution set is {−1} .

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

71. Note that θ = 21°18′ = 21.3° .  cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180 b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −
−1 π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  

π 

a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
  ≈ 12 hours
≈ 13.30 hours or 13 hours, 18 minutes
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 −  π 
 π   
 
≈ 22.02 hours or 22 hours, 1 minute
≈ 12 hours

 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 21.3 ⋅ 180π ) )  d. The amount of daylight at this location on the
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − winter solstice is 24 − 24 = 0 hours. That is,
 π 
  on the winter solstice, there is no daylight. In
≈ 13.26 hours or 13 hours, 15 minutes general, for a location at 66°30 ' north latitude,
it ranges from around-the-clock daylight to no
72. Note that θ = 61°10′ ≈ 61.167° . daylight at all.
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − 75. Let point C represent the point on the Earth’s
 π 
  axis at the same latitude as Cadillac Mountain,
≈ 18.96 hours or 18 hours, 57 minutes and arrange the figure so that segment CQ lies
along the x-axis (see figure).
 cos −1 ( tan ( 0 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
b. D = 24 ⋅  1 − y
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours
P D (x,y )
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 61.167 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 − s
 π  θ
  22710 x
C 71 0 mi
≈ 18.64 hours or 18 hours, 38 minutes 2710
Q (2 71 0,0)

 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180

π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
73. a. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π 
 
≈ 12 hours At the latitude of Cadillac Mountain, the effective
radius of the earth is 2710 miles. If point D(x, y)
b.
 cos
D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
−1
( tan ( 0 ⋅ ) tan ( 0 ⋅ ) ) 
π
180
π
180 represents the peak of Cadillac Mountain, then the
 π  length of segment PD is
 
≈ 12 hours 1 mile
1530 ft ⋅ ≈ 0.29 mile . Therefore, the
5280 feet
 cos −1 ( tan ( 22.8 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 0 ⋅ 180π ) )  point D( x, y ) = (2710, y ) lies on a circle with
c. D = 24 ⋅ 1 −
 π  radius r = 2710.29 miles. We now have
 
≈ 12 hours x 2710
cos θ = =
d. There are approximately 12 hours of r 2710.29
daylight every day at the equator.  2710 
θ = cos −1   ≈ 0.01463 radians
 2710.29 
74. Note that θ = 66°30′ = 66.5° . Finally, s = rθ = 2710(0.01463) ≈ 39.64 miles ,
 cos −1 ( tan ( 23.5 ⋅ 180
π
) tan ( 66.5 ⋅ 180π ) ) 
a. D = 24 ⋅  1 − 2π (2710) 39.64
 π  and = , so
  24 t
≈ 24 hours 24(39.64)
t= ≈ 0.05587 hours ≈ 3.35 minutes
2π (2710)

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 Section 6.1: The Inverse Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions

Therefore, a person atop Cadillac Mountain will 90°

see the first rays of sunlight about 3.35 minutes
sooner than a person standing below at sea level.

 34  6
76. θ ( x ) = tan −1   − tan −1   .
 x x 0 50
 34   6 0°
a. θ (10 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.6°
 10   10  The maximum viewing angle will occur
If you sit 10 feet from the screen, then the when x ≈ 14.3 feet.
viewing angle is about 42.6° .
 34   6 77. a. a = 0 ; b = 3 ; The area is:
θ (15 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 44.4° tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 3 − tan −1 0
 15   15 
If you sit 15 feet from the screen, then the π
= −0
viewing angle is about 44.4° . 3
 34   6  π
θ ( 20 ) = tan −1   − tan −1   ≈ 42.8° = square units
 20   20  3
If you sit 20 feet from the screen, then the
viewing angle is about 42.8° . 3
b. a=− ; b = 1 ; The area is:
3
b. Let r = the row that result in the largest
viewing angle. Looking ahead to part (c),  3
tan −1 b − tan −1 a = tan −1 1 − tan −1  − 
we see that the maximum viewing angle  3 
occurs when the distance from the screen is
π  π
about 14.3 feet. Thus, = −− 
5 + 3(r − 1) = 14.3 4  6
5 + 3r − 3 = 14.3 5π
= square units
3r = 12.3 12
r = 4.1 3
Sitting in the 4th row should provide the 78. a. a = 0; b = ; The area is:
2
largest viewing angle.
 3
c. Set the graphing calculator in degree mode sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1  −1
 − sin 0
 2 
 34  6
and let Y1 = tan −1   − tan −1   : π
 x  x = −0
90° 3
π
= square units
3

0 50
0°
Use MAXIMUM:

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

1 1 point.
b. a = − ; b = ; The area is:
2 2
1  1
sin −1 b − sin −1 a = sin −1   − sin −1  − 
2  2
π  π
= −− 
6  6
π
=
square units
3
79. Here we have α1 = 41°50 ' , β1 = −87°37 ' ,
α 2 = 21°18' , and β 2 = −157°50 ' .
Converting minutes to degrees gives
( ) (
α1 = 41 56 ° , β1 = −87 37
60 )
° , α 2 = 21.3° , and 83. f ( x) = 1 + 2 x
β2 = ( −157 ) ° . Substituting these values, and
5
6
y = 1 + 2x
x = 1+ 2y
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 4250
miles. The distance from Chicago to Honolulu is x −1 = 2y
about 4250 miles. log 2 ( x − 1) = log 2 2 y
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
log 2 ( x − 1) = y log 2 2
80. Here we have α1 = 21°18' , β1 = −157°50 ' , log 2 ( x − 1) = y
α 2 = −37°47 ' , and β 2 = 144°58' . f −1 ( x) = log 2 ( x − 1)
Converting minutes to degrees gives α1 = 21.3° ,
( ) ( )
− 12 − 12 − 32 1
β1 = −157 56 ° , α 2 = −37 47 ° , and 84. (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) − ( x 2 + 3) ⋅ x(2 x + 1) 2
60
− 12 −3
= (144 ) ° . Substituting these values, and = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( x 2 + 3) − x(2 x + 1)
2
β2 29
30
− 12 − 32
r = 3960 , into our equation gives d ≈ 5518 = (2 x + 1) ( x 2 + 3) ( − x 2 − x + 3)
miles. The distance from Honolulu to
Melbourne is about 5518 miles.
(remember that S and W angles are negative)
Section 6.2
81. 3x − 2 + 5 ≤ 9
 π
3x − 2 ≤ 4 1. Domain:  x x ≠ odd integer multiples of  ,
 2
2
− ≤ 3x ≤ 2 Range: { y y ≤ −1 or y ≥ 1}
3
2
So the solution is: − , 2 2. True
3
1 5
82. The function f is one-to-one because every 3. =
5 5
horizontal line intersects the graph at exactly one
4. x = sec y , ≥ 1 , 0 , π

5. cosine

6. False

7. True

8. True

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 2   1 
9. cos  sin −1  12. tan sin −1  −  
 2    2 
π π π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 2 2
2 1
equals . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
2 π π sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
sin θ = , − ≤θ ≤ 2 2 2
2 2 2
π
π θ =−
θ= 6
4
  1   π 3
 2  π 2 tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = −
cos  sin −1  = cos =   2   6  3
 2  4 2
 1
 1 13. sec  cos −1 
10. sin  cos −1   2
 2 Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
1
1 equals .
equals . 2
2 1
1 cos θ = , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
cos θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2
2 π
θ=
π 3
θ=
3 π
 1
 −1 1  π 3 sec  cos −1  = sec = 2
sin  cos  = sin =  2  3
 2 3 2
  1 
 14. cot sin −1  −  
 3    2 
11. tan cos −1  −  
  2   π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine 2 2
3 1
equals − . equals − .
2 2
1 π π
3 sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π 2 2 2
2
π
5π θ =−
θ= 6
6
 −1  1    π
 −1  3   5π 3 cot sin  −   = cot  −  = − 3
tan cos  −   = tan =−   2   6
  2   6 3

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

(
15. csc tan −1 1 )   1 
19. sec sin −1  −  
π π   2 
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2 π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
equals 1. 2 2
π π 1
tan θ = 1, − <θ < equals − .
2 2 2
π 1 π π
θ= sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
4 2 2 2
π π
( )
csc tan −1 1 = csc
4
= 2 θ =−
6
  1   π 2 3
(
16. sec tan −1 3 ) sec sin −1  −   = sec  −  =
  2   6 3
π π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2   3 
20. csc  cos −1  −  
equals 3.
  2  
π π
tan θ = 3, − <θ < Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
2 2
π 3
θ= equals − .
3 2
π 3
(
sec tan −1 3 = sec) 3
=2 cos θ = −
2
0 ≤θ ≤ π

5π
17. sin  tan −1 (−1) 
θ=
6
π π   3  5π
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent csc  cos −1  −   = csc =2
2 2   2   6
equals −1 .
π π
tan θ = −1, − <θ <  5π   2
2 2 21. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  − 
π  4   2 
θ =− Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
4
 π 2 2
sin  tan −1 (−1)  = sin  −  = − equals − .
 4 2 2
2
  3  cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π
18. cos sin −1  −   2
  2   3π
θ=
π π 4
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine 5π  3π
2 2 −1 
cos  sin  =
3  4  4
equals − .
2
3 π π
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
π
θ =−
3
  3   π 1
cos sin −1  −   = cos  −  =
  2    3 2

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 2π   1   1
22. tan −1  cot  = tan −1  −  25. tan  sin −1 
 3   3   3
π π 1 1
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
2 2 3 3
1 π π
equals − . − ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
3 2 2
y = 1 and r = 3 .
1 π π
tan θ = − , − <θ < Solve for x:
3 2 2
x2 + 1 = 9
π
θ =− x2 = 8
6
 2π  π x = ± 8 = ±2 2
tan −1  cot =−
 3  6 Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 2 .
 1 y 1 2 2
tan  sin −1  = tan θ = = ⋅ =
  7π    3  3 x 2 2 2 4
23. sin −1 cos  −   = sin −1  − 
  6   2 
 1
π π 26. tan  cos −1 
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine  3
2 2
1 1
3 Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
equals − . 3 3
2
θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 1 and r = 3 .
3 π π Solve for y:
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2 1 + y2 = 9
π
θ =− y2 = 8
3
  7π   π y = ± 8 = ±2 2
sin −1 cos  −  = −
  6  3 Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 2 2 .
 1 y 2 2
  π  tan  cos −1  = tan θ = = =2 2
24. cos  tan  −   = cos −1 ( −1)
−1  3  x 1
  3 
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine  1
27. sec  tan −1 
equals −1 .  2
cos θ = −1, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
π 2 2
θ=
3 π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
  π   2 2
cos −1  tan  −   = π x = 2 and y = 1 .
  3 
Solve for r:
22 + 1 = r 2
r2 = 5
r= 5
θ is in quadrant I.
 1 r 5
sec  tan −1  = sec θ = =
 2 x 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 2 31. sin  tan −1 (−3) 

28. cos  sin −1 
 3  Let θ = tan −1 (−3) . Since tan θ = −3 and
2 2 π π
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and − < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
3 3 2 2
π π x = 1 and y = −3 .
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2 Solve for r:
y = 2 and r = 3 . 1+ 9 = r2
Solve for x: r 2 = 10
x2 + 2 = 9 r = ± 10
2
x =7 Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 10 .
x=± 7 y
sin  tan −1 (−3)  = sin θ =
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 7 . r
 2 x 7 −3 10 3 10
cos  sin −1  = cos θ = = = ⋅ =−
3 r 3 10 10 10
 
  2    3 
29. cot sin −1  −   32. cot  cos −1  −
  3    
  3  
 2 2  3 3
Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
 3  3  3  3
π π 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
2 2 x = − 3 and r = 3 .
y = − 2 and r = 3 . Solve for y:
Solve for x: 3 + y2 = 9
x2 + 2 = 9 y2 = 6
x2 = 7 y=± 6
x=± 7 Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 6 .
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 7 .   3  x
 cot cos −1  −   = cot θ =
 2  x 7 2 14
cot sin −1  −   = cot θ = = ⋅ =−   3   y
  3   y − 2 2 2
− 3 −1 2 2
= = ⋅ =−
30. csc  tan −1 (− 2)  6 2 2 2
Let θ = tan −1 ( − 2) . Since tan θ = − 2 and
 2 5
π π 33. sec  sin −1 
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let  5 
2 2
x = 1 and y = − 2 . 2 5 2 5
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and
Solve for r: 5 5
1+ 4 = r2 π π
− ≤ θ ≤ , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2
r =5 2 2
y = 2 5 and r = 5 .
r=± 5
Solve for x:
Since θ is in quadrant IV, r = 5 .
r 5 5
csc  tan −1 (− 2)  = csc θ = = =−
y −2 2

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

x 2 + 20 = 25 39. csc −1 (−1)

x2 = 5 π π
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
x=± 5 2 2
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals −1 .
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
π π
 2 5 r 5 csc θ = −1, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
sec  sin −1  = sec θ = = = 5 2 2
 5  x 5 π
θ =−
2
 1 π
34. csc  tan −1  −1
csc (−1) = −
 2 2
1 1
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
2 2 40. csc −1 2
π π π π
− < θ < , θ is in quadrant I, and we let We are finding the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2 2 2
x = 2 and y = 1 . θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals 2 .
Solve for r: π π
csc θ = 2, − ≤ θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0
22 + 1 = r 2 2 2
r2 = 5 π
θ=
r= 5 4
π
θ is in quadrant I. csc −1
2=
4
 1 r 5
csc  tan −1  = csc θ = = = 5
 2  y 1 2 3
41. sec −1
3
 3π   2 π
35. sin −1  cos  = sin −1  −  = − π
 4  We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
 2  4
2
 7π   1  2π 2 3
36. cos −1  sin  = cos −1  −  = whose secant equals .
 6   2 3 3
2 3 π
sec θ = , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
37. cot −1 3 3 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
θ=
cotangent equals 3. 6
cot θ = 3, 0 <θ < π 2 3 π
sec −1 =
π 3 6
θ=
6
π 42. sec −1 ( − 2 )
−1
cot 3=
6 π
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
2
38. cot −1 1 whose secant equals −2 .
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π
sec θ = − 2, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, θ ≠
cotangent equals 1. 2
cot θ = 1, 0 < θ < π 2π
θ=
π 3
θ= 2 π
4 sec −1 ( − 2 ) =
−1 π 3
cot 1 =
4
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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 3 1
43. cot −1  −  46. csc −1 5 = sin −1
5
 3 
We are finding the angle θ , 0 < θ < π, whose π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2
3
cotangent equals − . 1 1
3 equals . Now sin θ = , so θ lies in
5 5
3 1
cot θ = − , 0 <θ < π quadrant I. The calculator yields sin −1 ≈ 0.20 ,
3 5
2π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ=
3 csc−1 5 ≈ 0.20 .
 3  2π
cot −1  −  =
 3  3

 2 3
44. csc −1  − 
 3  1
47. cot −1 2 = tan −1
π π 2
We are finding the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ ,
2 2 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
2 3 1 1
θ ≠ 0 , whose cosecant equals − . equals . Now tan θ = , so θ lies in
3 2 2
2 3 π π 1
csc θ = − , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠ 0 quadrant I. The calculator yields an −1 ≈ 0.46 ,
3 2 2 2
π which is an angle in quadrant I, so
θ =− cot −1 ( 2 ) ≈ 0.46 .
3
 2 3 π
csc −1  −  = −
 3  3

1
45. sec −1 4 = cos −1
4  1
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine 48. sec −1 (−3) = cos −1  − 
 3
1 1 We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in quadrant
4 4 1 1
1 equals − . Now cos θ = − , θ lies in
I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.32 , which is 3 3
4 quadrant II. The calculator yields
an angle in quadrant I, so sec−1 ( 4 ) ≈ 1.32 .  1
cos −1  −  ≈ 1.91 , which is an angle in
 3
quadrant II, so sec−1 ( − 3) ≈ 1.91 .

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

 1  1 
49. csc −1 ( −3) = sin −1  −  52. cot −1 ( −8.1) = tan −1  − 
 3  8.1 
π π We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in
1 1 8.1 8.1
equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ lies in
3 3 quadrant II. The calculator yields
quadrant IV. The calculator yields  1 
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.12 , which is an angle in
 1  8.1 
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.34 , which is an angle in
 3 quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
quadrant IV, so csc−1 ( −3) ≈ −0.34 . θ ≈ −0.12 + π ≈ 3.02 . Thus, cot −1 ( −8.1) ≈ 3.02 .

 1  3  2
50. cot −1  −  = tan −1 (− 2) 53. csc −1  −  = sin −1  − 
 2  2  3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent π π
We seek the angle θ , − ≤θ ≤ , θ ≠0,
equals −2 . Now tan θ = −2 , so θ lies in 2 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 2 2
whose sine equals − . Now sin θ = − , so θ
tan −1 ( − 2 ) ≈ −1.11 , which is an angle in 3 3
quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II, lies in quadrant IV. The calculator yields
θ ≈ −1.11 + π ≈ 2.03 . Therefore,  2
sin −1  −  ≈ −0.73 , which is an angle in
 1  3
cot −1  −  ≈ 2.03 .
 2  3
quadrant IV, so csc−1  −  ≈ −0.73 .
 2

 1 
( )
51. cot −1 − 5 = tan −1  −
 5

 4  3
54. sec −1  −  = cos −1  − 
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent  3  4
1 1 π
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ ≠ ,
5 5 2
quadrant II. The calculator yields 3 3
whose cosine equals − . Now cos θ = − , so
 1  4 4
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.42 , which is an angle in θ lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields
 5
 3
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42 , which is an angle in
θ ≈ −0.42 + π ≈ 2.72 . Therefore,  4

( )
cot −1 − 5 ≈ 2.72 .  4
quadrant II, so sec −1  −  ≈ 2.42 .
 3

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 3  2 π π
55. cot −1  −  = tan −1  −  59. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
 2   3 2 2
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
tangent equals −
2 2
. Now tan θ = − , so θ ( )
tan sin −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
3 3
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields sin θ sin θ
= =
2
 2 cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.59 , which is an angle in
 3 u
=
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II, 1− u2
 3
θ ≈ −0.59 + π ≈ 2.55 . Thus, cot −1  −  ≈ 2.55 .
 2 60. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
sin θ
( )
tan cos −1 u = tan θ =
cos θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
= =
 1  cos θ cos θ
( )
56. cot −1 − 10 = tan −1  −
 10 

1− u2
=
We are finding the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose u
1 1
tangent equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ 61. Let θ = sec −1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
10 10
lies in quadrant II. The calculator yields π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then,
 1  2
tan −1  −
 10 
 ≈ −0.306 , which is an angle in
( )
sin sec −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
quadrant IV. Since θ is in quadrant II,
1 sec 2 θ − 1
(
θ ≈ −0.306 + π ≈ 2.84 . So, cot −1 − 10 ≈ 2.84 . ) = 1−
sec θ2
=
sec 2 θ
u2 −1
=
u

62. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π ,

−1 π π −∞ < u < ∞ . Then,
57. Let θ = tan u so that tan θ = u , − <θ < ,
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then, ( )
sin cot −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ =
1
csc2 θ
1 1
( −1
)
cos tan u = cos θ =
sec θ
= 1 1
sec 2 θ = =
2
1 1 1 + cot θ 1+ u2
= =
2
1 + tan θ 1+ u2

58. Let θ = cos −1 u so that cos θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π ,

−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then,
( )
sin cos −1 u = sin θ = sin 2 θ

= 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 − u 2

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 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

π π Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 5 .
63. Let θ = csc−1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ ,
2 2   12    12  x 5
g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  = cos θ = =
u ≥ 1 . Then,   13    13  r 13
sin θ
( )
cos csc−1 u = cos θ = cos θ ⋅
sin θ
= cot θ sin θ
68.
  5   5
f  g −1    = sin  cos −1 
  13    13 
cot θ cot 2 θ csc 2 θ − 1
= = = 5 5
csc θ csc θ csc θ Let θ = cos −1 . Since cos θ = and
13 13
u2 −1 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant I, and we let x = 5
=
u and r = 13 . Solve for y:
52 + y 2 = 132
64. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and
25 + y 2 = 169
π
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Then, y 2 = 144
2

( )
cos sec −1 u = cos θ =
1
=
sec θ u
1 y = ± 144 = ±12
Since θ is in quadrant I, y = 12 .
  5   5 y 12
65. Let θ = cot −1 u so that cot θ = u , 0 < θ < π , f  g −1    = sin  cos −1  = sin θ = =
−∞ < u < ∞ . Then,   13    13  r 13

(
tan cot −1 u = tan θ =) 1
=
cot θ u
1

69. g −1 
 7π   −1  7π 
f   = cos  sin 
  4   4 
66. Let θ = sec−1 u so that sec θ = u , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and  2  3π
π = cos −1  −  =
θ≠ , u ≥ 1 . Note that sin θ ≥ 0 . Then,  2  4
2
( )
tan sec −1 u = tan θ = sin θ sec θ   5π
f −1  g 
 −1  5π 
70.   = sin  cos 
= sec θ 1 − cos 2 θ   6   6 
 3 π
1 u2 −1 = sin −1  −  = − 3
= u 1− =u  2 
u2 u2

The u cannot be cancelled since it can be either   3    3 

71. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
positive or negative.   5    5 
  12    12   3 3
67. g  f −1    = cos  sin −1  Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
13 13   5  5
   
12 12 π π
− , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = sin −1 . Since sin θ = and 2 2
13 13
y = −3 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− , θ is in quadrant I, and we let
≤θ ≤ x 2 + (−3) 2 = 52
2 2
y = 12 and r = 13 . Solve for x: x 2 + 9 = 25
x 2 + 122 = 132 x 2 = 16
x 2 + 144 = 169 x = ± 16 = ±4
x = 25  x = ± 25 = ±5
2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 4 . r 2 = 122 + 52

  3    3  r 2 = 144 + 25 = 169
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
r = ± 169 = ±13
y −3 3 Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 .
= tan θ = = =−
x 4 4
  5   5 y 5
f  h −1    = sin  tan −1  = sin θ = =
  4    4    12    12  r 13
72. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5 
  4π  −1   4π 
 4  4 75. g −1  f −   = cos  sin  − 
Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and   3    3 
 5 5
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let 3 π
= cos −1 =
x = −4 and r = 5 . Solve for y: 2 6
(−4) 2 + y 2 = 52
  5π   −1   5π  
16 + y 2 = 25 76. g −1  f  −   = cos  sin  − 
  6    6 
y2 = 9
 1  2π
= cos −1  −  =
y = ± 9 = ±3  2 3
Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 3 .
  4    4    1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −   77. h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  5    5    4    4 
y −3 3  1 1
= tan θ = = =− Let θ = cos −1  −  . Since cos θ = − and
x 4 4  4 4
0 ≤ θ ≤ π , θ is in quadrant II, and we let
  12    12  x = −1 and r = 4 . Solve for y:
73. g  h −1    = cos  tan −1 
  5   5 (−1) 2 + y 2 = 42
12 12 1 + y 2 = 16
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and
5 5 y 2 = 15
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let y = ± 15
2 2
x = 5 and y = 12 . Solve for r: Since θ is in quadrant II, y = 15 .
r 2 = 52 + 122   1    1 
h  g −1  −   = tan  cos −1  −  
  4    4 
r 2 = 25 + 144 = 169
y 15
r = ± 169 = ±13 = tan θ = = = − 15
Now, r must be positive, so r = 13 . x −1
  12    12  x 5
g  h −1    = cos  tan −1  = cos θ = =   2    2 
   5  5  r 13 78. h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −  
  5    5 
  5   2 2
 5 Let θ = sin −1  −  . Since sin θ = − and
74. f  h −1    = sin  tan −1   5  5
  12    12 
π π
5 5 − , θ is in quadrant IV, and we let
≤θ ≤
Let θ = tan −1 . Since tan θ = and 2 2
12 12
y = −2 and r = 5 . Solve for x:
π π
− ≤θ ≤, θ is in quadrant I, and we let
2 2
x = 12 and y = 5 . Solve for r:

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.2: The Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Continued)

x 2 + (−2)2 = 52 4
Thus, h = = 4.79 feet. The
2
x + 4 = 25 cot ( 50.14° )
x 2 = 21 bunker will be 4.79 feet high.

x = ± 21  4.22 
c. θTG = cot −1   = 54.88°
Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 21 .  6 
  2    2  From part (a) we have θUSGA = 50.14° . For
h  f −1  −   = tan  sin −1  −   steep bunkers, a larger angle of repose is
  5    5 
required. Therefore, the Tour Grade 50/50
y −2 2 21 sand is better suited since it has a larger
= tan θ = = =−
x 21 21 angle of repose.
2x
79. a. Since the diameter of the base is 45 feet, we 81. a. cot θ =
45 2 y + gt 2
have r = = 22.5 feet. Thus,
2  2x 
θ = cot −1 
 22.5   2 y + gt 2 
θ = cot −1   
 = 31.89° .
 14  The artillery shell begins at the origin and
r lands at the coordinates ( 6175, 2450 ) . Thus,
b. θ = cot −1
h  
2 ⋅ 6175
r θ = cot −1  
cot θ = → r = h cot θ  2 ⋅ 2450 + 32.2 2.27 2 
h  ( ) 
Here we have θ = 31.89° and h = 17 feet. ≈ cot −1 ( 2.437858 ) ≈ 22.3°
Thus, r = 17 cot ( 31.89° ) = 27.32 feet and The artilleryman used an angle of elevation
the diameter is 2 ( 27.32 ) = 54.64 feet. of 22.3° .
v0 t
r b. sec θ =
c. From part (b), we get h = . x
cot θ
122 x sec θ ( 6175 ) sec ( 22.3° )
The radius is = 61 feet. v0 = =
2 t 2.27
r 61 = 2940.23 ft/sec
h= = ≈ 37.96 feet.
cot θ 22.5 /14
x
Thus, the height is 37.96 feet. 82. Let. y = cot −1 x = cos −1
2
x +1
80. a. Since the diameter of the base is 6.68 feet, 3π
6.68 2
we have r = = 3.34 feet. Thus,
2
 3.34 
θ = cot −1   = 50.14°
 4  −10 10

r π
b. θ = cot −1 −
2
h
r r Note that the range of y = cot −1 x is ( 0, π ) , so
cot θ = → h=
h cot θ 1
tan −1 will not work.
Here we have θ = 50.14° and r = 4 feet. x

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

83. y = sec −1 x = cos −1

1 Section 6.3
x
π 1. 3x − 5 = − x + 1
4x = 6
6 3
x= =
4 2
−5 5 3
0 The solution set is   .
2
1
84. y = csc −1 x = sin −1 2 1
x 2. , −
_π 2 2
2
3. 4 x2 − x − 5 = 0

−10 10
( 4 x − 5)( x + 1) = 0
4 x − 5 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
5
_π x= or x = −1
−
2
4
 5
The solution set is −1,  .
85 – 86. Answers will vary.  4
87. f ( x) = 4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100
4. x 2 − x − 1 = 0
4 x 4 + 21x 2 − 100 = 0
− ( −1) ± ( −1) − 4 (1)( −1)
2

( x 2 − 4)( x 2 + 25) = 0 x=
2 2
2 (1)
x − 4 = 0 or x + 25 = 0
1± 1+ 4
x = ±2 or x = ±5i =
So the solution set is: {−2, 2, −5i,5i} 2
1± 5
=
88. f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x ) 2
= − x3 + x 2 + x ≠ f ( x) 1 − 5 1 + 5 
The solution set is  , .
So the function is not even.  2 2 
f ( − x ) = ( − x )3 + ( − x ) 2 − ( − x )
= −( x3 − x 2 − x) ≠ − f ( x) 5. (2 x − 1) 2 − 3(2 x − 1) − 4 = 0
So the function is not odd. [(2 x − 1) + 1][(2 x − 1) − 4] = 0
π 7π 2 x(2 x − 5) = 0
89. 315 = radians 2 x = 0 or 2 x − 5 = 0
180 4
5
5π x = 0 or x=
90. 75° = 2
12  5
s = rθ The solution set is 0,  .
 2
5π
=6
12 6. 5 x3 − 2 = x − x 2
5π Let y1 = 5 x3 − 2 and y2 = x − x 2 . Use
= ≈ 7.85 in.
2 INTERSECT to find the solution(s):

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

6
13. 4 cos 2 θ = 1
1
cos 2 θ =
−6 6 4
1
cos θ = ±
2
−6
π 2π
In this case, the graphs only intersect in one θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
location, so the equation has only one solution. 3 3
Rounding as directed, the solutions set is {0.76} . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
π 5π 3 3 3 3 
7. ,
6 6
1
14. tan 2 θ =
 π 5π  3
8. θ θ = + 2π k , θ = + 2π k , k is any integer 
 6 6  1 3
tan θ = ± =±
3 3
9. False because of the circular nature of the π 5π
functions. θ = + k π or θ = + k π, k is any integer
6 6
10. False, 2 is outside the range of the sin function. On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
11. 2sin θ + 3 = 2  , , , .
6 6 6 6 
2sin θ = −1
1 15. 2sin 2 θ − 1 = 0
sin θ = −
2 2sin 2 θ = 1
7π 11π 1
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer sin 2 θ =
6 6 2
 7 π 11π  1 2
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , . sin θ = ± =±
6 6  2 2
π 3π
1 θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer
12. 1 − cos θ = 4 4
2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
1  π 3π 5π 7 π 
1 − cos θ =
2  , , , .
4 4 4 4 
1
= cos θ
2 16. 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0
π 5π
θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer 4 cos 2 θ = 3
3 3
3
 π 5π  cos 2 θ =
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4
3 3 
3
cos θ = ±
2
π 5π
θ= + k π or θ = + k π , k is any integer
6 6
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π 5π 7π 11π 
 , , , .
6 6 6 6 

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

17. sin ( 3θ ) = −1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is

3π  4π 8π 16π 
3θ = + 2k π  , , .
2 9 9 9 
π 2k π
θ= + , k is any integer 2θ
2 3 22. cot =− 3
3
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
2θ 5π
 π 7 π 11π  = + kπ , k is any integer
 , , . 3 6
2 6 6  5π 3kπ
θ= + , k is any integer
4 2
θ 
18. tan   = 3  5π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
4
θ π
=+ kπ , k is any integer
2 3 23. 2sin θ + 1 = 0
2π 2sin θ = −1
θ= + 2π k , k is any integer
3 1
 2π  sin θ = −
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   . 2
3  7π 11π
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
6 6
1
19. cos ( 2θ ) = −  7 π 11π 
2 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
2π 4π 6 6 
2θ = + 2kπ or 2θ = + 2kπ
3 3 24. cos θ + 1 = 0
π 2π
θ = + kπ or θ = + kπ , k is any integer cos θ = −1
3 3
θ = π + 2k π , k is any integer
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is {π } .
 π 2π 4π 5π 
 , , , .
3 3 3 3  25. tan θ + 1 = 0
20. tan ( 2θ ) = −1 tan θ = −1
3π
3π θ = + k π , k is any integer
2θ = + k π, k is any integer 4
4
3π k π  3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ = + , k is any integer 4 4 
8 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
26. 3 cot θ + 1 = 0
 3π 7π 11π 15π 
 , , , . 3 cot θ = −1
8 8 8 8 
1 3
3θ cot θ = − =−
21. sec = −2 3 3
2 2π
3θ 2π 3θ 4π θ= + k π , k is any integer
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ 3
2 3 2 3
 2π 5π 
4π 4kπ 8π 4kπ On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
θ= + or θ = + , 3 3
9 3 9 3
k is any integer

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

27. 4sec θ + 6 = − 2  π
32. sin  3θ +  = 1
4sec θ = − 8  18 
sec θ = − 2 π π
3θ + = + 2k π
2π 4π 18 2
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer
4π
3 3 3θ = + 2k π
 2π 4 π  9
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 4π 2k π
3 3 θ= + , k is any integer
27 3
28. 5csc θ − 3 = 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
5csc θ = 5  4π 22π 40π 
 , , .
csc θ = 1  27 27 27 
π
θ = + 2k π , k is any integer θ π 
2 33. tan  +  = 1
π 2 3
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
2 θ π π
+ = + kπ
2 3 4
29. 3 2 cos θ + 2 = −1 θ π
= − + kπ
3 2 cos θ = − 3 2 12
π
1 2 θ = − + 2k π , k is any integer
cos θ = − =− 6
2 2
11π 
3π 5π On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  .
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer  6 
4 4
 3π 5π  θ π  1
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . 34. cos  −  =
4 4 3 4 2
θ π π θ π 5π
30. 4sin θ + 3 3 = 3 − = + 2k π or − = + 2k π
3 4 3 3 4 3
4sin θ = − 2 3 θ 7π θ 23π
= + 2k π or = + 2k π
2 3 3 3 12 3 12
sin θ = − =−
4 2 7π 23π
θ= + 6k π or θ= + 6k π ,
4π 5π 4 4
θ= + 2k π or θ = + 2k π , k is any integer k is any integer.
3 3
 4 π 5π   7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  . On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is   .
3 3 4 

π 1
 35. sin θ =
31. cos  2θ −  = −1 2
 2
 π 5π 
π
2θ − = π + 2k π θ θ = + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 6 6 
2
3π integer. Six solutions are
2θ = + 2k π π 5π 13π 17 π 25π 29π
2 θ= , , , , , .
3π 6 6 6 6 6 6
θ = + k π , k is any integer
4
 3π 7π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  ,  .
4 4

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

36. tan θ = 1 42. sin ( 2θ ) = −1

 π  3π
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
 4  2
π 5π 9π 13π 17 π 21π  3π 
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer
4 4 4 4 4 4  4 
Six solutions are
3 3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
37. tan θ = − θ= , , , , , .
3 4 4 4 4 4 4
 5π 
θ θ = + k π  , k is any integer θ 3
 6  43. sin =−
2 2
Six solutions are
θ 4π θ 5π
5π 11π 17 π 23π 29π 35π = + 2k π or = + 2k π, k is any integer
θ= , , , , , . 2 3 2 3
6 6 6 6 6 6
 8π 10π 
θ θ = + 4k π or θ = + 4k π  , k is any
3  3 3 
38. cos θ = −
2 integer. Six solutions are
 5π 7π  8π 10π 20π 22π 32π 34π
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any θ= , , , , , .
 6 6  3 3 3 3 3 3
integer. Six solutions are θ
5π 7 π 17 π 19π 29π 31π 44. tan = −1
θ= , , , , , . 2
6 6 6 6 6 6 θ 3π
= + kπ , k is any integer
2 4
39. cos θ = 0
 3π 
 π 3π  θ θ = + 2kπ  , k is any integer
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π  , k is any  2 
 2 2  Six solutions are
integer
3π 7π 11π 15π 19π 23π
π 3π 5π 7 π 9π 11π θ= , , , , , .
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , . 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
45. sin θ = 0.4

40. sin θ =
2 θ = sin −1 ( 0.4 ) ≈ 0.41
2 θ ≈ 0.41 or θ ≈ π − 0.41 ≈ 2.73 .
 π 3π  The solution set is {0.41, 2.73} .
θ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2kπ  , k is any
 4 4 
integer 46. cos θ = 0.6
π 3π 9π 11π 17π 19π θ = cos−1 ( 0.6 ) ≈ 0.93
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 θ ≈ 0.93 or θ ≈ 2π − 0.93 ≈ 5.36 .
1 The solution set is {0.93, 5.36} .
41. cos ( 2θ ) = −
2
2π 4π 47. tan θ = 5
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π, k is any integer
3 3 θ = tan −1 ( 5 ) ≈ 1.37
 π 2π  θ ≈ 1.37 or θ ≈ π + 1.37 ≈ 4.51 .
θ θ = + k π or θ = + k π  , k is any integer
The solution set is {1.37, 4.51} .
 3 3 
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
Six solutions are θ = , , , , , .
3 3 3 3 3 3

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

48. cot θ = 2 54. 4 cot θ = −5

1 5
tan θ = cot θ = −
2 4
1 4
θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.46 tan θ = −
 2 5
θ ≈ 0.46 or θ ≈ π + 0.46 ≈ 3.61 .  4
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −0.675
The solution set is {0.46, 3.61} .   5
θ ≈ −0.675 + π or θ ≈ −0.675 + 2π .
49. cos θ = −0.9 ≈ 2.47 ≈ 5.61
θ = cos −1 ( −0.9 ) ≈ 2.69 The solution set is {2.47, 5.61} .
θ ≈ 2.69 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.69 ≈ 3.59 .
The solution set is {2.69, 3.59} . 55. 3sin θ − 2 = 0
3sin θ = 2
50. sin θ = −0.2
2
θ = sin −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ −0.20 sin θ =
3
θ ≈ −0.20 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.20 ) . 2
θ = sin −1   ≈ 0.73
≈ 6.08 ≈ 3.34  3
The solution set is {3.34, 6.08} . θ ≈ 0.73 or θ ≈ π − 0.73 ≈ 2.41 .
The solution set is {0.73, 2.41} .
51. sec θ = −4
1 56. 4 cos θ + 3 = 0
cos θ = −
4 4 cos θ = −3
 1 3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 1.82 cos θ = −
 4 4
θ ≈ 1.82 or θ ≈ 2π − 1.82 ≈ 4.46 .  3
θ = cos −1  −  ≈ 2.42
The solution set is {1.82, 4.46} .  4
θ ≈ 2.42 or θ ≈ 2π − 2.42 ≈ 3.86 .
52. csc θ = −3
The solution set is {2.42, 3.86} .
1
sin θ = −
3
57. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
 1
−1
θ = sin  −  ≈ −0.34 cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) = 0
 3
cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
θ ≈ −0.34 + 2π or θ ≈ π − ( −0.34 ) .
π 3π 2 cos θ = −1
≈ 5.94 ≈ 3.48 θ= ,
2 2 1
The solution set is {3.48, 5.94} . cos θ = −
2
2π 4π
53. 5 tan θ + 9 = 0 θ= ,
3 3
5 tan θ = −9
 π 2π 4π 3π 
9 The solution set is  , , , .
tan θ = − 2 3 3 2 
5
 9
θ = tan −1  −  ≈ −1.064
  5
θ ≈ −1.064 + π or θ ≈ −1.064 + 2π
≈ 2.08 ≈ 5.22
The solution set is {2.08, 5.22} .

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

58. sin 2 θ − 1 = 0  1
62. (cot θ + 1)  csc θ −  = 0
(sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0  2
sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 1
cot θ + 1 = 0 or csc θ − =0
sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 2
cot θ = −1
1
3π π 3π 7 π csc θ =
θ= θ= θ= , 2
2 2 4 4 (not possible)
 π 3π 
The solution set is  , .  3π 7π 
2 2  The solution set is  , .
 4 4 
59. 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
63. sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ = 1 + cos θ
(2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 (1 − cos θ ) − cos
2 2
θ = 1 + cos θ
2sin θ = −1 sin θ = 1 1 − 2 cos θ = 1 + cos θ
2

1 π 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ = 0
sin θ = − θ=
2 2 ( cos θ )( 2 cos θ + 1) = 0
7 π 11π
θ= , cos θ = 0 or 2 cos θ + 1 = 0
6 6
π 3π 1
 π 7π 11π  θ= , cos θ = −
The solution set is  , , . 2 2 2
2 6 6 
2π 4π
, θ=
3 3
60. 2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0
 π 2π 4π 3π 
(cos θ + 1)(2 cos θ − 1) = 0 The solution set is  , , , .
2 3 3 2 
cos θ + 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ − 1 = 0
cos θ = −1 2 cos θ = 1 64. cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ =π 1
cos θ =
2
(1 − sin θ ) − sin
2 2
θ + sin θ = 0

π 5π 1 − 2sin 2 θ + sin θ = 0
θ= ,
3 3 2sin 2 θ − sin θ − 1 = 0
 π 5π  ( 2sin θ + 1)( sin θ − 1) = 0
The solution set is  , π , .
3 3  2sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0
1 sin θ = 1
61. (tan θ − 1)(sec θ − 1) = 0 sin θ = −
2 π
tan θ − 1 = 0 or sec θ − 1 = 0 θ=
7π 11π 2
tan θ = 1 sec θ = 1 θ= ,
6 6
π 5π  π 7π 11π 
θ= , θ =0 The solution set is  ,
4 4 , .
2 6 6 
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , .
 4 4 

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

65. sin 2 θ = 6 ( cos ( −θ ) + 1) 68. cos θ − sin ( −θ ) = 0

sin θ = 6 ( cos (θ ) + 1)
2 cos θ − ( − sin (θ ) ) = 0

1 − cos 2 θ = 6 cos θ + 6 cos θ + sin θ = 0

cos 2 θ + 6 cos θ + 5 = 0 sin θ = − cos θ
sin θ
( cos θ + 5)( cos θ + 1) = 0 = −1
cos θ
cos θ + 5 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0
tan θ = −1
cos θ = −5 cos θ = −1
3π 7π
(not possible) θ =π θ= ,
4 4
The solution set is {π } .  3π 7π 
The solution set is  , .
 4 4 
66. 2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos ( −θ ) )
69. tan θ = 2sin θ
2sin 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ )
sin θ
( )
2 1 − cos 2 θ = 3 (1 − cos θ ) cos θ
= 2sin θ

2 − 2 cos 2 θ = 3 − 3cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 1 = 0 0 = 2sin θ cos θ − sin θ
( 2 cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 1) = 0 0 = sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0
1 θ = 0, π
1 cos θ = 1 cos θ =
cos θ = 2
2 θ =0
π 5π
π 5π θ= ,
θ= , 3 3
3 3
 π 5π   π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
The solution set is 0, , .  3 3 
 3 3 
70. tan θ = cot θ
67. cos θ = − sin ( −θ )
1
cos θ = − ( − sin θ ) tan θ =
tan θ
cos θ = sin θ tan 2 θ = 1
sin θ tan θ = ±1
=1
cos θ π 3π 5π 7 π
tan θ = 1 θ= , , ,
4 4 4 4
π 5π  π 3π 5π 7π 
θ= , The solution set is  , , , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 
 π 5π 
The solution set is  , .
4 4 

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

71. 1 + sin θ = 2 cos 2 θ 75. 3(1 − cos θ ) = sin 2 θ

1 + sin θ = 2(1 − sin 2 θ ) 3 − 3cos θ = 1 − cos 2 θ
1 + sin θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − 3cos θ + 2 = 0
2sin 2 θ + sin θ − 1 = 0 ( cos θ − 1)( cos θ − 2 ) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ + 1) = 0 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ − 2 = 0
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ + 1 = 0 cos θ = 1 cos θ = 2
1 sin θ = −1 θ =0 (not possible)
sin θ =
2 3π The solution set is {0} .
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6 76. 4(1 + sin θ ) = cos 2 θ
 π 5π 3π  4 + 4sin θ = 1 − sin 2 θ
The solution set is  , , .
6 6 2 
sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 3 = 0
72. sin 2 θ = 2 cos θ + 2 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 3) = 0
1 − cos θ = 2 cos θ + 2
2 sin θ + 1 = 0 or sin θ + 3 = 0
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ + 1 = 0 sin θ = −1 sin θ = −3
3π (not possible)
( cos θ + 1)
2
=0 θ=
2
cos θ + 1 = 0
 3π 
cos θ = −1 The solution set is   .
 2 
θ =π
The solution set is {π } . 77. tan 2 θ =
3
sec θ
2
73. 2sin 2 θ − 5sin θ + 3 = 0 3
sec 2 θ − 1 = sec θ
( 2sin θ − 3)( sin θ + 1) = 0 2
2sin θ − 3 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2sec 2 θ − 2 = 3sec θ
3 π 2sec 2 θ − 3sec θ − 2 = 0
sin θ = (not possible) θ=
2 2 (2sec θ + 1)(sec θ − 2) = 0
π  2sec θ + 1 = 0 or sec θ − 2 = 0
The solution set is   .
2 1 sec θ = 2
sec θ = −
74. 2 cos θ − 7 cos θ − 4 = 0
2
2 π 5π
θ= ,
( 2 cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 4 ) = 0 (not possible) 3 3
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 4 = 0  π 5π 
The solution set is  , .
1 cos θ = 4 3 3 
sin θ = −
2 (not possible) 78. csc2 θ = cot θ + 1
2π 4 π
θ= , 1 + cot 2 θ = cot θ + 1
3 3
 2π 4π  cot 2 θ − cot θ = 0
The solution set is  , .
 3 3  cot θ (cot θ − 1) = 0
cot θ = 0 or cot θ = 1
π 3π π 5π
θ= , θ= ,
2 2 4 4
 π π 5π 3π 
The solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

10 10
79. sec 2 θ + tan θ = 0
tan 2 θ + 1 + tan θ = 0
This equation is quadratic in tan θ . −3π 3π −3π 3π
2`
The discriminant is b − 4ac = 1 − 4 = −3 < 0 .
The equation has no real solutions.
−10 −10
10
80. sec θ = tan θ + cot θ
1 sin θ cos θ
= + −3π 3π
cos θ cos θ sin θ
1 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ −10
1 1 x ≈ − 2.47, 0, 2.47
=
cos θ sin θ cos θ
83. 22 x − 17 sin x = 3
sin θ cos θ
=1 Find the intersection of Y1 = 22 x − 17 sin x and
cos θ
Y2 = 3 :
sin θ =1
π 5
θ=
2
π π −π π
Since sec   and tan   do not exist, the
2
  2
equation has no real solutions.
−5
81. x + 5cos x = 0 x ≈ 0.52
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x + 5cos x :
10 10 84. 19 x + 8cos x = 2
Find the intersection of Y1 = 19 x + 8cos x and
Y2 = 2 :
−3π 3π −3π 3π
5

−10 −10
10 −π π

−3π 3π −5
x ≈ − 0.30
−10
x ≈ −1.31, 1.98, 3.84 85. sin x + cos x = x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x + cos x and
82. x − 4sin x = 0 Y2 = x :
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x − 4sin x :
3

−π π

−3
x ≈ 1.26

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

86. sin x − cos x = x 90. x 2 = x + 3cos(2 x)

Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x − cos x and
Find the intersection of Y1 = x 2 and
Y2 = x :
Y2 = x + 3cos(2 x) :
3
10 10

−π π
−2π 2π −2π 2π

−3
−5 −5
x ≈ −1.26
x ≈ − 0.62, 0.81
2
87. x − 2 cos x = 0
91. 6sin x − e x = 2, x > 0
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 − 2 cos x :
Find the intersection of Y1 = 6sin x − e x and
3 3
Y2 = 2 :
6 6
−π π −π π

0 2π 0 2π
−3 −3
x ≈ −1.02, 1.02
−6 −6
2
88. x + 3sin x = 0 x ≈ 0.76, 1.35
Find the zeros (x-intercepts) of Y1 = x 2 + 3sin x :
92. 4 cos(3 x) − e x = 1, x > 0
3 3
Find the intersection of Y1 = 4 cos(3 x) − e x and
Y2 = 1 :
−π π −π π
6

−3 −3
0 π
x ≈ −1.72, 0

89. x 2 − 2sin ( 2 x ) = 3 x −6
Find the intersection of Y1 = x − 2sin ( 2 x ) and
2 x ≈ 0.31
Y2 = 3 x :
93. f ( x) = 0
12 12 4sin 2 x − 3 = 0
4sin 2 x = 3
3
sin 2 x =
−π __
3π −π __
3π 4
2 2
−3 −3
3 3
sin x = ±
=±
4 2
x ≈ 0, 2.15 π 2π
x = + kπ or x = + kπ , k is any integer
3 3

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

On the interval [ 0, 2π] , the zeros of f are On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
π 2π 4π 5π  11π 7π π 5π 13π 17 π 
, , , . − ,− , , , , .
3 3 3 3  6 6 6 6 6 6 
d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
94. f ( x) = 0
3
2 cos ( 3 x ) + 1 = 0 part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) > on the
2
2 cos ( 3 x ) = −1  11π 7π
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
1  6 6
cos ( 3 x ) = −
2 π 5π 13π 17π 
or <x< or <x< .
2π 4π 6 6 6 6 
3x = + 2kπ or 3x = + 2kπ
3 3
2π 2kπ 4π 2kπ 96. a. f ( x) = 0
x= + or x = + ,
9 3 9 3 2 cos x = 0
k is any integer
cos x = 0
On the interval [ 0, π] , the zeros of f are
π 3π
2π 4π 8π x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
, , . 2 2
9 9 9 integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
95. a. f ( x) = 0
3π π π 3π 5π 7π
3sin x = 0 − ,− , , , , .
2 2 2 2 2 2
sin x = 0
b. f ( x ) = 2 cos x
x = 0 + 2kπ or x = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the zeros of f are
−2π, −π, 0, π, 2π, 3π, 4π .

b. f ( x ) = 3sin x

c. f ( x) = − 3
2 cos x = − 3
3
cos x = −
2
3 5π 7π
c. f ( x) = x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any
2 6 6
3 integer
3sin x = On the interval [ −2π , 4π] , the solution set is
2
1  7π 5π 5π 7π 17π 19π 
sin x = − , − , , , , .
2  6 6 6 6 6 6 
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ , k is any integer d. From the graph in part (b) and the results of
6 6
part (c), the solutions of f ( x ) < − 3 on the

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 7π 5π 6
interval [ −2π , 4π] is  x − <x<−
 6 6
5π 7π 17 π 19π  0 π
or <x< or <x< .
6 6 6 6 
−6
97. f ( x ) = 4 tan x
a. f ( x ) = −4 7
99. a, d. f ( x ) = 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 ; g ( x ) =
4 tan x = −4 2
tan x = −1
 π 
 x x = − + kπ  , k is any integer
 4 
b. f ( x ) < −4
4 tan x < −4
tan x < −1
Graphing y1 = tan x and y2 = −1 on the
 π π
interval  − ,  , we see that y1 < y2 for b. f ( x) = g ( x)
 2 2
π π  π π 7
− < x < − or  − , −  . 3sin ( 2 x ) + 2 =
2
2 4  2 4
6 3
3sin ( 2 x ) =
2
_ 1
−_
π π sin ( 2 x ) =
2 2 2
π 5π
2x = + 2kπ or 2 x = + 2kπ
−6 6 6
π 5π
98. f ( x ) = cot x x= + kπ or x= + kπ ,
12 12
a. f ( x) = − 3 k is any integer
 π 5π 
cot x = − 3 On [ 0, π] , the solution set is  ,  .
12 12 
 5π 
x x = + kπ  , k is any integer c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
 6 
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
b. f ( x) > − 3  π 5π   π 5π 
[0, π] is  x < x <  or  , .
cot x > − 3  12 12   12 12 
1
Graphing y1 = and y2 = − 3 on the x
tan x 100. a, d. f ( x ) = 2 cos + 3 ; g ( x ) = 4
interval ( 0, π ) , we see that y1 > y2 for 2
5π  5π 
0< x< or  0, .
6  6 

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

b. f ( x) = g ( x) c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of

x part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
2 cos + 3 = 4
2  2π 4π   2π 4π 
x
[0, 2π ] is x <x<  or  , .
2 cos = 1  3 3   3 3 
2
x 1 102. a, d. f ( x ) = 2sin x ; g ( x ) = −2sin x + 2
cos =
2 2
x π x 5π
= + 2kπ or = + 2kπ
2 3 2 3
2π 10π
x= + 4kπ or x = + 4kπ ,
3 3
k is any integer
 2π 10π 
On [ 0, 4π ] , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) < g ( x ) on
2sin x = −2sin x + 2
 2π 10π   2π 10π 
[0, 4π] is  x <x<  or  , . 4sin x = 2
 3 3   3 3 
2 1
sin x = =
101. a, d. f ( x ) = −4 cos x ; g ( x ) = 2 cos x + 3 4 2
π 5π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,
6 6
k is any integer
 π 5π 
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  ,  .
6 6 
c. From the graph in part (a) and the results of
part (b), the solution of f ( x ) > g ( x ) on
 π 5π   π 5π 
[0, 2π] is  x < x <  or  , .
 6 6 6 6 
 7π 
103. P ( t ) = 100 + 20sin  t
 3 
b. f ( x) = g ( x)
a. Solve P ( t ) = 100 on the interval [ 0,1] .
−4 cos x = 2 cos x + 3
 7π 
−6 cos x = 3 100 + 20sin  t  = 100
 3 
3 1
cos x = =−  7π 
−6 2 20sin  t = 0
 3 
2π 4π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ ,  7π 
3 3 sin  t = 0
k is any integer  3 
 2π 4π  7π
On [ 0, 2π ] , the solution set is  , . t = kπ , k is any integer
 3 3  3
3
t = k , k is any integer
7
We need 0 ≤ 73 k ≤ 1 , or 0 ≤ k ≤ 7 .
3

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

For k = 0 , t = 0 sec. the results from part (a), the blood pressure
3 will be between 100 mmHg and 105 mmHg
For k = 1 , t = ≈ 0.43 sec. for values of t (in seconds) in the interval
7
6
[0, 0.03] ∪ [0.39, 0.43] ∪ [0.86, 0.89] .
For k = 2 , t = ≈ 0.86 sec.
7  π
The blood pressure will be 100 mmHg after 104. h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125
 2
0 seconds, 0.43 seconds, and 0.86 seconds.
 π
a. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
b. Solve P ( t ) = 120 on the interval [ 0,1] .  2
 7π  on the interval [ 0, 40] .
100 + 20sin  t  = 120
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 125
 7π   2
20sin  t  = 20
 3   π
125sin  0.157t −  = 0
 7π   2
sin  t =1
 3   π
sin  0.157t −  = 0
7π π  2
t = 2π k + , k is any integer
3 2 π
0.157t − = kπ , k is any integer
3 ( 2k + 12 ) 2
t= , k is any integer π
7 0.157t = kπ + , k is any integer
We need 2
3 ( 2k + 12 ) π
kπ +
0≤ ≤1 2 , k is any integer
7 t=
0.157
0 ≤ 2k + 12 ≤ 73 π
0+
− 12 ≤ 2k ≤ 11
6 For k = 0, t = 2 ≈ 10 seconds .
0.157
1 11
− 4 ≤ k ≤ 12 π
π+
3 For k = 1, t = 2 ≈ 30 seconds .
For k = 0 , t = ≈ 0.21 sec 0.157
14
The blood pressure will be 120mmHg after π
2π +
0.21 sec . 2 ≈ 50 seconds .
For k = 2, t =
0.157
c. Solve P ( t ) = 105 on the interval [ 0,1] .
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual
 7π  on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 125 feet above
100 + 20sin  t  = 105
 3  the ground when t ≈ 10 seconds and again
 7π  when t ≈ 30 seconds .
20sin  t = 5
 3   π
b. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
 7π  3  2
sin  t =
 3  4 on the interval [ 0,80] .
7π 3  π
t = sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  + 125 = 250
3 4  2
3 3  π
t= sin −1   125sin  0.157t −  = 125
7π 4  2
On the interval [ 0,1] , we get t ≈ 0.03  π
sin  0.157t −  = 1
seconds, t ≈ 0.39 seconds, and t ≈ 0.89  2
seconds. Using this information, along with

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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

π π 105. d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150

0.157t − = + 2kπ , k is any integer
2 2 a. d ( 0 ) = 70sin ( 0.65 ( 0 ) ) + 150
0.157t = π + 2kπ , k is any integer
= 70sin ( 0 ) + 150
π + 2kπ
t= , k is any integer = 150 miles
0.157
For k = 0, t =
π
≈ 20 seconds . b. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100 on
0.157 the interval [ 0, 20] .
π + 2π
For k = 1, t = ≈ 60 seconds . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 = 100
0.157
π + 4π 70sin ( 0.65 x ) = −50
For k = 2, t = ≈ 100 seconds .
0.157 5
sin ( 0.65 x ) = −
So during the first 80 seconds, an individual 7
on the Ferris Wheel is exactly 250 feet above  5
the ground when t ≈ 20 seconds and again 0.65 x = sin −1  −  + 2π k
 7
when t ≈ 60 seconds .
 5
sin −1  −  + 2π k
 π  7
c. Solve h ( t ) = 125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 x=
 2 0.65
on the interval [ 0, 40] . 3.94 + 2π k 5.94 + 2π k
x≈ or x ≈ ,
 π 0.65 0.65
125sin  0.157t −  + 125 > 125 k is any integer
 2
π 3.94 + 0 5.94 + 0
 For k = 0 , x ≈ or x ≈
125sin  0.157t −  > 0 0.65 0.65
 2
≈ 6.06 min ≈ 8.44 min
 π 
sin  0.157t −  > 0 3.94 + 2π 5.94 + 2π
 2 For k = 1 , x ≈ or x ≈
π 0.65 0.65

Graphing y1 = sin  0.157 x −  and y2 = 0 ≈ 15.72 min ≈ 18.11 min
 2
on the interval [ 0, 40] , we see that y1 > y2 for For k = 2 ,
3.94 + 4π 5.94 + 4π
10 < x < 30 . x≈ or x ≈
1.5 0.65 0.65
≈ 25.39 min ≈ 27.78 min
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding
pattern, the plane is exactly 100 miles from
0 40
the airport when x ≈ 6.06 minutes ,
x ≈ 8.44 minutes , x ≈ 15.72 minutes , and
x ≈ 18.11 minutes .
−1.5
So during the first 40 seconds, an individual c. Solve d ( x ) = 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100 on
on the Ferris Wheel is more than 125 feet the interval [ 0, 20] .
above the ground for times between about 10
and 30 seconds. That is, on the interval 70sin ( 0.65 x ) + 150 > 100
10 < x < 30 , or (10, 30 ) . 70sin ( 0.65 x ) > −50
5
sin ( 0.65 x ) > −
7
5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 0.65 x ) and y2 = − on
7

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

the interval [ 0, 20] , we see that y1 > y2 for b. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 540 on the
0 < x < 6.06 , 8.44 < x < 15.72 , and  π
18.11 < x < 20 . interval  0,  .
 2
1.5
672sin ( 2θ ) = 540
540 135
0 20 sin ( 2θ ) = =
672 168
 135 
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ
−1.5  168 
So during the first 20 minutes in the holding  135 
pattern, the plane is more than 100 miles sin −1   + 2kπ
from the airport before 6.06 minutes, θ=  168 
between 8.44 and 15.72 minutes, and after 2
18.11 minutes. 0.9333 + 2kπ 2.2083 + 2kπ
θ≈ or θ ≈ ,
d. No, the plane is never within 70 miles of the 2 2
airport while in the holding pattern. The k is any integer
minimum value of sin ( 0.65 x ) is −1 . Thus, 0.9330 + 0 2.2083 + 0
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
the least distance that the plane is from the 2 2
airport is 70 ( −1) + 150 = 80 miles. ≈ 0.46665 ≈ 1.10415
≈ 26.74° ≈ 63.26°
106. R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ )
0.9330 + 2π 2.2083 + 2π
a. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 on the For k = 1 , θ = or θ =
2 2
 π ≈ 3.608 ≈ 4.246
interval 0,  .
 2 ≈ 206.72° ≈ 243.28°
672sin ( 2θ ) = 450 So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 26.74° or 63.26° .
450 225
sin ( 2θ ) = = c. Solve R (θ ) = 672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480 on the
672 336
 225   π
2θ = sin −1   + 2kπ interval  0,  .
 336   2
 225  672sin ( 2θ ) ≥ 480
sin −1   + 2kπ
θ=  336  480
sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 672
0.7337 + 2kπ 2.408 + 2kπ 5
θ≈ or θ ≈ , sin ( 2θ ) ≥
2 2 7
k is any integer 5
Graphing y1 = sin ( 2 x ) and y2 = on the
0.7337 + 0 2.408 + 0 7
For k = 0 , θ = or θ =
2 2  π
interval  0,  and using INTERSECT, we
≈ 0.36685 ≈ 1.204  2
≈ 21.02° ≈ 68.98° see that y1 ≥ y2 when 0.3978 ≤ x ≤ 1.1730
radians, or 22.79° ≤ x ≤ 67.21° .
0.7337 + 2π 2.408 + 2π
For k = 1 , θ = or θ = 1.5
2 2
≈ 3.508 ≈ 4.3456
≈ 200.99° ≈ 248.98° 0 _
π
2
So the golfer should hit the ball at an angle
of either 21.02° or 68.98° .
−1.5
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 Section 6.3: Trigonometric Equations

1.5 3 4
c. Graph Y1 = + and use the
cos x sin x
0 _
π MINIMUM feature:
2
20

−1.5
So, the golf ball will travel at least 480 feet
if the angle is between about 22.79° and
67.21° . 0 90
0
d. No; since the maximum value of the sine
function is 1, the farthest the golfer can hit An angle of θ ≈ 47.74° minimizes the
the ball is 672 (1) = 672 feet. length at L ≈ 9.87 feet .

107. Find the first two positive intersection points of
Y1 = − x and Y2 = tan x .
2 2
0 2π 0
d. For this problem, only one minimum length
exists. This minimum length is 9.87 feet,
and it occurs when θ ≈ 47.74° . No matter
if we find the minimum algebraically (using
2π calculus) or graphically, the minimum will
be the same.

(34.8) 2 sin ( 2θ )
109. a. 107 =
−12 −12 9.8
The first two positive solutions are x ≈ 2.03 and 107(9.8)
sin ( 2θ ) = ≈ 0.8659
x ≈ 4.91 . (34.8) 2
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.8659 )
108. a. Let L be the length of the ladder with x and
y being the lengths of the two parts in each 2θ ≈ 60º or 120º
hallway. θ ≈ 30º or 60º
L = x+ y
b. Notice that the answers to part (a) add up to
3 4 90° . The maximum distance will occur
cos θ = sin θ =
x y when the angle of elevation is 90° ÷ 2 = 45° :
x=
3 4 (34.8) 2 sin  2 ( 45° ) 
y= R ( 45° ) = ≈ 123.6
cos θ sin θ 9.8
3 4 The maximum distance is 123.6 meters.
L(θ ) = + = 3sec θ + 4 csc θ
cos θ sin θ
(34.8) 2 sin(2 x)
c. Let Y1 =
3sec θ tan θ − 4 csc θ cot θ = 0 9.8
125
3sec θ tan θ = 4 csc θ cot θ
sec θ tan θ 4
=
csc θ cot θ 3
4
tan 3 θ = 0 90
3 0
4 d.
tan θ = 3 ≈ 1.10064
3
θ ≈ 47.74º

3 4
b. L ( 47.74º ) = +
cos ( 47.74º ) sin ( 47.74º )
≈ 9.87 feet

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

sin 50°
112. = 1.66
sin θ 2
1.66sin θ 2 = sin 50°
sin 50°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4615
(40) sin(2θ )
2
1.66
110. a. 110 =
9.8 θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4615 ) ≈ 27.48°
110 ⋅ 9.8
sin(2θ ) = ≈ 0.67375 113. Calculate the index of refraction for each:
402
v1 sin θ1
2θ ≈ sin −1 ( 0.67375 ) θ1 θ2 =
v2 sin θ 2
2θ ≈ 42.4º or 137.6º sin10º
10º 8º ≈ 1.2477
θ ≈ 21.2º or 68.8º sin 8º
sin 20º
b. The maximum distance will occur when the 20º 15º 30 ' = 15.5º ≈ 1.2798
angle of elevation is 45° : sin15.5º
sin 30º
(40) 2 sin [ 2(45°) ] 30º 22º 30 ' = 22.5º ≈ 1.3066
R ( 45° ) = ≈ 163.3 sin 22.5º
9.8 sin 40º
The maximum distance is approximately 40º 29º 0 ' = 29º ≈ 1.3259
sin 29º
163.3 meter sin 50º
50º 35º 0 ' = 35º ≈ 1.3356
(40) 2 sin(2 x) sin 35º
c. Let Y1 = : sin 60º
9.8 60º 40º 30 ' = 40.5º ≈ 1.3335
170 sin 40.5º
sin 70º
70º 45º 30 ' = 45.5º ≈ 1.3175
sin 45.5º
sin 80º
80º 50º 0 ' = 50º ≈ 1.2856
sin 50º
0 90 Yes, these data values agree with Snell’s Law.
0
The results vary from about 1.25 to 1.34.
d.
v1 2.998 × 108
114. = ≈ 1.56
v2 1.92 × 108
The index of refraction for this liquid is about
1.56.
115. Calculate the index of refraction:
sin θ1 sin 40º
θ1 = 40º , θ 2 = 26º ; = ≈ 1.47
sin θ 2 sin 26º

116. The index of refraction of crown glass is 1.52.

sin 40° sin 30º
111. = 1.33 ≈ 1.52
sin θ 2 sin θ 2
1.33sin θ 2 = sin 40° 1.52sin θ 2 = sin 30°
sin 40° sin 30°
sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.4833 sin θ 2 = ≈ 0.3289
1.33 1.52
θ 2 = sin −1 ( 0.4833) ≈ 28.90° θ 2 ≈ sin −1 ( 0.3352 ) ≈ 19.20°
The angle of refraction is about 19.20° .

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 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

117. If θ is the original angle of incidence and φ is 10 3 10

123. sin θ = − , cos θ =
sin θ 10 10
the angle of refraction, then = n2 . The
sin φ 10
angle of incidence of the emerging beam is also −
sin θ 10 10 10 1
1 tan θ = = =− ⋅ =−
φ , and the index of refraction is . Thus, θ is cos θ 3 10 10 3 10 3
n2
10
the angle of refraction of the emerging beam.
The two beams are parallel since the original 1 1 10 10
angle of incidence and the angle of refraction of csc θ = = =1 − = − 10
sin θ 10 10 10
the emerging beam are equal. −
10

1 1 10 10 10
sec θ = = = ⋅ =
cos θ 3 10 3 10 10 3
10
1
cot θ = = −3
tan θ

124. y = 2sin ( 2 x − π )
118. Here we have n1 = 1.33 and n2 = 1.52 .
Amplitude: A = 2 =2
n1 sin θ B = n2 cos B
2π 2π
sin θ B n2 Period: T= = =π
= ω 2
cos θ B n1
φ π π
n2 Phase Shift: = =
tan θ B = ω 2 2
n1
n2  1.52 
θ B = tan −1 = tan −1   ≈ 48.8°
n1  1.33 
119. Answers will vary.
120. Since the range of y = sin x is −1 ≤ y ≤ 1 , then
y = 5sin x + x cannot be equal to 3 when
x > 4π or x < −π since you are multiplying the
result by 5 and adding x.

121. 6 x = y ↔ x = log 6 y
− ( −9) ± ( −9) 2 − 4(2)(8) Section 6.4
122. x =
2(2)
1. True
9 ± 81 − 64
=
4 2. True
9 ± 17
= 3. identity; conditional
4
9 − 17 9 + 17 4. −1
So the solution set is: , .
4 4 5. 0

6. True

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

7. False, you need to work with one side only. ( sin θ + cos θ )( sin θ + cos θ ) − 1
15.
8. True sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1
2
=
sin θ 1 1 sin θ cos θ
9. tan θ ⋅ csc θ = ⋅ =
cos θ sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
=
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 1
10. cot θ ⋅ sec θ = ⋅ = 1 + 2sin θ cos θ − 1
sin θ cos θ sin θ =
sin θ cos θ
cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2sin θ cos θ
11. ⋅ = =
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) =2
=
cos 2 θ ( tan θ + 1)( tan θ + 1) − sec2 θ
1 + sin θ 16.
= tan θ
cos θ
tan θ + 2 tan θ + 1 − sec 2 θ
2
=
sin θ 1 − cos θ sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
12. ⋅ = tan θ + 1 + 2 tan θ − sec2 θ
2
1 + cos θ 1 − cos θ 1 − cos 2 θ =
sin θ (1 − cos θ ) tan θ
= sec θ + 2 tan θ − sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 θ =
1 − cos θ tan θ
= 2 tan θ
sin θ =
tan θ
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ =2
13. +
cos θ sin θ
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos θ ( cos θ − sin θ )
2 3sin 2 θ + 4sin θ + 1 ( 3sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
= 17. =
sin θ cos θ sin 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 ( sin θ + 1)( sin θ + 1)
sin θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − cos θ sin θ
2 3sin θ + 1
= =
sin θ cos θ sin θ + 1
sin θ + cos θ + sin θ cos θ − cos θ sin θ
2 2
= cos 2 θ − 1 ( cos θ + 1)( cos θ − 1)
sin θ cos θ 18. =
cos 2 θ − cos θ cos θ ( cos θ − 1)
1
= cos θ + 1
sin θ cos θ =
cos θ
1 1 1 + cos v + 1 − cos v
14. + = 1 cos θ
1 − cos v 1 + cos v (1 − cos v )(1 + cos v ) 19. csc θ ⋅ cos θ = ⋅ cos θ = = cot θ
sin θ sin θ
2
=
1 − cos 2 v 1 sin θ
2 20. sec θ ⋅ sin θ = ⋅ sin θ = = tan θ
= cos θ cos θ
sin 2 v
21. 1 + tan 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− tan θ ) 2 = 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ

22. 1 + cot 2 (−θ ) = 1 + (− cot θ ) 2 = 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ

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 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

 sin θ cos θ  32. (1 − cos 2 θ )(1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc 2 θ

23. cos θ (tan θ + cot θ ) = cos θ  + 
 cos θ sin θ  1
= sin 2 θ ⋅ 2
 sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ  sin θ
= cos θ  
 cos θ sin θ  =1
 1 
= cos θ   33. (sin θ + cos θ ) 2 + (sin θ − cos θ ) 2
 cos θ sin θ 
= sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
1
= + sin 2 θ − 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ
= csc θ = 2sin 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
= 2(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
 cos θ sin θ 
24. sin θ (cot θ + tan θ ) = sin θ  +  = 2 ⋅1
 sin θ cos θ 
=2
 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 
= sin θ  
 sin θ cos θ  34. tan 2 θ cos 2 θ + cot 2 θ sin 2 θ
 1  sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ   = ⋅ cos 2 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ
 sin θ cos θ  cos θ2
sin 2 θ
1 = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ =1
= sec θ
35. sec 4 θ − sec 2 θ = sec 2 θ (sec 2 θ − 1)
1
25. tan u cot u − cos 2 u = tan u ⋅ − cos 2 u = (tan 2 θ + 1) tan 2 θ
tan u
= 1 − cos 2 u = tan 4 θ + tan 2 θ

= sin 2 u 36. csc 4 θ − csc 2 θ = csc 2 θ (csc 2 θ − 1)

2 1 = (cot 2 θ + 1) cot 2 θ
26. sin u csc u − cos u = sin u ⋅ − cos 2 u
sin u = cot 4 θ + cot 2 θ
= 1 − cos 2 u
37. csc3 x = cos x cos 2 x
= sin 2 u
= cos x(1 − sin 2 x)
27. (sec θ − 1)(sec θ + 1) = sec θ − 1 = tan θ
2 2
= cos x − sin 2 x cos x

28. (csc θ − 1)(csc θ + 1) = csc 2 θ − 1 = cot 2 θ 38. tan 3 x + tan x = (tan 2 x + 1) tan x
= sec2 x tan x
29. (sec θ + tan θ )(sec θ − tan θ ) = sec θ − tan θ = 1
2 2

30. (csc θ + cot θ )(csc θ − cot θ ) = csc2 θ − cot 2 θ = 1

31. cos 2 θ (1 + tan 2 θ ) = cos 2 θ ⋅ sec 2 θ

1
= cos 2 θ ⋅
cos 2 θ
=1

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

1 sin u sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ

39. sec u − tan u = − 44. 1 − = 1−
cos u cos u 1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
 1 − sin u   1 + sin u  (1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
= ⋅  = 1−
 cos u   1 + sin u  1 − cos θ
1 − sin 2 u = 1 − (1 + cos θ )
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) = 1 − 1 − cos θ
cos 2 u = − cos θ
=
cos u (1 + sin u ) 1
1+
cos u 1 + tan v cot v
= 45. =
1 + sin u 1 − tan v 1 − 1
cot v
1 cos u  1 
40. csc u − cot u = − 1 +  cot v
sin u sin u =  cot v 
 1 − cos u   1 + cos u   1 
= ⋅  1 −  cot v
 sin u   1 + cos u   cot v 
1 − cos 2 u cot v + 1
= =
sin u (1 + cos u ) cot v − 1

sin 2 u 1
= −1
sin u (1 + cos u ) csc v − 1 sin v
46. =
sin u csc v + 1 1
= +1
1 + cos u sin v
 1 
41. 3sin 2 θ + 4 cos 2 θ = 3sin 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + cos 2 θ  − 1 sin v
=  sin v 
= 3(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + cos 2 θ  1 
 + 1 sin v
= 3 ⋅1 + cos 2 θ  sin v 
= 3 + cos 2 θ 1 − sin v
=
1 + sin v
42. 9sec 2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ = 4sec 2 θ + 5sec2 θ − 5 tan 2 θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5(sec 2 θ − tan 2 θ ) 1
sec θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
= 4sec 2 θ + 5 ⋅1 47. + = +
csc θ cos θ 1 cos θ
= 5 + 4sec 2 θ sin θ
cos 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ sin θ sin θ
43. 1 − = 1− = +
1 + sin θ 1 + sin θ cos θ cos θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) = tan θ + tan θ
= 1− = 2 tan θ
1 + sin θ
= 1 − (1 − sin θ )
csc θ − 1 csc θ − 1 csc θ + 1
= 1 − 1 + sin θ 48. = ⋅
cot θ cot θ csc θ + 1
= sin θ csc 2 θ − 1
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot 2 θ
=
cot θ (csc θ + 1)
cot θ
=
csc θ + 1

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 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

1 cos v 1 + sin v cos 2 v + (1 + sin v) 2

1+ 52. + =
1 + sin θ csc θ 1 + sin v cos v cos v(1 + sin v)
49. =
1 − sin θ 1 − 1
cos 2 v + 1 + 2sin v + sin 2 v
csc θ =
csc θ + 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
2 + 2sin v
= csc θ =
csc θ − 1 cos v(1 + sin v)
csc θ 2(1 + sin v)
=
csc θ + 1 csc θ cos v(1 + sin v)
= ⋅
csc θ csc θ − 1 2
csc θ + 1 =
= cos v
csc θ − 1 = 2sec v
1 1
+1
cos θ + 1 sec θ sin θ sin θ
50. = 53. = ⋅ sin θ
cos θ − 1 1 1
−1 sin θ − cos θ sin θ − cos θ
sec θ sin θ
1 + sec θ 1
=
= sec θ cos θ
1 − sec θ 1−
sin θ
sec θ
1
1 + sec θ =
= 1 − cot θ
1 − sec θ
sin 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ
1 − sin v cos v (1 − sin v) 2 + cos 2 v 54. 1 − = 1−
51. + = 1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
cos v 1 − sin v cos v(1 − sin v)
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + sin 2 v + cos 2 v = 1−
= 1 + cos θ
cos v(1 − sin v) = 1 − (1 − cos θ )
1 − 2sin v + 1 = cos θ
=
cos v(1 − sin v)
2 − 2sin v 55. (sec θ − tan θ ) 2
=
cos v(1 − sin v) = sec2 θ − 2sec θ tan θ + tan 2 θ
2(1 − sin v) 1 1 sin θ sin 2 θ
= = − 2⋅ ⋅ +
cos v(1 − sin v) cos θ
2
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
2 1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ
= =
cos v cos 2 θ
= 2sec v (1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
1 − sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 − sin θ )
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
1 − sin θ
=
1 + sin θ

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

56. (csc θ − cot θ ) 2 cot θ tan θ

58. +
= csc θ − 2 csc θ cot θ + cot θ
2 2 1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ
cos θ sin θ
1 1 cos θ cos 2 θ
=
sin 2 θ
− 2 ⋅ ⋅ +
sin θ sin θ sin 2 θ = sin θ + cos θ
sin θ cos θ
1− 1−
1 − 2 cos θ + cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) sin θ cos θ
= = +
1 − cos 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ
(1 − cos θ )(1 − cos θ ) cos θ sin θ
=
(1 − cos θ )(1 + cos θ ) cos 2 θ sin 2 θ
= +
1 − cos θ sin θ (cos θ − sin θ ) cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
=
1 + cos θ − cos 2 θ ⋅ cos θ + sin 2 θ ⋅ sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
57. + sin 3 θ − cos3 θ
1 − tan θ 1 − cot θ =
sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ
= + (sin θ − cos θ )(sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
sin θ cos θ =
1− 1−
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
cos θ sin θ sin 2 θ + sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
= + =
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ sin θ sin θ
2
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= + +
cos θ2
sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +
cos θ − sin θ sin θ − cos θ sin θ cos θ
= +1+
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos θ sin θ
=
cos θ − sin θ = 1 + tan θ + cot θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ )
= cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos θ − sin θ 59. tan θ + = +
= sin θ + cos θ 1 + sin θ cos θ 1 + sin θ
sin θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ + sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ + 1
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
1
=
cos θ
= sec θ

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 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

1 sin θ cos θ
(sin θ cos θ ) ⋅ −
sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ tan θ − cot θ cos θ sin θ
60. = 63. =
cos θ − sin θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅ 1
2 2
tan θ + cot θ sin θ + cos θ
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= cos θ2 = cos θ sin θ
sin θ sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
1−
cos 2 θ cos θ sin θ
tan θ sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
= =
1 − tan 2 θ 1
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
tan θ + sec θ − 1
61.
tan θ − sec θ + 1 1 cos 2 θ
tan θ + (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) −
= ⋅ sec θ − cos θ cos θ cos θ
64. =
tan θ − (sec θ − 1) tan θ + (sec θ − 1) sec θ + cos θ 1 cos 2 θ
+
tan 2 θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 cos θ cos θ
=
tan 2 θ − (sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1) 1 − cos 2 θ

=
sec 2 θ − 1 + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) + sec2 θ − 2sec θ + 1 = cos θ2
sec2 θ − 1 − sec 2 θ + 2sec θ − 1 1 + cos θ
2sec θ − 2sec θ + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1)
2 cos θ
= 1 − cos 2 θ
2sec θ − 2 =
2sec θ (sec θ − 1) + 2 tan θ (sec θ − 1) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2sec θ − 2 sin 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)(sec θ + tan θ ) 1 + cos 2 θ
=
2(sec θ − 1)
sin u cos u
= tan θ + sec θ −
tan u − cot u
65. + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
sin θ − cos θ + 1 +
62. cos u sin u
sin θ + cos θ − 1
(sin θ − cos θ ) + 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= ⋅
(sin θ + cos θ ) − 1 (sin θ + cos θ ) + 1 = cos u sin u + 1
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + sin θ + cos θ + sin θ − cos θ + 1 cos u sin u
=
(sin θ + cos θ ) 2 − 1 sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= +1
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2sin θ + 1 1
=
sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = sin 2 u − cos 2 u + 1
sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ + 1 = sin 2 u + (1 − cos 2 u )
=
2sin θ cos θ + 1 − 1
= sin 2 u + sin 2 u
2sin 2 θ + 2sin θ
= = 2sin 2 u
2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ (sin θ + 1)
=
2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + 1
=
cos θ

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

sin u cos u 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ

− 69. +1 = +
tan u − cot u
+ 2 cos 2 u = cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u 1 + tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
2
66.
tan u + cot u sin u cos u
+ 1 − tan 2 θ + 1 + tan 2 θ
cos u sin u =
1 + tan 2 θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u 2 2
= =
= cos u sin u + 2 cos 2 u
1 + tan θ sec 2 θ
2
sin 2 u + cos 2 u
1
cos u sin u = 2⋅ 2
sec θ
sin 2 u − cos 2 u
= + 2 cos 2 u = 2 cos 2 θ
1
= sin 2 u + cos 2 u 1 − cot 2 θ 1 − cot 2 θ
70. + 2 cos 2 θ = + 2 cos 2 θ
=1 1 + cot θ
2
csc θ
2

1 cot 2 θ
1 sin θ = − + 2 cos 2 θ
+ csc 2 θ csc 2 θ
sec θ + tan θ cos θ cos θ
67. = cos 2 θ
cot θ + cos θ cos θ + cos θ
= sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2
sin θ
1 + sin θ 1
cos θ sin 2 θ
=
cos θ + cos θ sin θ = sin θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2

sin θ = sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ

1 + sin θ sin θ =1
= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (1 + sin θ )
sin θ 1 sec θ − csc θ sec θ csc θ
= ⋅ 71. = −
cos θ cos θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ sec θ csc θ
= tan θ sec θ 1 1
= −
csc θ sec θ
1 = sin θ − cos θ
sec θ cos θ
68. =
1 + sec θ 1 + 1 sin 2 θ − tan θ
cos θ 72.
cos 2 θ − cot θ
1 sin θ
sin 2 θ −
= cos θ = cos θ
cos θ + 1 cos θ
cos θ cos θ −
2

sin θ
 1   1 − cos θ  sin θ cos θ − sin θ
2
= ⋅ 
 1 + cos θ   1 − cos θ  cos θ
=
1 − cos θ cos 2 θ sin θ − cos θ
=
1 − cos 2 θ sin θ
1 − cos θ sin 2 θ cos θ − sin θ sin θ
= = ⋅
sin 2 θ cos θ cos θ sin θ − cos θ
2

sin θ (sin θ cos θ − 1) sin θ

= ⋅
cos θ cos θ (cos θ sin θ − 1)
sin 2 θ
=
cos 2 θ
= tan 2 θ

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 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

1 sec θ  sec θ   1 + sin θ 

73. sec θ − cos θ = − cos θ 77. = ⋅ 
cos θ 1 − sin θ  1 − sin θ   1 + sin θ 
1 − cos 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ
sin 2 θ sec θ (1 + sin θ )
= =
cos θ cos 2 θ
sin θ 1 1 + sin θ
= sin θ ⋅ = ⋅
cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ
= sin θ tan θ 1 + sin θ
=
cos3 θ
sin θ cos θ
74. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 + sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
78. =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
=
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 =
= 1 − sin 2 θ
sin θ cos θ (1 + sin θ ) 2
1 1 =
= ⋅ cos 2 θ
cos θ sin θ 2
= sec θ csc θ  1 + sin θ 
= 
 cos θ 
1 1 1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ  1 sin θ 
2
75. + = = +
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 
 cos θ cos θ 
2 = (sec θ + tan θ ) 2
=
1 − sin 2 θ
2 (sec v − tan v) 2 + 1
= 79.
cos 2 θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
= 2sec 2 θ sec2 v − 2sec v tan v + tan 2 v + 1
=
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
76. −
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v + sec2 v
=
(1 + sin θ ) 2 − (1 − sin θ ) 2 csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) 2sec 2 v − 2sec v tan v
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − 2sin θ + sin 2 θ ) csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
1 − sin 2 θ 2sec v(sec v − tan v)
=
4sin θ csc v(sec v − tan v)
=
cos 2 θ 2sec v
=
sin θ 1 csc v
= 4⋅ ⋅
cos θ cos θ 1
2⋅
= 4 tan θ sec θ
= cos v
1
sin v
1 sin v
= 2⋅ ⋅
cos v 1
sin v
= 2⋅
cos v
= 2 tan v

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

sec2 v − tan 2 v + tan v 1 + tan v sin 3 θ + cos3 θ

80. = 84.
sec v sec v 1 − 2 cos 2 θ
sin v (sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
1+ =
= cos v 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
cos v + sin v
(sin θ + cos θ )(1 − sin θ cos θ )
cos v =
= (sin θ + cos θ )(sin θ − cos θ )
1
cos v 1
= cos v + sin v 1 − sin θ cos θ cos θ
= ⋅
sin θ − cos θ 1
sin θ + cos θ sin θ − cos θ cos θ
81. −
cos θ sin θ 1
− sin θ
=
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
+ − + = cos θ
cos θ cos θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
−1
sin θ cos θ cos θ
= +1−1+ sec θ − sin θ
cos θ sin θ =
tan θ − 1
sin θ + cos θ
2 2
=
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
85. =
1 1 − tan 2 θ sin 2 θ
= 1−
cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ cos θ − sin 2 θ
2
=
sin θ + cos θ cos θ − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
82. − cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ cos θ sin θ cos 2 θ
= + − + = ( cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) ⋅
sin θ sin θ cos θ cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
cos θ sin θ = cos 2 θ
= 1+ −1+
sin θ cos θ
cos θ + sin θ − sin 3 θ cos θ sin θ sin 3 θ
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 86. = + −
= sin θ sin θ sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
1 = cot θ + 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ sin θ = cot θ + cos 2 θ
= sec θ csc θ 2
(2 cos 2 θ − 1)2  2 cos 2 θ − (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) 
sin θ + cos θ
3 3
87. =
83. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
sin θ + cos θ
(sin θ + cos θ )(sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ ) (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
= =
sin θ + cos θ (cos θ − sin 2 θ )(cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
2

= sin θ + cos θ − sin θ cos θ

2 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=
= 1 − sin θ cos θ cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
= 1 − 2sin 2 θ

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 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

1 − 2 cos 2 θ 1 − cos 2 θ − cos 2 θ 91. (a sin θ + b cos θ ) 2 + (a cos θ − b sin θ ) 2

88. =
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ = a 2 sin 2 θ + 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 cos 2 θ
sin θ − cos 2 θ
2
+ a 2 cos 2 θ − 2ab sin θ cos θ + b 2 sin 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ
= a 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ ) + b 2 (sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= − = a 2 + b2
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
= − 92. (2a sin θ cosθ ) 2 + a 2 (cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ ) 2
cos θ sin θ
= 4a 2 sin 2 θ cos 2 θ
= tan θ − cot θ
(
+ a 2 cos 4 θ − 2cos 2 θ sin 2 θ + sin 4 θ )
1 + sin θ + cos θ
89.
1 + sin θ − cos θ
(
= a 4sin θ cos θ + cos θ − 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ
2 2 2 4 2 2 4
)
=
(1 + sin θ ) + cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ
⋅
= a2 ( cos θ + 2cos θ sin θ + sin θ )
4 2 2 4

(1 + sin θ ) − cos θ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

( cos θ + sin θ )
2
= a2 2 2

1 + 2sin θ + sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + cos θ

2 2
= = a 2 (1)
2
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) + (1 − sin 2 θ ) = a2
=
1 + 2sin θ + sin 2 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ )
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β
2 + 2sin θ + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ ) 93. =
= cot α + cot β 1 1
2sin θ + 2sin 2 θ +
2(1 + sin θ ) + 2cosθ (1 + sin θ )
tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ ) =
2(1 + sin θ )(1 + cosθ )
tan β + tan α
= tan α tan β
2sin θ (1 + sin θ )
1 + cosθ  tan α tan β 
= = (tan α + tan β ) ⋅  
sin θ  tan α + tan β 
= tan α tan β
1 + cos θ + sin θ
90.
1 + cos θ − sin θ 94. (tan α + tan β )(1 − cot α cot β )
(1 + cos θ ) + sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= ⋅ + (cot α + cot β )(1 − tan α tan β )
(1 + cos θ ) − sin θ (1 + cos θ ) + sin θ
= tan α + tan β − tan α cot α cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + sin 2 θ
= − tan β cot α cot β + cot α + cot β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
− cot α tan α tan β − cot β tan α tan β
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + 2sin θ (1 + cosθ ) + 1 − cos 2 θ
= = tan α + tan β − cot β − cot α + cot α
1 + 2cosθ + cos 2 θ − (1 − cos 2 θ )
+ cot β − tan β − tan α
2 + 2 cos θ + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= =0
2 cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ
2(1 + cos θ ) + 2sin θ (1 + cos θ )
= 95. (sin α + cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α )
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
= sin 2 α + 2sin α cos β + cos 2 β + cos 2 β − sin 2 α
2(1 + cos θ )(1 + sin θ )
= = 2sin α cos β + 2 cos 2 β
2 cos θ (1 + cos θ )
1 + sin θ = 2 cos β (sin α + cos β )
=
cos θ
1 sin θ
= +
cos θ cos θ
= sec θ + tan θ
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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

96. (sin α − cos β ) 2 + (cos β + sin α )(cos β − sin α ) 102. f ( x ) = cos x ⋅ cot x
= sin α − 2sin α cos β + cos β + cos β − sin α
2 2 2 2
cos x
= cos x ⋅
= − 2sin α cos β + 2cos β = − 2cos β (sin α − cos β )
2
sin x
cos 2 x
=
1 −1 sin x
97. ln sec θ = ln = ln cos θ = − ln cos θ
cos θ 1 − sin 2 x
=
sin x
sin θ
98. ln tan θ = ln = ln sin θ − ln cos θ 1 sin 2 x
cos θ = −
sin x sin x
= csc x − sin x
99. ln 1 + cos θ + ln 1 − cos θ
= g ( x)
= ln ( 1 + cos θ ⋅ 1 − cos θ )
= ln 1 − cos 2 θ 1 − sin θ cos θ
103. f (θ ) = −
cos θ 1 + sin θ
= ln sin 2 θ
(1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ ) cos θ ⋅ cos θ
= 2 ln sin θ = −
cos θ (1 + sin θ ) (1 + sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ
1 − sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
100. ln sec θ + tan θ + ln sec θ − tan θ =
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
= ln ( sec θ + tan θ ⋅ sec θ − tan θ )
1 − ( sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ )
= ln sec θ − tan θ
2 2
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
= ln tan 2 θ + 1 − tan 2 θ 1−1
=
= ln 1 cos θ (1 + sin θ )
=0 0
=
cos θ (1 + sin θ )
101. f ( x ) = sin x ⋅ tan x
=0
sin x
= sin x ⋅ = g (θ )
cos x
sin 2 x 104. f (θ ) = tan θ + sec θ
=
cos x
sin θ 1
1 − cos 2 x = +
= cos θ cos θ
cos x 1 + sin θ
1 cos 2 x =
= − cos θ
cos x cos x 1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ
= sec x − cos x = ⋅
cos θ 1 − sin θ
= g ( x) 1 − sin 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos 2 θ
=
cos θ (1 − sin θ )
cos θ
=
1 − sin θ
= g (θ )

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.4: Trigonometric Identities

105. 16 + 16 tan 2 θ = 16(1 + tan 2 θ ) = 4 1 + tan 2 θ . b −120

x=− =− = 20
2a 2( −3)
Since sec θ > 0 for − π2 < θ < π2 , then
f (20) = −3(20) 2 + 120(20) + 50 = 1250
4 1 + tan 2 θ = 4 sec 2 θ = 4sec θ
The vertex is (20,1250) so the maximum value
106. 9sec2 θ − 9 = 9(sec 2 θ − 1) = 3 sec 2 θ − 1 . of the function is 1250.
Since tan θ > 0 for π < θ < 3π
2
, then
x +1
3 sec 2 θ − 1 = 3 tan 2 θ = 3 tan θ 114. f ( x) = ; g ( x) = 3x − 4
x−2
(3x − 4) + 1
1  2  f g =
(
107. 1200sec θ 2sec2 θ − 1 = 1200 ) 
cos θ  cos θ
2
− 1

(3 x − 4) − 2
3x − 3
1  2 cos 2 θ  =
= 1200  −  3x − 6
cos θ 2
 cos θ cos θ
2
 3( x − 1)
=
 2 − cos 2 θ  3( x − 2)
1
= 1200   x −1
cos θ 2
 cos θ  =
x−2

=
(
1200 1 + 1 − cos 2 θ )
3 115. For the point ( −12,5) , x = −12 , y = 5 ,
cos θ

=
(
1200 1 + sin 2 θ ) r= x 2 + y 2 = 144 + 25 = 169 = 13
5 13
cos3 θ sin θ = csc θ =
13 5

108. I t = 4 A2
( cscθ − 1)( secθ + tan θ ) cos θ = −
12
sec θ = −
13
13 12
csc θ sec θ
5 12
csc θ − 1 sec θ + tan θ tan θ = − cot θ = −
= 4 A2 ⋅ 12 5
csc θ sec θ
 1   tan θ  f (π / 2 ) − f ( 0 ) cos (π / 2 ) − cos ( 0 )
= 4 A2  1 − 1+
 csc θ   sec θ  116.
π /2−0
=
π /2
= 4 A (1 − sin θ )(1 + sin θ )
2
=
0 −1
=−
2
π /2 π
(
= 4 A2 1 − sin 2 θ ) 2
The average rate of change is − .
= 4 A cos θ = ( 2 A cos θ ) π
2 2 2

109. Answers will vary.

110. sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1

tan 2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ

111 – 112. Answers will vary.

113. Since a is negative then the graph opens up so

the function has a maximum value. To find the
maximum value we can find the vertex.

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

Section 6.5 13. cos

7π  4π 3π 
= cos  + 
12  12 12 
+ (1 − ( −3) )
2
(5 − 2)
2
1. π π π π
= cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
3 4 3 4
= 32 + 42 = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
1 2 3 2
= ⋅ − ⋅
3 2 2 2 2
2. −
1
5
=
4
( 2− 6 )
2 1 2
3. a. ⋅ =
2 2 4 7π  3π 4π 
14. tan = tan  + 
12  12 12 
1 1
b. 1− = π π
2 2 tan + tan
= 4 3
4. y = 4, r = 5, x = −3 (Quadrant 2) π π
1 − tan ⋅ tan
x 3 4 3
cos α = = −
r 5 1+ 3
=
1 − 1⋅ 3
5. −
 1+ 3   1+ 3 
6. − =   ⋅  
 1− 3   1+ 3 
7. False
1+ 2 3 + 3
8. False =
1− 3
9. False 4+2 3
=
10. True −2
= −2− 3
5π  3π 2π 
11. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  15. cos165º = cos (120º + 45º )
π π π π = cos120º ⋅ cos 45º − sin120º ⋅ sin 45º
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6
1 2 3 2
2 3 2 1 =− ⋅ − ⋅
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
=
1
(6+ 2 )
=−
4
2+ 6 ( )
4
π 16. sin105º = sin ( 60º + 45º )
 3π 2π 
12. sin = sin  − 
12  12 12  = sin 60º ⋅ cos 45º + cos 60º ⋅ sin 45º
π π π π 3 2 1 2
= sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = ⋅ + ⋅
4 6 4 6 2 2 2 2
1
=
2 3
2 2
⋅ −
2 1
⋅
2 2
=
4
(6+ 2 )
1
=
4
( 6− 2 )

740
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

17. tan15º = tan(45º − 30º ) 19π  15π 4π 

20. tan = tan  + 
tan 45º − tan 30º 12  12 12 
=
1 + tan 45º ⋅ tan 30º 5π π
tan + tan
3 = 4 3
1− 5π π
3 3 1 − tan ⋅ tan
= ⋅
3 3 4 3
1 + 1⋅
3 1+ 3
=
3− 3 3− 3 1 − 1⋅ 3
= ⋅
3+ 3 3− 3 1+ 3 1+ 3
= ⋅
9−6 3 +3 1− 3 1+ 3
=
9−3 1+ 2 3 + 3
=
12 − 6 3 1− 3
=
6 4+2 3
=
= 2− 3 −2
= −2− 3
18. tan195º = tan(135º +60º )
tan135º + tan 60º  π 1 1
= 21. sec  −
1 − tan135º ⋅ tan 60º = =
 12  cos  −  cos  − 4π 
π 3 π
   
−1 + 3  12   12 12 
=
1 − (−1) ⋅ 3 1
=
π π π π
−1 + 3 1 − 3 cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin
= ⋅ 4 3 4 3
1+ 3 1− 3 1
=
−1 + 2 3 − 3 2 1 2 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
1− 3 2 2 2 2
−4+ 2 3 1
= =
−2 2+ 6
4
= 2− 3
4 2− 6
= ⋅
17π  15π 2π  2+ 6 2− 6
19. sin = sin  + 
12  12 12  4 2 −4 6
=
5π π 5π π 2−6
= sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin
4 6 4 6 4 2 −4 6
=
2 3  2 1 −4
=− ⋅ +  − ⋅
2 2  2  2 = 6− 2

1
=−
4
( 6+ 2 )

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 5π  5π −1 tan 20º + tan 25º

22. cot  −  = − cot = 27. = tan ( 20º +25º )
 12  12 tan 5π 1 − tan 20º tan 25º
12 = tan 45º
−1 =1
=
 3π 2π 
tan  + 
 12 12  tan 40º − tan10º
28. = tan ( 40º −10º )
−1 1 + tan 40º tan10º
=
π π = tan 30º
tan + tan
4 6
π π 3
1 − tan ⋅ tan =
4 6 3
 π π
 1 − tan 4 ⋅ tan 6  π 7π π 7π  π 7π 
= −  29. sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin = sin  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
 tan π + tan π 
 4 6   6π 
= sin  − 
1  12 
1 − 1⋅
3⋅ 3
=−  π
1 3 = sin  − 
1+  2
3
= −1
3 −1 3 −1
=− ⋅
3 +1 3 −1 5π 7π 5π 7π  5π 7 π 
30. cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin = cos  + 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
3 − 3 − 3 +1
=− 12π
3 −1 = cos
12
4−2 3
=− = cos π
2
= −1
= −2 + 3
π 5π 5π π  π 5π 
23. sin 20º ⋅ cos10º + cos 20º ⋅ sin10º = sin(20º + 10º ) 31. cos ⋅ cos + sin ⋅ sin = cos  − 
12 12 12 12  12 12 
= sin 30º  4π 
= cos  − 
1  12 
=
2  π
= cos  − 
24. sin 20º ⋅ cos80º − cos 20º ⋅ sin 80º = sin(20º − 80º )  3
π
= sin(− 60º ) = cos
3
= − sin 60º
1
3 =
=− 2
2
π 5π π 5π  π 5π 
25. cos 70º ⋅ cos 20º − sin 70º ⋅ sin 20º = cos(70º + 20º ) 32. sin ⋅ cos + cos ⋅ sin = sin  + 
18 18 18 18  18 18 
= cos 90º 6π
=0 = sin
18
π
26. cos 40º ⋅ cos10º + sin 40º ⋅ sin10º = cos(40º − 10º ) = sin
3
= cos 30º
3
3 =
= 2
2

742
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

3 π c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

33. sin α = , 0 < α <
5 2 3 2 5 4  5
= ⋅ − ⋅  − 
cos β =
2 5 π
, − <β <0 5 5 5  5 
5 2
6 5+4 5
y y =
(x, 3) 2 5 25
x 10 5
β
5 y =
3 5 25
α 2 5
x x (2 5, y ) =
5

x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0 tan α − tan β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
3  1
x=4 −− 
4  2
4 3 =
cos α = , tan α =  3  1 
5 4 1 +   − 
 4  2 
(2 5 )
2
+ y 2 = 52 , y < 0 5

y 2 = 25 − 20 = 5, y < 0 = 4
5
y=− 5 8
5 − 5 1 =2
sin β = − , tan β = =−
5 2 5 2
5 π
34. cos α = , 0<α <
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 5 2
3 2 5 4  5 4 π
= ⋅ + ⋅  − sin β = − , − < β < 0
 5 2
5 5 5  5 
y y
6 5−4 5 x
= ( 5, y ) x
25 β
5
2 5 y −4
5
=
25 α (x, −4)
x
5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
4 2 5 3  5 ( 5)
2
= ⋅ − ⋅  −  + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
5 5 5  5 
y 2 = 25 − 5 = 20, y > 0
8 5 +3 5
= y = 20 = 2 5
25
2 5 2 5
11 5 sin α = , tan α = =2
= 5 5
25
x 2 + (− 4) 2 = 52 , x > 0
x 2 = 25 − 16 = 9, x > 0
x=3
3 −4 4
cos β = , tan β = =−
5 3 3

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β (−3, 4) y y

(1, y)
 2 5  3  5   4
=   ⋅   +   ⋅  −  r 2
 5  5  5   5 4 y
6 5−4 5 α β
= −3 x 1 x
25
2 5 r 2 = (−3) 2 + 42 = 25
=
25 r =5
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 4 −3 3
sin α = , cos α = =−
 5  3  2 5   4 5 5 5
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  − 
 5  5  5   5 12 + y 2 = 22 , y > 0

3 5 +8 5 y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y > 0
=
25 y= 3
11 5 3 3
= sin β = , tan β = = 3
25 2 1
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 2 5  3  5   4  4  1  3  3 
=   ⋅   −   ⋅  −  =   ⋅   +  −  ⋅  
 5  5  5   5  5   2   5   2 
6 5+4 5 4−3 3
= =
25 10
10 5 b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
25
 3 1  4  3 
2 5 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  5   2   5   2 
5
−3 − 4 3
tan α − tan β =
d. tan(α − β ) = 10
1 + tan α tan β
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 4
2−− 
 3  4 1  3  3 
= =   ⋅   −  −  ⋅  
 4
1+ 2 ⋅ −   5   2   5   2 
 3 4+3 3
10 =
10
= 3
5
−
3
= −2

4 π
35. tan α = − , < α < π
3 2
1 π
cos β = , 0 < β <
2 2

744
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

tan α − tan β b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  12   3  5   1
=  −  ⋅  −  − − ⋅− 
4
− − 3  13   2   13   2 
= 3 12 3 − 5
 4 =
1+  −  ⋅ 3 26
 3
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
−4−3 3
 5  3   12   1 
= 3 =  −  ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  − 
3− 4 3  13   2   13   2 
3 5 3 − 12
=
 −4−3 3   3+ 4 3  26
=   ⋅   tan α − tan β
 3− 4 3   3+ 4 3  d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α ⋅ tan β
− 48 − 25 3
= 5 3 5−4 3
−39 −
= 12 3 = 12
25 3 + 48 5 3 36 + 5 3
= 1+ ⋅
39 12 3 36
 15 − 12 3   36 − 5 3 
5 3π = 
36. tan α = , π<α <  ⋅  
12 2  36 + 5 3   36 − 5 3 
1 3π 540 − 507 3 + 180
sin β = − , π < β < =
2 2 1296 − 75
y y 720 − 507 3
=
−12 α x β 1221
x x
1 240 − 169 3
−5 r 2 =
407
(x, −1)
(−12,−5)
5 3π
37. sin α = , − < α < −π
13 2
r 2 = (−12) 2 + (−5) 2 = 169 π
tan β = − 3, < β < π
r = 13 2
−5 5 −12 12
sin α = = − , cos α = =− (x, 5) y (−1, 3 ) y
13 13 13 13
x 2 + (−1)2 = 22 , x < 0 13
5 r
2 3
x = 4 − 1 = 3, x < 0
x x β
x=− 3 α
−1 x
3 −13
cos β = − , tan β = =
2 − 3 3 x 2 + 52 = 132 , x < 0

a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β x 2 = 169 − 25 = 144, x < 0

x = −12
 5  3   12   1 
=  −  ⋅  −  + − ⋅−  −12 12 5
 13   2   13   2  cos α = =− , tan α = −
13 13 12
5 3 + 12 12 + 5 3
= =
26 26

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

2
r 2 = (−1) 2 + 3 = 4 1 π
38. cos α = , − <α < 0
r=2 2 2
1 π
3 −1 1 sin β = , 0 < β <
sin β = , cos β = =− 3 2
2 2 2 y y
1
α x
(x, 1)
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β y
2 3
 5   1   12   3  (1, y) 1
=   ⋅  −  +  −  ⋅   β
 13   2   13   2  x x

−5 − 12 3 5 + 12 3
= or − 12 + y 2 = 22 , y < 0
26 26
y 2 = 4 − 1 = 3, y < 0
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
y=− 3
 12   1   5   3 
=  −  ⋅  −  −   ⋅   − − 3
 13   2   13   2  sin α =
3
=−
3
, tan α = =− 3
2 2 1
12 − 5 3
= x 2 + 12 = 32 , x > 0
26
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β x 2 = 9 − 1 = 8. x > 0
x= 8=2 2
 5   1   12   3 
=   ⋅  −  −  −  ⋅  
 13   2   13   2  cos β =
2 2
, tan β =
1
=
2
3 2 2 4
−5 + 12 3
=
26 a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β

tan α − tan β  3   2 2  1 1

d. tan(α − β ) = =  −  ⋅   +   ⋅  
1 + tan α tan β  2   3   2 3
5
− − − 3
12
( ) =
1− 2 6
6
=
 5
1+  −  ⋅ − 3
 12 
( ) b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β

−5 + 12 3 1 2 2   3  1
=   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
12  2   3   2   3 
=
12 + 5 3 3+2 2
=
12 6
 −5 + 12 3   12 − 5 3 
=   ⋅   c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
 12 + 5 3   12 − 5 3   3   2 2  1 1
− 240 + 169 3 =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
=  2   3   2 3
69
−1 − 2 6
=
6

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 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

tan α − tan β π
d. tan(α − β ) =
1 + tan α tan β  π  tan θ + tan 4
d. tan  θ +  =
 4  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2
− 3− 4
= 4
1
− +1
(
1+ − 3 ⋅ ) 4
2
= 2 2
 1 
−4 3 − 2 1−  −  ⋅1
 2 2
= 4
4− 6 −1 + 2 2
4 = 2 2
 −4 3 − 2   4+ 6  2 2 +1
=   ⋅   2 2
 4− 6   4+ 6 
 2 2 −1   2 2 −1 
−16 3 − 4 2 − 4 18 − 12 =   ⋅  
=
16 − 6  2 2 + 1   2 2 −1 
−18 3 − 16 2 8 − 4 2 +1
= =
10 8 −1
−9 3 − 8 2 9−4 2
= =
5 7

1 1
40. cos θ = , θ in quadrant IV
39. sin θ = , θ in quadrant II 4
3
2 a. sin θ = − 1 − cos 2 θ
1
a. cos θ = − 1 − sin θ = − 1 −  
2
2
3 1
= − 1−  
4
1
= − 1− 1
9 = − 1−
8 16
=− 15
9 =−
2 2 16
=− 15
3 =−
4
 π π π
b. sin  θ +  = sin θ ⋅ cos + cos θ ⋅ sin π π π
 6 6 6 
b. sin  θ −  = sin θ ⋅ cos − cos θ ⋅ sin
 6 6 6
 1  3   2 2  1 
=    +−    15   3   1   1 
 3   2   3   2  =  −  ⋅   −   ⋅  
3 − 2 2 −2 2 + 3  4   2  4 2
= = −1 − 3 5
6 6 =
8
 π π π
c. cos  θ −  = cos θ ⋅ cos + sin θ ⋅ sin  π π π
 3 3 3 c. cos  θ +  = cos θ ⋅ cos − sin θ ⋅ sin
 3 3 3
 2 2  1   1  3 
=  −   +     1   1   15   3 
 3   2   3   2  =   ⋅   −  − ⋅ 
 4   2   4   2 
−2 2 + 3
= 1+ 3 5
6 =
8

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

π 42. From the solution to Problem 41, we have

tan θ − tan
 π 4 1 3 −2 2
d. tan  θ − = sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
 4  1 + tan θ ⋅ tan π 2 2 3
4 1
− 15 − 1 cos β = . Thus,
= 3
(
1 + − 15 ⋅1 ) g (α + β ) = cos (α + β )
 −1 − 15   1 + 15  = cos α ⋅ cos β − sin α ⋅ sin β
=   ⋅    3  1   1  2 2 
 1 − 15   1 + 15  =     −    − 
 2  3   2  3 
−1 − 2 15 − 15
=
1 − 15 3 2 2 3+2 2
= + =
−16 − 2 15 6 6 6
=
−14
43. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
8 + 15
= 1 3 −2 2
7 sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
41. α lies in quadrant I . Since x 2 + y 2 = 4 , 1
cos β = . Thus,
3
r = 4 = 2 . Now, ( x, 1) is on the circle, so
g (α − β ) = cos (α − β )
x 2 + 12 = 4
= cos α ⋅ cos β + sin α ⋅ sin β
x 2 = 4 − 12
 3  1   1  2 2 
x = 4 − 12 = 3 =     +    − 
 2  3   2  3 
y 1 x 3
Thus, sin α = = and cos α = = . 3 2 2 3−2 2
r 2 r 2 = − =
6 6 6
β lies in quadrant IV . Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 ,
1  44. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
r = 1 = 1 . Now,  , y  is on the circle, so
3  1 3 −2 2
2
sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
1 2
2 2 3
  + y =1 1
3 cos β = . Thus,
2 3
1
y2 = 1−   f (α − β ) = sin (α − β )
3
2 = sin α ⋅ cos β − cos α ⋅ sin β
1 8 2 2
y = − 1−   = − =−  1  1   3   2 2 
3 9 3 =    −   − 
 2  3   2   3 
y −23 2 −2 2
Thus, sin β = = = and 1 2 6 1+ 2 6
r 1 3 = + =
x 1 1 6 6 6
cos β = = 3 = . Thus,
r 1 3 45. From the solution to Problem 41, we have
f (α + β ) = sin (α + β )
1 3 −2 2
= sin α ⋅ cos β + cos α ⋅ sin β sin α = , cos α = , sin β = , and
2 2 3
 1   1   3  2 2  1
=     +   −  cos β = . Thus,
 2   3   2 
 3  3
1 2 6 1− 2 6
= − =
6 6 6

748
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

1 π  π π
sin α 1 3 47. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
tan α = = 2 = = and 2  2 2
cos α 3 3 3 = 1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
2 = cos θ
2 2
−
sin β 3 = −2 2 . Finally, π  π π
tan β = = 48. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ
cos β 1 2  2 2
3 = 0 ⋅ cos θ − 1 ⋅ sin θ
tan α + tan β
h (α + β ) = tan (α + β ) = = − sin θ
1 − tan α tan β
49. sin ( π − θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ − cos π ⋅ sin θ
3
3
(
+ −2 2 ) = 0 ⋅ cos θ − ( −1) sin θ
=
1−
3
3
( −2 2 ) = sin θ

3 50. cos ( π − θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ + sin π ⋅ sin θ

−2 2
3 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
2 6 3 = − cos θ
1+
3
3 −6 2 3− 2 6 51. sin ( π + θ ) = sin π ⋅ cos θ + cos π ⋅ sin θ
= ⋅
3+ 2 6 3− 2 6 = 0 ⋅ cos θ + ( −1) sin θ
3 3 − 6 2 − 18 2 + 24 3 = − sin θ
=
9 − 6 6 + 6 6 − 24
52. cos ( π + θ ) = cos π ⋅ cos θ − sin π ⋅ sin θ
27 3 − 24 2 8 2 − 9 3
= = = −1 ⋅ cos θ − 0 ⋅ sin θ
−15 5
= − cos θ
46. From the solution to Problem 45, we have
tan π − tan θ
3 53. tan ( π − θ ) =
tan α = and tan β = −2 2 . Thus, 1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
3
0 − tan θ
tan α − tan β =
h (α − β ) = tan (α − β ) = 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1 + tan α tan β
− tan θ
=
3
3
(
− −2 2 ) 1
= − tan θ
=
1+
3
3
( −2 2 ) tan 2π − tan θ
54. tan ( 2π − θ ) =
3 1 + tan 2π ⋅ tan θ
+2 2 0 − tan θ
3 3
= ⋅ =
2 6 3 1 + 0 ⋅ tan θ
1− − tan θ
3 =
3 + 6 2 3+ 2 6 1
= ⋅ = − tan θ
3− 2 6 3+ 2 6
3 3 + 6 2 + 18 2 + 24 3  3π  3π 3π
= 55. sin  + θ  = sin ⋅ cos θ + cos ⋅ sin θ
9 + 6 6 − 6 6 − 24  2  2 2
27 3 + 24 2 8 2 +9 3 = −1 ⋅ cos θ + 0 ⋅ sin θ
= =−
−15 5 = − cos θ

749
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 3π  3π 3π sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β

56. cos  + θ  = cos ⋅ cos θ − sin ⋅ sin θ 63. =
 2  2 2 sin(α − β ) sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 0 ⋅ cos θ − (−1) ⋅ sin θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= sin θ cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
57. sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) cos α cos β
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
+ sin α cos β − cos α sin β cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
= 2sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β
58. cos(α + β ) + cos(α − β ) tan α + tan β
=
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β tan α − tan β
+ cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= 2 cos α cos β cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
64. =
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
59. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
=
sin α cos β cos α sin β cos α cos β + sin α sin β
= +
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β
= 1 + cot α tan β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
sin(α + β ) sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β sin α sin β
60. = +
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β
sin α cos β cos α sin β 1 − tan α tan β
= + =
cos α cos β cos α cos β 1 + tan α tan β
= tan α + tan β
cos(α + β )
65. cot(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β sin(α + β )
61. =
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= −
cos α cos β cos α cos β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1 − tan α tan β sin α sin β
=
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β sin α sin β
62. =
sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α cos β sin α sin β
−
cos α cos β sin α sin β sin α sin β sin α sin β
= + =
sin α cos β sin α cos β sin α cos β cos α sin β
+
= cot α + tan β sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β − 1
=
cot β + cot α

750
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

cos(α − β ) 69. sin(α − β )sin(α + β )

66. cot(α − β ) =
sin(α − β ) = ( sin α cos β − cos α sin β )( sin α cos β + cos α sin β )
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α cos 2 β − cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
sin α cos β − cos α sin β = sin 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − sin 2 α )sin 2 β
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin 2 α − sin 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α sin β
= = sin 2 α − sin 2 β
sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin α sin β 70. cos(α − β )cos(α + β )
cos α cos β sin α sin β = ( cos α cos β + sin α sin β )( cos α cos β − sin α sin β )
+
sin α sin β sin α sin β
= = cos 2 α cos 2 β − sin 2 α sin 2 β
sin α cos β cos α sin β
− = cos 2 α (1 − sin 2 β ) − (1 − cos 2 α )sin 2 β
sin α sin β sin α sin β
cot α cot β + 1 = cos 2 α − cos 2 α sin 2 β − sin 2 β + cos 2 α sin 2 β
=
cot β − cot α = cos 2 α − sin 2 β

1 71. sin(θ + k π) = sin θ ⋅ cos k π + cos θ ⋅ sin k π

67. sec(α + β ) =
cos(α + β ) = (sin θ )(−1) k + (cos θ )(0)
1 = (−1) k sin θ , k any integer
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 72. cos(θ + k π) = cos θ ⋅ cos k π − sin θ ⋅ sin k π
sin α sin β = (cos θ )(−1) k − (sin θ )(0)
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β = (−1) k cos θ , k any integer
sin α sin β
1 1  1  π π 
⋅ 73. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 0  = sin  + 
sin α sin β  2  6 2
=
cos α cos β sin α sin β  2π 
− = sin 
sin α sin β sin α sin β 
 3 
csc α csc β
= 3
cot α cot β − 1 =
2
1
68. sec(α − β ) =  3  π 
cos(α − β ) 74. sin  sin −1 + cos −1 1 = sin  + 0 
 2   3 
1
= π
cos α cos β + sin α sin β = sin
3
1
cos α cos β 3
= =
cos α cos β + sin α sin β 2
cos α cos β
 3  4 
1 1 75. sin sin −1 − cos −1  −  
⋅  5  5 
cos α cos β
= 3  4
cos α cos β sin α sin β Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
+ 5
cos α cos β cos α cos β  5
sec α sec β
=
1 + tan α tan β

751
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
quadrant I; β is in quadrant II. Then sin α = ,
5 2
π 4 π 4 16 9 3
0 ≤ α ≤ , and cos β = − , ≤ β ≤ π . = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 2 5 25 25 5

cos α = 1 − sin 2 α   4 3
sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
2   5  4
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = = sin (α − β )
5
  25 25 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin β = 1 − cos β2
 4  4 3 3
=  − ⋅  −  ⋅ 
2  5  5 5 5
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 16 9 25
 5 25 25 5 =− − =−
25 25 25
 3  4  = −1
sin sin −1 − cos −1  −   = sin (α − β )
 5  5 
 4 5
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β 77. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13 
3  4  4 3 4 5
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5  5  5 5 3 13
12 12 4
=− − quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
25 25 3
24 π 5 π
=− 0<α < , and cos β = , 0≤β ≤ .
25 2 13 2
  4 3 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
76. sin sin −1  −  − tan −1 
  5  4  2
4 16 25 5
 4  3 = 1+   = 1+ = =
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in 3 9 9 3
 5 4
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then 3
cos α =
4 π 3 5
sin α = −
, − ≤ α ≤ 0 , and tan β = ,
5 2 4
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
π
0<β < . 2
2 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5 25 25 5
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α

 4 16
2
9 3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5  25 25 5 5 25
2
144 12
= 1−   = 1− = =
 13  169 169 13
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
2
3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1− = =
 
4 16 16 4

4
cos β =
5

752
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

 4 5 5
cos  tan −1 + cos −1  quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
 3 13  13
= cos (α + β ) π 3 π
0≤α ≤ , and tan β = , 0 < β < .
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 4 2

 3   5   4   12  cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
=  ⋅  −  ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13  2
5 25 144 12
15 48 33 = 1−   = 1− = =
= − =−  13  169 169 13
65 65 65
sec β = 1 + tan 2 β
 5  3 
78. cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −   2
 12  5  3 9 25 5
= 1+   = 1+ = =
5  3 4 16 16 4
Let α = tan −1 and β = sin −1  −  . α is in
12  5 4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant IV. Then cos β =
5
5 π 3
tan α = , 0 < α < , and sin β = − , sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
12 2 5
π 4
2
16 9 3
− <α < 0. = 1−   = 1− = =
2 5 25 25 5
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
 5 3
2 cos sin −1 − tan −1 
 5 25 169 13  13 4
= 1+   = 1+ = =
12
  144 144 12 = cos (α − β )
12 = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
cos α =
13 12 4 5 3
= ⋅ + ⋅
13 5 13 5
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 48 15
2 = +
 12  144 25 5 65 65
= 1−   = 1− = =
13
  169 169 13 63
=
65
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β
 4 12 
 3
2
9 16 4 80. cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
= 1−  −  = 1− = =  3 13 
 5 25 25 5
4 12
Let α = tan −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
 5  3  3 13
cos  tan −1 − sin −1  −  
 12  5  4
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then tan α = ,
= cos (α − β ) 3
= cos α cos β + sin α sin β π 12 π
0<α < , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 13 2
 12   4   5   3  48 15 33
=  ⋅  +  ⋅ −  = − =
 13   5   13   5  65 65 65 sec α = 1 + tan 2 α
2
 5 3 4 16 25 5
79. cos  sin −1 − tan −1  = 1+   = 1+ = =
 13 4 3 9 9 3
5 3 3
Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . α is in cos α =
13 4 5

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

sin α = 1 − cos 2 α  3 π
tan  sin −1  + tan
 −1 3 π   5 6
2 tan  sin + =
3 9 16 4  5 6  −1 3  π
= 1−   = 1− = = 1 − tan  sin  ⋅ tan
5 25 25 5  5  6
3 3
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β +
= 4 3
 12 
2
144 25 5 3 3
= 1−   = 1− = = 1− ⋅
4 3
 13  169 169 13
9+ 3
 4 12 
= 12
cos  tan −1 + cos −1 
 3 13  12 − 3 3
= cos (α + β ) 12
9 + 3 12 + 3 3
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β = ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
 3   12   4   5 
=  ⋅  −  ⋅  108 + 75 3 + 36
 5   13   5   13  =
144 − 27
36 20
= − 144 + 75 3
65 65 =
117
16
= 48 + 25 3
65 =
39
 3 π
81. tan  sin −1 + 
 5 6 π 3
82. tan  − cos −1 
3  4 5 
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3
Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
3 π 5
sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2 3 π
cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
5 2
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = = 2
5 25 25 5 3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
5
  25 25 5
3
sin α 5 3 5 3 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = sin α 5 4 5 4
cos α 4 5 4 4 tan α = = = ⋅ =
5 cos α 3 5 3 3
5
π  3
tan − tan  cos −1 
π 3  4  5 
tan  − cos −1  =
4 5 π  −1 3 
1 + tan ⋅ tan  cos 
4  5
4 1
1− −
3 1 3 1
= = 3 =− ⋅ =−
4 7 3 7 7
1 + 1⋅
3 3

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 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

 4   4 
83. tan  sin −1 + cos −1 1 sin  cos −1 + sin −1 1
 5   −1 4   5 
tan  cos + sin −1 1 =
−1 4  5  tan  cos −1 4 + sin −1 1
Let α = sin and β = cos −11 ; α is in  
5  5 
4 π sin (α + β )
quadrant I. Then sin α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and =
5 2 cos (α + β )
cos β = 1 , 0 ≤ β ≤ π . So, β = cos −1 1 = 0 . sin α cos β + cos α sin β
=
cos α cos β − sin α sin β
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
3 4
4
2
16 9 3   (0) +   (1)
=  5
= 1−   = 1− = = 5
5 25 25 5 4 3
  (0) −   (1)
4 5 5
sin α 5 4 5 4 4
tan α = = = ⋅ = 4
cos α 3 5 3 3 = 5 =−
5 3 3
−
 −1 4  5
tan  sin − cos −1 1
 5 
(
85. cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v )
 4 
 5
(
tan  sin −1  + tan cos −1 1 ) Let α = cos −1 u and β = sin −1 v .
= Then cos α = u, 0 ≤ α ≤ π , and
 4
 5
(
1 − tan  sin −1  ⋅ tan cos −1 1 ) π π
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤
4 4 2 2
+0 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4
= 3 = 3=
4 sin α = 1 − cos 2 α = 1 − u 2
1− ⋅ 0 1 3
3 cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2
 4 
84. tan  cos −1 + sin −1 1
( )
cos cos −1 u + sin −1 v = cos(α + β )
 5  = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
−1 4
Let α = cos and β = sin -1 1 ; α is in = u 1 − v2 − v 1 − u 2
5
4
quadrant I. Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ , and
π (
86. sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
5 2 −1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π −1 π
sin β = 1 , − ≤β ≤ . So, β = sin 1 = . π π
2 2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
2 2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1
4 16 9 3
= 1−   = 1− = = cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2
5
  25 25 5
3 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2

tan α =
sin α 5 3 5 3
= = ⋅ = , but tan is
π ( )
sin sin −1 u − cos −1 v = sin(α − β )
cos α 4 5 4 4 2 = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
5
undefined. Therefore, we cannot use the sum = uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2
formula for tangent. Rewriting using sine and
cosine, we obtain:

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

(
87. sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
Let α = tan −1 u and β = sin −1 v . Then 1
= 1−
π π u2 +1
tan α = u, − < α < , and
2 2 u2 +1−1
π π =
sin β = v, − ≤ β ≤ . u2 +1
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 u2
= 2
u +1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 u
=
1 u2 +1
cos α =
u2 + 1
sec β = tan 2 β + 1 = v 2 + 1
cos β = 1 − sin 2 β = 1 − v 2 1
cos β =
2
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α v +1

1 sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
= 1− 2
u +1 1
= 1−
u2 +1−1 2
v +1
=
u2 +1 v2 + 1 − 1
2 =
u v2 + 1
= 2
u +1 v2
u = 2
= v +1
u2 +1 v
=
(
sin tan −1 u − sin −1 v ) v2 + 1
= sin(α − β ) (
cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β = cos(α + β )
u 1 = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= ⋅ 1 − v2 − ⋅v
2
u +1 u2 +1 1 1 u v
2
= ⋅ − ⋅
u 1− v − v 2
u +1 v +1 2 2
u +1 2
v +1
=
u +12 1 − uv
=
u 2 + 1 ⋅ v2 + 1
(
88. cos tan −1 u + tan −1 v )
−1
Let α = tan u and β = tan −1 v . Then
(
89. tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v )
−1
Let α = sin u and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and π π
2 2 sin α = u , − ≤ α ≤ , and
π π 2 2
tan β = v, − < β < . cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π .
2 2
−∞ < u < ∞ , −∞ < v < ∞ −1 ≤ u ≤ 1 , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1

sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 − u 2

1 sin α u
cos α = tan α = =
2 cos α 1− u2
u +1

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 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2 (
sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v )
= sec(α + β )
sin β 1 − v2
tan β = = 1
cos β v =
cos(α + β )
( )
tan sin −1 u − cos −1 v = tan(α − β )
=
1
tan α − tan β cos α cos β − sin α sin β
= 1
1 + tan α tan β =
1 u
u 1 − v2 ⋅v − ⋅ 1 − v2
− 2
u +1 2
u +1
1− u2 v
= 1
u 1 − v2 =
1+ ⋅ v u 1 − v2
1− u2 v −
u2 +1 u2 +1
uv − 1 − u 2 1 − v 2 1
=
= v 1− u2 v − u 1 − v2
v 1 − u 2 + u 1 − v2 u2 +1
2
v 1− u
u2 +1
2 2 =
uv − 1 − u 1− v
= v − u 1 − v2
2 2
v 1− u + u 1− v
91. sin θ − 3 cos θ = 1
(
90. sec tan −1 u + cos −1 v ) Divide each side by 2:
Let α = tan −1 u and β = cos −1 v . Then 1 3 1
sin θ − cos θ =
2 2 2
π π
tan α = u, − < α < , and Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2
cos β = v, 0 ≤ β ≤ π . 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
−∞ < u < ∞ , −1 ≤ v ≤ 1 2 2 3
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 = u 2 + 1 2
1
1 sin(θ − φ ) =
cos α = 2
u2 + 1 π 5π
θ −φ = or θ − φ =
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α 6 6
π π π 5π
1 θ− = θ− =
= 1− 3 6 3 6
2
u +1 π 7π
θ= θ=
u2 +1−1 2 6
=
u2 +1  π 7π 
The solution set is  , .
u2
2 6 
=
u2 +1
u
=
u2 +1

sin β = 1 − cos 2 β = 1 − v 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

92. 3 sin θ + cos θ = 1 94. sin θ − cos θ = − 2

Divide each side by 2: Divide each side by 2 :
3 1 1 1 1
sin θ + cos θ = sin θ − cos θ = −1
2 2 2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using
3 1 π 1 1 π
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6 2 2 4
1 sin θ cos φ − sin φ cos θ = −1
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2
sin(θ − φ ) = −1
1
sin(θ + φ ) = 3π
2 θ −φ =
π 5π 2
θ +φ = or θ + φ = π 3π
6 6 θ− =
π π π 5π 4 2
θ+ = or θ + = 7π
6 6 6 6 θ=
4
2π
θ = 0 or θ=
3 { }
The solution set is 74π .
 2π 
The solution set is 0, . 95. tan θ + 3 = sec θ
 3 
sin θ 1
+ 3=
93. sin θ + cos θ = 2 cos θ cos θ
Divide each side by 2 : sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
1 1 sin θ + 3 cos θ = 1
sin θ + cos θ = 1 Divide each side by 2:
2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 1 3 1
sin θ + cos θ =
1 1 π 2 2 2
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = : Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
2 2 4
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = 1 1 3 π
using cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
sin(θ + φ ) = 1 2 2 3
π 1
θ +φ = sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ =
2 2
π π 1
θ+ = sin(θ + φ ) =
4 2 2
π π 5π
θ= θ +φ = or θ + φ =
4 6 6
π π π 5π
π  θ+ = θ+ =
The solution set is   . 3 6 3 6
4 π
π 11π θ=
θ =− = 2
6 6
π
But since is not in the domain of the tangent
2
11π 
function then the solution set is  .
 6 

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 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

96. cot θ + csc θ = − 3 98. Let α = tan −1 v and β = cot −1 v . Then

cos θ 1 tan α = v = cot β , and since
+ =− 3
sin θ sin θ π  π 
tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β . If
cos θ + 1 = − 3 sin θ 2  2 
π π 
3 sin θ + cos θ = −1 v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α < , so that  − α  and β
Divide each side by 2: 2  2 
3 1 1  π
both lie in the interval  0,  . If v < 0 , then
sin θ + cos θ = −  2
2 2 2
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using π π 
− < α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in
3 1 π 2 2 
cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
2 2 6  π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
1 2 
sin θ cos φ + cos θ sin φ = −
2 π  π
cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β , or
1  2  2
sin(θ + φ ) = −
2 π π
7π 11π α + β = . Thus, tan −1 v + cot −1 v = . Note
θ +φ = or θ + φ = 2 2
6 6 that v ≠ 0 since cot −1 0 is undefined.
π 7π π 11π
θ+ = or θ + =
6 6 6 6 1 1
99. Let α = tan −1   and β = tan −1 v . Because
5π v v
θ = π or θ=
3 must be defined, v ≠ 0 and so α , β ≠ 0 . Then
But since π is not in the domain of the
1 1
cotangent function then the solution set is tan α = = = cot β , and since
v tan β
 5π 
 . π  π 
 3  tan α = cot  − α  , cot  − α  = cot β .
 2   2 
97. Let α = sin −1 v and β = cos −1 v . Then
π π 
sin α = v = cos β , and since Because v > 0 , 0 < α < and so  − α  and
2  2 
π  π 
sin α = cos  − α  , cos  − α  = cos β . If  π
 2   2  β both lie in the interval  0,  . Then
 2
π π 
v ≥ 0 , then 0 ≤ α ≤ , so that  − α  and β π  π
2 2  cot  − α  = cot β implies − α = β or
2  2
 π 
both lie in the interval 0,  . If v < 0 , then π
 2 α = − β . Thus,
2
π π 
− ≤ α < 0 , so that  − α  and β both lie in 1 π
2 2  tan −1   = − tan −1 v, if v > 0 .
v 2
π 
the interval  , π  . Either way,
2  100. Let θ = tan −1 e− v . Then tan θ = e− v , so
π  π 1 π
cos  − α  = cos β implies − α = β , or cot θ = − v = ev . Because 0 < θ < , we know
2  2
e 2
π π −v
α + β = . Thus, sin −1 v + cos −1 v = . that e > 0 , which means
2 2
cot −1 ev = cot −1 ( cot θ ) = θ = tan −1 e− v .

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

(
101. sin sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) 104.
f ( x + h) − f ( x )
h
( ) (
= sin sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) cos( x + h) − cos x
+ cos ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )
−1 −1 h
cos x cos h − sin x sin h − cos x
=
= v ⋅ v + 1 − v2 1 − v2 h
= v2 + 1 − v2 − sin x sin h + cos x cos h − cos x
=
h
=1
− sin x sin h − cos x (1 − cos h )
=
(
102. cos sin −1 v + cos −1 v ) sin h
h
1 − cos h
( ) (
= cos sin −1 v cos cos −1 v ) = − sin x ⋅
h
− cos x ⋅
h

− sin ( sin v ) sin ( cos v )

−1 −1

= 1 − v2 ⋅ v − v ⋅ 1 − v2
=0

f ( x + h) − f ( x )
103.
h
sin( x + h) − sin x
=
h
sin x cos h + cos x sin h − sin x
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x + sin x cos h
=
h
cos x sin h − sin x (1 − cos h )
=
h
sin h 1 − cos h
= cos x ⋅ − sin x ⋅
h h

( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan tan −1 3( )
105. a. ( ) (( )
tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = ) (
1 − tan tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 ) tan ( tan 3)
−1

( ) (
tan tan −1 1 + tan tan −1 2 ) +3
1+ 2 3
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1 +3 +3
−3 + 3 0
= = 1 − 1⋅ 2 = −1 = = =0
tan ( tan 1) + tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1
1−
1 + 2 3
⋅ 3 1 − ⋅ 3 1 + 9 10
1− ⋅3 1 − 1⋅ 2 −1
1 − tan ( tan 1) tan ( tan 2 )
−1 −1

π π
b. From the definition of the inverse tangent function we know 0 < tan −1 1 < , 0 < tan −1 2 < , and
2 2
π 3π  3π 
0 < tan −1 3 < . Thus, 0 < tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 < . On the interval  0,  , tan θ = 0 if and only if
2 2  2 
θ = π . Therefore, from part (a), tan −1 1 + tan −1 2 + tan −1 3 = π .

760
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 Section 6.5: Sum and Difference Formulas

(
106. cos φ sin 2 (ωt ) − sin φ sin (ωt ) cos (ωt ) = sin (ω t ) cos φ sin (ω t ) − sin φ cos (ω t ) )
= sin (ωt ) ( sin (ωt ) cos φ − cos (ω t ) sin φ )
= sin (ωt ) sin (ωt − φ )

107. Note that θ = θ 2 − θ1 .

tan θ 2 − tan θ1 m − m1
Then tan θ = tan (θ 2 − θ1 ) = = 2
1 + tan θ 2 tan θ1 1 + m2 m1

108. sin(α − θ )sin( β − θ )sin(γ − θ )

= ( sin α cosθ − cos α sin θ )( sin β cosθ − cos β sin θ )( sin γ cosθ − cos γ sin θ )
  cosθ     cosθ     cosθ  
= sin θ  sin α   − cos α  sin θ  sin β   − cos β  sin θ  sin γ   − cos γ 
  sin θ     sin θ     sin θ  
  cosθ cos α     cosθ cos β    cosθ cos γ 
= sin 3 θ  sin α  −    sin β  −   sin γ  − 
  sin θ sin α     sin θ sin β    sin θ sin γ 
= sin 3 θ ( sin α ( cot θ − cot α ) ) ( sin β ( cot θ − cot β ) ) ( sin γ ( cot θ − cot γ ) )
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ ( cot β + cot γ )( cot α + cot γ )( cot α + cot β )
 cos β cos γ  cos α cos γ  cos α cos β 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ  +  +  + 
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
 sin(γ + β )  sin(γ + α )  sin( β + α ) 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ    
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
 sin(180º − α )  sin(180º − β )  sin(180º − γ ) 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ    
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
 sin α  sin β  sin γ 
= sin 3 θ sin α sin β sin γ    
 sin β sin γ  sin α sin γ  sin α sin β 
= sin 3 θ

109. If tan α = x + 1 and tan β = x − 1 , then 110. The first step in the derivation,
1 π
2cot (α − β ) = 2 ⋅  π  tan θ + tan 2
tan (α − β ) tan  θ +  = , is impossible
 2  1 − tan θ ⋅ tan π
2 2
=
tan α − tan β
π
1 + tan α tan β because tan is undefined.
2
2 (1 + tan α tan β )
=
tan α − tan β 111. If formula (7) is used, we obtain
2 (1 + ( x + 1)( x − 1) ) π
tan − tan θ
= π  2
x + 1 − ( x − 1) tan  − θ  = . However, this is
 2  1 + tan π ⋅ tan θ
=
( (
2 1 + x2 − 1 )) 2
x +1− x +1 π
impossible because tan is undefined. Using
2x2 2
=
2
2
=x

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

formulas (3a) and (3b), we obtain 1 1 5 5

π cos θ = = ⋅ =
sin −θ sec θ 5 5 5
π 2
tan −θ = . sin θ
2 π tan θ = , so
cos −θ cos θ
2
 5 2 5
cos θ sin θ = ( tan θ )( cos θ ) = −2   = − .
= = cot θ  5  5
sin θ
1 1 5 5
csc θ = = =− =−
112. x 2 + 5 x + 1 = −2 x 2 − 11x − 4 sin θ 2 5 2 5 2
−
3x 2 + 16 x + 5 = 0 5
(3x + 1)( x + 5) = 0 1 1 1
cot θ = = =−
3x + 1 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 tan θ −2 2
1
x=− x = −5
3
For x = −
1 Section 6.6
3
1 1
2 1. sin 2 θ , 2 cos 2 θ , 2sin 2 θ
y= − + 5 − +1
3 3 2. 1 − cos θ
1 5 5
= − +1 = −
9 3 9 3. sin θ
For x = −5
4. True
y = ( −5) + 5 ( −5) + 1
2

= 25 − 25 + 1 = 1 5. False, only the first one is equivalent.

The intersection points are:
6. False, you cannot add the arguments or tan.
1 5
− , − , ( −5,1)
3 9 3 π θ π
7. sin θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which
5 2 2 4
17π 180 θ
113. ⋅ = 510° means lies in quadrant I.
6 π 2
y = 3, r = 5
π
114. 45° = radians x 2 + 32 = 52 , x > 0
4
1 2 1 π x 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, x > 0
A= r θ = (6)2
2 2 4 x=4
36π 9π 4 3
= = ≈ 14.14 cm 2 So, cos θ = and tan θ = .
8 2 5 4
3 4 24
115. tan θ = − 2 and 270° < θ < 360° (quadrant IV) a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
Using the Pythagorean Identities:
sec 2 θ = tan 2 θ + 1 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2
sec 2 θ = ( −2 ) + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5
2  4 3 16 9 7
=   −  = − =
   
5 5 25 25 25
sec θ = ± 5
Note that sec θ must be positive since θ lies in
quadrant IV. Thus, sec θ = 5 .

762
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

θ 1 − cosθ θ 1 − cos θ
c. sin = c. sin =
2 2 2 2
4 1 3 2
1− 1−
= 5 = 5 = 1 = 1 10 = 10 5 = 5 = 1= 1 5= 5
2 2 10 10 10 10 =
2 2 5 5 5 5
θ 1 + cosθ
d. cos = θ 1 + cos θ
2 2 d. cos =
2 2
4 9
1+ 3 8
= 5 = 5 = 9 = 3 10 = 3 10 1+
2 2 10 10 10 10 = 5 = 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 2 5 5 5 5
2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 2 tan θ
1 − tan 2 θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
3 3 3
2  4 8 8
 4 2 24 2 
= = = 2 =  3 24
9 7 = 3 = 3 =−
2
3 1− 7 =
1−   16 16 4
2
16 7 7
4 1−   1− −
 
3 9 9
f. The angle is in QI so
f. The angle is in QI so
θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 45
tan   = + = θ  1 − cos θ 1 − 53
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 54 tan   = + =
2 1 + cos θ 1 + 53
1
1 1
= 5
= = 2
1 1
9
5
9 3 = 5
= =
8
5
4 2
3 π θ π
8. cos θ = , 0 < θ < . Thus, 0 < < , which 4 3π π θ 3π
5 2 2 4 9. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < ,
θ 3 2 2 2 4
means lies in quadrant I. θ
2 which means lies in quadrant II.
x = 3, r = 5 2
x = −3, y = − 4
32 + y 2 = 52 , y > 0
y 2 = 25 − 9 = 16, y > 0 r 2 = (−3) 2 + (− 4) 2 = 9 + 16 = 25
y=4 r =5
4 4 4 3 4
So, sin θ = and tan θ = . sin θ = − , cos θ = − , tan θ =
5 3 5 5 3
4 3 24 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 4   3  24
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ  5   5  25
2 2
3  4 9 16 7 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=   −  = − =−
   
5 5 25 25 25 2 2
 3  4 9 16 7
= −  −−  = − =−
 5  5  25 25 25

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

θ 1 − cos θ a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

c. sin =
2 2  5  2 5 4
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − =
 3  5   5  5
1−  − 
=  5 b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
 2 5  5
8 =  −  −− 
 5   5 
= 5 = 4= 2 5=2 5
2 5 5 5 5 20 5 15 3
= − = =
θ 1 + cos θ 25 25 25 5
d. cos =−
2 2  −2 5 
1 −  
 3 θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=  5 
1+  −  c.
 5 2 2 2
=−
2 5+ 2 5
2 5
=
5 1 1 5 5 2
=− =− =− =−
2 5 5 5 5
5+ 2 5
=
2 tan θ 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ  −2 5 
1 +  
4 8 8
2 
d.
θ
cos = −
1 + cos θ
=−  5 
 3 24
= = 3 = 3 =− 2 2 2
4
2
16 7 7
1−   1− − 5−2 5
3
  9 9
=− 5
f. The angle is in QII so 2

θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( − 53 ) =−
5−2 5
tan   = − =− 10
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( − 53 )
8
2 tan θ
=− 5
= − 4 = −2 e. tan ( 2θ ) =
2
5
1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
1 3π π θ 3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
2
10. tan θ = , π <θ < . Thus, < < , = =
2 2 2 2 4 1 1 3 3
1−   1−
θ 2 4 4
which means lie in quadrant II.
2
x = − 2, y = −1
r 2 = (− 2) 2 + (−1) 2 = 4 + 1 = 5
r= 5
1 5 2 2 5
sin θ = − =− , cos θ = − =−
5 5 5 5
1
tan θ =
2

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

f. The angle is in QII so  6

θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( )
2
5
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
=
1 −  −
 3 


2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
2
5
2 2 2

5 +2
3+ 6
5 5+2 5 3
=− 5 −2
=− =
5
5−2 5 2

=−
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 ) =
3+ 6
6
(5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
 6
25 + 20 5 + 20 45 + 20 5 1 +  − 
=− =− d.
θ
cos =
1 + cos θ
=  3 
25 − 20 5 2 2 2
= − 9+4 5 3− 6
= 3
2
6 π π θ π
11. cos θ = − , < θ < π . Thus, < < , 3− 6
3 2 4 2 2 =
6
θ
which means lies in quadrant I.
2 2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
x = − 6, r = 3 1 − tan 2 θ
(− 6 )
2
+ y 2 = 32  2
2  − 
2  − 2 2
y2 = 9 − 6 = 3 =  = =− = −2 2
 2
2
1 1
y= 3 1−
1 −   2 2
 2 
3 2
sin θ = and tan θ = −
3 2 f. The angle is in QI so
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( )
3
6

 3  6
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( )
3
6

 3   3 
3+ 6
2 18 6 2 2 2 3+ 6
=− =− =− = 3
3− 6
=
9 9 3 3
3− 6

b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ

=
(3 + 6 ) ⋅ (3 + 6 ) = 9+6 6 +6

=  −
6  3
 − 
2


2
(3 − 6 ) (3 + 6 ) 9−6

 3   3  15 + 6 6
6 3 3 1 = = 5+ 2 6
= − = = 3
9 9 9 3

3 3π 3π θ
12. sin θ = − , < θ < 2π . Thus, < <π,
3 2 4 2
θ
which means lies in quadrant II.
2

765
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

y = − 3, r = 3 f. The angle is in QII so

(
x2 + − 3 )
2
=3 θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( )
3
6

x2 = 9 − 3 = 6
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( )
3
6

x= 6 3− 6
3− 6
=− 3
=−
6 2 3+ 6
3+ 6
cos θ = and tan θ = − 3
3 2
=−
(3 − 6 ) ⋅ (3 − 6 )
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
(3 + 6 ) (3 − 6 )
 3  6
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   9−6 6 +6 15 − 6 6
 3   3  =− =−
9−6 3
2 18 6 2 2 2
=− =− =− = − 5−2 6
9 9 3
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ π
13. sec θ = 3, sin θ > 0 , so 0 < θ < . Thus,
 6  3
2 2
2
=   −  −  θ π θ
 3   3  0< <, which means lies in quadrant I.
2 4 2
6 3 3 1 1
= − = = cos θ = , x = 1 , r = 3 .
9 9 9 3 3
6 12 + y 2 = 32
1−
θ 1 − cos θ 3 y2 = 9 −1 = 8
c. sin = =
2 2 2
y= 8=2 2
3− 6 2 2
3 sin θ = and tan θ = 2 2
= 3
2
2 2 1 4 2
3− 6 a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
= 3 3 9
6
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
6
1+ 2
1 2 2 
2
θ 1 + cos θ 3 1 8 7
d. cos = − =− =   −   = − = −
2 2 2 3  3  9 9 9
3+ 6
θ 1 − cos θ
3 c. sin =
=− 2 2
2
1 2
3+ 6 1−
=− = 3 = 3 = 1= 1 3= 3
6 2 2 3 3 3 3

2 tan θ θ 1 + cos θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) = d. cos =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2
 2 1 4
2  −  1+
 2  − 2 2 = 3 = 3 = 2
=
2 3
=
6
= = =− = −2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
 2
2
1 1
1−
1 −   2 2
 2 

766
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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

2 tan θ  2 5
e. tan ( 2θ ) = 1 +  −
1 − tan 2 θ 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 

=
( )
2 2 2
=
4 2
=−
4 2
d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
1− (2 2 )
2
1− 8 7 5−2 5
=− 5
f. The angle is in QI so 2

θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 13 ) 5−2 5
tan   = = =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 13 ) 10
2
1 2 2 tan θ
= = = tan ( 2θ ) =
3
e.
4
3
2 2 1 − tan 2 θ
1
2 
3π 1 1 4
=  2 =
14. csc θ = − 5, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus, 2
= =
2  
1 1 3 3
1−   1−
π θ 3π θ 4 4
< < , which means lies in quadrant II. 2
2 2 4 2
−1 5 f. The angle is in QII so
sin θ = =− , r = 5, y = −1
5 5
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( ) 2
5

( 5)
2
x 2 + (−1) 2 = 2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5

x2 = 5 − 1 = 4 5 +2
5 5+2 5
x = −2 =− =− = − 9+4 5
5 −2
5
5−2 5
−2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− and tan θ =
5 5 2
π
15. cot θ = −2, sec θ < 0 , so < θ < π . Thus,
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ 2
 5  2 5 4 π θ π θ
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  − = < < , which means lies in quadrant I.
 5   5  5 4 2 2 2
x = − 2, y = 1
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ r 2 = (− 2) 2 + 12 = 4 + 1 = 5
2 2
 2 5  5 r= 5
=  −  −− 
 5   5  1 5
sin θ = = ,
20 5 15 3 5 5
= − = =
25 25 25 5 −2 2 5 1
cos θ = =− , tan θ = −
 2 5 5 5 2
1 −  − 
θ 1 − cos θ  5  a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
c. sin = =
2 2 2  5  2 5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =−
5+2 5  5   5  25 5

= 5
2
5+2 5
=
10

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ f. The angle is in QI so

2
 2 5  5
2
θ 
tan   =
1 − cos θ
=
1− − ( ) 2
5
=  −  − 
 5   5  2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( ) 2
5

20 5 15 3
= − = = 5 +2
5+2 5
25 25 25 5 = 5
=
5 −2
5
5−2 5
 2 5
1 −  −
c.
θ
sin =
1 − cos θ
= 

5 
=
(5 + 2 5 ) ⋅ (5 + 2 5 )
2 2 2 (5 − 2 5 ) (5 + 2 5 )
5+2 5
25 + 40 5 + 20 45 + 40 5
= 5 = =
2 25 − 20 5

5+2 5 = 9+4 5
=
10

 2 5
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  5 
d. cos = =
2 2 2
5−2 5
= 5
2
5−2 5
=
10

2 tan θ
e. tan ( 2θ ) =
1 − tan 2 θ
 1
2 − 
−1 1 4
= 
2
= =− =−
 1 
2
1 3 3
1−  −  1−
 2 4 4

768
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

3π 3π
16. sec θ = 2, csc θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus, 17. tan θ = − 3, sin θ < 0 , so < θ < 2π . Thus,
2 2
3π θ θ 3π θ θ
< < π , which means lies in quadrant < < π , which means lies in quadrant II.
4 2 2 4 2 2
II. x = 1, y = −3
1 r 2 = 12 + (−3) 2 = 1 + 9 = 10
cos θ = , x = 1, r = 2
2
r = 10
12 + y 2 = 22
−3 3 10 1 10
y2 = 4 −1 = 3 sin θ = =− , cos θ = = ,
10 10 10 10
y= 3 tan θ = −3
3 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ = − and tan θ = − 3
2
 3 10   10 
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  
a. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ  10   10 
 3 1 3 6 3
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅   = − =− =−
 2   2 2 10 5
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2
1 
2
3 1 3 1  10   3 10 
=   −  −  = − = − =   −  − 
2  2  4 4 2  10   10 
θ 1 − cos θ 10 90 80 4
c. sin = = − =− =−
2 2 100 100 100 5
1 1 10
1− 1−
= 2 = 2 = 1 =1 θ
1 − cos θ 10
2 2 4 2 c. sin = =
2 2 2
θ 1 + cos θ 10 − 10
d. cos =−
2 2 10
=
1 3 2
1+
=− 2 =− 2 =− 3 =− 3 10 − 10
2 2 4 2 =
20
2 tan θ 1 10 − 10
e. tan ( 2θ ) = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 5

=
( )
2 − 3
=
−2 3
= 3
1− (− 3)
2
1− 3

f. The angle is in QII so

θ  1 − cos θ 1 − ( 12 )
tan   = − =−
2 1 + cos θ 1 + ( 12 )
1
1 3
=− 2
=− =−
3
2
3 3

769
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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

10 a. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ

1+
θ 1 + cos θ 10  10   3 10  6 3
d. cos =− =− = 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  = =
2 2 2
 10   10  10 5
10 + 10
b. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
=− 10
2 2
2  3 10   10 
=  −  −  − 
=−
10 + 10  10   10 
20 90 10 80 4
= − = =
1 10 + 10 100 100 100 5
=−
2 5  3 10 
1 −  − 
2 tan θ θ 1 − cos θ  10 
e. tan ( 2θ ) = c. sin = =
1 − tan 2 θ 2 2 2
2 ( −3) −6 6 3 10 + 3 10
= = =− =
1 − ( −3 )
2
1− 9 −8 4 = 10
2
f. The angle is in QII so 10 + 3 10
=
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− ( ) 1
10
20
 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ ( ) 1 1 10 + 3 10
10 =
2 5
10 − 1 10 − 10
=− =−
10 + 1 10 + 10  3 10 
1 +  − 
θ 1 + cos θ  10 
=−
(10 − 10 ) ⋅ (10 − 10 ) d. cos = −
2 2
=−
2
(10 + 10 ) (10 − 10 )
10 − 3 10
100 − 20 10 + 10 110 − 20 10 =− 10
=− =− 2
100 − 10 90
10 − 3 10
11 − 2 10 =−
=− 20
3
1 10 − 3 10
=−
2 5
3π
18. cot θ = 3, cos θ < 0 , so π < θ < . Thus,
2 2 tan θ
π θ 3π θ e. tan ( 2θ ) =
< < which means is in quadrant II. 1 − tan 2 θ
2 2 4 2 1 2
x = −3, y = −1 2 
=  2 =
3 3=3
r 2 = (−3) 2 + (−1) 2 = 9 + 1 = 10 1 8 4
1−   9
r = 10 3
1 10
sin θ = − =− ,
10 10
3 3 10 1
cos θ = − =− and tan θ =
10 10 3

770
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

f. The angle is in QII so  7π  7π

1 − cos
θ 
tan   = −
1 − cos θ
=−
1− − ( 3
10 ) 21. tan
7π  4 
= tan   =−
4
7π
8  2 
2 1 + cos θ 1+ − ( 3
10 ) 1 + cos
4
10 + 3 10 + 3 10 2
=− =− 1−
10 − 3 10 − 3 10 =− 2 ⋅2
2 2
=−
(10 + 3 10 ) ⋅ (10 + 3 10 ) 1+
2
(10 − 3 10 ) (10 + 3 10 )  2− 2  2− 2 
= −   ⋅  
100 + 60 10 + 90 190 + 60 10 2+ 2  2− 2 
=− =−
100 − 90
(2 − 2 )
2
10
= − 19 + 6 10 =−
2
 2− 2 
= −  
 45°   2 
19. sin 22.5° = sin  
 2  =− ( 2 −1 )
1 − cos 45°
= = 1− 2
2

1−
2  9π  9π
2− 2 2− 2  4  1 − cos
2 = 9π 4
= = 22. tan = tan  =
2 4 2 8  2  9π
1 + cos
4
 45° 
20. cos 22.5° = cos   2
 2  1−
2 2
= ⋅
1 + cos 45° 2 2
= 1+
2 2
2  2− 2   2− 2 
1+ = 
= 2 = 2+ 2
=
2+ 2  ⋅  
 2+ 2   2− 2 
2 4 2
(2 − 2 )
2

=
2
2− 2
=
2
= 2 −1
= −1 + 2

 330° 
23. cos165° = cos  
 2 
1 + cos 330°
=−
2
3
1+
=− 2 = − 2+ 3 = − 2+ 3
2 4 2
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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 390°  1 − cos 390° 7π 1 1

24. sin195° = sin  26. csc = =
 =− 8 sin 7 π  7π 
 2  2
 
8 sin  4 
3  2 
1−
2 1
=− =
2 7π
1 − cos
2− 3 4
=− 2
4
1
=
2− 3 2
=− 1−
2 2
2
15π 1 1 1
25. sec = = =
8 15π  15π 
cos 2− 2
8  
cos  4  4
 2  2
1 =
= 2− 2
15π
1 + cos  2   2− 2
4 = ⋅ 
2  2− 2   2− 2 
  
1 2 2− 2  2+ 2
= = ⋅ 
2  2 − 2   2 + 2 
1+  
2
2 =
(
2 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
1 2
=
2+ 2 (
= 2+ 2 ) 2− 2
4
2  π
=  π − 
2+ 2 27. sin  −  = sin  4 
 8  2 
 2   2+ 2 
= ⋅   π
 2+ 2   2+ 2  1 − cos  − 
    =−  4
 2 2+ 2   2− 2  2
= ⋅ 
 2 + 2   2 − 2  1−
2
  2 = − 2− 2 = − 2− 2
=−
=
(
2 2− 2 ) 2+ 2 2 4 2
2
 3π 
(
= 2− 2 ) 2+ 2  3π  − 
28. cos  −  = cos  4 
 8   2 
 3π 
1 + cos  − 
=  4 
2
 2
1 +  − 
 2  2− 2 2− 2
= = =
2 4 2

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

29. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 . θ

32. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so 2
θ
a 2 + 22 = 5 quadrant I. Therefore, sin is positive. From the
2 2 2
a = 5−2
5
a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1 solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5
(a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ  θ 1 − cos θ
b 2 2 5 Thus, f   = sin =
Thus, sin θ = = = and 2 2 2
r 5 5
− 5
a −1 5 1 −  
cos θ = = =− . Thus,  5 
r 5 5 =
2
f ( 2θ ) = sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ
5+ 5
2 5  5 20 4
= 2 ⋅   ⋅  −  = − =− = 5
 5   5  25 5 2

30. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 5+ 5

=
2 5 5 10
sin θ = and cos θ = − .
5 5
=
(
10 5 + 5 )
Thus, g ( 2θ ) = cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 10
2 2
 5 2 5
=  −  −   33. θ lies in quadrant II. Since x 2 + y 2 = 5 , r = 5 .
 5   5  Now, the point (a, 2) is on the circle, so
5 20 15 3
= − =− =− a 2 + 22 = 5
25 25 25 5
a 2 = 5 − 22
θ a = − 5 − 2 2 = − 1 = −1
31. Note: Since θ lies in quadrant II, must lie in
2 (a is negative because θ lies in quadrant II.)
θ b 2
quadrant I. Therefore, cos is positive. From the Thus, tan θ = = = −2 .
2 a −1
5 h ( 2θ ) = tan ( 2θ )
solution to Problem 29, we have cos θ = − .
5 2 tan θ
=
θ  θ 1 + cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
Thus, g   = cos =
2 2 2 2 ( −2 ) −4 −4 4
= = = =
− 5 1 − ( −2 )
2
1 − 4 −3 3
1 +  
=  5 
2
5− 5
= 5
2
5− 5
=
10

=
(
10 5 − 5 )
10

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

34. From the solution to Problem 29, we have 36. From the solution to Problem 35, we have
2 5 5 15 1
sin θ = and cos θ = − . Thus, sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus,
5 5 4 4
− 5 f ( 2α ) = sin ( 2α )
1 −  
θ  θ 1 − cos θ  5  = 2sin α cos α
h   = tan = =
2 2 sin θ 2 5  15   1  15
= 2 ⋅  −  ⋅  −  =
5  4   4 8
5+ 5
= 5 α
37. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2 5 2
5 α
quadrant II. Therefore, sin is positive. From
5+ 5 2
=
2 5 1
the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
5+ 5 5 4
= ⋅ α  α
2 5 5 Thus, f   = sin
2 2
5 5 +5
= 1 − cos α
10 =
2
5 +1 1+ 5
= =  1
2 2 1−  − 
=  4
35. α lies in quadrant III. Since x 2 + y 2 = 1 , 2
 1  5
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the
 4  = 4 = 5 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10 = 10
circle, so 2 8 8 2 16 4
2
 1
−  +b =1
2
α
 4 38. Note: Since α lies in quadrant III, must lie in
2
2
 1 α
b2 = 1 −  −  quadrant II. Therefore, cos is negative. From
 4 2
2 1
 1 15 15 the solution to Problem 35, we have cos α = − .
b = − 1−  −  = − =− 4
 4 16 4
Thus,
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.)
α  α
1 g   = cos
− 2
  2
a 1
Thus, cos α = = 4 = − and
r 1 4 1 + cos α
=−
15 2
−
b 4 = − 15 . Thus,  1
sin α = = 1+  − 
r 1 4  4
=−
g ( 2α ) = cos ( 2α ) = cos α − sin 2 α
2
2
2
 1   15 
2 3
=  −  −   3 3 2 6 6
 4   4  =− 4 =− =− ⋅ =− =−
2 8 8 2 16 4
1 15 14 7
= − =− =−
16 16 16 8

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

39. From the solution to Problem 35, we have

( )
2
41. sin 4 θ = sin 2 θ
15 1
sin α = − and cos α = − . Thus, 2
4 4  1 − cos ( 2θ ) 
= 
α  α 1 − cos α  2 
h   = tan =
2 2 sin α 1
= 1 − 2 cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ ) 
 1 4
1−  − 
= 
4 1 1 1
= − cos ( 2θ ) + cos 2 ( 2θ )
15 4 2 4
−
4 1 1 1  1 + cos ( 4θ ) 
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) +  
4 2 4 2 
= 4 1 1 1 1
15 = − cos ( 2θ ) + + cos ( 4θ )
− 4 2 8 8
4
3 1 1
5 = − cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ )
=− 8 2 8
15
5 15 42. sin ( 4θ ) = sin ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=− ⋅
15 15 = 2sin ( 2θ ) cos ( 2θ )
=−
5 15
15
= 2(2sin θ cos θ ) 1 − 2sin 2 θ( )
15 (
= 4sin θ cos θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ )
=−
3
 (
= ( cos θ )  4sin θ 1 − 2sin 2 θ 
 )
40. α lies in quadrant III. Since x + y = 1 , 2 2
(
= ( cos θ ) 4sin θ − 8sin θ 3
)
 1 
r = 1 = 1 . Now, the point  − , b  is on the 43. cos(3θ ) = cos(2θ + θ )
 4 
circle, so = cos ( 2θ ) cos θ − sin ( 2θ ) sin θ

( )
2
 1 2 = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 cos θ − 2sin θ cos θ sin θ
−  +b =1
 4
2
= 2 cos θ − cos θ − 2sin 2 θ cos θ
3

 1
b2 = 1 −  − 
 4
(
= 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 1 − cos 2 θ cos θ )
2 = 2 cos3 θ − cos θ − 2 cos θ + 2 cos3 θ
 1 15 15
b = − 1−  −  = − =− = 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ
 4 16 4
(b is negative because α lies in quadrant III.) 44. cos ( 4θ ) = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
15
− = 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1
b 4 = 15 .
Thus, tan θ = =
( )
2
a 1 = 2 2 cos 2 θ − 1 − 1
−
4
= 2 ( 4 cos 4
θ − 4 cos 2 θ + 1) − 1
h ( 2α ) = tan ( 2α )
2 tan α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1
=
1 − tan 2 α = 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1

=
2 ( 15 ) =
2 15 2 15
= =−
15
1 − ( 15 )
2
1 − 15 −14 7

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

45. We use the result of problem 42 to help solve cos θ sin θ

−
this problem: cot θ − tan θ sin θ cos θ
sin ( 5θ ) = sin(4θ + θ )
48. =
cot θ + tan θ cos θ + sin θ
= sin ( 4θ ) cosθ + cos ( 4θ ) sin θ sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
( )
= cosθ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ cosθ + cos ( 2(2θ ) ) sin θ
= sin θ cos θ
( ) (
= cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ ) sin θ
2 3
) cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
( )(
= 1 − sin θ 4sin θ − 8sin θ
2 3
) sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sin θ cos θ
(
+ sin θ 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cosθ )
2
) =
sin θ cos θ
⋅
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5
cos θ − sin θ
2 2
=
(
+ sin θ 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) 1
= 4sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ 3 5 = cos ( 2θ )

(
+ sin θ − 8sin 3 θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) 1 1
49. cot(2θ ) = =
= 5sin θ − 12sin θ + 8sin θ − 8sin θ + 8sin θ
3 5 3 5
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
= 16sin 5 θ − 20sin 3 θ + 5sin θ 1 − tan 2 θ
1 − tan 2 θ
46. We use the results from problems 42 and 44 to =
2 tan θ
help solve this problem:
1
cos(5θ ) = cos(4θ + θ ) 1−
= cot 2
θ
= cos ( 4θ ) cos θ − sin ( 4θ ) sin θ 2
(
= 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 1 cos θ ) cot θ
cot 2 θ − 1
( (
− cos θ 4sin θ − 8sin 3 θ sin θ ))
= cot θ
2

= 8cos θ − 8cos θ + cos θ

5 3 2
cot θ
− 4 cos θ sin 2 θ + 8cos θ sin 4 θ
cot 2 θ − 1 cot θ
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ = ⋅
cot 2 θ 2
− 4 cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) + 8cos θ (1 − cos 2 θ ) 2 cot θ − 1
2
=
= 8cos5 θ − 8cos3 θ + cos θ − 4 cos θ 2 cot θ
+ 4 cos3 θ + 8cos θ (1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ )
1 1
= 8cos5 θ − 4 cos3 θ − 3cos θ 50. cot(2θ ) = =
tan(2θ ) 2 tan θ
+ 8cos θ − 16 cos3 θ + 8cos5 θ 1 − tan 2 θ
= 16 cos5 θ − 20 cos3 θ + 5cos θ 1 − tan 2 θ
=
2 tan θ
(
47. cos 4 θ − sin 4 θ = cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) 1 1 tan 2 θ 
=  − 
= 1 ⋅ cos ( 2θ ) 2  tan θ tan θ 
= cos ( 2θ ) 1
= ( cot θ − tan θ )
2

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

1 1 1
51. sec(2θ ) = =
cos(2θ ) 2 cos 2 θ − 1
56. sin 2 θ cos 2 θ =
4
(
4sin 2 θ cos 2 θ )
1 1
= ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
=
2 4
−1
sec 2 θ 1 2
= sin ( 2θ ) 
1 4
=
2 − sec 2 θ 1 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
= ⋅ 
sec 2 θ 4  2 
sec 2 θ 1
= = 1 − cos ( 4θ ) 
2 − sec 2 θ 8
1 1 θ  1 1 2
52. csc ( 2θ ) = = 57. sec 2   = = =
sin ( 2θ ) 2sin θ cos θ  2  cos 2  θ  1 + cos θ 1 + cos θ
1 1 1   2
= ⋅ ⋅ 2
2 cos θ sin θ
1 θ  1 1 2
= sec θ csc θ 58. csc 2   = = =
2  2  sin 2  θ  1 − cos θ 1 − cos θ
  2
2
53. cos 2 (2u ) − sin 2 (2u ) = cos [ 2(2u ) ] = cos(4u )
v 1 1
59. cot 2   = =
54. (4sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u )   tan 2  
2 v 1 − cos v
  1 + cos v
= 2(2sin u cos u )(1 − 2sin 2 u ) 2
= 2sin 2u cos 2u 1 + cos v
=
= sin ( 2 ⋅ 2u ) 1 − cos v
1
= sin ( 4u ) 1+
= sec v
1
1−
cos(2θ ) cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ sec v
55. =
1 + sin(2θ ) 1 + 2sin θ cos θ sec v + 1
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = sec v
= sec v − 1
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ
(cos θ − sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) sec v
= sec v + 1 sec v
(cos θ + sin θ )(cos θ + sin θ ) = ⋅
cos θ − sin θ sec v sec v − 1
= sec v + 1
cos θ + sin θ =
cos θ − sin θ sec v − 1

= sin θ
cos θ + sin θ
sin θ
cos θ sin θ
−
= sin θ sin θ
cos θ sin θ
+
sin θ sin θ
cot θ − 1
=
cot θ + 1

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

v 1 − cos v 1 cos v sin(3θ ) cos(3θ ) sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) sin θ

60. tan = = − = csc v − cot v 63. − =
2 sin v sin v sin v sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
sin(3θ − θ )
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 − tan 2 1− sin θ cos θ
61. 2 =1 + cos θ sin 2θ
θ 1 − cos θ =
1 + tan 2 1+ sin θ cos θ
2 1 + cos θ
2sin θ cos θ
1 + cos θ − (1 − cos θ ) =
sin θ cos θ
= 1 + cos θ
1 + cos θ + 1 − cos θ =2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ
= + cos θ
1
2
1 + cos θ
2 cos θ 1 + cos θ
= ⋅
1 + cos θ 2
= cos θ

sin 3 θ + cos3 θ
62.
sin θ + cos θ
( sin θ + cos θ ) ( sin 2 θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ )
=
sin θ + cos θ
= sin θ − sin θ cos θ + cos 2 θ
2

1
( )
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ − ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2
1
= 1 − sin ( 2θ )
2

cos θ + sin θ cos θ − sin θ ( cos θ + sin θ ) − ( cos θ − sin θ )

2 2

64. − =
cos θ − sin θ cos θ + sin θ ( cos θ − sin θ )( cos θ + sin θ )

=
(
cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ − 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ )
cos θ − sin θ
2 2

cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ + sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ + 2 cos θ sin θ − sin 2 θ

=
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
4 cos θ sin θ
=
cos ( 2θ )
2(2sin θ cos θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
2sin ( 2θ )
=
cos ( 2θ )
= 2 tan ( 2θ )

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

65. tan ( 3θ ) = tan(2θ + θ )

2 tan θ 2 tan θ + tan θ − tan 3 θ
tan ( 2θ ) + tan θ + tan θ
3 tan θ − tan 3 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ
= 1 − tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ
2
= = = ⋅ =
1 − tan ( 2θ ) tan θ 1 − 2 tan θ ⋅ tan θ 1 − tan 2 θ − 2 tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ 1 − 3 tan 2 θ
1 − tan θ
2
1 − tan θ
2

66. tan θ + tan(θ + 120º ) + tan(θ + 240º )

tan θ + tan120º tan θ + tan 240º
= tan θ + +
1 − tan θ tan120º 1 − tan θ tan 240º
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
(
1 − tan θ − 3 1 − tan θ 3 ) ( )
tan θ − 3 tan θ + 3
= tan θ + +
1 + 3 tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ
( ) ( )(
tan θ 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 1 − 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 1 + 3 tan θ
2
) ( )( )
=
1 − 3 tan θ 2

tan θ − 3 tan θ + tan θ − 3 tan θ − 3 + 3 tan θ + tan θ + 3 tan 2 θ + 3 + 3 tan θ

3 2
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ
−3 tan 3 θ + 9 tan θ
=
1 − 3 tan 2 θ

=
(
3 3 tan θ − tan 3 θ )
1 − 3 tan θ 2

= 3 tan ( 3θ ) (from Problem 65)

1 1
67.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 − cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 ) 68.
2
(
⋅ ln 1 + cos ( 2θ ) − ln 2 )
1 1 − cos 2θ 1 1 + cos 2θ
= ⋅ ln = ⋅ ln
2 2 2 2
 1 − cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2
  1 + cos ( 2θ ) 1/ 2

= ln   = ln  
 2   2 
   

(
= ln sin 2 θ
1/ 2
) (
= ln cos 2 θ
1/ 2
)
= ln sin θ = ln cos θ

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

69. cos ( 2θ ) + 6sin 2 θ = 4 73. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0
1 − 2sin θ + 6sin θ = 4
2 2
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0
4sin 2 θ = 3
sin(2θ ) = 0 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0
or
3 1
sin 2 θ = cos(2θ ) = −
4 2
3 2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or
sin θ = ±
2 θ = kπ π
θ = + kπ
π 2π 4π 5π 2
θ= , , ,
3 3 3 3 2π 4π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π
 π 2π 4π 5π  3 3
The solution set is  , , , .
3 3 3 3  π 2π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ
3 3
70. cos ( 2θ ) = 2 − 2sin 2 θ On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π 
1 − 2sin 2 θ = 2 − 2sin 2 θ 0, , , , π, , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3 
1 = 2 (not possible)
The equation has no real solution.

71. cos(2θ ) = cos θ

2 cos 2 θ − 1 = cos θ 74.
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0
2 cos θ − cos θ − 1 = 0
2

(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 ( 2 cos 2

θ − 1) + ( 2 cos 2 (2θ ) − 1) = 0
2 cos θ + 1 = 0 or cos θ − 1 = 0 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 2 [ cos(2θ ) cos(2θ ) ] − 1 = 0

cos θ = −
1 cos θ = 1 ( )(
2 cos 2 θ + 2 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 2 cos 2 (θ ) − 1 − 2 = 0 )
2 θ =0
2π 4π ( 2 cos 2
θ − 1) + 2  4 cos θ − 4 cos θ + 1 − 1 = 0
4 2

θ= ,
3 3 2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 8cos 4 θ − 8cos 2 θ + 2 − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  8cos 4 θ − 6 cos 2 θ = 0
The solution set is 0, , .
 3 3 
4 cos 4 θ − 3cos 2 θ = 0
(
cos 2 θ 4 cos 2 θ − 3 = 0 )
cos (θ ) = 0 or 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2 2

3
72. sin(2θ ) = cos θ cos θ = 0 or cos 2θ =
4
2sin θ cos θ = cos θ
3
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ = 0 cos θ = ±
2
(cos θ )(2sin θ − 1) = 0
π 3π π 5π 7 π 11π
cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ = 1 θ= , or θ = , , ,
2 2 6 6 6 6
cos θ = 0 1
sin θ =
π 3π 2 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
θ= ,
2 2 π 5π  π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
θ= ,  , , , , , .
6 6 6 2 6 6 2 6 
 π π 5π 3π 
The solution set is  , , , .
6 2 6 2 

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

75. 3 − sin θ = cos(2θ ) 78. tan(2θ ) + 2 cos θ = 0

3 − sin θ = 1 − 2sin θ 2
sin(2θ )
+ 2 cos θ = 0
2sin 2 θ − sin θ + 2 = 0 cos(2θ )
This equation is quadratic in sin θ . sin ( 2θ ) + 2 cos θ cos 2θ
=0
The discriminant is b 2` − 4ac = 1 − 16 = −15 < 0 . cos ( 2θ )
The equation has no real solutions. 2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos θ (1 − 2sin 2 θ ) = 0
76. cos(2θ ) + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 (
2 cos θ sin θ + 1 − 2sin 2 θ = 0 )
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + 5cos θ + 3 = 0 − 2 cos θ ( 2sin 2
θ − sin θ − 1) = 0
2 cos 2 θ + 5cos θ + 2 = 0 − 2 cos θ (2sin θ + 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0
(2 cos θ + 1)(cos θ + 2) = 0 −2 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ + 1 = 0 or
2 cos θ = −1 or cos θ = − 2 cos θ = 0 1
1 (not possible) sin θ = −
cos θ = − π 3π 2
2 θ= ,
2 2 7π 11π
2π 4π θ= ,
θ= , 6 6
3 3 sin θ − 1 = 0
 2π 4π  sin θ = 1
The solution set is  , .
 3 3  π
θ=
2
 π 7π 3π 11π 
The solution set is  , , , .
77. tan(2θ ) + 2sin θ = 0 2 6 2 6 
sin(2θ )
+ 2sin θ = 0
cos(2θ )  1  π π 3
79. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
sin 2θ + 2sin θ cos 2θ  2  6 3 2
=0
cos 2θ
 3  π 2π 3
2sin θ cos θ + 2sin θ (2 cos 2 θ − 1) = 0 80. sin  2sin −1  = sin  2 ⋅  = sin =
 2   3  3 2
(
2sin θ cos θ + 2 cos 2 θ − 1 = 0 )
2sin θ ( 2 cos 2
θ + cos θ − 1) = 0  3  3
81. cos  2sin −1  = 1 − 2sin 2  sin −1 
2sin θ (2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0  5   5 
2
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2sin θ = 0 or 3
= 1− 2 
1 sin θ = 0 5
cos θ =
2 θ = 0, π 18
= 1−
π 5π 25
θ= ,
3 3 7
=
25
cos θ + 1 = 0
cos θ = −1
θ =π
 π 5π 
The solution set is 0, , π , .
 3 3 

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 4  4  3
82. cos  2 cos −1  = 2 cos 2  cos −1  − 1 2 tan  tan −1 
 5   5   3   4
84. tan  2 tan −1  =
2
4  4  3
= 2   −1 1 − tan 2  tan −1 
5  4
32 3
= −1 2⋅ 
25 = 4
2
7 3
= 1−  
25 4
3
  3  16
83. tan  2 cos −1  −   = 2 ⋅
  5  9 16
1−
 3 16
Let α = cos −1  −  . α lies in quadrant II. 24
 5 =
16 − 9
3 π
Then cos α = − , ≤α ≤ π. 24
5 2 =
7
5
sec α = −
3  4
85. sin  2 cos −1 
tan α = − sec α − 1
2
 5
2 4
 5 25 16 4 Let α = cos −1 . α is in quadrant I.
= −  −  −1 = − −1 = − =− 5
 3  9 9 3
4 π
  3  2 tan α Then cos α = , 0 ≤ α ≤ .
tan  2 cos −1  −   = tan 2α = 5 2
  5   1 − tan 2 α
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α
 4
2 −  2
= 
3 4 16 9 3
2 = 1−   = 1− = =
 4 5 25 25 5
1−  − 
 3  4
sin  2 cos −1  = sin 2α
8  5 
−
= 3 ⋅9 3 4 24
16 9 = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
1− 5 5 25
9
−24   4 
= 86. cos  2 tan −1  −  
9 − 16   3 
−24
=  4
−7 Let α = tan −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
 3
24
= 4 π
7 Then tan α = − , − < α < 0 .
3 2
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
2
 4 16 25 5
=  −  +1 = +1 = =
 3 9 9 3

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

3 4
cos α = cos α =
5 5
  4   3 1
cos  2 tan −1  −   = cos 2α = 2 cos 2 α − 1 sec  2 tan −1  = sec ( 2α ) =
  3  2
 4  cos ( 2α )
3 1
= 2   −1
5 =
2 cos 2 α − 1
18 1
= −1 =
25 2
4
7 2   −1
=− 5
25
1
=
32
 3 −1
1 − cos  cos −1  1 − 3 25
1 3  5 5
87. sin  cos −1  =
2
= 1
 2 5  2 2 =
7
2
25
= 5
2 25
=
1 7
=
5
  3 
90. csc  2sin −1  −  
1 3   5 
88. cos 2  sin −1 
2 5  3
Let α = sin −1  −  . α is in quadrant IV.
3  5
Let α = sin −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then
5 3 π
Then sin α = − , − ≤ α ≤ 0 .
3 π 5 2
sin α = , 0 < α < .
5 2 2
 3
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α = 1 −  − 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  5
2
3 9 16 4 9
= 1−   = 1− = = = 1−
5
  25 25 5 25
1 3 1  16
cos 2  sin −1  = cos 2  ⋅ α  =
2 5 2  25
4 9 4
1+ =
1 + cos α 5 =5= 9 5
= =
2 2 2 10   3  1
csc  2sin −1  −   = csc ( 2α ) =
  5  sin ( 2α )
 3
89. sec  2 tan −1  1
 4 =
2sin α cos α
3
Let α = tan −1   . α is in quadrant I. 1
4 =
 3  4 
3 π 2  −  
Then tan α = , 0 < α < .  5  5 
4 2 1
sec α = tan 2 α + 1 =
24
−
2 25
3 9 25 5
=   +1 = +1 = = 25
4 16 16 4 =−
24

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

91. f ( x) = 0 b. A(60º ) = 16sin ( 60º ) cos ( 60º ) + 1

sin ( 2 x ) − sin x = 0
31 
2sin x cos x − sin x = 0 = 16 ⋅  + 1
2 2 
sin x ( 2 cos x − 1) = 0
= 12 3 in 2 ≈ 20.78 in 2
sin x = 0 or 2 cos x − 1 = 0
x = 0, π 1 c. Graph Y1 = 16sin x ( cos x + 1) and use the
cos x =
2 MAXIMUM feature:
π 5π
x= , 25
3 3
π 5π
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are 0, ,π , .
3 3

92. f ( x) = 0 0 90
0
cos ( 2 x ) + cos x = 0
The maximum area is approximately
2 cos 2 x − 1 + cos x = 0
20.78 in.2 when the angle is 60˚.
2 cos 2 x + cos x − 1 = 0
( 2 cos x − 1)( cos x + 1) = 0
2 cos x − 1 = 0 or cos x + 1 = 0 1W
1 cos x = −1 95. a. D= 2
cos x = csc θ − cot θ
2 x =π
π 5π W = 2 D ( csc θ − cot θ )
x= ,
3 3 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ
csc θ − cot θ = − =
5π π sin θ sin θ sin θ
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , π , .
3 3 θ
= tan
2
93. f ( x) = 0 θ
Therefore, W = 2 D tan .
cos ( 2 x ) + sin 2 x = 0 2
cos 2 x − sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 0
b. Here we have D = 15 and W = 6.5 .
cos 2 x = 0
θ
cos x = 0 6.5 = 2 (15 ) tan
π 3π 2
x= , θ
13
2 2 tan =
π 3π 2 60
The zeros on 0 ≤ x < 2π are , . θ 13
2 2 = tan −1
2 60
94. a. cos(2θ ) + cos θ = 0 , 0º < θ < 90º 13
θ = 2 tan −1 ≈ 24.45°
2 cos 2 θ − 1 + cos θ = 0 60
2 cos 2 θ + cos θ − 1 = 0 96. (
I x sin θ cos θ − I y sin θ cos θ + I xy cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
(2 cos θ − 1)(cos θ + 1) = 0
2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or cos θ + 1 = 0 (
= Ix − I y ) ( sin θ cosθ ) + I xy ( cos2 θ − sin 2 θ )
cos θ =
1 cos θ = −1
(
= Ix − I y ) 12 sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
2 θ = 180º
θ = 60º , 300º Ix − I y
= sin 2θ + I xy cos 2θ
On the interval 0º < θ < 90º , the solution is 2
60˚.

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

20
v02 2
97. a. R (θ ) = cos θ (sin θ − cos θ )
16
v2 2
= 0 (cos θ sin θ − cos 2 θ )
16
45 90
v2 2 1 0
= 0 ⋅ (2 cos θ sin θ − 2 cos 2 θ )
16 2
The angle that maximizes the distance is
v2 2   1 + cos 2θ   67.5˚, and the maximum distance is 18.75
= 0  sin 2θ − 2  
32   2  feet.
v02 2
= sin ( 2θ ) − 1 − cos ( 2θ )  1 1
32  98. y = sin(2π x) + sin(4π x)
2 4
v2 2
= 0 sin ( 2θ ) − cos ( 2θ ) − 1 1 1
32  = sin(2π x) + sin(2 ⋅ 2π x)
2 4
1 1
b. sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 = sin(2π x) + [ 2sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
2 4
Divide each side by 2 : 1 1
1 1 = sin(2π x) + [sin(2π x) cos(2π x) ]
sin(2θ ) + cos(2θ ) = 0 2 2
2 2 1 1
Rewrite in the sum of two angles form using 2 2
(
= sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) ⋅ 2 cos 2 (π x) − 1  )
1 1 π 1 1
cos φ = and sin φ = and φ = : = sin(2π x) + sin(2π x) cos 2 (π x) − sin(2π x)
2 2 4 2 2
sin(2θ ) cos φ + cos(2θ ) sin φ = 0 = sin(2π x) cos (π x)
2

sin(2θ + φ ) = 0
2θ + φ = 0 + k π 99. Let b represent the base of the triangle.
π θ h θ b/2
2θ + = 0 + k π cos = sin =
4 2 s 2 s
π θ θ
2θ = − + k π h = s cos b = 2 s sin
4 2 2
π kπ 1
θ =− + A= b⋅h
8 2 2
3π 1  θ  θ
θ= = 67.5º = ⋅  2s sin  s cos 
8 2  2  2
θ θ
= s 2 sin cos
322 2 2 2
c. R = ( sin(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − cos(2 ⋅ 67.5º ) − 1)
32 1 2
= s sin θ
= 32 2 ( sin (135º ) − cos (135º ) − 1) 2
 2  2  y x
= 32 2  − − − 1
 2  2   100. sin θ =
1
= y; cos θ = = x
1
   
= 32 2 ( 2 −1 ) a. A = 2 xy = 2 cos θ sin θ = 2sin θ cos θ
2sin θ cos θ = sin(2θ )
( )
= 32 2 − 2 feet ≈ 18.75 feet
b.

322 2
d. Graph Y1 = ( sin(2 x) − cos(2 x) − 1) and
32
use the MAXIMUM feature:
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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

c. The largest value of the sine function is 1. 1 1

Solve: 103. ⋅ sin 2 x + C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
2 4
sin 2θ = 1 1 1
π C = − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ sin 2 x
2θ = 4 2
2 1
π (
= − ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) + 2sin 2 x
4
)
θ= = 45°
4 1
(
= − ⋅ 1 − 2sin 2 x + 2sin 2 x
4
)
π 2 π 2
d. x = cos = y = sin = 1
4 2 4 2 = − ⋅ (1)
The dimensions of the largest rectangle are 4
2 1
2 by . =−
2 4

2sin θ cos 2 θ 1 1
101. sin ( 2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = ⋅ 104. ⋅ cos 2 x + C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x )
cos θ 1 2 4
sin θ 1 1
2⋅ C = ⋅ cos ( 2 x ) − ⋅ cos 2 x
= cos θ
4 2
1 1 1
cos 2 θ 4
( 2
)
= ⋅ 2 cos x − 1 − cos 2 x
2
2 tan θ 1 1 1
= = cos 2 x − − cos 2 x
sec 2 θ 2 4 2
2 tan θ 4 1
= ⋅ =−
1 + tan 2 θ 4 4
4(2 tan θ )
= α 
4 + (2 tan θ ) 2 105. If z = tan   , then
4x 2
= α 
4 + x2 2 tan  
2z 2
=
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ 1+ z 2
α 
102. cos ( 2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = 1 + tan 2  
cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ 2
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ α 
2 tan  
= cos 2 θ 2
=
cos θ + sin 2 θ
2
α 
sec2  
cos 2 θ 2
1 − tan 2 θ 4 α  α 
= ⋅ = 2 tan   cos 2  
1 + tan 2 θ 4 2 2
4 − 4 tan 2 θ α 
= 2sin  
4 + 4 tan 2 θ  2  ⋅ cos 2  α 
=  
4 − ( 2 tan θ )
2
α  2
= cos  
4 + ( 2 tan θ )
2
2
4 − x2 α  α 
= = 2sin   cos  
4 + x2  2 2
  α 
= sin  2   
  2 
= sin α

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

α   π  π
106. If z = tan   , then  12  1 − cos
2 π 12
109. sin = sin   =
α  24  2  2
1 − tan 2  
1− z2 2 1 
1+ z2
=
2 α 
1−  ( 6+ 2 
 = 1−1
)
1 + tan  
2
=  4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
1−
1 − cos α
=
8−2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8−2 ( 6+ 2 )
= 1 + cos α
16 4
1 − cos α
1+
1 + cos α
=
( (
2 4− 6+ 2 ))
=
2
4− 6 − 2
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 4 4
= 1 + cos α
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α  π  π
 12  1 + cos
1 + cos α π 12
cos = cos   =
1 + cos α − (1 − cos α ) 24  2  2
=
1 
1 + cos α + 1 − cos α
2 cos α
1+  ( 6+ 2  )
 = 1+1
=
2
= 4
2 2 8
( 6+ 2 )
= cos α
=
8+2 ( 6+ 2 )= 8+2 ( 6+ 2 )
1 − cos ( 2 x ) 16 4
107. f ( x) = sin 2 x =
2
=
(
2 4+ 6 + 2 )= 2
4+ 6 + 2
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress 4 4
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- π π
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a 4 1 + cos
π 4
factor of 2. 110. cos = cos   =
8 2 2
2
1+
2 = 2+ 2
=
2 4
2+ 2
=
1 + cos ( 2 x ) 2
108. g ( x) = cos 2 x =
2 π
Starting with the graph of y = cos x , compress π
sin = sin 8
horizontally by a factor of 2, reflect across the x- 16 2
axis, shift 1 unit up, and shrink vertically by a π
factor of 2. 1 − cos
= 8
2

2+ 2
1−
= 2
2
2− 2+ 2
=
4
2− 2+ 2
=
2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

π π
1 + cos
π
cos = cos 8 = 8
16 2 2

2+ 2
1+
= 2
2
2+ 2+ 2
=
4

2+ 2+ 2
=
2

111. sin 3 θ + sin 3 (θ + 120º ) + sin 3 (θ + 240º )

= sin 3 θ + ( sin θ cos (120º ) + cos θ sin (120º ) ) + ( sin θ cos ( 240º ) + cos θ sin ( 240º ) )
3 3

3 3
 1 3   1 3 
= sin 3 θ +  − ⋅ sin θ + ⋅ cos θ  +  − ⋅ sin θ − ⋅ cos θ 
 2 2   2 2 
1
(
= sin 3 θ + ⋅ − sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ − 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1
(
− sin 3 θ + 3 3 sin 2 θ cos θ + 9sin θ cos 2 θ + 3 3 cos3 θ
8
)
1 3 3 9 3 3
= sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 3 θ + ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ + ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
1 3 3 9 3 3
− ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin 2 θ cos θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ − ⋅ cos3 θ
8 8 8 8
3 9 3 3
( ) (
= ⋅ sin 3 θ − ⋅ sin θ cos 2 θ = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ  = ⋅ sin 3 θ − 3sin θ + 3sin 3 θ
4 4 4 4
)
3 3
4
( 3
)
= ⋅ 4sin θ − 3sin θ = − ⋅ sin ( 3θ )
4
(from Example 2)

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 Section 6.6: Double-angle and Half-angle Formulas

 θ 1
y − y1 = ( x − x1 )
112. tan θ = tan  3 ⋅ 
 3 2
θ θ 1
3 tan − tan 3 y − ( −3) = ( x − 2)
3 3 2
= (from problem 65)
2 θ 1
1 − 3 tan y + 3 = x −1
3 2
θ θ 1
tan  3 − tan 2  y = x−4
3 θ 3 2
a tan =
3 2 θ b 6
1 − 3 tan 116. Vertex: x = − =− =3
3 2a 2( −1)
θ θ θ θ f (3) = −(3) 2 + 6(3) + 7 = 16 ; (3,16)
3 tan − tan 3 = a tan  1 − 3 tan 2 
3 3 3 3 x-intercepts: 0 = − x 2 + 6 x + 7
θ  θ
3 − tan 2 = a  1 − 3 tan 2  0 = x2 − 6 x − 7
3  3
0 = ( x − 7)( x + 1)
θ θ
3 − tan 2 = a − 3a tan 2 x = 7 or x = −1
3 3
y-intercepts: y = −(0) 2 + 6(0) + 7
2 θ 2 θ
3a tan − tan = a−3 y=7
3 3
θ
( 3a − 1) tan 2 = a−3
3
θ a −3
tan 2 =
3 3a − 1
θ a −3
tan =±
3 3a − 1

113. cos(2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0

(1 − 2sin 2 x) + (2m − 1) sin x + m − 1 = 0
2π 4π 3 1
−2sin 2 x + (2m − 1) sin x + m = 0 117. sin − cos = − −
3 3 2 2
2sin 2 x − (2m − 1) sin x − m = 0
3 1 3 +1
We can solve this as a quadratic equation. In = + =
order for the equation to have exactly one real 2 2 2
solution, then b 2 − 4ac = 0 .
2π
[ −(2m − 1)]2 − 4(2)( − m) = 0 118. Amplitude: 2; Period: =4
π
2
4m 2 − 4m + 1 + 8m = 0
4m 2 + 4m + 1 = 0
(2m + 1) 2 = 0
1
So m = − .
2
114. Answers will vary.
115. Since the line is perpendicular the slope would
1
be m = .
2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

Section 6.7

1. sin(195°) cos(75°) = sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°)

sin(150° + 45°) cos(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin150° cos 45° + cos150° sin 45° )( cos 30° cos 45° − sin 30° sin 45° )
 1   2  3   2    3   2   1   2  
=     +  −       −   
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2   2  
 2 6  6 2 12 4 36 12
=  −  −  = − − +
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 2 6 2 3 3 1 3 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
= − − + = − − + = − = − =  − 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2  2 

2. cos(285°) cos(195°) = cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°)

cos(240° + 45°) cos(240° − 45°) =

= ( cos 240° cos 45° − sin 240° sin 45° )( cos 240° cos 45° + sin 240° sin 45° )
= ( cos 240° ) ( cos 45° ) − ( sin 240° ) ( sin 45° )
2 2 2 2

2 2 2
 2 
 1
2
3   2   1  2   3  2 
= − 
  −  −    =     −    
 2 2   2   2   4  4   4  4 
1 3 1
= − =−
8 8 4

3. sin(285°) sin(75°) = sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°)

sin(240° + 45°) sin(30° + 45°) =

= ( sin 240° cos 45° + cos 240° sin 45° )( sin 30° cos 45° + cos 30° sin 45° )
 3   2   1   2    1   2   3  2  
=  −    +  −         +  
  
 2   2   2   2    2   2   2  2  
 6 2  2 6 12 36 4 12
=  − −   +  = − − − −
 4 4  4 4  16 16 16 16
2 3 6 2 2 3 3 3 1 3 2 3 4 3 1 1 3 
=− − − − =− − − − =− − =− − = −  + 1
16 16 16 16 8 8 8 8 8 8 4 2 2 2 

4. sin(75°) + sin(15°) = sin(45° + 30°) + sin(45° − 30°)

= [sin(45°) cos(30°) + cos(45°) sin(30°) ] + [sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°) ]
= 2sin(45°) cos(30°)
 2  3  6
= 2   2  = 2

 2  

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 Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas

5. cos(255°) − cos(195°) = cos(225° + 30°) − cos(225° − 30°)

= [ cos(225°) cos(30°) − sin(225°) sin(30°)] − [ cos(225°) cos(30°) + sin(225°) sin(30°)]
= −2sin(225°) sin(30°)
 2  1  2
= −2  −    =
 2  2  2

6. sin(255°) − sin(15°) = sin(135° + 120°) − sin(135° − 120°)

= [sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) ] − [sin(135°) cos(120°) − cos(135°) sin(120°) ]
= sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°) − sin(135°) cos(120°) + cos(135°) sin(120°)
= 2 cos(135°) sin(120°)
 2  3  6
= 2  − 
  = −
 2  2  2

1 1
7. sin(4θ ) sin(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) − cos(4θ + 2θ )] 12. sin(4θ ) cos(6θ ) = [sin(4θ + 6θ ) + sin(4θ − 6θ )]
2 2
1 1
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 6θ )  = sin (10θ ) + sin(− 2θ ) 
2 2
1
1 = sin (10θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
8. cos(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [cos(4θ − 2θ ) + cos(4θ + 2θ )] 2
2
1 1
= cos(2θ ) + cos ( 6θ )  13. sin θ sin(2θ ) = [cos(θ − 2θ ) − cos(θ + 2θ )]
2 2
1
1 = cos(−θ ) − cos ( 3θ ) 
9. sin(4θ ) cos(2θ ) = [sin(4θ + 2θ ) + sin(4θ − 2θ )] 2
2 1
1 = cos θ − cos ( 3θ ) 
= sin ( 6θ ) + sin ( 2θ )  2
2
1
1 14. cos(3θ ) cos(4θ ) = [cos(3θ − 4θ ) + cos(3θ + 4θ )]
10. sin(3θ ) sin(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) − cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2
2 1
1 = cos(− θ ) + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos(− 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2 1
1 = cos θ + cos ( 7θ ) 
= cos ( 2θ ) − cos ( 8θ )  2
2
3θ θ 1   3θ θ   3θ θ  
1 15. sin cos = sin  +  + sin  −  
11. cos(3θ ) cos(5θ ) = [ cos(3θ − 5θ ) + cos(3θ + 5θ ) ] 2 2 2  2 2  2 2 
2
1
1 = sin ( 2θ ) + sin θ 
= cos(− 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ )  2
2
1
= cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 8θ ) 
2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

θ 5θ 1   θ 5θ   θ 5θ    θ 3θ   θ 3θ 
16. sin cos
2
= sin  +  + sin  −  
2 2   2 2  θ 3θ 2− 2  2+ 2 
 2 2  24. sin − sin = 2sin   cos  
1 2 2  2   2 
= sin ( 3θ ) + sin(− 2θ )   θ
2 = 2sin  −  cos θ
1  2
= sin ( 3θ ) − sin ( 2θ ) 
2 θ
= − 2sin cos θ
2
 4θ − 2θ   4θ + 2θ 
17. sin(4θ ) − sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos  
 2   2   θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
2sin   cos  
= 2sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin θ + sin(3θ )  2   2 
25. =
2sin(2θ ) 2sin(2θ )
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ  2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )
18. sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ ) = 2sin   cos   =
 2   2  2sin(2θ )
= 2sin ( 3θ ) cos θ = cos(−θ )
= cos θ
 2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
19. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 2 cos   cos    θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
 2   2  2 cos   cos  
cos θ + cos(3θ )  2   2 
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos(−θ ) 26. =
2 cos(2θ ) 2 cos(2θ )
= 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ
2 cos(2θ ) cos(−θ )
=
2 cos(2θ )
 5θ + 3θ   5θ − 3θ 
20. cos(5θ ) − cos(3θ ) = − 2sin   sin   = cos(−θ )
 2   2 
= cos θ
= − 2sin ( 4θ ) sin θ
 4θ + 2θ   4θ − 2θ 
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  2sin   cos  
21. sin θ + sin(3θ ) = 2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) + sin(2θ )  2   2 
 2   2  27. =
cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ ) cos(4θ ) + cos(2θ )
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos(−θ ) 2sin(3θ ) cos θ
=
= 2sin ( 2θ ) cos θ 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
sin(3θ )
 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  =
22. cos θ + cos(3θ ) = 2 cos   cos   cos(3θ )
 2   2  = tan(3θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos ( 2θ ) cos θ  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ 
−2sin   sin  
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2 
28. =
 θ 3θ   θ 3θ  sin(3θ ) − sin θ  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
 +   −  2sin   cos  
θ 3θ  2   2 
23. cos − cos = − 2sin  2 2  sin  2 2 
2 2  2   2  − 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )
=
 θ 2sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ sin  − 
 2 −(− sin θ ) sin(2θ )
=
 θ sin θ cos(2θ )
= − 2sin θ  − sin 
 2 = tan(2θ )
θ
= 2sin θ sin
2

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 Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas

 θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ  sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
−2sin   sin   33.
cos θ − cos(3θ )  2   2  cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ )
29. =
sin θ + sin(3θ )  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
2sin   cos   2sin 
 2   2   cos  
=  2   2 
− 2sin(2θ ) sin(−θ )  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
= 2 cos   cos  
2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )  2   2 
−(− sin θ ) 2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= =
cos θ 2 cos(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
= tan θ sin(6θ )
=
cos(6θ )
 θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
−2sin   sin   = tan(6θ )
cos θ − cos(5θ )  2   2 
30. =
sin θ + sin(5θ )  θ + 5θ   θ − 5θ 
2sin   cos   sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 2   2  34.
cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ )
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− 2θ )
=  4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
2sin(3θ ) cos(− 2θ ) 2sin   cos  
=  2   2 
−(− sin 2θ )
=  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
cos ( 2θ ) −2sin   sin  
 2   2 
= tan ( 2θ ) 2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
=
− 2sin(6θ ) sin(− 2θ )
31. sin θ [sin θ + sin(3θ )]
cos(6θ )
=
  θ + 3θ   θ − 3θ   − sin(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = − cot(6θ )
= sin θ [ 2sin(2θ ) cos(−θ )]
sin(4θ ) + sin(8θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(2θ ) sin θ ] 35.
sin(4θ ) − sin(8θ )
 1 
= cos θ  2 ⋅ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ]  4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ 
 2  2sin   cos  
 2   2 
= cos θ [ cos θ − cos(3θ ) ] =
 4θ − 8θ   4θ + 8θ 
−2sin   cos  
 2   2 
32. sin θ sin ( 3θ ) + sin(5θ ) 
2sin(6θ ) cos(− 2θ )
=
  3θ + 5θ   3θ − 5θ   2sin(− 2θ ) cos(6θ )
= sin θ  2sin   cos  
  2   2  sin(6θ ) cos(2θ )
=
= sin θ [ 2sin(4θ ) cos(−θ ) ] − sin(2θ ) cos(6θ )
= cos θ [ 2sin(4θ ) sin θ ] = − tan(6θ ) cot(2θ )
 1  tan(6θ )
= cos θ  2 ⋅  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ )   =−
 2  tan(2θ )
= cos θ  cos ( 3θ ) − cos(5θ ) 

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

cos(4θ ) − cos(8θ ) α + β  α − β 
36. 2sin   cos  
cos(4θ ) + cos(8θ ) sin α + sin β  2   2 
39. =
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  cos α + cos β α + β  α − β 
−2sin   sin   2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
=
 4θ + 8θ   4θ − 8θ  α + β 
2 cos   cos   sin  
 2   2  =  2 
−2sin(6θ )sin(−2θ ) α + β 
= cos  
2 cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
sin(6θ ) sin( −2θ ) α + β 
=− ⋅ = tan  
cos(6θ ) cos(−2θ )  2 
= − tan(6θ ) tan(−2θ )
= tan(2θ ) tan(6θ ) α − β  α + β 
2sin   cos  
sin α − sin β  2   2 
40. =
α + β  α − β  cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
2sin  −2sin   sin  
sin α + sin β  cos    2   2 
37. =  2   2 
sin α − sin β α − β  α + β  α + β 
2sin   cos   cos  
 2   2  =−  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
sin  sin  
 cos    2 
=  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β  α + β 
cos   sin   = − cot  
 2   2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= tan   cot  
 2   2 

α + β  α − β 
2 cos   cos  
cos α + cos β  2   2 
38. =
cos α − cos β α + β  α − β 
− 2sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
cos   cos  
=−  2 ⋅  2 
α + β  α − β 
sin   sin  
 2   2 
α + β  α − β 
= − cot   cot  
 2   2 

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41. 1 + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) + cos(6θ ) = cos 0 + cos(6θ ) + cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= 2 cos   cos   + 2 cos   cos  
 2   2   2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos(−θ )
= 2 cos 2 (3θ ) + 2 cos(3θ ) cos θ
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ cos(3θ ) + cos θ ]
  3θ + θ   3θ − θ 
= 2 cos(3θ )  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
= 2 cos(3θ ) [ 2 cos(2θ ) cos θ ]
= 4 cos θ cos(2θ ) cos(3θ )

42. 1 − cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = [ cos 0 − cos(6θ ) ] + [ cos(4θ ) − cos(2θ ) ]

 0 + 6θ   0 − 6θ   2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
= −2sin   sin   − 2sin   sin  
 2   2   2   2 
= −2sin(3θ ) sin(−3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin(θ )
= 2sin 2 (3θ ) − 2sin(3θ ) sin θ
= 2sin(3θ ) [sin(3θ ) − sin θ ]
  3θ − θ   3θ + θ 
= 2sin(3θ )  2sin   cos  
  2   2 
= 2sin(3θ ) [ 2sin θ cos(2θ ) ]
= 4sin θ cos(2θ ) sin(3θ )

43. sin(2θ ) + sin(4θ ) = 0 44. cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ ) = 0

sin(2θ ) + 2sin(2θ ) cos(2θ ) = 0  2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ 
sin(2θ ) (1 + 2 cos(2θ ) ) = 0 2 cos   cos  =0
 2   2 
sin(2θ ) = 0 or 1 + 2 cos(2θ ) = 0 2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = 0
1
cos(2θ ) = − 2 cos ( 3θ ) cos θ = 0
2
2θ = 0 + 2k π or 2θ = π + 2k π or cos(3θ ) = 0 or cos θ = 0
θ = kπ π π 3π
θ = + kπ 3θ = + 2k π or 3θ = + 2k π or
2 2 2
2π 4π π 2k π π 2k π
2θ = + 2k π or 2θ = + 2k π θ= + θ= +
3 3 6 3 2 3
π 2π π 3π
θ = + kπ θ= + kπ θ = + 2k π or θ = + 2k π
3 3 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 π π 2π 4π 3π 5π   π π 5π 7π 3π 11π 
0, , , , π, , , .  , , , , , .
 3 2 3 3 2 3  6 2 6 6 2 6 

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

45. cos(4θ ) − cos(6θ ) = 0

46. sin(4θ ) − sin(6θ ) = 0
−2sin  4θ + 6θ sin  4θ − 6θ  = 0
  
2sin   cos  4θ + 6θ  = 0
 2   2  4θ − 6θ
  
− 2sin(5θ ) sin(− θ ) = 0  2   2 
2sin ( 5θ ) sin θ = 0 2sin(− θ ) cos(5θ ) = 0
sin(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0 − 2sin θ cos(5θ ) = 0
5θ = 0 + 2k π or 5θ = π + 2k π or cos(5θ ) = 0 or sin θ = 0
2 k π π 2 k π θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π or
θ= θ= + π 3π
5 5 5 5θ = + 2k π or 5θ = + 2k π
θ = 0 + 2k π or θ = π + 2k π 2 2
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 2k π 3π 2k π
θ= + θ= +
 π 2π 3π 4π 6π 7π 8π 9π  10 5 10 5
0, , , , , π , , , ,  . On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 
 π 3π π 7π 9π 11π 13π 3π 17π 19π 
0, , , , , , π , , , , , .
 10 10 2 10 10 10 10 2 10 10 

47. a. y = sin [ 2π (697)t ] + sin [ 2π (1209)t ]

= 2sin 
2π (697)t + 2π (1209)t   2π (697)t − 2π (1209)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(−512π t )
= 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t )

b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(1906π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(512π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(1906π t ) cos(512π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.

c. Let Y1 = 2sin(1906π x ) cos(512π x) . Window: x [0,0.01], y [-2, 2]

48. a. y = sin [ 2π (941)t ] + sin [ 2π (1477)t ]

= 2sin 
2π (941)t + 2π (1477)t   2π (941)t − 2π (1477)t 
 cos  
 2   2 
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(−536π t )
= 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t )

b. Because sin θ ≤ 1 and cos θ ≤ 1 for all θ , it follows that sin(2418π t ) ≤ 1 and cos(2418π t ) ≤ 1 for all
values of t. Thus, y = 2sin(2418π t ) cos(536π t ) ≤ 2 ⋅1 ⋅1 = 2 . That is, the maximum value of y is 2.

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 Section 6.7: Product-to-Sum and Sum-to-Product Formulas

c. Let Y1 = 2sin(2418π x) cos(536π x) .

2 2
49. I u = I x cos θ + I y sin θ − 2 I xy sin θ cos θ
 cos 2θ + 1   1 − cos 2θ 
= Ix   + Iy   − I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I cos 2θ I x I y I y cos 2θ
= x + + − − I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= + cos 2θ − I xy sin 2θ
2 2

I v = I x sin 2 θ + I y cos 2 θ + 2 I xy sin θ cos θ

 1 − cos 2θ   cos 2θ + 1 
= Ix   + Iy   + I xy 2sin θ cos θ
 2   2 
I x I x cos 2θ I y cos 2θ I y
= − + + + I xy sin 2θ
2 2 2 2
Ix + I y Ix − I y
= − cos 2θ + I xy sin 2θ
2 2

50. a. Since φ and v0 are fixed, we need to maximize sin θ cos (θ − φ ) .

1
sin θ cos (θ − φ ) =
2 
( ) (
sin θ + (θ − φ ) + sin θ − (θ − φ ) 
 )
1
= sin ( 2θ − φ ) + sin φ 
2
This quantity will be maximized when sin ( 2θ − φ ) = 1 . So,
1
2v02 ⋅ ⋅ (1 + sin φ ) v 2 (1 + sin φ ) v02 (1 + sin φ )
2 0 v02
Rmax = = = =
g cos 2 φ (
g 1 − sin 2 φ ) g (1 − sin φ )(1 + sin φ ) g (1 − sin φ )

( 50 )
2

b. Rmax = ≈ 598.24
9.8 (1 − sin 35° )
The maximum range is about 598 meters.

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

51. sin ( 2α ) + sin ( 2 β ) + sin ( 2γ )

 2α + 2 β   2α − 2β 
= 2sin   cos   + sin ( 2γ )
 2   2 
= 2sin(α + β ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin(π − γ ) cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ cos(α − β ) + 2sin γ cos γ
= 2sin γ [ cos(α − β ) + cos γ ]
 α − β +γ   α − β − γ 
= 2sin γ  2 cos   cos  
  2   2 
 π − 2β   2α − π 
= 4sin γ cos   cos  
 2   2 
π   π
= 4sin γ cos  − β  cos  α − 
2   2
= 4sin γ sin β sin α
= 4sin α sin β sin γ

sin α sin β sin γ

52. tan α + tan β + tan γ = + +
cos α cos β cos γ
sin α cos β cos γ + sin β cos α cos γ + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos α cos β cos γ
cos γ (sin α cos β + cos α sin β ) + sin γ cos α cos β
=
cos α cos β cos γ
cos γ sin(α + β ) + sin γ cos α cos β cos γ sin(π − γ ) + sin γ cos α cos β
= =
cos α cos β cos γ cos α cos β cos γ
cos γ sin γ + sin γ cos α cos β sin γ (cos γ + cos α cos β )
= =
cos α cos β cos γ cos α cos β cos γ
sin γ cos ( π − (α + β ) ) + cos α cos β  sin γ [ − cos(α + β ) + cos α cos β ]
= =
cos α cos β cos γ cos α cos β cos γ
sin γ ( − cos α cos β + sin α sin β + cos α cos β )
=
cos α cos β cos γ
sin γ (sin α sin β )
= = tan α tan β tan γ
cos α cos β cos γ

53. Add the sum formulas for sin(α + β ) and sin(α − β ) and solve for sin α cosβ :
sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β ) = 2sin α cos β
1
sin α cos β = [sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )]
2

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 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

α −β  α + β  59. cos csc −1

7
54. 2sin   cos  
 2   2  5
1 α + β  7 π π
= 2 ⋅ sin 
α −β α +β  α −β Since cscθ = , − ≤ θ ≤ , let r = 7 and y = 5 .
+  + sin  −  5 2 2
2  2 2   2 2 
Solve for x: x 2 + 25 = 49
 2α   −2 β 
= sin   + sin   x 2 = 24
 2   2 
x = ±2 6
= sin α + sin ( − β )
Since θ is in quadrant I, x = 2 6 .
= sin α − sin β
7 x 2 6
α − β  α + β  Thus, cos csc −1 = cos θ = = .
Thus, sin α − sin β = 2sin   cos  . 5 r 7
 2   2 
60. We find the inverse function by switching the x
α + β  α − β  and y variables and solving for y.
55. 2 cos   cos  
 2   2  f ( x ) = 3sin x − 5
1 α − β  y = 3sin x − 5
= 2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  + cos  +  x = 3sin y − 5
2  2 2   2 2 
x + 5 = 3sin y
 2β   2α 
= cos   + cos   x+5
 2   2  = sin y
3
= cos β + cos α x+5
sin −1 =y
α + β  α − β  3
Thus, cos α + cos β = 2 cos   cos  .
 2   2  x+5
f −1 ( x ) = sin −1
3
α + β  α − β 
56. −2sin   sin   The domain of sin −1 (u ) is [ −1,1] so
 2   2 
x+5
1 α − β  −1 ≤ ≤1
= −2 ⋅ cos 
α +β α −β  α + β
−  − cos  +  3
2  2 2   2 2 
−8 ≤ x ≤ −2
  2β   2α 
= − cos   − cos   Range of f = Domain of f −1 = [ −8, −2]
  2   2 
π π
= cos α − cos β Range of f −1 = − ,
2 2
α + β  α − β 
Thus, cos α − cos β = − 2sin   sin  .
 2   2 

57. 27 x +1 = 9 x + 5
33( x +1) = 32( x + 5) Chapter 6 Review Exercises
3( x + 1) = 2( x + 5)
3 x + 3 = 2 x + 10 1. sin −1 1
x=7 π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
The solution set is {7} . 2 2
equals 1.
58. Amplitude: 5 π π
2π π sin θ = 1, − ≤θ ≤
Period: = 2 2
4 2 π
−π π
θ=
Phase Shift: − = 2
4 4 π
Thus, sin −1 (1) = .
2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

2. cos −1 0 (
6. tan −1 − 3 )
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine
π π
equals 0. Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
cos θ = 0, 0 ≤ θ ≤ π 2 2
π equals − 3 .
θ=
2 π π
tan θ = − 3, − <θ <
π 2 2
Thus, cos −1 ( 0 ) = . π
2 θ =−
3
π
3. tan −1 1
π π
(
Thus, tan −1 − 3 = − ) 3
.
Find the angle θ , − < θ < , whose tangent
2 2
equals 1. 7. sec −1 2
π π Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose secant
tan θ = 1, − <θ <
2 2 equals 2 .
π
θ= sec θ = 2, 0 ≤θ ≤ π
4 π
π θ=
Thus, tan −1 (1) = . 4
4 π
Thus, sec −1 2 = .
4
 1
4. sin −1  − 
 2 8. cot −1 ( −1)
π π
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine Find the angle θ , 0 < θ < π , whose cotangent
2 2
equals −1 .
1 cot θ = −1, 0 < θ < π
equals − .
2 3π
1 π π θ=
sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ 4
2 2 2 3π
π Thus, cot −1 ( −1) = .
θ =− 4
6
 1 π
Thus, sin −1  −  = − .   3π 
 2  6 9. sin −1  sin    follows the form of the
  8 

5. cos −1  −
3

( ) (
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x . Since )
 2  3π  π π
Find the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π, whose cosine is in the interval  − ,  , we can apply
8  2 2
3 the equation directly and get
equals − .
2   3π   3π
sin −1  sin    = .
3
cos θ = − , 0 ≤θ ≤ π   8  8
2
5π
θ=  3π 
6 10. cos −1  cos  follows the form of the equation
 4 
 3  5π
Thus, cos −1  −  = . 3π
 2  6 ( ) (
f −1 f ( x ) = cos −1 cos ( x ) = x . Since
4
)is

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 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

in the interval 0, π  , we can apply the equation in the interval  0, π  , we can apply the equation
 3π  3π above and get
directly and get cos −1  cos = .
 4  4   15π   −1  π π
cos −1  cos    = cos  cos  = .
  7   7 7
  2π 
11. tan −1  tan    follows the form of the
  3    8π 
13. sin −1  sin  −   follows the form of the
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = tan −1 tan ( x ) = x but we   9 

cannot use the formula directly since

2π
is not
( ) ( )
equation f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but we
3 8π
cannot use the formula directly since − is not
 π π 9
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  . We need to find an
 π π  2 2
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 2 2  π π
angle θ in the interval  − ,  for which
 2π  2π  2 2
tan   = tan θ . The angle is in quadrant
 3  3  8π  8π
sin  −  = sin θ . The angle − is in
II so tangent is negative. The reference angle of  9  9
2π π quadrant III so sine is negative. The reference
is and we want θ to be in quadrant IV
3 3 8π π
so tangent will still be negative. Thus, we have angle of − is and we want θ to be in
9 9
 2π   π π quadrant IV so sine will still be negative. Thus,
tan   = tan  −  . Since − is in the
 3   3  3  8π   π π
we have sin  −  = sin  −  . Since − is
 π π  9   9  9
interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation
 2 2  π π
in the interval  − ,  , we can apply the
above and get  2 2
  2π   −1   π  π equation above and get
tan −1  tan    = tan  tan  −   = − .
  3    3  3   8π     π  π
sin −1  sin  −   = sin −1  sin  −   = − .
  9    9  9
  15π 
12. cos −1  cos    follows the form of the
  7  ( )
14. sin sin −1 0.9 follows the form of the equation
equation f −1
( f ( x )) = cos ( cos ( x )) = x , but
−1
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = sin sin −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.9 is in
15π
we cannot use the formula directly since is the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7
not in the interval  0, π  . We need to find an ( )
directly and get sin sin −1 0.9 = 0.9 .

angle θ in the interval 0, π  for which

 15π  15π ( )
15. cos cos −1 0.6 follows the form of the equation
cos   = cos θ . The angle is in
 7  7 ( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = cos cos −1 ( x ) = x . Since 0.6 is
15π π
quadrant I so the reference angle of is . in the interval  −1,1 , we can apply the equation
7 7

Thus, we have cos 

 15π  π
 = cos . Since
π
is (
directly and get cos cos −1 0.6 = 0.6 . )
 7  7 7

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

( )
16. tan tan −1 5 follows the form of the equation
So, tan −1
3 π
= .
3 6
( ) ( )
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 ( x ) = x . Since 5 is a  −1 3  π 2 3
real number, we can apply the equation directly
Thus, sec  tan
3  = sec  6  = 3 .
 
( )
and get tan tan −1 5 = 5 .
22. sin  cot −1 
3
17. Since there is no angle θ such that cos θ = −1.6 ,  4 
3
the quantity cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Thus, Since cot θ = , 0 < θ < π , θ is in quadrant I.
4
( )
cos cos −1 ( −1.6 ) is not defined. Let x = 3 and y = 4 . Solve for r: 9 + 16 = r 2
r 2 = 25
−1  2π  −1  1  π r =5
18. sin  cos  = sin  −  = −
Thus, sin  tan −1  = sin θ = = .
 3   2 6 3 y 4
 4  r 5
−1  3π 
19. cos  tan  = cos ( −1) = π
−1
 4 
 4  23. tan sin −1  −  
  5
  3  4 π π
20. tan sin −1  − Since sin θ = − , − ≤ θ ≤ , let y = − 4 and
  5 2 2
  2   r = 5 . Solve for x: x 2 + 16 = 25
π π x2 = 9
Find the angle θ , − ≤ θ ≤ , whose sine
2 2 x = ±3
3 Since θ is in quadrant IV, x = 3 .
equals − .
2  4  −4
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan θ = =
y 4
=−
3 π π   5  x 3 3
sin θ = − , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
θ =−
π 24. f ( x ) = 2sin ( 3 x )
3 y = 2sin ( 3x )
 3 π
So, sin −1  −  = − . x = 2sin ( 3 y )
 2  3
x
 = sin ( 3 y )
 3   π 2
Thus, tan sin −1  −   = tan  −  = − 3 .
  2    3  x
3 y = sin −1  
2
 3 1 x
21. sec  tan −1  y = sin −1   = f −1 ( x )
 3  3 2

Find the angle θ , −

π π
< θ < , whose tangent is The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
2 2
π π  π π
3 f −1 ( x ) and is − ≤x≤ , or  − ,  in
6 6  6 6
3
interval notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x )
3 π π
tan θ = , − <θ < we note that the argument of the inverse sine
3 2 2
π x
θ= function is and that it must lie in the interval
6 2
 −1,1 . That is,

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 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

x π π
−1 ≤ ≤1 27. Let θ = csc −1 u so that csc θ = u , − ≤θ ≤
2 2 2
−2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and θ ≠ 0 , u ≥ 1 . Then,
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | −2 ≤ x ≤ 2} , or
 −2, 2  in interval notation. Recall that the
( )
tan csc −1 u = tan θ =
1
cos θ csc θ
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the csc θ 1 − sin 2 θ
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 1
= =
[ −2, 2] . 1 2
u 1− 2 u u −1
25. f ( x ) = − cos x + 3 u u2
y = − cos x + 3 1 u
= =
x = − cos y + 3 2
u −1 u u2 −1
u
x − 3 = − cos y u
3 − x = cos y
y = cos −1 ( 3 − x ) = f −1 ( x ) 28. tan θ cot θ − sin 2 θ = tan θ ⋅
1
− sin 2 θ
tan θ
The domain of f ( x ) equals the range of
= 1 − sin 2 θ
f −1
( x) and is 0 ≤ x ≤ π , or 0, π  in interval = cos 2 θ
notation. To find the domain of f −1 ( x ) we note
29. sin 2 θ (1 + cot 2 θ ) = sin 2 θ ⋅ csc2 θ
that the argument of the inverse cosine function 1
is 3 − x and that it must lie in the interval = sin 2 θ ⋅ 2 = 1
sin θ
 −1,1 . That is,
−1 ≤ 3 − x ≤ 1 30. 5cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ = 2 cos 2 θ + 3cos 2 θ + 3sin 2 θ
−4 ≤ − x ≤ −2 (
= 2 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ )
4≥ x≥2 = 2 cos θ + 3 ⋅1
2

2≤ x≤4 = 3 + 2 cos 2 θ
The domain of f −1 ( x ) is { x | 2 ≤ x ≤ 4} , or
1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ ) 2 + sin 2 θ
31. + =
 2, 4  in interval notation. Recall that the sin θ 1 − cosθ sin θ (1 − cosθ )
domain of a function is the range of its inverse 1 − 2cosθ + cos 2 θ + sin 2 θ
=
and the domain of the inverse is the range of the sin θ (1 − cosθ )
function. Therefore, the range of f ( x ) is 1 − 2cos θ + 1
=
 2, 4  . sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 − 2cos θ
π π =
26. Let θ = sin −1 u so that sin θ = u , − ≤θ ≤ , sin θ (1 − cos θ )
2 2 2(1 − cos θ )
−1 ≤ u ≤ 1 . Then, =
sin θ (1 − cos θ )
( )
cos sin −1 u = cos θ = cos 2 θ =
2
= 2cscθ
sin θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ = 1 − u 2

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

1 cos θ sin θ
cosθ cosθ cos θ 36. cot θ − tan θ = −
32. = ⋅ sin θ cos θ
cosθ − sin θ cosθ − sin θ 1
cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
cosθ =
1 sin θ cos θ
= 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 2 θ
sin θ =
1−
cosθ sin θ cos θ
1 1 − 2sin 2 θ
= =
1 − tan θ sin θ cos θ
1
cos(α + β ) cos α cos β − sin α sin β
csc θ sin θ 37. =
33. = sin θ ⋅ cos α sin β cos α sin β
1 + csc θ 1 + 1 sin θ
cos α cos β sin α sin β
sin θ = −
1 cos α sin β cos α sin β
= cos β sin α
sin θ + 1 = −
1 1 − sin θ sin β cos α
= ⋅
1 + sin θ 1 − sin θ = cot β − tan α
1 − sin θ
=
1 − sin 2 θ cos(α − β ) cos α cos β + sin α sin β
38. =
1 − sin θ cos α cos β cos α cos β
=
cos 2 θ cos α cos β sin α sin β
= +
cos α cos β cos α cos β
1 = 1 + tan α tan β
34. csc θ − sin θ = − sin θ
sin θ
1 − sin 2 θ θ sin θ
= 39. (1 + cos θ ) tan = (1 + cos θ ) ⋅ = sin θ
sin θ 2 1 + cos θ
cos 2 θ
=
sin θ cos θ cos ( 2θ )
cos θ 40. 2 cot θ cot ( 2θ ) = 2 ⋅ ⋅
= cos θ ⋅ sin θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ
= cos θ cot θ =
(
2 cos θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ )
sin θ ( 2sin θ cos θ )
1 − sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
35. = cos θ (1 − sin θ ) =
sec θ sin 2 θ
1 + sin θ
= cos θ (1 − sin θ ) ⋅ cos θ sin 2 θ
2

1 + sin θ = −
sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
=
(
cos θ 1 − sin 2 θ ) = cot θ − 1
2

1 + sin θ

=
(
cos θ cos 2 θ ) 41. 1 − 8sin 2 θ cos 2 θ = 1 − 2 ( 2sin θ cos θ )
2

1 + sin θ = 1 − 2sin 2 ( 2θ )
cos3 θ = cos ( 2 ⋅ 2θ )
=
1 + sin θ = cos ( 4θ )

sin ( 3θ ) cos θ − sin θ cos ( 3θ ) sin ( 3θ − θ )

42. =
sin ( 2θ ) sin ( 2θ )
sin ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ )
=1

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 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

2θ + 4θ   2θ − 4θ  5π  3π 2π 
2sin   cos   47. cos = cos  + 
sin ( 2θ ) + sin ( 4θ )  2   2  12
43. =  12 12 
cos ( 2θ ) + cos ( 4θ ) 2cos  2θ + 4θ  cos  2θ + 4θ  π π π π
    = cos ⋅ cos − sin ⋅ sin
 2   2  4 6 4 6
2sin ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 3 2 1
= = ⋅ − ⋅
2cos ( 3θ ) cos ( −θ ) 2 2 2 2
sin ( 3θ ) 6 2
= = −
cos ( 3θ ) 4 4
= tan ( 3θ ) 1
=
4
( 6− 2 )
cos(2θ ) − cos(4θ )
44. − tan θ tan(3θ )
cos(2θ ) + cos(4θ )  π  2π 3π 
48. sin  −  = sin  − 
− 2sin(3θ ) sin(− θ )  12   12 12 
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) π π π π
2 cos(3θ ) cos(− θ ) = sin ⋅ cos − cos ⋅ sin
2sin(3θ )sin θ 6 4 6 4
= − tan θ tan(3θ ) 1 2 3 2
2 cos(3θ ) cos θ = ⋅ − ⋅
= tan(3θ ) tan θ − tan θ tan(3θ ) 2 2 2 2
=0 2 6
= −
4 4
1
45. sin165º = sin (120º + 45º )
= sin120º ⋅ cos 45º + cos120º ⋅ sin 45º
=
4
( 2− 6 )
 3  2   1  2 
=   ⋅   +  −  ⋅   49. cos80º ⋅ cos 20º + sin 80º ⋅ sin 20º = cos ( 80º − 20º )
 2   2   2  2  = cos 60º
6 2 1
= − =
4 4 2
1
=
4
(
6− 2 ) 50. sin 70º ⋅ cos 40º − cos 70º ⋅ sin 40º = sin ( 70º − 40º )
= sin 30º
46. tan105º = tan ( 60º + 45º ) 1
=
tan 60º + tan 45º 2
=
1 − tan 60º tan 45º
3 +1
=
1 − 3 ⋅1
3 +1 1+ 3
= ⋅
1− 3 1+ 3
1+ 2 3 + 3
=
1− 3
4+2 3
=
−2
= −2− 3

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

π π 2 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β

4 1 − cos 1−  4   12   3   5 
π 4 = 2 =  ⋅ −  −  ⋅ 
51. tan = tan   =
8 2 π 2  5   13   5   13 
1 + cos 1+ − 48 − 15 63
4 2 = =−
65 65
2− 2
= tan α + tan β
2+ 2 d. tan(α + β ) =
1 − tan α tan β
2− 2 2− 2
= ⋅ 4  5
2+ 2 2− 2 +− 
3  12 
=
(2 − 2 )
2
4  5 
= 1−   ⋅ − 
4  3   12 
2− 2 2 11
= ⋅ 11 9 33
2 2 = 12 = ⋅ =
14 12 14 56
2 2 −2
= 9
2
= 2 −1 4 3 24
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2 ⋅ ⋅ =
5 5 25
 2
 5π  5π 1 −  −  f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
  1 − cos 2
5π  
= sin  4  = 4 = 2 2
52. sin  12   5  144 25 119
8  2  2 2 = −  −  = − =
 13   13  169 169 169
2+ 2
=
4 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2+ 2 2 2
=  12 
2 1−  − 
=  13 
4 π 5 π 2
53. sin α = , 0 < α < ; sin β = , < β < π 25
5 2 13 2
13 25 5 5 26
3 4 12 5 = = = =
cos α = , tan α = , cos β = − , tan β = − , 2 26 26 26
5 3 13 12
α π π β π α 1 + cos α
0< < , < < h. cos =
2 4 4 2 2 2 2
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 3 8
1+
 4   12   3   5  5 4 2 2 5
=  ⋅ −  +  ⋅  = = 5 = = =
 5   13   5   13  2 2 5 5 5
− 48 + 15 33
= =−
65 65 3 3π 12 3π
54. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = , < β < 2π
5 2 13 2
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
4 3 5 5
 3   12   4   5  cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − , tan β = − ,
=  ⋅ −  −  ⋅  5 4 13 12
 5   13   5   13  π α 3π 3π β
−36 − 20 56 < < , < <π
= =− 2 2 4 4 2
65 65

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 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β α 1 + cos α

h. cos =−
 3   12   4   5  2 2
=  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13   4
−36 + 20 1+  − 
= =−  5
65 2
16
=− 1
65 1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 2 10 10 10
 4   12   3   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ − 
 5   13   5   13  3 3π 12 π
55. tan α = , π < α < ; tan β = , 0 < β <
− 48 − 15 4 2 5 2
=
65 3 4 12 5
63 sin α = − , cos α = − , sin β = , cos β = ,
=− 5 5 13 13
65 π α 3π β π
< < , 0< <
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 2 2 4 2 4
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
 3   12   4   5 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ −   3   5   4   12 
 5   13   5   13  =  − ⋅  +  − ⋅ 
−36 − 20  5   13   5   13 
= 15 48
65 =− −
56 65 65
=− 63
65 =−
65
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) = b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
1 − tan α tan β
 4   5   3   12 
3  5 1 =  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
+−   5   13   5   13 
4  12  1 16 16
= = 3 = ⋅ = =− +
20 36
3  5  21 3 21 63
1−  −  65 65
4  12  16 16
=
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α 65
 3   4  24 c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β
= 2⋅ − ⋅ −  =
 5   5  25  3   5   4   12 
=  − ⋅  −  − ⋅ 
 5   13   5   13 
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β 15 48
2 2 =− +
 12   5  65 65
=   −− 
 13   13  33
=
144 25 119 65
= − =
169 169 169
tan α + tan β
d. tan(α + β ) =
β 1 − cos β 1 − tan α tan β
g. sin =
2 2 3 12
+
12 1 = 4 5
1−  3   12 
13 = 13 = 1 1 26 1−   
= = =
2 2 26 26 26  4  5 
63
63  5  63
= 20 =  −  = −
4 20  4  16
−
5

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

 3   4  24 tan α + tan β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −   −  = d. tan(α + β ) =
 5   5  25 1 − tan α tan β

f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β =

(
− 3 + −2 2 )
2 2
 5   12  25 144 119 1 − ( − 3 )( − 2 2 )
=   −  = − =−
 13   13  169 169 169  − 3 − 2 2   1+ 2 6 
=   ⋅  
β 1 − cos β  1− 2 6   1+ 2 6 
g. sin =
2 2 −9 3 − 8 2
=
5 8 − 23
1−
= 13 = 13 = 4 = 2 = 2 13 8 2 +9 3
2 2 13 13 13 =
23
α 1 + cos α  3  1  3
h. cos =− sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α = 2  −
2 2 e.    = −
 2  2  2
 4
1+  − 
 5 f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β
=− 2
2 1  2 2 
2
1 8 7
1 =   −  −  = − = −
3  3  9 9 9
1 1 10
=− 5 =− =− =−
2 10 10 10 β 1 − cos β
g. sin =
2 2
π 3π
56. sec α = 2, − < α < 0; sec β = 3, < β < 2π 1 2
2 2 1−
= 3 = 3 = 1= 1 = 3
3 1 2 2 3 3 3
sin α = − , cos α = , tan α = − 3,
2 2
2 2 1 α 1 + cos α
sin β = − , cos β = , tan β = − 2 2, h. cos =
3 3 2 2
π α 3π β 1 3
− < < 0, < <π 1+
4 2 4 2 2 = 2 = 3 3
= =
a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β 2 2 4 2
3 1 1 2 2 
=−  + −  2 3π 2 3π
2  3  2  3  57. sin α = − , π < α < ; cos β = − , π < β <
3 2 3 2
− 3−2 2
= 5 2 5 5
6 cos α = − , tan α = , sin β = − ,
3 5 3
b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β 5 π α 3π π β 3π
tan β = , < < , < <
1 1  3  2 2  2 2 2 4 2 2 4
= ⋅ −  −  − 
2 3  2   3  a. sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cos α sin β
1− 2 6  2  2   5  5
= =  −   −  +  −  − 
6  3   3   3  3 
4 5
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β = +
9 9
3 1 1  2 2 =1
=− ⋅ − ⋅ − 
2 3 2  3 
− 3+2 2
=
6

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

b. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β  5

 1 +  − 
5  2   2  5 α 1 + cos α 3 
=  −   −  −  −   −  h. cos = − =− 
 3  3   3  3  2 2 2
2 5 2 5 3− 5
= −
9 9 3
=0 =−
2
c. sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cos α sin β 3− 5
=−
 2  2   5  5 6
=  −   −  −  −   − 
 3   3   3   3 
=−
(
6 3− 5 )
4 5 6
= −
9 9 6 3− 5
1 =−
=− 6
9
tan α + tan β  3 1
d. tan(α + β ) = 58. cos  sin −1 − cos −1 
1 − tan α tan β  5 2
2 5 5 3 1
+ Let α = sin −1 and β = cos −1 . α is in
5 2
= 5 2
2 5 5 3
1− ⋅ quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then sin α = ,
5 2 5
4 5 +5 5 π 1 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
10 2 2 2
=
1−1 cos α = 1 − sin 2 α
9 5 3
2
9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− = =
= 10 ; Undefined 5 25 25 5
0
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
e. sin(2α ) = 2sin α cos α
2
 2  5 4 5 1 1 3 3
= 2  −   − = 1−   = 1− = =
= 2 4 4 2
 3   3  9
 3 1 
cos  sin −1 − cos −1  = cos (α − β )
 5 2
f. cos(2 β ) = cos 2 β − sin 2 β = cos α cos β + sin α sin β
2 4 1 3 3
 2  5
2
4 5 1 = ⋅ + ⋅
=  −  −  −  = − = − 5 2 5 2
 3  3  9 9 9
4 3 3 4+3 3
= + =
β 1 − cos β 10 10 10
g. sin =
2 2
 5 4
 2 5 59. sin  cos −1 − cos −1 
1−  −   13 5 
=  3 = 3 = 5 = 30
−1 5 4
2 2 6 6 Let α = cos and β = cos −1 . α is in
13 5
5
quadrant I; β is in quadrant I. Then cos α = ,
13
π 4 π
0≤α ≤ , and cos β = , 0 ≤ β ≤ .
2 5 2

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

sin α = 1 − cos 2 α   1  3 
tan sin −1  −  − tan −1    = tan (α − β )
2   2   4 
5 25 144 12
= 1−   = 1− = = tan α − tan β
13
  169 169 13 =
1 + tan α tan β
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
3 3
4
2
16 9 3 − −
= 1−   = 1− = = = 3 4
5
  25 25 5  3  3 
1 +  −   
 −1 5 4  3  4 
sin  cos − cos −1  = sin (α − β )
 13 5
−4 3 −9
= sin α cos β − cos α sin β
12 4 5 3 = 12
= ⋅ − ⋅ 3 3
13 5 13 5 1−
48 15 33 12
= − =
65 65 65 −9 − 4 3 12 + 3 3
= ⋅
12 − 3 3 12 + 3 3
  1 3
60. tan sin −1  −  − tan −1  −144 − 75 3
  2  4  =
117
 1  3 − 48 − 25 3
Let α = sin −1  −  and β = tan −1 . α is in =
 2 4 39
quadrant IV; β is in quadrant I. Then,
48 + 25 3
1 π 3 =−
sin α = −
, 0 ≤ α ≤ , and tan β = , 39
2 2 4
π   4 
0<β < . 61. cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −  
2   5 
cos α = 1 − sin 2 α  4
2
Let α = tan −1 (−1) and β = cos −1  −  . α is in
 1 1 3 3  5
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 2  4 4 2 quadrant IV; β is in quadrant II. Then

1 3 π 4
tan α = −1, − < α < 0 , and cos β = − ,
tan α = − =− 2 5
3 3
π
≤β ≤π.
2
sec α = 1 + tan 2 α = 1 + (−1) 2 = 2
1 2
cos α = =
2 2
sin α = − 1 − cos 2 α
2
 2 1 1 2
= − 1 −   = − 1 − = − =−
 2  2 2 2

sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
2
 4 16 9 3
= 1−  −  = 1− = =
 5 25 25 5

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Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

  4  1
cos  tan −1 (−1) + cos −1  −   = cos (α + β ) 64. cos θ =
  5  2
= cos α cos β − sin α sin β π 5π
θ= + 2kπ or θ = + 2kπ , k is any integer
 2  4   2  3  3 3
=    −  −  −   
 2  5   2  5   π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
−4 2 3 2 3 3 
= +
10 10
2 65. tan θ + 3 = 0
=−
10 tan θ = − 3
2π
  3  θ= + k π , k is any integer
62. sin  2 cos −1  −   3
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
 3  2π 5π 
Let α = cos −1  −  . α is in quadrant II. Then  , .
 5  3 3 
3 π
cos α = − , ≤ α ≤ π .
5 2 66. sin(2θ ) + 1 = 0
sin α = 1 − cos 2 α sin(2θ ) = −1
2 3π
 3 9 16 4 2θ = + 2kπ
= 1−  −  = 1− = = 2
 5  25 25 5
3π
  3  θ= + kπ , k is any integer
sin  2cos −1  −   = sin 2α 4
  5  On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
= 2sin α cos α  3π 7π 
 4  3  24  , 
= 2   −  = − 4 4 
 5  5  25
67. tan ( 2θ ) = 0
 4
63. cos  2 tan −1  2θ = 0 + k π
 3
kπ
4 θ= , where k is any integer
Let α = tan −1 . α is in quadrant I. Then 2
3
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
4 π
tan α = , 0 < α < .  π 3π 
3 2 0, , π , .
 2 2 
sec α = tan 2 α + 1
4
2
16 25 5 68. sec 2 θ = 4
=   +1 = +1 = = sec θ = ±2
 
3 9 9 3
1
3 cos θ = ±
cos α = 2
5
π 2π
 4 θ= +k π or θ= +kπ ,
cos  2 tan −1  = cos ( 2α ) 3 3
 3 where k is any integer
= 2 cos 2 α − 1 On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is
2
3  9  7  π 2π 4π 5π 
= 2   −1 = 2   −1 = −  , , , .
5  25  25 3 3 3 3 

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

69. 0.2sin θ = 0.05 73. 4sin 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ

Find the intersection of Y1 = 0.2sin θ and
Y2 = 0.05 :
( )
4 1 − cos 2 θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
4 − 4 cos θ = 1 + 4 cos θ
2

4 cos θ + 4 cos θ − 3 = 0
2

( 2 cos θ − 1)( 2 cos θ + 3) = 0

2 cos θ − 1 = 0 or 2 cos θ + 3 = 0
1 3
cos θ = cos θ = −
On the interval 0 ≤ θ < 2π , x ≈ 0.25 or 2 2
x ≈ 2.89 π 5π (not possible)
θ= ,
The solution set is {0.25, 2.89} . 3 3
 π 5π 
70. sin θ + sin(2θ ) = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , .
3 3 
sin θ + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
sin θ (1 + 2 cos θ ) = 0 74. sin ( 2θ ) = 2 cos θ
1 + 2 cos θ = 0 or sin θ = 0 2sin θ cos θ = 2 cos θ
1 θ = 0, π 2sin θ cos θ − 2 cos θ = 0
cos θ = −
2
2π 4 π
(
cos θ 2sin θ − 2 = 0 )
θ= ,
3 3 cos θ = 0 or 2sin θ − 2 = 0
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is π 3π 2
θ= , sin θ =
 2π 4π  2 2 2
0, ,π ,  .
 3 3  π 3π
θ= ,
4 4
71. sin(2θ ) − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0
 π π 3π 3π 
2sin θ cos θ − cos θ − 2sin θ + 1 = 0 On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , , .
4 2 4 2 
cos θ (2sin θ − 1) − 1(2sin θ − 1) = 0
(2sin θ − 1)(cos θ − 1) = 0 75. sin θ − cos θ = 1
1 Divide each side by 2 :
sin θ = or cos θ = 1 1 1 1
2 sin θ − cos θ =
θ =0
π 5π 2 2 2
θ= ,
Rewrite in the difference of two angles form
6 6
 π 5π  1 1 π
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is 0, ,  . where cos φ = , sin φ = , and φ = :
 6 6  2 2 4
1
sin θ cos φ − cos θ sin φ =
72. 2sin 2 θ − 3sin θ + 1 = 0 2
(2sin θ − 1)(sin θ − 1) = 0 2
sin(θ − φ ) =
2sin θ − 1 = 0 or sin θ − 1 = 0 2
1 sin θ = 1
sin θ =
2 π
θ=
π 5π 2
θ= ,
6 6
 π π 5π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , , .
6 2 6 

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 Chapter 6 Review Exercises

π 3π quadrant II. The calculator yields

θ −φ = or θ − φ =
4 4  1
tan −1  −  ≈ −0.24 , which is an angle in
π π π 3π  4
θ − = or θ − =
4 4 4 4 quadrant IV. Since θ lies in quadrant II,
π θ ≈ −0.24 + π ≈ 2.90 . Therefore,
θ= or θ = π
2 cot −1 ( −4 ) ≈ 2.90 .
π 
On 0 ≤ θ < 2π , the solution set is  , π  .
2 

76. sin −1 ( 0.7 ) ≈ 0.78

81. 2 x = 5cos x
Find the intersection of Y1 = 2 x and
Y2 = 5cos x :
6
77. tan −1 ( −2 ) ≈ −1.11

−2π 2π

−6
x ≈ 1.11
78. cos −1 ( −0.2 ) ≈ 1.77
The solution set is {1.11} .

82. 2sin x + 3cos x = 4 x

Find the intersection of Y1 = 2sin x + 3cos x and
Y2 = 4 x :
1 6
79. sec−1 ( 3) = cos −1  
3
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose cosine −2π 2π
1 1
equals . Now cos θ = , so θ lies in
3 3
−6
1 x ≈ 0.87 .
quadrant I. The calculator yields cos −1 ≈ 1.23 ,
3 The solution set is {0.87} .
which is an angle in quadrant I, so
sec−1 ( 3) ≈ 1.23 . 83. sin x = ln x
Find the intersection of Y1 = sin x and Y2 = ln x :
2

−2π 2π
 1
80. cot −1 ( −4 ) = tan −1  − 
 4 −2
We seek the angle θ , 0 ≤ θ ≤ π , whose tangent
x ≈ 2.22
1 1
equals − . Now tan θ = − , so θ lies in The solution set is {2.22} .
4 4

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

84. −3sin −1 x = π Verifying equality:

1 6− 2
sin −1 x = −
3
π
4
( 6− 2 = ) 4
 π 2⋅ 3− 2
x = sin  −  =
 3 4

=−
3
=
2 ( 3 −1 )
2 4
 3 
( ) 
2
The solution set is − .  2 3 −1
 2  = 
 4 
 
85. 2 cos −1 x + π = 4 cos −1 x
−2 cos −1 x + π = 0 =
(
2 3 − 2 3 +1 )
−2 cos −1 x = −π 16

cos −1 x =
π
=
(
2 4−2 3 )
2 16
π
x = cos
2
=0
=
(
2⋅2 2 − 3 )
The solution set is {0}. 16

86. Using a half-angle formula: 2− 3

=
 30°  4
sin15° = sin  
 2  2− 3
=
1 − cos 30° 2
=
2
87. Given the value of cos θ , the most efficient
3 Double-angle Formula to use is
1−
= 2 = 2− 3 = 2− 3 cos ( 2θ ) = 2 cos 2 θ − 1 .
2 4 2
Note: since 15º lies in quadrant I, we have
sin15° > 0 .

Chapter 6 Test
Using a difference formula:
sin15° = sin(45° − 30°)  2 
1. Let θ = sec−1   . We seek the angle θ , such
= sin(45°) cos(30°) − cos(45°) sin(30°)  3
π
2 3 2 1 that 0 ≤ θ ≤ π and θ ≠ , whose secant equals
= ⋅ − ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2
2
6 2 6− 2 1 . The only value in the restricted range with
=
4
−
4
=
4
=
4
( 6− 2 ) 3
2 π  2  π
a secant of is . Thus, sec −1  = .
3 6  3 6

 2
2. Let θ = sin −1  −  . We seek the angle θ , such
 2 
π π 2
that − ≤θ ≤ , whose sine equals − . The
2 2 2

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 Chapter 6 Chapter Test

only value in the restricted range with a sine of  3

6. Let θ = cos −1  −  .
2 π  2 π  4
− is − . Thus, sin −1  − =− .
 
2 4  2  4   3 
sec cos −1  −   = sec θ
  4 
 11π  1
3. sin −1  sin  follows the form of the equation =
 5  cos θ
1
( ) ( )
f −1 f ( x ) = sin −1 sin ( x ) = x , but because
=
 3 
cos  cos −1  −  
11π  π π   4 
is not in the interval  − ,  , we cannot 1
5  2 2 = 3
−4
directly use the equation.
We need to find an angle θ in the interval 4
=−
3
 π π 11π
 − 2 , 2  for which sin 5 = sin θ . The angle
  7. sin −1 ( 0.382 ) ≈ 0.39 radian
11π
is in quadrant I. The reference angle of
5
11π π 11π π π
is and sin = sin . Since is in
5 5 5 5 5
 π π
the interval  − ,  , we can apply the equation  1 
 2 2 8. sec−1 1.4 = cos −1   ≈ 0.78 radian
 1.4 
 11π  π
above and get sin −1  sin = .
 5  5

 7
4. tan  tan −1  follows the form
 3

( ) (
f f −1 ( x ) = tan tan −1 x = x . Since the)
domain of the inverse tangent is all real numbers,
we can directly apply this equation to get 9. tan −1 3 ≈ 1.25 radians
 7 7
tan  tan −1  = .
 3 3

(
5. cot csc−1 10 )
r π π 1
Since csc−1 θ = = 10 , − ≤ θ ≤ , let 10. cot −1 5 = tan −1   ≈ 0.20 radian
y 2 2 5
r = 10 and y = 1 . Solve for x:

( 10 )
2
x 2 + 12 =
x 2 + 1 = 10
x2 = 9
x=3
θ is in quadrant I.

(
Thus, cot csc−1 10 = cot θ = ) x 3
= = 3.
y 1

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

csc θ + cot θ sin (α + β )

11. 14.
sec θ + tan θ tan α + tan β
csc θ + cot θ csc θ − cot θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
sec θ + tan θ csc θ − cot θ sin α sin β
+
csc2 θ − cot 2 θ cos α cos β
=
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) =
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
1 sin α cos β cos α sin β
= +
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) cos α cos β cos α cos β
1 sec θ − tan θ sin α cos β + cos α sin β
= ⋅ =
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
( sec θ + tan θ )( cscθ − cot θ ) sec θ − tan θ
cos α cos β
sec θ − tan θ
= sin α cos β + cos α sin β cos α cos β
(sec 2
)
θ − tan 2 θ ( csc θ − cot θ ) =
1
⋅
sin α cos β + cos α sin β
sec θ − tan θ = cos α cos β
=
csc θ − cot θ
15. sin ( 3θ )
sin θ = sin (θ + 2θ )
12. sin θ tan θ + cos θ = sin θ ⋅ + cos θ
cos θ = sin θ cos ( 2θ ) + cos θ sin ( 2θ )
sin θ cos 2 θ
2
=
cos θ
+
cos θ
( )
= sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ + cos θ ⋅ 2sin θ cos θ
sin θ + cos 2 θ
2 = sin θ cos θ − sin θ + 2sin θ cos 2 θ
2 3
=
cos θ = 3sin θ cos 2 θ − sin 3 θ
=
1
cos θ
(
= 3sin θ 1 − sin 2 θ − sin 3 θ )
= sec θ = 3sin θ − 3sin θ − sin 3 θ
3

= 3sin θ − 4sin 3 θ
sin θ cos θ
13. tan θ + cot θ = +
cos θ sin θ sin θ cos θ
2 2 tan θ − cot θ cos θ − sin θ
sin θ cos θ 16. =
= + tan θ + cot θ sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ +
cos θ sin θ
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
= sin θ cos θ
1
= sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
sin θ cos θ
sin θ cos θ
2
= sin 2 θ − cos 2 θ
2sin θ cos θ =
sin 2 θ + cos 2 θ
2 − cos ( 2θ )
=
sin ( 2θ ) =
1
= 2 csc ( 2θ ) (
= − 2 cos 2 θ − 1 )
2
= 1 − 2 cos θ

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 Chapter 6 Chapter Test

17. cos15° = cos ( 45° − 30° ) y 6 6 85

tan θ = = =
= cos 45° cos 30° + sin 45° sin 30° x 85 85
2 3 2 1  6 85 
= ⋅ + ⋅ 2
2 2 2 2 
tan ( 2θ ) =
2 tan θ  85 
=
4
2
(3 +1 ) 1 − tan 2 θ
=
 6 85 
2

1−  
6+ 2
=
4
or
1
4
(
6+ 2 )  85 
12 85
12 85 85
18. tan 75° = tan ( 45° + 30° ) = 85 = ⋅
36 85 49
tan 45° + tan 30° 1−
= 85
1 − tan 45° tan 30° 12 85
3 =
1+ 49
= 3
3  2 3
1 − 1⋅ 21. cos  sin −1 + tan −1 
3  3 2
3+ 3 2 3
= Let α = sin −1 and β = tan −1 . Then
3− 3 3 2
3+ 3 3+ 3 2 3
= ⋅ sin α = and tan β = , and both α and β
3− 3 3+ 3 3 2
9+6 3 +3 y 2
= lie in quadrant I. Since sin α = 1 = , let
32 − 3 r1 3
12 + 6 3 y1 = 2 and r1 = 3 . Solve for x1 : x12 + 22 = 32
=
6 x12 + 4 = 9
= 2+ 3
x12 = 5
1 3 x1 = 5
19. sin  cos −1 
2 5 x1 5
Thus, cos α = = .
3 π r1 3
Let θ = cos −1 . Since 0 < θ < (from the
5 2 y2 3
−1
Since tan β = = , let x2 = 2 and y2 = 3 .
range of cos x ), x2 2
1  1 − cos θ Solve for x2 : 22 + 32 = r2 2
sin  θ  =
2  2 4 + 9 = r2 2
1 − cos  cos −1 
3 r2 2 = 13
 5 1 − 53
= = r2 = 13
2 2
y2 3
1 5 Thus, sin β = = .
= = r2 13
5 5
Therefore, cos (α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
 6
20. tan  2sin −1  5 2 2 3
 11  = ⋅ − ⋅
3 13 3 13
6 6
Let θ = sin −1 . Then sin θ = and θ lies in 2 5 −6
11 11 =
y 6 3 13
quadrant I. Since sin θ = = , let y = 6 and
r 11
r = 11 , and solve for x: x 2 + 62 = 112 =
2 13 ( 5 −3 )
39
x 2 = 85
x = 85

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Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

22. Let α = 75° , β = 15° . On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes on
1 a value of 0 when θ = 0 or θ = π . The cosine
Since sin α cos β = sin (α + β ) + sin (α − β )  ,
2
1 1
sin 75° cos15° = sin ( 90° ) + sin ( 60° )  function takes on a value of − in the second and
2 3
1 3 1 2+ 3
= 1 +
2
= 2+ 3 =
2  4
( ) 4
third quadrants when θ = π − cos −1 and
1
3
1
θ = π + cos −1 . That is θ ≈ 1.911 and θ ≈ 4.373 .
23. sin 75° + sin15° 3
 75° + 15°   75° − 15°  The solution set is {0,1.911, π , 4.373} .
= 2sin   cos  
 2   2 
 2  3  6 27. cos 2 θ + 2sin θ cos θ − sin 2 θ = 0
= 2sin ( 45° ) cos ( 30° ) = 2   =
 2  2  2 ( cos 2
θ − sin 2 θ ) + 2sin θ cos θ = 0
cos ( 2θ ) + sin ( 2θ ) = 0
24. cos 65° cos 20° + sin 65° sin 20°
sin ( 2θ ) = − cos ( 2θ )
2
= cos ( 65° − 20° ) = cos ( 45° ) = tan ( 2θ ) = −1
2
The tangent function takes on the value −1
25. 4sin 2 θ − 3 = 0 3π
when its argument is + kπ . Thus, we need
4
4sin 2 θ = 3
3π
3 2θ = + kπ
sin 2 θ = 4
4 3π π
3 θ= +k
sin θ = ± 8 2
2 π
On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the sine function takes θ=
8
( 3 + 4k )
3 π 2π On the interval [ 0, 2π ) , the solution set is
on a value of when θ = or θ = . The
2

sine takes on a value of −

3
3
when θ =
3
4π
and
{π
3 7π 11π 15π
, ,
8 8 8
,
8
. }
2 3

θ=
5π
3
. The solution set is ,{
π 2π 4π 5π
,
3 3 3 3
, . }
π 
26. −3cos  − θ  = tan θ
 2 
−3sin θ = tan θ
sin θ
0= + 3sin θ
cos θ
 1 
0 = sin θ  + 3
 cos θ 
1
sin θ = 0 or +3 = 0
cos θ
1
cos θ = −
3

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 Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

28. sin (θ + 1) = cos θ Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 = cos θ
sin θ cos1 + cos θ sin1 cos θ 1. 3x 2 + x − 1 = 0
=
cos θ cos θ −b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=
tan θ cos1 + sin1 = 1 2a
tan θ cos1 = 1 − sin1 −1 ± 12 − 4 ( 3)( −1)
=
tan θ =
1 − sin1 2 ( 3)
cos1
−1 ± 1 + 12
 1 − sin1  =
Therefore, θ = tan −1   ≈ 0.285 or 6
 cos1 
−1 ± 13
1 − sin1  =
θ = π + tan −1   ≈ 3.427 6
 cos1   −1 − 13 −1 + 13 
The solution set is {0.285,3.427} . The solution set is  , .
 6 6 
29. 4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ = 2
2. Line containing points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
4sin 2 θ + 7 sin θ − 2 = 0
y2 − y1 −1 − 5 −6
Let u = sin θ . Then, m= = = = −1
x2 − x1 4 − ( −2 ) 6
4u 2 + 7u − 2 = 0
Using y − y1 = m( x − x1 ) with point (4, −1) ,
( 4u − 1)( u + 2 ) = 0
y − (−1) = −1( x − 4 )
4u − 1 = 0 or u + 2 = 0
y + 1 = −1( x − 4 )
4u = 1 u = −2
1 y +1 = −x + 4
u= y = − x + 3 or x + y = 3
4
Substituting back in terms of θ , we have
Distance between points (−2,5) and (4, −1) :
1
sin θ = or sin θ = −2
( x2 − x1 ) + ( y2 − y1 )
2 2
4 d=
The second equation has no solution since
( 4 − ( −2 ) ) + ( −1 − 5)2
2
−1 ≤ sin θ ≤ 1 for all values of θ . =
Therefore, we only need to find values of θ
= 62 + ( −6 ) = 72 = 36 ⋅ 2 = 6 2
2
1
between 0 and 2π such that sin θ = . These
4 Midpoint of segment with endpoints (−2,5) and
will occur in the first and second quadrants.
1 (4, −1) :
Thus, θ = sin −1 ≈ 0.253 and
4  x1 + x2 y1 + y2   −2 + 4 5 + ( −1) 
−1 1
 2 , 2  =  2 , 2  = (1, 2 )
θ = π − sin ≈ 2.889 .    
4
The solution set is {0.253, 2.889} .
3. 3x + y 2 = 9
x-intercept: 3x + 02 = 9 ; ( 3, 0 )
3x = 9
x=3
y-intercepts: 3 ( 0 ) + y 2 = 9 ; ( 0, −3) , ( 0,3)
y2 = 9
y = ±3

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Tests for symmetry:  π

6. y = cos  x −  − 1
x-axis: Replace y with − y : 3x + ( − y ) = 9
2
 2
3x + y 2 = 9 Using the graph of y = cos x , horizontally shift
Since we obtain the original equation, the graph π
to the right units, and vertically shift down 1
is symmetric with respect to the x-axis. 2
unit.
y-axis: Replace x with − x : 3 ( − x ) + y 2 = 9
−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the y-axis.
Origin: Replace x with − x and y with − y :
3( −x ) + ( − y ) = 9
2

−3x + y 2 = 9
Since we do not obtain the original equation, the
graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
7. a. y = x3
y

4. y = x − 3 + 2 5

Using the graph of y = x , shift horizontally to

(1, 1)
the right 3 units and vertically up 2 units. x
−5(−1,−1) (0, 0) 5

−5

Inverse function: y = 3 x
y
5

(1, 1)

−5 (0, 0) 5 x
x (−1,−1)
5. y = 3e − 2
Using the graph of y = e x , stretch vertically by a −5

factor of 3, and shift down 2 units.

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 Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

b. y = ex Inverse function: y = sin −1 x

y y
5
2  _ π
 1, 2 
 1 _ (1, e)  
 −1, e 
  (0, 1)
−5 5 x −2 (0, 0) 2 x

 π_
 −1, − 2 
  −2
−5

Inverse function: y = ln x
y
5

(e, 1)

−5 (1, 0) 5 x

_1 
 e , −1
 
−5

d. y = cos x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π
y

(0, 1) π_ 
 2 , 0
 

−1 3 x
−1 (π,−1)

Inverse function: y = cos −1 x

y
π π (−1, π)
c. y = sin x , − ≤x≤ 3
2 2
y
 π _
 0, 2 
 
2
_π  x
 2 , 1
 
−1 (1, 0) 3
−1
−2 (0, 0) 2 x
 π_ 
 − 2 , −1
 
−2

821
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

1
8. sin θ = − , π < θ <
3π
, so θ lies in Quadrant III. (
9. cos tan −1 2 )
3 2
y 2
a. In Quadrant III, cos θ < 0 Let θ = tan −1 2 . Then tan θ = = ,
x 1
2
 1 π π
cos θ = − 1 − sin 2 θ = − 1 −  −  − ≤ θ ≤ . Let x = 1 and y = 2 .
 3 2 2
1 8 Solve for r: r 2 = x 2 + y 2
= − 1− =−
9 9 r 2 = 12 + 22
2 2 r2 = 5
=−
3
r= 5
1 θ is in quadrant I.
sin θ −
b. tan θ = = 3
x 1 1 5 5
cos θ
−
2 2 ( )
cos tan −1 2 = cos θ =
r
=
5
= ⋅
5 5
=
5
3
1 3  1 2
= − − = =
3  2 2  2 2 4
1 π 1 3π
 1  2 2  10. sin α = , < α < π ; cos β = − , π < β <
c. sin(2θ ) = 2sin θ cos θ = 2  −   −  3 2 3 2
 3  3  π
a. Since < α < π , we know that α lies in
4 2 2
= Quadrant II and cos α < 0 .
9
d. cos(2θ ) = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ cos α = − 1 − sin 2 α
2
2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7 1 1 8
= − = − 1−   = − 1− = −
 − = − =
 3   3  9 9 9 3 9 9
2 2
3π π θ 3π =−
e. Since π < θ < , we have that < < . 3
2 2 2 4
1 1  3π
Thus, θ lies in Quadrant II and sin  θ  > 0 . b. π <β < , we know that β lies in
2 2  2
Quadrant III and sin β < 0 .
 2 2
1−  −
1  1 − cos θ  3  sin β = − 1 − cos 2 β
sin  θ  = = 2
2  2 2  1
= − 1−  − 
3+ 2 2  3
3 3+ 2 2 1 8 2 2
= = = − 1− =− =−
2 6 9 9 3

θ lies in Quadrant II, cos  θ  < 0 .

1 1 c. cos(2α ) = cos 2 α − sin 2 α
f. Since
2 2  2
 2 2   1 2 8 1 7
= −  − = − =
 2 2
1+  −  3   3  9 9 9
1  1 + cos θ  3 
cos  θ  = − =− d. cos(α + β ) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
2  2 2
3−2 2 2 2  1 1 2 2 
=− − − − 
3 3− 2 2 3  3  3  3 
=− =−
2 6 2 2 2 2 4 2
= + =
9 9 9

822
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 6 Cumulative Review

3π π β 3π Factoring:
e. Since π < β < , we have that < < .
2 2 2 4 2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 = x 2 ( 2 x − 1) − 1( 2 x − 1)
β β
Thus,
2
lies in Quadrant II and sin
2
>0. (
= ( 2 x − 1) x 2 − 1 )
1 −  − 
1 = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
β1 − cos β  3 Therefore,
sin = =
2 2 2
f ( x ) = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2

4
3 = 4= 2 =2 6= 6  1
= 2  x −  ( x − 1) ( x + 1)
2 2
=
2 6 6 6 3  2 
The real zeros are −1 and 1 (both with
11. f ( x) = 2 x5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1 1
multiplicity 2) and (multiplicity 1).
2
a. f ( x ) has at most 5 real zeros.
1
Possible rational zeros: b. x-intercepts: 1, , −1
2
p 1 y-intercept: −1
p = ±1; q = ±1, ± 2; = ±1, ±
q 2
1 
Using the Bounds on Zeros Theorem: The intercepts are (0, −1) , (1, 0) ,  , 0  ,
2 
(
f ( x) = 2 x 5 − 0.5 x 4 − 2 x3 + x 2 + x − 0.5 ) and (−1, 0)
a4 = − 0.5, a3 = −2, a2 = 1, a1 = 1, a0 = −0.5
c. f resembles the graph of y = 2 x5 for large
Max {1, −0.5 + 1 + 1 + −2 + −0.5 } x .
= Max {1, 5} = 5
d. Let Y1 = 2 x 5 − x 4 − 4 x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x − 1
1 + Max { − 0.5 , 1 , 1 , −2 , −0.5 }
= 1+ 2 = 3
The smaller of the two numbers is 3. Thus,
every zero of f must lie between −3 and 3.

Use synthetic division with –1:

−1 2 − 1 − 4 2 2 −1
−2 3 1 −3 1 e. Four turning points exist. Use the
2 − 3 −1 3 −1 0 MAXIMUM and MINIMUM features to
locate local maxima at ( −1, 0 ) , ( 0.69, 0.10 )
Since the remainder is 0, x − ( −1) = x + 1 is
and local minima at (1, 0 ) , ( −0.29, −1.33) .
a factor. The other factor is the quotient:
2 x 4 − 3 x3 − x 2 + 3x − 1 .
f. To graph by hand, we determine some additional
Use synthetic division with 1 on the information about the intervals between the x-
quotient: intercepts:
1 2 − 3 −1 3 −1 Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1, 0.5) ( 0.5,1) (1, ∞ )
2 −1 − 2 1 Test
−2 0 0.7 2
number
2 −1 − 2 1 0
Value
−45 −1 ≈ 0.1 27
Since the remainder is 0, x − 1 is a factor. of f
The other factor is the quotient: Below Below Above Above
Location
2 x3 − x 2 − 2 x + 1 . x-axis x-axis x-axis x-axis
Point ( −2, −45) ( 0, −1) ( 0.7, 0.1) ( 2, 27 )

823
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

f is above the x-axis for ( 0.5,1) and  1  1 

Interval ( −∞, −1)
 −1, − 2  − 2 ,∞
(1,∞ ) , and below the x-axis for ( −∞, −1)    
and ( −1,0.5 ) . Test number −2 −0.75 0
Value of f 3 −0.125 1
Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
 1 
The solution set is ( −∞, −1) ∪  − , ∞  .
 2 
d. f ( x) ≥ g ( x)
2 x + 3x + 1 ≥ x2 + 3x + 2
2

x2 − 1 ≥ 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) ≥ 0
g. f is increasing on ( −∞, −1) , ( −0.29, 0.69 ) , p ( x ) = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
and (1,∞ ) . f is decreasing on ( −1, −0.29 ) The zeros of p are x = −1 and x = 1 .
and ( 0.69,1) . Interval ( −∞, −1) ( −1,1) (1, ∞ )
Test number −2 0 2
12. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 ; g ( x) = x 2 + 3x + 2 Value of p 3 −1 3
a. f ( x) = 0 Conclusion Positive Negative Positive
2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0
The solution set is ( −∞, −1] ∪ [1,∞ ) .
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) = 0
1
x = − or x = −1
2 Chapter 6 Projects
The solution set is −1, − { } 1
2
.
Project I – Internet Based Project
b. f ( x) = g ( x) Project II
2 x + 3x + 1 = x 2 + 3x + 2
2

a. Amplitude = 0.00421 m
x2 − 1 = 0
( x + 1)( x − 1) = 0 b. ω = 2.68 radians/sec
x = −1 or x = 1
ω 2.68
The solution set is {−1, 1} . c. f = = ≈ 0.4265 vibrations/sec
2π 2π
c. f ( x) > 0 2π 2π
2 d. λ = = ≈ 0.09199 m
2 x + 3x + 1 > 0 k 68.3
(2 x + 1)( x + 1) > 0
e. If x = 1 , the resulting equation is
f ( x) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 1)
y = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68t ) . To graph, let
1 Y1 = 0.00421sin(68.3 − 2.68 x) .
The zeros of f are x = − and x = −1
2 0.005

−4 4

−0.005

824
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 6 Projects

f. Note: (kx − ωt ) + (kx − ωt + φ ) = 2kx − 2ωt + φ and 2π ω

λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
(kx − ωt ) − (kx − ωt + φ ) = −φ . k 2π
200π ω = 4.6π = 14.45
y1 + y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt ) + ym sin( kx − ωt + φ ) k= = 69.8
9
= ym [sin(kx − ωt ) + sin(kx − ωt + φ )] y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
  2kx − 2 wt + φ   −φ   y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= ym  2sin   cos  
  2   2  = 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 0.4)
 2kx − 2 wt + φ  φ  = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45t )
= 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
g. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 2.5 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3  2   
Let x = 1 :  2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 0.4   0.4 
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
2π ω  2   
λ = 0.09 = f = 2.3 =
k 2π  140 − 28.9t 
200π ω = 4.6π ≈ 14.45 = 0.009sin   cos(0.2)
k= ≈ 69.8  2 
9
= 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45t ) cos(0.2)
y1 = ym sin(kx − ωt )
Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t )
Y2 = 0.0045sin(70.2 − 14.45 x) , and
= 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45t )
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 70 − 14.45 x ) cos(0.2) .
y2 = ym sin(kx − ωt + φ )
= 0.0045sin(69.8 ⋅1 − 14.45t + 2.5) 0.01 y1 + y2
y1
= 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45t ) y2
−0.4 0.4
 2kx − 2ωt + φ  φ 
y1 + y2 = 2 ym sin   cos  2 
 2   
 2 ⋅ 69.8 ⋅ 1 − 2 ⋅ 14.45t + 2.5   2.5  −0.01
= 2 ⋅ 0.0045sin   cos  2 
 2   
j. The phase shift causes the amplitude of y1 + y2
 142.1 − 28.9 t 
= 0.009sin   cos(1.25) to increase from 0.009 cos(1.25) ≈ 0.003 to
 2 
0.009 cos(0.2) ≈ 0.009 .
= 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45t ) cos(1.25)

Project III
h. Let Y1 = 0.0045sin(69.8 − 14.45 x) ,
Y2 = 0.0045sin(72.3 − 14.45 x) , and y
a.
Y3 = 0.009sin ( 71.05 − 14.45 x ) cos(1.25) . h

0.01
y1 π 2π 3π 4π 5π x
y1 + y2 −h
−0.4 0.4
4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(5 x) sin(7 x) 
y2 b. Let Y1 = 1 + + + +
π  1 3 5 7 
−0.01 3

i. ym = 0.0045 , φ = 0.4 , λ = 0.09 , f = 2.3

Let x = 1 : 0 5π

−3

825
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6: Analytic Trigonometry

4  sin x sin(3 x) sin(17 x)  a. f ( x) = sin x (see table column 2)

c. Let Y1 = 1 + + + ... +
π  1 3 17  x f ( x) g ( x) h( x ) k ( x) m( x )
3
0 0 0.954 −0.311 −0.749 6.085
π 1
0.791 −0.703 2.437 4.011
0 5π 6 2
π 2
0.607 −1.341 1.387 −3.052
4 2
−3
π 3
0.256 −0.978 0.588 −1.243
4  sin x sin(3x) sin(37 x)  3 2
d. Let Y1 = 1 +  + + ... +
π 1 3 37  π
1 −0.256 −0.670 −0.063 0.413
3 2
2π 3
−0.607 −0.703 0.153 8.507
5π
3 2
0
3π 2
−0.791 −0.623 2.380 −6.822
4 2
−3 5π 1
−0.954 0 0.594 −2.695
e. The best one is the one with the most terms. 6 2
π −0.954
0 0.311 −0.817 1.536
Project IV 7π 1
−−0.791 −0.117 −0.013 −5.248
6 2
5π 2
− −0.607 1.341 −1.387 3.052
4 2
4π 3
− −0.256 0.978 −0.588 1.243
3 2
3π
−1 0.256 0.670 0.063 −0.705
2
5π 3
− 0.607 0.703 −0.306
3 2
7π 2
− 0.791 0.623
4 2
11π 1
− 0.954
6 2
2π 1

f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi )
b. g ( x) = (see table column 3)
xi +1 − xi
c. 1.2

−0.5 6.5

−1.2
The shape looks like a sinusoidal graph.

826
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Chapter 6 Projects

Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we 12

have that y = sin( x + 1.8) .
Barring error due to rounding and
−0.5 5.5
approximation, this looks like y = cos x

g ( xi +1 ) − g ( xi ) −10
d. h( x) = (see table column 4)
xi +1 − xi
The sinusoidal features are gone.
1.8

−0.5 6.5

Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

−1.8
have that y = 2.1sin(5.1x − 1.5) + 0.6 .
The shape is sinusoidal. It looks like an upside-
down sine wave. g. It would seem that the curves would be less
“involved”, but the rounding error has become
incredibly great that the points are nowhere near
accurate at this point in calculating the differences.

Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we

have that y = 0.5sin(6.4 x ) .
h ( xi +1 ) − h ( xi )
e. k ( x) = (see table column 5)
xi +1 − xi
3

−0.5 6

−2
This curve is losing its sinusoidal features,
although it still looks like one. It takes on the
features of an upside-down cosine curve

.
Rounding a, b, c, and d to the nearest tenth, we
have that y = 0.8sin(1.1x) + 0.3 .
Note: The rounding error is getting greater and
greater.
k ( xi +1 ) − k ( xi )
f. m( x) = (see table column 6)
xi +1 − xi

827
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
 Hannes parahti kuin haavoitettu päästyään ylisille, jossa oli hänen
yksinäinen makuutilansa.

Hän tunsi rakastavansa tyttöä, mutta toisin kuin olisi tahtonut. Eikö
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ruumista.

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Hän kirosi itseään ja sukuaan ja tuskanhiki helmeili hänen
otsallansa.

Voi, eikö mistään löytyisi pelastusta ja apua!

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— Nyt minä olen näin iloinen, että olen säilyttänyt itseni

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puhunut.

Hannes ajatteli tätä sydän veristäen. Se oli koskenut kipeästi

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Hänen täytyi ulos. Hän ei jaksaisi muuten.

 Sama oli ulkonakin. Heinäkuun yö oli raskas lämmöstä ja
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Hannes tunsi selvästi, että jos hän nyt sortuisi, ei hän kehtaisi eikä
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Vaikkapa hänen täytyisi jättää tyttö, hänen pitäisi saada katsoa
rehellisesti tyttöä silmiin.

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Että hänen täytyi näin taistella ja että himo ei ottanut haihtuakseen
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Hannes päätti jo lähteä talosta ja kirjoittaa tytölle. Kun hän kokosi

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heikkoutensa ja sitä hän ei vielä ainakaan tahtonut.

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Saada puhua jonkun kanssa, vaikkapa kuinkakin vähäpätöisiä
sanoja.

Hannes muisti, että päällikkö oli pyytänyt häntä puhumaan silloin

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valvovan, ehkäpä hän nytkin…

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herättämään toista keskiyöllä, hän meni ja koputti päällikön ovelle.

Ovi aukeni kohta ja päällikkö kysyi:

— No, mitäs nyt?

 — Minä vain… minulla olisi asiaa ja minä tarvitsisin apuanne…
suokaa anteeksi, että näin…

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kättä ensiksi sen päälle.

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— Mutta hyvä mies, sinun on selvintä heti mennä naimisiin, ei

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— Sepä siinä onkin, etten tällaisena voi sitä ajatella.

— Mutta hän voi parantaa sinut.

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minulta. Mitä hän sanoo saatuaan tietää, että olen tällainen raukka.

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— Voihan olla niinkin, mutta siinä piilee myöskin se vaara, että

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ole voittanut itseäni:

Mies sängynlaidalla katseli neuvottomana eteensä. Nuori mies oli

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olikin saanut sellaisen varmuuden ja niin suuret vaatimukset itseään
kohtaan.
 — Mutta yleisten periaatteiden kannalta…

— Älä puhu sellaisista periaatteista, keskeytti Hannes. Minä kyllä

tunnen ne. Nykyinen maailma, varsinkin tietoviisaat ja oppineet,
nauraisivat minulle, mutta siksipä onkin koko yhteiskuntamme
sairautta täynnä. Ei, minä en alistu yleisten katsantokantojen
mukaiseksi. Minä en pyydä tyttöä omakseni ennen kuin voin olla
itsestäni varma. Jos en voi rakastaa muuten, kuin että
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kierrän kuin koira maailmalla sukukiroukseni painamana!

Mies silmäili edelleen neuvottomana Hannesta, joka seisoi

ikkunan ääressä kasvot kalpeina katsellen nousevaa aurinkoa.

— Aiotko sitten jättää tytön? kysyi hän.

— En. Aion puhua hänelle ja jos hän odottaa minua, niin… ja

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Se tappaa kaikki hyvät aikomukseni. Minun täytyy päästä sellaiseen
työhön käsiksi, jossa voin ponnistaa. Kun pääsen kiinni maahan…

— Kyllä minä tuon hyvin ymmärrän, vaikka onkin vaikea luopua

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paikan tahansa. Voisin vieläkin, mutta et taida suostua?

— Sinä voisit toimittaa minut helpommille päiville, vaikka

entinenkin toimeni on liian helppoa. Ei se käy päinsä.
Hartiavoimaiseen työhön minun on päästävä.

— Mutta eihän tietääkseni sinulla ole mitään paikkaa tai muuta

tiedossa, jäisit siksi aikaa, kun järjestelet.
 Hannes pysyi päätöksessään ja kiittäen kaikesta poistui kohta
huoneesta.

Aurinko oli jo noussut ja sen säteilyssä värähteli kasteinen maa.

Hannes jäi hetkiseksi istumaan pihamaan kivelle. Nyt hänen ei

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taistelun ja tunsi sanomatonta mielihyvää siitä.

Voisikohan se ehkä vastakin käydä näin helposti? Ja voisiko vielä

jäädä toistaiseksi, kokeilemaan voimiaan?

Kyllä se kävisi mahdottomaksi.

Ja hänen täytyi päästä maahan kiinni. Eihän hän voisi kulkurina

vaimoaankaan elättää.

Keventynein mielin nousi Hannes ylisille. Hänen ei tällä kertaa

tarvinnut pelätä yksinäisyyttä.

Hetkisen valveilla ollen kuuli hän kellokkaan ammunnan

tarhaveräjällä ja lypsäjien matalaa puhetta pihamaalta. Isäntä kuului
käskevän miehiä kesantokynnökselle.

Ne onnelliset saavat askarrella maatyössä, mietti Hannes. Milloin

se aika koittaa minulle?
VII.

Hannes seisoi joen sillalla, nojasi kaiteeseen ja odotti. Vaatemytty oli

siinä hänen vieressään istuinlaudalla.

Talosta kuului ääniä. Kyntäjät siellä palasivat pelloilta ja karjaa

huhuttiin kotiin. Alempana kuului joku pojista aloittavan laulun, mutta
se katkesi vetelään ölinään. Kuumuus rasitti vesien partaallakin.

Nyt näkyi jo kellokas talon karjakujalla.— Missä lienee Hakalan

vanha kellokas, tuli Hannes tahtomattaankin ajatelleeksi, vaikka
tärkeämmät ajatukset olivatkin pyörineet hänen päässään.

Ajatukset viivähtivät nyt jo kokonaan kotitalossa ja palasivat

hetkistä myöhemmin taloon, jonka hän oli nyt jättävä.

Kun olisi voinut jäädä, olisi ehkä piankin saanut ikävöimäänsä

maata. Tyttö oli Jokivarren talossa ainoa perillinen ja isänsä oli
vanha ja raihnainen. Talo olisi tarvinnut miehen, ja isäntä,
hyväntahtoinen vanhus, oli pyytänytkin Hannesta apulaisekseen.
Oliko ehkä huomannut, että tyttärensä viihtyi tarinoimassa hänen
kanssaan.
 Maata olisi ollut ja valmis asuntopaikka, vaan se täytyi jättää, sille
ei voinut muuta.

Hannes oli katsellut taloa peltojensa ja koivujensa keskellä. Nyt

sieltä tuli joku ja kääntyi maantielle.

Se on Lyyli, mitä minä voin sanoa hänelle, ajatteli Hannes.

Tyttö tuli ja nojasi hänkin kaiteeseen. Kellertävät, runsaat hiukset

olivat auenneet ja tyttö oli solminnut ne hätäisesti niskaan. Sinisissä
silmissä oli valtava, melkeinpä murheellinen ilme.

Poika tuskin uskalsi katsoa tyttöön. Hän kuuli sydämensä kovat,

tuskaiset lyönnit.

— Sinä siis jätät minut, sanoi tyttö hiljaa.

— Enhän voi muutakaan tällä kertaa. Jos vain voit odottaa, niin
minä tulen kerran, ehkäpä piankin luoksesi, puhui poika.

Hän oli äsken piharakennuksessa puhunut kaikki tytölle, joka oli

vaieten kuunnellut, ripsien raossa kirkkaat pisarat. Tyttö oli tullut nyt
vain häntä saattelemaan alkutaipaleelle.

— Kuulehan Lyyli, ethän ole nyreissäsi minulle, sanoi Hannes

hetken kuluttua. Olisinhan tullut terveeksi sinun hellässä hoidossasi,
mutta sukuvika ei olisi tullut sovitetuksi. Meille, tai oikeastaan minulle
alkaa uusi kirkas tulevaisuus, kun työllä ja ponnistuksilla saan
sovitetuksi sen, minkä vanhempani ovat rikkoneet.

— Mitenkäpä voisin sitä ollakaan, sanoi tyttö leikitellen

irtaantuneella hiussuortuvallaan. Tiedänhän, että yhteisen onnemme
puolesta niin teet kuin hyväksi näet.
 He lähtivät kävelemään polkua, joka erosi maantieltä ja luikerteli
männikkö- ja lehtotievojen poikki sydänmaille.

Keventääkseen tytön alakuloiseksi painunutta mieltä leikitteli

Hannes:

— Tätä samaa polkua minä sitten tulen taas myttyineni, niinkuin

kulkuri ainakin, pyytämään Jokivarren komeata tytärtä omakseni.
Mitäs jos annettaisiinkin miehelle rukkaset?

— Ei ole annettu ennenkään eikä vielä vastakaan, naurahti Lyyli.

Eikä Jokivarren tyttö ole komea. Kun et vain sattuisi komeampia
siellä maailmalla löytämään.

— No, siitä ei puhuta. Jos sinä vain odotat, etkä kättä toiselle
käppää.

Tyttö käveli siinä hänen vierellään niin vetävän verevänä.

Yht'äkkiä heitti Hannes myttynsä menemään tielle ja sulki tytön
syliinsä.

— Nyt hyvästi, oma tyttö! Sinä et saa tulla enää. Tiedät, että on
vain vaikeampi minunkin erota. Odota, pian minä tulen.

Tyttö jäi siihen kyyneleisenä ja poika lähti reippaasti astumaan,

heiluttaen vielä tien käänteessä kättään hyvästiksi.

Melkein kuin toinen koti oli jäänyt hänen jälkeensä. Ja

enemmänkin.
Kirkassilmäinen, vaaleahiuksinen tyttö jäi häntä odottamaan.

Miehen astunta kumahteli kangaspolulla. Siinä oli jo

päättäväisyyttä-ja ryhtiä. Ihme, että hän oli jo näinkin pitkälle voinut
päästä itsekasvatuksessaan.
VIII.

Hannes makasi selällään pienen metsälammen rantakalliolla,

vaatemytty päänsä alla. Yksinäiset metsälinnut olivat jo vaienneet ja
hiljaisuutta rikkoi vain silloin tällöin ahvenen pulahdus kaislikossa.

Kallio oli lämmin ja siinä oli mukava levähtää. Ajatuksilta,

painavilta ja kiusaavilta, sai siinä metsälammen rannalla ihmeellisen
rauhan.

Mikä oli saanut ne kaikki karkkoamaan? Jos ajatus pyörähti jälelle

jääneessä, tytössä ja talossa, voi se viipymättä siirtyä mihin vain,
hiljaiseen lammin rantametsään, auerhämyiselle taivaalle, vanhaan
kotitaloon ja tuntemattomaan tulevaisuuteen, mutta mikään niistä ei
kiinnittänyt. Salolammen luonto kokonaisuudessaan tuntui pitävän
kuin kaikkea yllä.

Nuori haapa lipatti siinä melkein korvan juuressa. Salama välähti

läntisellä taivaalla ja ahven pulahti ruohikossa, jalan juuressa. Sitten
ei taas kuulunut muuta kuin sammalen ritinä hengityksestä liikkuvain
hartiain alla.

Ihana erämaan rauha. Kukapa sen suuruutta tajusi muut kuin

saloseudun yksinäinen asukas.
 Ei hänkään ollut sitä ennen tällaiseksi huomannut. Oliko tässä
erikoisempaa kuin muulloinkaan jonkun saloseudun rauhaan
pysähtyessä, taisi olla vain ero siinä, että hän voi nyt kaikkea
paremmin tajuta, ottaa vaikutteita vastaan.

Hän olikin ehkä päässyt jo jonkun verran nousemaan

entisyydestään.

Eiköhän sittenkin luonnon alkuperäinen asutus ollut kaikista

kaunein. Kun vaan asujalla oli puuttumaton ravinto. Tällä hetkellä
hän, kulkuri ja sukukirojen alainen, ei olisi kalliolevähdyspaikkaansa
vaihtanut suurkaupungin miljoonapalatsiin. Täältä löysi elämän
terveenä ja koruttomana, mutta palatsien nurkissa viihtyi kuolema.

Mikä risahti?

Hannes nousi katsomaan. Jänö oli puikkinut rantaan ja lipoi vettä

kivenkolosta. Eipä näyttänyt pelkäävän. Rauhallisena painui
asuntopaikoilleen niinkuin olisi nähnyt vertaisensa.

Pilvi lännellä oli kasvanut ja salama leimahti jossain kauempana.

Hannes painui jälleen sammalvuoteelleen ja jäi silmät kiinni
miettimään.

Uni tuli tällä kertaa rauhallisena ja virkistävänä. Ihana saloseudun

rauha kosketti suojelevalla kädellään nukkujaa.
IX.

Suuren konepajan valssit ja puristimet jyskyivät, rakennukset

tärisivät ja sulatusuuneissa hehkui lakkaamaton tuli. Miehet heiluivat
koneellisesti, hikisinä ja tylsin ilmein. Työn iloa ei näkynyt yhdenkään
kasvoilla.

Eräässä hieman syrjemmällä sijaitsevassa pajassa takoi Hannes

kuumeisesti. Pari miestä hääri hänen ympärillään, mutta hänen
ajatuksensa näyttivät pysyvän kokonaan työssä, jota hän suoritti.

Hannes oli työpaikkaa etsiessään asettunut väliaikaisesti suuren

konepajan töihin. Työ ei ollutkaan hänelle aivan outoa. Kotonaan
Hakalassa oli hän suoritellut talossa tarvittavat sepän työt, ja takonut
joskus naapureillekin.

Uutterana miehenä hän sai pian tehtaassa omintakeiset

tehtävänsä ja se sai hänet toistaiseksi jäämään. Johtavan insinöörin
huomiota oli kohta kiinnittänyt miehen erikoinen reippaus, jolla hän
kävi käsiksi työhönsä. Ja kun häneltä oudoinkin työ kävi kohta
helposti ja hän ymmärsi piirustuksia, sai hän pian paikan
malliseppänä.
 Hannesta oli ensi alussa kammottanut tehdastyö. Edeltäpäin hän
ei ikinä olisi uskonut voivansa työskennellä tehtaassa. Toisen
maatyöhön hän ei tahtonut ryhtyä ja omaa maata, ei edes torpan
paikkaa, ollut hänen laiselleen kuljeksijalle saatavissa. Kukapa tiesi
hänen hyvistä pyrkimyksistään.

Tehtaaseen tultuaan huomasi hän koneiden ja valssien ryskeessä

jotain omituisesti tenhovaa. Aivan kuin olisi voinut sukukironsa
asettaa väkivasaran alle ja nähdä miten ne murskautuivat. Jokainen
koneiden tärähdys ja vasaran isku jäykisti hänen jänteitään ja hän
tunsi, että hänen oli jäätävä, koskapa hän näin pääsi työhön, johon
sai iskeä koko tarmollaan ja jossa sai jännittää kaikki voimansa.
Lyyli, jolle hän oli kohta ilmoittanut uudesta työalastaan, ei ollut
siihen tyytyväinen. »Olisit koettanut päästä maahan käsiksi, sitähän
sinä kaipasit», oli hän kirjoittanut.

Ehkäpä tyttö ei ymmärtänyt, että hänelle oli juuri tällainen sopivata

toistaiseksi. Mitä enemmän vietit painoivat häntä, sitä rajummin sai
hän työskennellä ja tappaa niitä. Hän nautti melkein siitä, että sai
rääkätä ruumistaan.

Lyylille hän kirjoitti tästä.

»— — — Koneiden ryskeessä on jotain, joka tenhoaa minut. Se

on minulle työn laulua ja vielä paljon enemmän. Minä käyn
lakkaamatonta taistelua paheeni kanssa ja väkivasaroista on tullut
kuin auttavia ystäviä minulle. Yön hetkinä, kun pahat ajatukset ajavat
minua takaa, menen minä näiden ystävieni luokse ja tunnen silloin
aina heiltä saavani apua taistelussani. En millään hinnalla voisi
silloin väkivaltaisesti uhrata elämännesteitä.
 Mutta sittenkin. Miksi minä en saa tätä voimain mittelyä suorittaa
maatyössä, omassa työssä? Tämä ajatuskin minua usein kiusaa.
Siellä luonasi olisin saanut tarttua maahan ja olla luonnon terveitten
voimien kanssa tekemisissä, mutta enhän voinut. Minä tahdoin
tutkia, onko minussa yhtään miehuutta, ja ilman sitä tietoa en olisi
koskaan voinut pyytää sinua kokonaan omakseni. Nyt tiedän, että
kerran voin, ehkä piankin. Odota sitä ja kun tulee uusi kevät ja lehti
puhkee puuhun, tulen varmasti silloin minäkin uutena miehenä
luoksesi.»

Hanneksen työvauhtia ihmeteltiin kohta suuren tehdasalueen joka

kolkassa. Työnjohtajat olivat mielissään saatuaan miehen, jonka
työtehosta voivat huomauttaa toisille.

Mutta se teki Hanneksen vihatuksi toisten joukossa. Varsinkin kun

hän ei ottanut osaa mihinkään työväen rientoihin.

Kiroiltiinkin jo hänelle ja uhkailtiin. Mutta se ei yhtään liikuttanut

häntä. Mitäpä hänen tarvitsi kohdistaa huomiotaan muuhun kuin
oman armottoman hirviönsä tappamiseen.

Hän ei ollut päässyt siltä vielä rauhaan. Se vei vielä voiton,

useinkin jättiläiskamppailujen jälkeen, mutta nyt hän ei jäänyt enää
murehtien miettimään tappioitaan, vaan suunnitteli uusia voittoja.

Sellaisen yön jälkeen, jolloin hän oli jäänyt tappiolle, työskenteli

hän kuin jättiläinen. Melkein peläten katselivat toverit häntä ja
insinöörit seurasivat salaperäisen kunnioittavasti hänen rajuja
liikkeitään.

Sukukirous oli kuin jättiläispuristin, joka tahtoi musertaa hänet,

mutta hän tahtoi olla jättiläistä vieläkin voimakkaampi. Ja siinä syntyi
hirvittävä taistelu.

*****

Kuitenkin tunsi Hannes olevansa vieraalla pohjalla. Iltasin, kun

kuumeinen työ oli loppunut ja hän kulki asuntoonsa, kävi se aina yhä
vaativammaksi ja selvemmäksi hänelle.

Miksi et poistu saloille ja rakenna sinne pirttiäsi, jossa ovat

juuresi? Miksi et ota vastaan mitä on tarjolla? Tyttö ja rauhallinen
kotikontu odottavat sinua. Oletko olevinasi viisas, kun uhraat
nuoruutesi vuodet koneiden jyskeessä?

En ole vielä valmis vastaanottamaan, koetti hän rauhoittaa

itseään.
Vielä jonkun aikaa karkaisua ja sitten.

Mutta voisithan voimiasi mi teliä maaemon kimpussa. Voisithan

näyttää miten tähkäpäät saadaan huojumaan siellä, missä kasvaa
vaivaiskoivikkoa.

Mutta kun ei ole omaa maata. Sepä se on.

Kun olisi perintömaa käsissä, aivan omituisena.

*****

Kuukaudet vierähtelivät. Talvi oli mennyt Hannekselta kuin

huomaamatta ohitse.

Lyyli kirjoitti harvoin. Viimeiset kirjeet tuntuivat omituisen kalseilta.

Tyttö tuntui epäilevän hänen taistelunsa todenperäisyyttä.
 — Sinä vain kiusaat itseäsi ja minua, kirjoitti hän. Tulisit pian. Minä
en jaksa kauan odottaa.

Mutta jos kerran hän jaksoi, niin miksei tyttökin. Olihan hän
kokonaan toisessa asemassa kuin mies, joka ponnisteli tulevan
polven elämää silmällä pitäen.

Ja Hannes kirjoitti: Odota. Minä tulen ja silloin voin tarjota

menneistä ajoista vapaan käden, miehen käden, joka tietää ohjata
oikeaan suuntaan nuorena särkyneen elämänsä.

Hän jäi odottamaan vastausta, mutta se viipyi kovin kauan.

Työinnossaan ei Hannes sitä huomannutkaan. Hän oli keksinyt
eräänlaisen turpeenhienontajan ja pyytänyt lupaa insinööriltä
pannakseen sen kokoon. Insinöörit pyysivät piirustuksia
nähtäväkseen, mutta niitä ei ollut hänellä. Selitettyään
suunnitelmaansa sai hän kaksi miestä käytettäväkseen ja työtarpeet.
Kaikki sillä ehdolla, että keksintö luovutetaan tehtaalle.

Nyt hän työskenteli entistä kuumeisemmin, ja huomasi päivä

päivältä pääsevänsä lujemmalle pohjalle.

Kun keksintö on valmis, voin minä lähteä Jokivarteen, ajatteli hän.

Hän aikoi tästä kirjoittaa Lyylille, mutta se ylenmääräisessä

ponnistuksessa jäi päivästä päivään. — Pian minä tämän rakkineen
saan kokoon ja silloin heitän hyvästit koko laitokselle.

Insinöörit ajattelivat toista. Heillä oli käytettävänään verraton kyky

ja heidän oli kiinnitettävä se kokonaan liikkeeseen. Mutta kun he
puhuivat loistavasta tulevaisuudesta Hannekselle, hymyili tämä. —
Minun tulevaisuuteni on varmasti loistava, mutta ei täällä, ajatteli
hän. Jokivarressa on saatava kasvamaan kaksi tähkää siellä, missä
ennen on kasvanut yksi.

Eräänä iltana, kun hänen työtoverinsa olivat jo menneet pois ja

hän yksin jäänyt työpajaan, tuli kolme tehtaan työmiestä ja vaati
häntä mukaansa.

— Mihin? kysyi Hannes keskeyttämättä työtään.

— Talolle. Siellä aiotaan antaa sinulle ystävällinen varoitus.

— Mistä?

Hanneksen ääni oli kuin kylmän teräksen.

— Siitäpä, että täällä ei saa yksi tehdä enemmän kuin toinenkaan.

Sinä oletkin jo mielettömällä rehkimiselläsi saanut meidän
työmieskunniamme kärsimään.

— Onko sitä sitten ollut? kysyi Hannes kylmästi.

Miehet tulistuivat.

— Sinä näyt olevan ilmeinen rahapomojen nuoleksija, ja jollet

muuta käytöstäsi, on sinun poistuttava kokonaan tehtaasta.

— Se on vain minun asiani, joka ei kuulu teille. Ja jos minä olen

teidän työmieskunnianne vienyt, niin siitäpähän tiedätte, ettei sitä ole
ollut olemassakaan. Ja nyt suorikaa matkoihinne!

Joku miehistä lähestyi uhkaavasti.

— Sinä tulet nyt talolle!

 Mitään enää virkkaamatta tarttui Hannes miestä hartioihin ja heitti
hänet ulos. Toiset seurasivat hänen jälkeensä. Kuului vain synkkää
kiroilua tieltä.

Hetkistä myöhemmin sulki Hannes ovet ja käveli johtajainsinöörin

asunnolle.

Siellä hän tuli kertoneeksi tapahtuman ja insinööri pyysi häntä

jäämään luokseen yöksi.

— Ja sitten luulen huomenna saavani koneen valmiiksi, ilmoitti

Hannes.
Herrat saavat tulla katsomaan.

— Ja ylihuomenna saadaan suorittaa sillä koeajo. Tämähän on

loistavaa.
Me voimme aloittaa jo tulevaksi muokkauskaudeksi koneen
valmistuksen.

— Mutta missäpä koeajon suorittaa, virkkoi Hannes. Nythän on

maaliskuu vasta lopuillaan.

Insinööri naurahti.

— Hakala ei näy tietävänkään, että vuodenajat eivät meille

merkitse mitään. Me voimme suorittaa koeajon vaikkapa
helmikuussa. Rauta-yhtiöllä on suurenmoiset laitokset, joita te ette
vielä kaikkia tunne. Kunhan tulette yhtiömme osakkaaksi, niin
saadaan nähdä yhtä ja toista.

Yhtiön osakkaaksi? Hannes hymähti. Vai sitä herrat

suunnittelivatkin. Olihan ikävää tuottaa hyville miehille pettymystä,
mutta hän asettuisi osakkaaksi erääseen taloon, jossa muuan
kirkassilmäinen tyttö oli jo odottanut kauan häntä.

Pianpa hän tästä jo joutaisikin lähtemään. Olisi vain pitänyt

kirjoittaa Lyylille. Hän olisi siitä tullut varmaankin hyvin iloiseksi.

Mutta olihan somempaa mennä aivan odottamatta.

Jo nyt olikin jo maaliskuu lopuillaan ja huhtikuun perästä tulee

ihana toukokuu, ja hän pääsee kiinni maahan, uutena ihmisenä.
Uskollinen, hyvä Lyyli saa vihdoinkin tuskaisen odotuksen palkan.
X.

Maaliskuun päivä valkeni kirkkaana ja poutaisena. Näytti tulevan

aikainen kevät, koskapa lumet olivat jo aukeilta sulaneet, niin että
maa näkyi paikotellen.

Hanget kantoivat metsissä. Hannes oli noussut varhain ja lähtenyt

kävelemään aukeamain poikki metsään.

Taivas oli keväisen kirkas ja hanki helisi askelten alla. Ehkä jo

seuraavana päivänä hän pääsisi lähtemään. Ensin olisi ikävä
rautatiematka, mutta sitten hän oikaisisi lopun matkasta suoraan
keväthankia. Olisi ihanaa päästä aamuvarhaisella Jokivarteen. Lyyli
voi olla lypsylle menossa, kun hän ilmestyy pihaan. Hän ilostuu,
juoksee vastaan…

Hannes oli kiivennyt läheisen vaaran laelle, johon näkyi koko

tehdasseutu ja suuri kylä. Sitä hän ei ensin huomannutkaan, katse
lensi kauemmas, peninkulmien taa pohjoiseen.

Hannes istui kaatuneen puun tyvelle. Hänestä tuntui ihmeelliseltä

kuluneet kuukaudet. Oliko hän todellakin sama mies, joka lähti
autioksi käyneestä Hakalasta ja oleksi milloin missäkin ja pysähtyi
vihdoin tänne? Elämä alkoi vähitellen tuntua kokonaan uudelta.