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Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants
6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 5. First write the system as an augmented matrix.

6.1 Practice Problems { x − 2 y = 1 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤



2 x + 3 y = 16 ⎢⎣ 2 3 16⎥⎦
Now perform the row operations.
1. a. 3 × 2 b. 1× 2
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎡0 3 −1 8 ⎤ ⎣ 3 16⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 7 14⎦

⎢ ⎥ 1
2. ⎢ 1 4 0 14⎥ R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢⎣0 −2 9 0 ⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
7
⎢0
⎣ 1 2⎥⎦
1 Thus, y = 2. Using back-substitution, we have
⎡3 4 5⎤ R1 ↔ R2 ⎡ 2 4 6⎤ 2 R1
x − 2(2) = 1 ⇒ x = 5. The solution is {(5, 2)}.
⎢2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯

4 6⎥⎦
3.
⎣ ⎣ 3 4 5⎦
⎡1 2 3⎤ −3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ 6. First write the system as an augmented matrix.
⎢3 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎡2 1 −1 7 ⎤
⎣ 4 5⎦ ⎣ 0 −2 −4⎦ ⎧2 x + y − z = 7
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ x − 3 y − 3 z = 4 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −3 −3 4 ⎥
4. First write the system as an augmented matrix. ⎪⎩4 x + y + z = 3
⎣⎢ 4 1 1 3⎦⎥
⎧ x − 6 y + 3 z = −2 ⎡ 1 −6 3 −2⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ Now perform the row operations.
⎨3x + 3 y − 2 z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ 3 3 −2 −2⎥ ⎡2 1 −1 7 ⎤
⎩⎪2 x − 3 y + z = −2 ⎣⎢ 2 −3 1 −2⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −3 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
Now perform the row operations. ⎢⎣ 4 1 1 3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −6 3 −2 ⎤
⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
⎢ 3 3 −2 −2⎥
→ ⎢2 1 −1 7 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −3 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 1 1 3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −6 3 −2 ⎤
⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
3 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −21 11 −4 ⎥ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 7 5 −1⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
−4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −9 5 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 13 13 −13⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −6 3 −2⎤
⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
→ ⎢ 0 −21 11 −4⎥
9 R2 − 21R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0
5 1

⎢⎣ 0 0 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
7 → 1 −
1
R3 → R3 ⎢ 7 7⎥
⎡ 1 − 6 3 −2⎤ 13 ⎢0 1 1 −1⎥⎦
⎢ ⎣
4⎥
1
− R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯21 → ⎢0 1 −
11
⎥ ⎡ 1 −3 −3 4⎤
(− R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎥
7
1
− R3 → R3 ⎢ 21 21⎥ 5 1
6 ⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎣ ⎢ 7 7⎥
Thus, z = −1. ⎢0 0 1 − 3⎥⎦

Using back-substitution, we have
Thus, z = −3. Using back-substitution, we
11 4 7 1
y − (−1) = ⇒ y = − = − . Then, 5 1
21 21 21 3 have y + ( −3) = − ⇒ y = 2 and
7 7
⎛ 1⎞ x − 3 ( 2) − 3 (−3) = 4 ⇒ x = 1.
x − 6 ⎜ − ⎟ + 3(−1) = −2 ⇒ x − 1 = −2 ⇒
⎝ 3⎠
x = −1 The solution is {(1, 2, −3)}.
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ −1, − , −1⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 3 ⎠⎭

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc. 569


570 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎧6 x + 8 y − 14 z = 3 ⎡ 6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎡ 8 21⎤

7. ⎨3x + 4 y − 7 z = 12 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢1 0 − 5 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩6 x + 3 y + z = 0
⎣⎢ 6 3 1 0⎦⎥ → ⎢0 1 −
2 14 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11
⎢ 5 5⎥
Now perform the row operations. ⎢0 0 1 −2 ⎥
⎡6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ 8 ⎡1 0 0 1⎤
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎡ 3 4 −7 12⎤ 2
R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥
5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎧ x+ z = −1 ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
1 ⎢ 1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎪
9. ⎨ 3 y + 2 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥ ⎪⎩3x − 3 y + z = −8
⎣⎢ 3 −3 1 −8⎦⎥
⎢6 3 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −3 1 −8⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 0 −21⎥
→ ⎢0 3 2 5⎥
−3R1 + R3 → R3
⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −3 −2 −5⎥⎦
Since the second row is equivalent to 0 = −21, the
system is inconsistent and the solution is ∅. ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 2 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢0 1 ⎥
⎧ 2 x − 3 y − 2 z = 0 ⎡ 2 −3 − 2 0 ⎤ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 3 3⎥

8. ⎨ x + y − 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎪⎩3x − 5 y − 5 z = 3 ⎢⎣ 3 −5 −5 3⎥⎦ The matrix is in row echelon form. The
⎡ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 −2 7 ⎤ ⎧ x + z = −1
⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎪
→ ⎢ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2 equivalent system is ⎨ 2 5 . Solving
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y + 3 z = 3
⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ for x and y in terms of z, we have x = − z − 1
→ 0 −5 2 −14⎥

−2 R1 + R2 → R2 5 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ and y = − z .
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 3
⎣⎢0 −8 1 −18⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 5 2 ⎞⎫
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ The solution set is ⎨ ⎜ − z − 1, − z , z ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎩ ⎝ ⎠⎭
2 14 ⎥
1
− R2 → R2 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎧ s = 0.01s + 0.1c + 0.1t + 12.46
⎢ 0 −8 ⎪
⎣ 1 −18⎥⎦ 10. a. ⎨c = 0.2s + 0.02c + 0.01t + 3 or
⎡ 8 21⎤ ⎩⎪t = 0.25s + 0.3c + 2.7
⎢1 0 − 5 5 ⎥ ⎧ 0.99s − 0.1c − 0.1t = 12.46
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 2 14 ⎥ ⎨ −0.2s + 0.98c − 0.01t = 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 − ⎪⎩−0.25s − 0.3c + t = 2.7
8 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 5 5⎥
⎢ 11 22 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥ b. 0.99(14) − 0.1(6) − 0.1(8) = 12.46 ˆ
⎣⎢ 5 5 ⎦⎥ −0.2(14) + 0.98(6) − 0.01(8) = 3 ˆ
−0.25(14) − 0.3(6) + (8) = 2.7 ˆ

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Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 571

6.1 Basic Concepts and Skills ⎡ 1 −1 0 2 ⎤ ⎧ x + 2 y − 3z = 4


⎢ ⎥ ⎪
1. A matrix is any rectangular array of numbers. 24. ⎢2 0 3 −5⎥ 25. ⎨ −2 x − 3 y + z = 5
⎢⎣ 0 1 −2 7 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩ 3x − 3 y + 2 z = 7
2. The array of coefficients and constants in a linear
system is called the augmented matrix of the

{
⎧− x + 2 y + 3z = 6
system. ⎪ x− y+ z = 2
26. ⎨2 x + 3 y + z = 2 27.
2 x + y − 3z = 6
3. Two matrices are row equivalent if one can be ⎩⎪4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1
obtained form the other by a sequence of row
operations. ⎧ x+ y+z = 2
⎪ x− y−z = 4
4. If a matrix is in row-echelon form and each 28. ⎨
2x + 3y + z = 6
leading entry 1 is the only nonzero entry in its ⎪
column, then the matrix is in reduced row echelon ⎩− x + y − z = 8
form.
⎡ 2 3 5⎤ R1 ↔ R2 ⎡1 2 3⎤
5. False. A 3 × 4 matrix has three rows with four 29.(i) ⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 5⎦
entries in each row. In other words, the matrix has
three rows and four columns. ⎡1 2 3⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 2 3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
6. True ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0 −1 −1⎦
7. False. The augmented matrix of the system is
⎡ 1 2 3⎤ − R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
⎡ 2 3 0 5⎤ (iii) ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯→⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 3 −4 −1⎥ . ⎣0 −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 2 3⎥⎦ 1
⎡ 2 4 2⎤ 2 R1 ⎡1 2 1⎤
30.(i) ⎢1 5 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
8. False. The augmented matrix of the system is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣1 5 7⎦
⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 2 1 ⎤ − R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 1 9⎥ . (ii) ⎢1 5 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 3 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 5 02 4⎥⎦
1
9. 1 × 1 1× 4 2×4 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ 3 R2 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
10. 11. (iii) ⎢ ⎥
12. 3 × 3 13. 2×3 14. 3× 4 ⎣0 3 6⎦ ⎣ 0 1 2⎦

15. a13 = 3, a31 = 9, a33 = 11, a34 = 12 ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤


31.(i) ⎢0 4 −3 11⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 ↔ R3

16. a. a 23 b. a32 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
c. a14 d. a34 ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
⎢0 1 5 −3⎥
17. No, the array is not a matrix because it is not a ⎢ ⎥
rectangular array of numbers. ⎢⎣0 4 −3 11⎥⎦

⎡ 6 −5 5⎤ ⎡ 2 4 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
18. ⎢ 7 2 4⎥ 19. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R2 + R3 → R3

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 −3 1 ⎦ (ii)
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 4 −3 11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −7 11⎤ ⎡1 2 3 4⎤
20. ⎢ ⎥ 21. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1
⎣3 5 11⎦ ⎣ −13 17 19⎦ 5 −3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −23 23⎥⎦
⎡−1 2 3 8⎤
⎡−3 2 10 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
22. ⎢ ⎥ 23. ⎢ 2 −3 9 16 ⎥
⎣ 5 −1 −7 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −5 −6 32⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


572 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡1 2 3 4⎤ 1 ⎡1 4 1⎤
3
⎢ ⎥
− R3 ⎡1 4 3 1⎤ 1
− R2 ⎢ ⎥
(iii) 0 1 5 −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23
→ ⎢0 −3 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ 2
⎢ ⎥ 35. 3
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 −23 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
3
⎢0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤ ⎣
⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 4 3 1⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−7 R2 + R3 → R3 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 0 −3⎥
32.(i) ⎢ 0 2 3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎢ −2 −1 7 3⎥ ⎡1 4 3 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 3 R3
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1
2
0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −9⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎢0 2 3 4⎥
36.
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 3⎤
⎢ 2 3 3 8⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢⎣ 1 −3 −2 5⎥⎦
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ 1
⎢ ⎥ 2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 0 2 3 4 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 1 2⎥
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 −3 −2 5⎦⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤
⎢ 1 2 −2 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
2⎥ ⎢0 1 2⎥
− R1 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1
⎢0 2 3 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −4 −3 2⎦⎥
⎢0 3 6⎥ ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 1 2⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 7⎤
⎣⎢0 0 1 10⎦⎥
1
⎡ 4 5 −7⎤ 4 R1 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥
33. ⎢ 5 4 −2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ 5 4 −2 ⎦ 37. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
⎡ 5 7⎤ pattern that moves down and to the right.
−5 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥ (Property 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 − 9 27 ⎥ 38. No. The leading term of each nonzero row is
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦ not 1. (Property 1)
4
− R2 → R2 ⎡ 5 7⎤ 39. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9
→⎢ 4 4 form.
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 −3 ⎦ 40. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
1 pattern that moves down and to the right.
⎡ 2 6 −8⎤ 2 R1 ⎡ 1 3 −4⎤ (Property 2)
34. ⎢ 3 −1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3 −1 41. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎣0 −10 14⎥⎦ 42. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1
− R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯ 10 ⎯ →⎢ 7⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ 43. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
⎣ 5⎦ form.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 573

44. No. The matrix does not have a step-like pattern ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
that moves down and to the right. (Property 2), and 55. ⎢ 2 −1 13⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
3 −9⎥⎦
the leading term of each non-zero row (row 3) is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0
1
not 1 (Property 1). R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 →⎢ ⇒
1 −3⎥⎦
45. {x + 2y = 1
y = −2
⇒ x + 2(−2) = 1 ⇒ x = 5 y = −3; x − 2(−3) = 11 ⇒ x = 5
The solution is {(5, −3)}.
⎣0

The solution is {(5, −2)}.

{x=2
1 ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎡ 3 −2 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −
46.
y=3 56. ⎢ 4 −3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(2, 3)}. ⎣ 4 −3 5⎦
⎡ 2 4⎤
47. { x + 4 y + 2z = 2
z=3
⇒ x + 4 y = −4 ⇒ x = −4 y − 4 −4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎢1 − 3 3⎥
⎢0 − 1 − 1 ⎥

The solution is {(−4 y − 4, y, 3)} . ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦


⎡ 2 4⎤
48. {x + 2 y + 3z = 4
0z = 1
−3 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢

⎣0
1 −
3 3⎥ ⇒
1 1⎦

The system is inconsistent.
2 4
y = 1; x − (1) = ⇒ x = 2
⎧ x + 2 y + 3z = 2 3 3

49. ⎨ y − 2 z = 4 ⇒ y − 2(−1) = 4 ⇒ y = 2 The solution is {(2, 1)}.
⎪⎩ z = −1
x + 2(2) + 3(−1) = 2 ⇒ x = 1
1 ⎡ 3 3⎤
⎡ 2 −3 3⎤ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −
57. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 2⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, −1)}. ⎣ 4 −1 11⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 −1 11⎦
⎧ x + 2 z = 12 ⎡ 3 3⎤
⎪ 1 −
50. ⎨ y + 3 z = 12 ⇒ y + 3(5) = 12 ⇒ y = −3 −4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 2 2⎥
⎩⎪ z=5 ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 5 5⎦
x + 2(5) = 12 ⇒ x = 2 1
R2 → R2 ⎡ 3 3⎤
⎢ 1 −
2 2⎥ ⇒
The solution is {(2, −3, 5)}.
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
⎢ ⎥
⎧x = 2 ⎣0 1 1⎦

51. ⎨ y = −5 ⇒ z = −2 w + 3 3 3
⎪⎩ z + 2w = 3 y = 1; x − (1) = ⇒ x = 3
2 2
The solution is {(2, −5, −2w + 3, w)}. The solution is {(3, 1)}.

⎧x = 4 1 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎪ ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1
52. ⎨ y = 3 58. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎣6 4 3⎦ ⎥
⎩⎪ w = 2 ⎣6 4 3⎦
The solution is {(4, 3, z, 2)}. ⎡ 2 1⎤
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ ⇒
⎧x = −5 ⎢ ⎥
⎪y =4 ⎣0 0 1⎦
53. ⎨ ⇒ z + 2(0) = 3 ⇒ z = 3 0 = 1 ⇒ there is no solution.
z + 2w = 3
⎪ Solution set: ∅
⎩ w=0
The solution is {(−5, 4, 3, 0)}.

⎧ x=3
⎪ y=2
54. ⎨
z=0

⎩ =1
0 w
The system is inconsistent.

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574 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

1 ⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎧ −2 x + y = 1
⎡ 3 −5 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 − ⎪
59. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ 62. Rewrite the system as ⎨ 3x + 2 y = −1.5 .
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ 4 x − 2 y = −2
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦
⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
1 −
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥ ⎡ −2 1 1⎤ 1 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −1.5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ − R1
2 → ⎢3 ⎥
⎢0 − 25 23 ⎥ ⎢ 2 −1.5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 −2 −2⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣ 4 −2 −2⎦⎥
⎡ 5 4⎤
3
⎢1 − 3 ⎡ 1 1⎤
− R2 → R2
3⎥ ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯25 →⎢ ⎥⇒ 2
⎢0
1 ⎢ ⎥
1 − ⎥
23 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 7 0⎥
⎣⎢ 25 ⎦⎥
3
1
R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 6 ⎥
23 ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ 4 1 4 ⎢0 0⎥⎦
y=− ; x − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = ⇒ x = − ⎣ 0
25 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠ 3 5 ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎧ ⎛ 1 23 ⎞ ⎫ 6 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎩ ⎝ 5 25 ⎠ ⎭ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0⎥ ⇒
7 1
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1⎤
⎡ −2 4 1⎤ − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −2 − ⎥ 1 1
60. ⎢ 3 −5 −9⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 y = 0; x − 0 = − ⇒ x = −
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 2 2
⎣ 3 −5 −9 ⎦
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫
⎡ 1⎤ The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 1 −2 − 2 ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
1 − ⎥
15
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 63. ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
15 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 1 31
⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
y = − ; x − 2 ⎜− ⎟ = − ⇒ x = −
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎧ ⎛ 31 15 ⎞ ⎫ R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭ ⎢⎣0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 −1 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
→ ⎢0 3⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
61. 2 1 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2
⎢ ⎥ −3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
1 ⎡1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯3
→ ⎢0 1 1⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
y = 1; x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = 2 1 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
− R3 → R3
The solution is {(2, 1)}. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.

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Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 575

⎡ 2 4 1 5⎤ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡ 1 1 2 4⎤
64. ⎢ 1 1 1 6⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢2 4 1 5⎥ 66. ⎢ 2 −1 3 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 −1 −7 ⎥ → ⎢0 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −3 −1
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −4 −7 −10⎦⎥
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 7⎥
1
− R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎢0 −4 −7 −10⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 6⎥ ⎢1 1 2 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 1 7 4 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 1 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢ 1 5⎥ ⎢ 17 34 ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
⎢ 7⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
3
2 R3 → R3 1 − R3 → R3 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯17
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥⇒
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 5⎥⎦ ⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
1 7 z=2
z = 5; y − (5) = − ⇒ y = −1
2 2 ⎛1⎞ 1
x −1+ 5 = 6 ⇒ x = 2 y + ⎜ ⎟ (2) = − ⇒ y = −1
⎝ 3⎠ 3
The solution is {(2, −1, 5)}. x − 1 + 2(2) = 4 ⇒ x = 1
⎡ 2 3 −1 9 ⎤ The solution is {(1, −1, 2)}.
⎢ 1 1 1 9⎥
65.
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3 2 4 19⎤
⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 −1⎦⎥ 67. ⎢ 2 −1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎣⎢ 6 7 −1 17⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 3 −1 9 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1 −
1
⎢⎣ 3−1 −1 −1⎥⎦ 1 ⎢ 2 2⎥
2
R1 ↔ R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 3
2
⎢ 4 19⎥
2
→ ⎢0 1 −3 −9⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢⎣6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 7 −1 17 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 −4 −4 −28⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 3⎤
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3 7 5 29 ⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣ 0 0 −16 −64⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R3 → R3 2 2 2⎥
⎢0 10 −4 8⎥⎦

1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 1 1 9⎤
⎡ 3⎤
→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥ ⇒
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16
⎢1 − 2 2
⎢ ⎥ 2⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 4⎦⎥ 2
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 5 29 ⎥
z = 4; y − 3(4) = −9 ⇒ y = 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
7 1
⎢ 7 7⎥
x +3+ 4 = 9 ⇒ x = 2 ⎢ 0 10 −4
The solution is {(2, 3, 4)}. ⎣ 8⎥⎦

(continued on next page)

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576 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 1⎤
69. ⎢ 1 0 −1 −1⎥
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 3⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
5 29 ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤
0
→ ⎢0
−10 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1
⎢ −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
78 234 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 1⎥⎦
−1
⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 7 ⎦ ⎡1 0 −1
−1⎤
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ − R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 2⎥
⎢1 − 2 2
1
2 ⎥ 3R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
7
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 27 ⎥⎦
5 29 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯78 → ⎢0 1 ⇒ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎢1 0
⎢0 −1 −1⎥
3⎥⎦
1
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −1
2 1 2⎥
z=3
⎢ 7⎥
⎛5⎞ 29 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
y + ⎜ ⎟ (3) = ⇒ y=2 ⎣ 2⎦
⎝7⎠ 7
1 1 3 ⎡ 5⎤
x − (2) + (3) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎢1 0 0 2⎥
2 2 2
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 3 ⎥ ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
− R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ 7⎥
3 1
1 2⎥
⎡ 4 3 1 8⎤ 1 R → R ⎢ 4 4 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 1 4 −4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2⎦
68. 4 → ⎢ 2 1 4 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5 3 7
⎢⎣ 3 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 0 1 1⎦⎥ x = ,y = ,z =
2 2 2
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
⎢1 2⎥ ⎧⎛ 5 3 7 ⎞⎫
4 4 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 1 7 − 8⎥
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡4 0 5 7⎤ ⎡ 3 4 0 9⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
9 1 R1 ↔ R3
⎢0 − − 5⎥ 70.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 4 0 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 5 7⎥⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4
2⎥
⎢1 3 0 3⎥
2⎛ 9 ⎞
− ⎜ − R2 + R3 ⎟ → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
31 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 7
→ ⎢0 − − 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥ R3 → R3 ⎢4
⎢0
2 2 7⎥
0 1 −2⎥⎦
5
⎣ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥
⎣5 5⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4 2⎥
⎢1 0 3⎥
−2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ 4
− R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −7 16⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
→ ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥ ⎢ 16 ⎥
z = −2; y − 7(−2) = 16 ⇒ y = 2 ⎢0 − 1 −1⎥
⎣ 15 ⎦
3 1
x + (2) + (−2) = 2 ⇒ x = 1 ⎡ 4 ⎤
4 4 16 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
15 → ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎢ 27 113 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥
⎣ 5 15 ⎦

(continued on next page)

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Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 577

(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 −5⎤
72. ⎢ 2 −1 −1 −4⎥
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯27
→ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 −1 −4 ⎤
→ ⎢1 1 −5⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎢ 113 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 81 ⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡3 0 0 −9 ⎤
⎢1 3 0 3⎥ R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢1 1 1 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 − 10 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎡1 −3⎤
113 ⎥
1 0 0
R1 → R1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1
3
1 1 − 5⎥
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 283 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢1 0 0 81 ⎥ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 −2 ⎥
4 − R1 + R2 → R2
− R2 + R1 → R1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ ⇒
10 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
⎢ 27 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 113 ⎥ −3⎤
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎡1 0 0
→ ⎢0 −2⎥ ⇒
− R2 + R3 → R3
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1
⎢ ⎥
283 10 113 ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
x= , y = − ,z = − 0 0
81 27 81 y + z = −2 ⇒ y = − 2 − z
⎧ ⎛ 283 10 113 ⎞ ⎫ The solution is {−3, −2 − z , z} .
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ ,− ,− ⎟⎬.
⎩ ⎝ 81 27 81 ⎠ ⎭
⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ 73. ⎢ 3 1 2 3⎥
71. ⎢ 1 3 5 10⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 5 3 9⎥⎦
⎣⎢3 5 3 18⎥⎦ ⎡1 2 −1 6⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −5 5 −15⎥
→ ⎢0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 2 6 6⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5
→ ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0⎦⎥ ⎡1 0 1 0⎤
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢ 0 1 3 3⎥ R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −6 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 0 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 0 −4 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6 → ⎢0 1 −1 3⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎦⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
x − 4z = 1 ⇒ x = 1 + 4z
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
y + 3 z = 3 ⇒ y = 3 − 3z R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1 + 4 z ,3 − 3z , z )} ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
x = 1, y = 2, z = −1
The solution is {(1, 2, −1)}.

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578 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 2 4 −1 9⎤ ⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎢ 1 3 −3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ c. ⎢ −0.2 1 780⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 4 9⎥
R1 ↔ R2
74. −1 ⎣
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ 0.2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎣ 0 0.98 980⎦
→ ⎢ 0 −2 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 100
R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98
→⎢
⎣⎢0 −8 11 −5⎥⎦ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 4⎤ 0.1R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡1 0 1100⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⇒
→ ⎢ 0 −2 5
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1⎥ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −9⎥⎦ a = 1100, b = 1000
⎡ 1 3 −3
{
1 4⎤ a = 0.5a + 0.2b + 50, 000
− R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯9 → ⎢ 0 −2 5 1⎥ 80. a.
b = 0.6a + 0.3b + 40, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦
b. Rewrite the system as

{
⎡1 3 0 7⎤
⎢ 0 −2 0 0.5a − 0.2b = 50, 000
−4⎥
3R3 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⇒
−5 R3 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ −0.6a + 0.7b = 40, 000
⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
1 ⎡1 3 0 7⎤ ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
− R2 → R2 ⎣ ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ c. ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎣ ⎦
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
−3R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 100, 000⎥
5
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 1)}. ⎢− 6 7
40, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎥⎦
75. a. There is one solution: {(2, 3)}. ⎡ 2 ⎤
6
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1− 100, 000⎥
b. There are infinitely many solutions: 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10 →⎢ ⎥
{(−2 y + 2, y, 2)} . ⎢0 23
100, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 50 ⎦⎥
c. There is no solution.
⎡ 4,300, 000 ⎤
⎢1 0
20
76. a. There is one solution: {(−1, 2, 3)}. R2 + R1 → R1
23 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23
50
→⎢ ⎥⇒
b. There is no solution. 23
R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 5, 000, 000 ⎥
⎢⎣ 23 ⎥⎦
c. There are infinitely many solutions. 4, 300, 000
a= ≈ 186,957
77. False. Each row of matrix A has seven entries. 23
5, 000, 000
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ b= ≈ 217,391
78. False. For example, ⎢ ⎥ is in reduced row- 23
⎣ 0 1 0⎦
⎧ l = 0.4t + 0.2 f + 10, 000
echelon form. ⎪
81. a. ⎨ t = 0.5l + 0.3t + 20, 000
6.1 Applying the Concepts ⎩⎪ f = 0.5l + 0.05t + 0.35 f + 10, 000

79. a. {a = 0.1b + 1000


b = 0.2a + 780
b. Rewrite the system as


l − 0.4t − 0.2 f = 10, 000
⎨ − 0.5 l + 0.7t − 0 f = 20, 000 ⇒
b. Rewrite the system as ⎪⎩−0.5l − 0.05t + 0.65 f = 10, 000
{ a − 0.1b = 1000 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
−0.2a + b = 780
⇒⎢
⎣ −0.2 1 780⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −0.4
⎢ −0.5 0.7
−0.2 10, 000⎤
0 20, 000⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −0.5 −0.05 0.65 10, 000⎥⎦

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Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 579

⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤


⎢ −0.5 0 20, 000⎥ → ⎢ 0 9.8 2940⎥
R2 + 4.3 R3 → R2
c. 0.7 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −0.5 −0.05 0.65 10, 000⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤
R2 → R2
⎢0 50, 000⎥ → ⎢0 300⎥
R1 + 2 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 −0.2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9.8
1 0
R1 + 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −0.5 1.1 30, 000⎥⎦ ⎣⎢0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −0.4 −0.2 10, 000⎤ ⎡1 0 −0.3 380⎤
⎢0 50, 000⎥ → ⎢0 1 300⎥
R2 + 2 R3 → R3 R1 + 0.2 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 −0.2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 2 110, 000⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −0.28 30, 000⎤ ⎡1 0 0 500⎤
→ ⎢0 1 −0.2 50, 000⎥ → ⎢0 300⎥
R1 + 0.4 R2 → R1 R1 + 0.3R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0
1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 55, 000⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 400⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 45, 400⎤ a = 500, b = 300, c = 400
→ ⎢0 1 0 61, 000⎥
R1 + 0.28 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 + 0.2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ 0 + 0 + 300 + T2
⎢⎣0 0 1 55, 000⎥⎦ 83. T1 = ⇒ 4T1 − T2 = 300
4
l = $45, 400, t = $61, 000, f = $55, 000 T + T + 190 + 200
T2 = 1 3 ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T3 = 390
4
⎧a = 0.2b + 0.3c + 320 0 + 0 + 100 + T2
⎪ T3 = ⇒ −T2 + 4T3 = 100
82. a. ⎨b = 0.1a + 0.4c + 90 4
⎩⎪c = 0.2a + 0.5b + 150 ⎡ 4 −1 0 300⎤
⎢ −1 4 −1 390⎥
b. Rewrite the system as ⎢ ⎥
⎧ a − 0.2b − 0.3c = 320 ⎢⎣ 0 −1 4 100⎥⎦

⎨ − 0.1a + b − 0.4c = 90 ⇒ ⎡ 1 −4 1 −390⎤
⎪⎩−0.2a − 0.5b + c = 150 R1 ↔ − R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 4 −1 0 300⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
⎢ −0.1 1 −0.4 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 −4 −1 −390⎤
⎢⎣ −0.2 −0.5 1 150⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1860⎥
−4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 15 −4
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎣⎢0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
c. ⎢ −0.1 1 −0.4 90⎥ ⎡1 −4 1 −390⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1960⎥
R2 + R3 → R2
⎢⎣ −0.2 −0.5 1 150⎥⎦ ⎢
14 0

⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎣⎢0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
→ ⎢ −0.1 90⎥
−2 R2 + R3 → R3 −4 −390⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 −0.4 1 ⎡1 1
⎢ ⎥ R2 → R2
⎢⎣ 0 −2.5 1.8 −30⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14 → ⎢0 1 0 140⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎢⎣0 −1 4 100⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1220⎥
R1 +10 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9.8 −4.3 ⎡ 1 −4 1 −390⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 140⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢⎣ 0 −2.5 1.8 −30⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0
⎢ ⎥
9.8 ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ ⎢⎣0 0 4 240⎥⎦
R2 + R3 → R3

⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 9.8 −4.3
2.5
1220⎥ ⎡1 0 1 170⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 140⎥
R1 + 4 R2 → R1
⎣⎢ 0 0 2.756 1102.4⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1
R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎡ 1 −0.2 −0.3 320⎤ 4 ⎢⎣0 0 1 60⎥⎦
R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2.756
→ ⎢ 0 9.8 −4.3 1220⎥ ⎡1 0 0 110⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 140⎥ ⇒
R1 − R3 → R1
⎣⎢ 0 1 400⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
0 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 60⎥⎦
T1 = 110, T2 = 140, T3 = 60

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580 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

30 + T2 + T4 + 20 ⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
84. T1 = ⇒ 4T1 − T2 − T4 = 50 ⎢
4 75 ⎥
T + 30 + 50 + T3 ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
T2 = 1 ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T3 = 80 R2 + 4 R3 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
4 R2 + R4 → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
T + 50 + 40 + T4 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
T3 = 2 ⇒ −T2 + 4T3 − T4 = 90 15 ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
4 1
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
T + T + 40 + 20
T4 = 1 3 ⇒ −T1 − T3 + 4T4 = 60 ⎡1 0 0 0 30⎤
4 ⎢ 75 ⎥
⎡ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎤ ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 4 −1 0 80⎥ R1 + 4 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ ⎣⎢
1
2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ 75 65
⎢ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎥ T1 = 30, T2 = , T3 = 40, T4 =
R1 ↔ − R2 2 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎧ x− y = 270 − 200

⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ 85. a. ⎨− x + z = 180 − 300
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎪⎩ y − z = 40 + 70 − 60
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ ⎧ x− y = 70
R1 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⇒ ⎨− x + z = −120
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y − z = 50
⎣ 0 −4 0 4 −20⎦
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎡ 1 −1
0 70⎤
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ b. ⎢ −1 01 −120⎥
−4 R3 + R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1
1 50⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 −10 70⎤
⎣ 0 0 −16 8 −380⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −50⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ −1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 50⎥⎦
1
R2 +15 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 120⎤
R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 −1 1 −50⎥ ⇒
8
⎢ 0 0 −2 95 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
1 − ⎥ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ −1 4 1 0 − ⎤
80 x − z = 120 ⇒ x = z + 120
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ − y + z = −50 ⇒ y = z + 50
28 R4 + R3 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ The solution is {( z + 120, z + 50, z )} .
R4 → R4
12 ⎢ ⎥ There are 300 + 200 + 60 = 560 cars
⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
1
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ entering the system, so
0 ≤ ( z + 120) + ( z + 50) + z ≤ 560
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ 0 ≤ 3z + 170 ≤ 560
R3 +16 R4 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 0 ≤ 3z ≤ 390
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥ 0 ≤ z ≤ 130
56
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ Thus, the system has 131 solutions.
⎢0 0 0 1 65 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎧ x − y = 450 − 350
⎪ y − w = 350 − 550
86. a. ⎨ ⇒
z − x = 370 − 350

⎩− z + w = 200 − 120
⎧ x− y = 100
⎪ y − w = −200
⎨ −x + z = 20

⎩ − z + w = 80

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 581

⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
b. ⎢ ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 1 0 20⎥ 3 ⎣⎢ 0 −2 1 10⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100 ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 1 −200 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ −⎥
⎢0 −1 1 0 120 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣0 0 −1 1 80 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦
Thus, a = 2, b = −3, and c = 4. The equation is
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤
⎢0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 4.
R3 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ 88. a. 31 = (0.5 2 )a + 0.5b + c = 0.25a + 0.5b + c
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0⎦ 51 = (12 )a + b + c = a + b + c
z − w = −80 ⇒ z = w − 80 67 = 2 2 a + 2b + c = 4a + 2b + c
y − w = −200 ⇒ y = w − 200
⎡0.25 0.5 1 31⎤
x − y = 100 ⇒ x − ( w − 200) = 100 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
x − w = −100 ⇒ x = w − 100 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {( w − 100, w − 200, w − 80, w)} . ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
There are 350 + 550 + 120 + 350 = 1370 cars ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
4 R1 → R1
entering the system. So, ⎢ ⎥
( w − 100) + ( w − 200) + ( w − 80) + w ≤ 1370 ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
4w − 380 ≤ 1370 ⎡1 2 4 124⎤
4w ≤ 1750 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 ⎢ 1 3 73⎥
w ≤ 437.5 −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
From the diagram, we see that 200 cars leave the ⎣⎢ 0 −6 −15 −429⎦⎥
system through w, so 200 ≤ w ≤ 437. Thus, the ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 3 73⎥
6 R2 + R3 → R3
system has 238 solutions.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 3 9⎥⎦
87. 9 = a ( −1) + b ( −1) + c = a − b + c
2
3c = 9 ⇒ c = 3
3 = a (1) + b (1) + c = a + b + c
2
b + 3(3) = 73 ⇒ b = 64
6 = a (2) + b (2) + c = 4a + 2b + c
2 a + 2(64) + 4(3) = 124 ⇒ a = −16
The equation is h = −16t 2 + 64t + 3.
⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ b. −16t 2 + 64t + 3 = 0 ⇒
⎢⎣ 4 2 1 6⎥⎦
−64 ± 64 2 − 4(−16)(3)
⎡ 1 −1 1 9⎤ t=
−32
→ 0 2 0 −6⎥

− R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −64 ± 4288
−4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 6 −3 −30⎥⎦ = ≈ 4 seconds
−32
c. The maximum occurs at t = 2.
h(2) = 67 feet.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


582 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

6.1 Beyond the Basics ⎡ 1 10 ⎤


⎢1 0 1 −
3 3⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 1 0⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 2 2
⎢ 1 3 2 4 0⎥ R1 + R2 → R1 1 0 − ⎥
89.
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 1 −1 0⎥⎦ 6
R3 → R3 ⎢ 11 1⎥
1 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎡1 1 1 1 0⎤ − R4 → R4
5 ⎢ 6 6⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −2 −1 −3 0⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 0 1 −1⎦⎥
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −2 −1 −3 0⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 1 0 3⎤
⎡ 1 1 ⎤
1
R4 + R1 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 0⎥
− ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 2 2
0⎥ 2
− R4 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 2⎥
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 −1⎥⎦
R2 + R1 → R1 3
⎢0 1 1 3
0⎥
11 0 0
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 − R4 + R3 → R3
R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ 6
⎢0 0 0⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 0 0 1⎤
⎣ 0 0
⎢0 1 0
R1 − R3 → R1 0 0⎥
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 − 0⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 2⎥
2 2
1
− R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
1 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ The solution is {(1, 0, 2, −1)}.
⎢0 0 0⎥⎦
⎣ 0 0 ⎡1 2 −3 1⎤
1 3 ⎢1 0 −3 2⎥
y+ z + w = 0 ⇒ z = − 2 y − 3w 91. a. ⎢ ⎥
2 2 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
1 1 ⎢⎣ 2
x + z − w = 0 ⇒ z = w − 2x 3 0 −2⎥⎦
2 2
−2 y − 3w = w − 2 x ⇒ x = 2 w + y ⎡2 3 0 −2 ⎤
⎢1 0 −3 2 ⎥
The solution is {( y + 2w, y, − 2 y − 3w, w)} . R1 ↔ R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 −14⎤ ⎢⎣ 1 2 −3 1⎥⎦
⎢1 2 1 2⎥
90. ⎢
1
⎥ 3 0 −2 ⎤
⎡2
⎢2 3 4 55⎥ R2 − R4 → R2
⎢0
−2 0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 2 −18⎦ R1 − 2 R4 → R4
⎢0
1 1 0⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 −1 4⎤ ⎢⎣ 0
−1 6 −4⎥⎦
⎢0 3 0 2−2 ⎥ ⎡2 3 0 −2 ⎤
− R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 5 2 7−3⎥ R2 − 2 R4 → R4 0 −2 0 1⎥
−3 R1 + R4 → R4
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ ⎥
R2 + 2 R3 → R3
⎣ 0 7 −1 2−4 ⎦ ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −12 9⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 −1 4⎤
⎢0 3 0 2−2 ⎥ ⎡2 3 0 −2 ⎤
−5 R2 + 3 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 6 R3 + R4 → R4
⎢ 0 −2 0 1⎥
−7 R2 + 3R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 6 11 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 2 1⎥
⎣ 0 0 −3 −8 2⎦
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 15⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 −1 4⎤
⎢ ⎡ ⎤
2⎥
3
2 ⎢ 1 2 0 −1⎥
1
R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ 1
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
R3 + 2 R4 → R4 ⎢ 3 3⎥ 2
1 ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 6 11 1⎥
− R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
2 →⎢ 2⎥ = B
⎢⎣ 0 0 −5 5⎥⎦ R3 → R3
0 2 ⎢ 1 ⎥
1
R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 1 2 ⎥
15 ⎢0 0 0 ⎥
⎣ 1 ⎦

(continued on next page)

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Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 583

(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 92. a.
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 −3 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 1⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
→ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 ↔ R3
0 −2⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎣2 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 1 1 6⎦⎥
⎢0 2 0 −1⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R1 − 2 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥
2 R1 − R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎣0 1 −6 4⎦
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ ⎢
R2 + 3 R3 → R3
⎢0 −1⎥
R2 − 2 R4 → R4 2 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −12 −36⎥⎦
⎢0 1 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0.5 −0.5 0.5⎤
⎣0 0 12 −9⎦ 1
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 −1 −1⎥ = B
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣0 3⎥⎦
1⎥
3 0 1
1
1
R2 → R2
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ − R3 → R3
→⎢
2⎥ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
z = 3; y − 3 = −1 ⇒ y = 2,
1
R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
12 ⎢ ⎥ 1 1
x + (2) − (3) = ⇒ x = 1
1
⎢0 0 1 −
3⎥ 2 2 2
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1⎥ ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎢ 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − ⎥
4⎦ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R3 + R4 → R4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
⎢ 5⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢⎣0 0 0 − ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
4⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ = C
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3⎥⎦
1⎥ z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
→⎢
− R3 → R3 2⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =C The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
4
− R4 → R4 ⎢ 1⎥
5 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥ b. Using a calculator, we find that the reduced
⎢ 2⎥
row-echelon form of both matrices is
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
b. Use a calculator to show that the reduced row- ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ .
echelon form of all three matrices is ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1⎦

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584 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ b m⎤ w = 3, v = 2, u + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ u = 1
1 1 log x = 1 ⇒ x = 10;
⎡ a b m ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎢ a a ⎥
93. a. ⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 1 → ⎢ ⎥ log y = 2 ⇒ y = 100
⎣ c d n ⎦ c R2 → R2 ⎢1 d n ⎥
log z = 3 ⇒ y = 1000
⎣⎢ c c ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 100, 1000)}.
⎡ b m⎤
⎢ 1
R1 − R2 → R2 a a⎥ 96. Using the hint suggested, we have
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 b − d m − n ⎥ ⎡ 4 −3 1 1⎤
⎣⎢ a c a c ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 4 −2 10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤
⎢1 ⎣⎢ 2 −2 3 4⎦⎥
a a⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 0 bc − ad cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢ 4 −3 1 1⎥
⎣⎢ ac ac ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 −2 3 4⎥⎦
⎢1 a
ac
bc − da
R2 → R2
a⎥ ⎡1 4 −2 10⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
→ 0 −19 9 −39⎥

R2 − 2 R3 → R3
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ bc − ad ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎡ dm − bn ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 1 0 ad − bc ⎥
b
− R2 + R1 → R1
→ 0 0 −86 −172⎥

19 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a →⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ bc − ad ⎦⎥
1 ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎛ dm − bn cm − an ⎞ − R2 ↔ R3
The solution is ⎜
⎝ ad − bc bc − ad ⎟⎠
, . ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 86 → ⎢ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
b. (i) There is a unique solution if bc ≠ ad . w = 2, v − 5(2) = −7 ⇒ v = 3
(ii) There is no solution if bc = ad and u + 4(3) − 2(2) = 10 ⇒ u = 2
m n 2 = 2 x ⇒ x = 1; 3 = 3 y ⇒ y = 1
≠ . ln 2
b d 2 = 5 w ⇒ ln 2 = w ln 5 ⇒ w =
ln 5
(iii) There are infinitely many solutions if ⎧⎛ ln 2 ⎞ ⎫
m n The solution is ⎨ ⎜1, 1, ⎟⎬ .
bc = ad and = . ⎩⎝ ln 5 ⎠ ⎭
b d
94. Answers may vary. ⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 5

⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎪a (−1) 3 + b(−1) 2 + c(−1) + d = 1
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥ , ⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥ , ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ 97. ⎨ ⇒
⎪a (2) + b(2) + c(2) + d = 7
3 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 4 −8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎪⎩a (−2) 3 + b(−2) 2 + c(−2) + d = 11
⎧ a+ b+ c+d =5
95. Using the hint suggested, we have ⎪ −a + b− c+ d =1
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤ ⎨ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 7
⎢ 3 −1 3 10⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎩−8a + 4b − 2c + d = 11
⎢⎣5 5 −4 3⎥⎦ Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 4 0 − 8⎥
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −27 ⎥⎦
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ The equation is y = − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 .
9 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 3⎦⎥

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Section 6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 585

⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 8 ac


R2 → R2 ⎡ b⎤
1

⎪a (−1) 3 + b(−1) 2 + c(−1) + d = 2
bc − ad
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ a⎥
98. ⎨ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 1⎦
⎪a (2) + b(2) + c(2) + d = 8
3 2
b
⎪⎩a (−2) 3 + b(−2) 2 + c(−2) + d = 20 − R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a
→⎢ ⎥
⎧ a+ b+ c+d =8 ⎣0 1⎦
⎪ −a+ b− c+d = 2
⎨ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 8 101. Yes. Use the inverse of the operation used to
⎪ transform A to B.
⎩−8a + 4b − 2c + d = 20
Using a graphing calculator, we have 102. a. True. For example,
⎡ 1 0 0 6⎤
⎢0 1 0 3⎥ → ⎡ 1 0 0 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 2⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 2⎥⎦

b. False. For example,


⎡ 1 0 0 6⎤ ⎡ 1 0 6⎤
The equation is y = −2 x + 3x + 5 x + 2 .
3 2
⎢0 1 0 3⎥ → ⎢0 0 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6.1 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing ⎢⎣0 0 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 2⎥⎦
1
⎡ a ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎡1⎤ R1 − R2 → R2 ⎡1⎤ 6.1 Maintaining Skills
99. If a ≠ 0, ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 ⎢1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0⎥ .
⎣b ⎦ R2 → R2 ⎣⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 103. 3 ( x − 1) = 5 − x ⇒ 3x − 3 = 5 − x ⇒
b
⎡ a ⎤ ⎡0⎤ 4x = 8 ⇒ x = 2
If a = 0, b = 0, ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ . Solution set: {2}
⎣ b ⎦ ⎣0⎦
104. 5 ( x − 2) = 3 ( x − 3) + 13 ⇒
⎡0 0⎤ 5 x − 10 = 3x − 9 + 13 ⇒ 5 x − 10 = 3x + 4 ⇒
100. If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥ , then it is in reduced row-
⎣0 0⎦ 2 x = 14 ⇒ x = 7
⎡1 k⎤ Solution set: {7}
echelon form already. If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥ (for
⎣ 0 0⎦ 105. −3 ( x + 4) + 2 = 8 − x ⇒ −3x − 12 + 2 = 8 − x ⇒
k any real number), then it is in reduced row- −3x − 10 = 8 − x ⇒ −2 x = 18 ⇒ x = −9
echelon form already. Solution set: {−9}
⎡0 1⎤
If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥ then it is in reduced row- 106. 6 x − 3 (5 x + 2 ) = 4 − 5 x ⇒
⎣0 0⎦ 6 x − 15 x − 6 = 4 − 5 x ⇒ −9 x − 6 = 4 − 5 x ⇒
⎡a b ⎤ 10 5
echelon form already. If the matrix is ⎢ ⎥, −4 x = 10 ⇒ x = − = −
⎣c d ⎦ 4 2
then we have ⎧ 5⎫
Solution set: ⎨− ⎬
⎡ b⎤ ⎩ 2⎭
1 1
⎡ a b ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎢ a ⎥
⎢c d ⎥ 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ Be sure to check your solutions in the original
⎣ ⎦ R2 → R2 ⎢ 1
d⎥ equations in exercises 107−110.
c
⎣⎢ c ⎦⎥

R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢

⎢ 1
b ⎤ ⎡
a ⎥ ⎢
⎥=⎢
1
b ⎤
a ⎥

107. {2x − y = 5
x + 2 y = 25 (2)
(1)

From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 5.


⎢0 b − d ⎥ ⎢0 bc − ad ⎥
Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
⎣⎢ a c ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ ac ⎦⎥
x + 2 ( 2 x − 5) = 25 ⇒ x + 4 x − 10 = 25 ⇒
5 x = 35 ⇒ x = 7
Substitute x = 7 in equation (1) and solve for y.
2 (7 ) − y = 5 ⇒ 14 − y = 5 ⇒ y = 9
Solution set: {(7, 9)}

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


586 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

108. { x − 3y = 1
2 x + y = −5 (2)
(1)

From equation (1) we have x = 3y + 1. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
2 (3 y + 1) + y = −5 ⇒ 6 y + 2 + y = −5 ⇒ 7 y = −7 ⇒ y = −1
Substitute y = −1 in equation (1) and solve for x.
x − 3 ( −1) = 1 ⇒ x + 3 = 1 ⇒ x = −2
Solution set: {(−2, −1)}
109.
{ x + 3y = 6
2x + 6 y = 8
(1)
(2)
Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two equations.
−2 x − 6 y = −12
2x + 6 y = 8
0 = −4 False
Solution set: ∅

110. {2 x − y = 3 (1)
6x − 3y = 9 (2)
From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 3. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
6 x − 3 (2 x − 3) = 9 ⇒ 6 x − 6 x + 9 = 9 ⇒ 0 = 0
The system is dependent and the solution set can be expressed as {(x, 2x − 3)}.
111. True 112. False
113. True. This is an example of the distributive property.

114. True. ( x 4 + x 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ 103 − 3⎞⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ ( x 4 + x 2 ) ⎛⎜⎝ 13 ⎞⎟⎠ = 1 ⇒ x 4 + x 2 = 3


6.2 Matrix Algebra
6.2 Practice Problems

1.
⎡ 1
⎢x + y

2 x − y ⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
5 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2x − y = 1
{
⎥ = ⎢ 2 5⎥ ⇒ x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1

⎡ 2 −1 4⎤ ⎡ −8 2 9⎤ ⎡ −6 1 13⎤
2. ⎢ 5 0 9⎥ + ⎢ 7 3 6⎥ = ⎢ 12 3 15⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡ 7 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −3⎤ ⎡14 −8⎤ ⎡ 3 −9⎤ ⎡ 11 1⎤


3. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
2 A − 3B = 2 3 6 − 3 2 2 = 6 12 − 6 6 =⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 8⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢15 24⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −15 −28⎦⎥

⎡ 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −5⎤ ⎡ 4 14⎤


4. 5 ⎢ ⎥ + 3X = 2 ⎢ ⎥ ⇒⎢ ⎥ + 3X = ⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣3 5⎦ ⎣ − 3 − 5⎦ ⎣15 25⎦ ⎣ −6 −10⎦
⎡ 1 19 ⎤
⎢ −
⎡ 4 14 ⎤ ⎡ 5 − 5 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 19 ⎤ 3 3⎥
3X = ⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒X =⎢ ⎥
⎣ −6 −10⎦ ⎣15 25⎦ ⎣ −21 −35⎦ ⎢ −7 − 35 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
5. Yes, the product matrix AB is defined. A is a 2 × 3 matrix, while B is a 3 × 1 matrix. The product matrix has
order 2 × 1.

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 587

⎡ 41⎤
6. N = [S C M ] = [10 30 45] ; P = ⎢ 26⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 19⎦⎥
⎡ 41⎤
NP = [10 30 45] ⎢ 26⎥ = 10(41) + 30(26) + 45(19) = $2045 thousand
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 19⎥⎦

⎡ −2⎤
⎢ 0⎥
7. [3 −1 2 7 ] ⎢ ⎥ = [3(−2) − 1(0) + 2(1) + 7(5) ] = [31]
⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5⎦
8. AB is not defined because A is a 2 × 2 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix.
⎡ 8 1⎤ ⎡ 8(5) + 1(2) 8(0) + 1(−1) ⎤ ⎡ 42 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 5 0⎤ ⎢
BA = −2 6 ⎢ = −2(5) + 6(2) −2(0) + 6(−1) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(5) + 4(2) 0(0) + 4(−1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 −4⎥⎦

⎡ 7 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡ 7(2) + 1(4) 7(−1) + 1(4) ⎤ ⎡18 −3⎤


AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ = =
4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(2) + 3(4) 0(−1) + 3(4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣12 12⎥⎦
9.
⎣ 0 3⎦ ⎣ 4
⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡ 7 1⎤ ⎡ 2(7) − 1(0) 2(1) − 1(3) ⎤ ⎡14 −1⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ = =
⎣ 4 4⎦ ⎣ 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(7) + 4(0) 4(1) + 4(3) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 28 16⎥⎦

⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
10. AD = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥
⎣ 1 0.25 ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1(0) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(6) 1(0) + 0.25(6)⎦
⎡0 0 1 1 6 6⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 4 4.25 1.25 2.5 1.5⎦

6.2 Basic Concepts and Skills

1. Two m × n matrices A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ and B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ are equal if aij = bij for all i and j.

2. Let A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ , B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ , and C = ⎡⎣cij ⎤⎦ . If A + B = C, then cij = aij + bij for all i and for all j.

3. The product of a 1 × n matrix A and n × 1 matrix B is 1 × 1 matrix.

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588 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

4. If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × p ⎡x + y 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 3⎤
matrix, then AB is defined and is an m × p 14. ⎢ 2 x− y 4 ⎥ = 2 5 4⎥ ⇒

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
matrix. ⎣⎢ 3 4 2 x + 3 y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 −5⎦⎥
5. False. It is possible that AB = BA, but not ⎧ x + y = −1 ⎡ 1 1 −1⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
necessarily true. ⎨ x − y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 1 − 1 5⎥
6. False. The matrices must have the same order. ⎩⎪2 x + 3 y = −5 ⎣⎢ 2 3 −5⎦⎥
⎡ 2 0 4⎤
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
→ ⎢ 0 2 −6⎥ ⇒ x = 2, y = −3
R1 − R2 → R2
7. ⎢ −3⎥ = ⎢u ⎥ ⇒ x = 2, u = −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 2 3 −5⎥⎦
⎡ y⎤
⎢ − 2 ⎥ = ⎡ 4⎤ ⇒ − y = 4 ⇒ x = 3, y = −8 ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
8.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ 15. a. A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ x⎦
2 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦

⎡ 2 x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
b. A− B = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
9. ⎢ y −3⎥ = ⎢ 3 −3⎥ ⇒ x = −1, y = 3 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 1 7⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

⎡2 − x 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −3 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
10. ⎢ −2 3 + y ⎥ = ⎢ −2 −3⎥ ⇒ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ −9 −12⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

{ 2 − x = 3 ⇒ x = −1
3 + y = −3 ⇒ y = −6
⎡1 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦
⎡ −1 0 ⎤
− 2⎢
⎣ 2 −3⎦

⎡2 x − 3 y −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6 ⎤
⎢ 5 = ⇒ =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
3x + y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5 7 ⎥⎦
11.
⎣ ⎣9 12⎦ ⎣ 4 −6⎦ ⎣5 18⎦

{ 2x − 3y = 1
3x + y = 7
⇒ x = 2, y = 1
e.
⎛ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎞
( A + B) 2 = ⎜ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥
2

⎝ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡3x + y −17 ⎤ ⎢ − −17 ⎥ ⎛ ⎡ 0 2⎤ ⎞
2
⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
⎢ 19 = ⇒
2 ⎥⎦ ⎢
12. 2 = ⎜⎢
⎣ ⎥ ⎥ ⎟ = ⎢ 5 1⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 19 2 x + 3 y ⎦ ⎝⎣ 5 1⎦⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎧⎪ 1 ⎡0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤
3x + y = − 1 =⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2 ⇒ x = − , y =1 ⎣ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎦
⎪⎩2 x + 3 y = 2 2
⎡10 2⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎡x − y 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 2⎤ ⎣ 5 11⎦
13. ⎢ 4 3x − 2 y 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 −1 3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ 5 6 5 x − 10 y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 6 6⎥⎦ f. A2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4⎦
⎧ x − y = −1 ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4) ⎤ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢
⎨3x − 2 y = −1 ⇒ ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎥ ⎥=⎢ 22⎥⎦
⎪⎩5 x − 10 y = 6 ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4) ⎦ ⎣15
⎣⎢5 −10 6⎦⎥ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −5 11⎦⎥ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 2⎥ ⇒ 0 = 21
5 R2 + R3 → R3 =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎣⎢0 0 21⎦⎥ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢
There is no solution. ⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎥⎦

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 589

⎡4 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
B = 1⎥
1 2
A+ B = ⎢ 3 ⎥+⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢
3 1
16. a. ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎢ 1
⎣ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ 1(1) + 0(2) 1(0) + 0 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤
⎡ 2 ⎤ =⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 1⎥
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
1
b. ⎢
A− B = 3 ⎥ −⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢
3
⎥ ⎢ 2(1) − 2 (2) 2(0) − 2 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢ −3
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎡ 17 7 ⎤
⎢ − 9 3 ⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎢ − 9 3 ⎥
⎡1 ⎤ A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎥ ⎡ −1 −3⎤ ⎢− ⎢1 ⎥
3 ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦ ⎢−
7 10 11⎥
−3 A = − 3 ⎢ 3 =
⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −6⎥⎦
c.
⎢ ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 ⎦⎥
⎣ − 1 2 ⎦
17. a. A + B is not defined.
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
1⎥ b. A − B is not defined.
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ 3 − 2⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ −6 −9⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎣ −4 5⎦ ⎣ 12 −15⎦
=⎢ − =
⎣ −3 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −7 7⎥⎦
d. 3 A − 2 B is not defined
e. ( A + B) 2 e. ( A + B ) 2 is not defined.
2
2 ⎛⎡ 4 ⎤⎞
⎛⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎟ f. A 2 − B 2 is not defined.
= ⎜⎢ 3 ⎥+⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − 1 ⎥ ⎟ ⎜ ⎢ 1 3⎥⎟ 18. a. A + B is not defined.
⎝ ⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎠
⎝ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎠ b. A − B is not defined.
⎡4 ⎤ ⎡4 ⎤
⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ −3 −6 −9⎤
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎣ −1 −3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 9 −12⎦
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
d. 3 A − 2 B is not defined
⎡ 4 ⎛4⎞ 4 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 1(1) 3
(1) + 1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝2⎠ e. ( A + B ) 2 is not defined.
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛4⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎥
⎢1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ (1) 1(1) + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ f. A 2 − B 2 is not defined.
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 25 17 ⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤
⎢9
=⎢
6⎥ 19. a. A + B = ⎢ −2 5 2 + 1 −4 2 ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 17 13 ⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 3⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 6 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 7 1 −1⎤
⎡1 ⎤⎡ 1 ⎤ = ⎢ −1 1 4⎥
1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
f. A2 = ⎢ 3 3 ⎣⎢ 2 1 4⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣ −1 2⎦
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 1(−1) 3 (1) + 1(2) ⎥ b. A − B = ⎢ −2 5 2 − 1 −4 2 ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 3⎦⎥
⎢ ⎛1⎞ ⎥
⎢ −1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 2(−1) −1(1) + 2(2) ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦
= ⎢ −3 9 0⎥
⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢− 9 3 ⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 −1 −2⎦⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎢− 7 3 ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥

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590 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ −12 0 3⎤
c. ⎢ ⎥
−3 A = − 3 − 2 5 2 = ⎢ 6 −15 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −3⎦⎥

⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 12 0 −3⎤ ⎡ 6 2 0⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 −3⎤


d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 −2 5 2 − 2 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢ −6 15 6⎥ − ⎢ 2 −8 4⎥ = ⎢ −8 23 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 2 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 −2 −3⎥⎦

⎡ 7 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 7 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 7(7) + 1(−1) − 1(2) 7(1) + 1(1) − 1(1) 7(−1) + 1(4) − 1(4) ⎤
e. ( A + B ) 2 = ⎢ −1 1 4⎥ ⎢ −1 1 4⎥ = ⎢ −1(7) + 1(−1) + 4(2) −1(1) + 1(1) + 4(1) −1(−1) + 1(4) + 4(4)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(7) + 1(−1) + 4(2) 2(1) + 1(1) + 4(1) 2(−1) + 1(4) + 4(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 46 7 −7 ⎤
=⎢ 0 4 21⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 7 18⎥⎦

⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 4(4) + 0(−2) − 1(0) 4(0) + 0(5) − 1(0) 4(−1) + 0(2) − 1(1) ⎤
f. A 2
= ⎢ − 2 5 2 ⎥ ⎢ − 2 5 2 ⎥ = ⎢ −2(4) + 5( − 2) + 2(0) − 2(0) + 5(5) + 2(0) − 2( −1) + 5(2) + 2(1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(4) + 0(−2) + 1(0) 0(0) + 0(5) + 1(0) 0(−1) + 0(2) + 1(1) ⎥⎦
⎡ 16 0 −5⎤
= ⎢ −18 25 14⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3(3) + 1(1) + 0(2) 3(1) + 1(−4) + 0(1) 3(0) + 1(2) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤
B 2 = ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢1(3) − 4(1) + 2(2) 1(1) − 4(−4) + 2(1) 1(0) − 4(2) + 2(3)⎥ = ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(2) 2(1) + 1(−4) + 3(1) 2(0) + 1(2) + 3(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦
⎡ 16 0 −5⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 6 1 −7 ⎤
A − B = ⎢ −18 25 14⎥ − ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥ = ⎢ −21 6 16⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢13 1 11⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −13 −1 −10⎦⎥

⎡ 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4 ⎤
20. a. A + B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ + ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
b. A − B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 −1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 −3 4⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ −3 0 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − 6 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −3 −9⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 0 6⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 4⎤ ⎡ −3 2 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 2 1 0 − 2 ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢6 3 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 2⎥ = ⎢ 6 −1 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 8 −2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 −5 11⎦⎥

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 591

⎡4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4(4) − 1(2) + 4(1) 4(−1) − 1(3) + 4(5) 4(4) − 1(1) + 4(2)⎤


e. ( A + B) = ⎢ 2
2
3 1⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥ = ⎢ 2(4) + 3(2) + 1(1) 2(−1) + 3(3) + 1(5) 2(4) + 3(1) + 1(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢1(4) + 5(2) + 2(1) 1(−1) + 5(3) + 2(5) 1(4) + 5(1) + 2(2)⎦⎥
⎡18 13 23⎤
= ⎢15 12 13⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢16 24 13⎦⎥

⎡1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡1(1) + 0(2) + 2(0) 1(0) + 0(1) + 2(1) 1(2) + 0(0) + 2(3) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 8⎤


f. A = ⎢2
2
1 0⎥ ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 2(1) + 1(2) + 0(0) 2(0) + 1(1) + 0(1) 2(2) + 1(0) + 0(3) ⎥ = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0(1) + 1(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 1(1) + 3(1) 0(2) + 1(0) + 3(3) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 4 9⎦⎥
⎡3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3(3) − 1(0) + 2(1) 3(−1) − 1(2) + 2(4) 3(2) − 1(1) + 2(−1) ⎤
B = ⎢0
2
2 1⎥ ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 0(3) + 2(0) + 1(1) 0(−1) + 2(2) + 1(4) 0(2) + 2(1) + 1(−1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1(3) + 4(0) − 1(1) 1(−1) + 4(2) − 1(4) 1(2) + 4(1) − 1(−1) ⎦⎥
⎡11 3 3⎤
=⎢ 1 8 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 8⎤ ⎡11 3 3⎤ ⎡ −10 −1 5⎤
A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥ − ⎢ 1 8 1⎥ = ⎢ 3 −7 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 4 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 7⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −3⎤
21. a. A + B = 3 4 5 + 1 −4 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 0 7 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ −2 1 −3⎤
b. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
A − B = 3 4 5 − 1 −4 2 = 2 ⎥ ⎢ 8 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −2 −3⎦⎥

⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −3 −6 9⎤
c. −3 A = −3 3 4 5 = −9 −12 −15⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −6 3 0⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 6 −9⎤ ⎡ 6 2 0⎤ ⎡ −3 4 −9⎤


d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ 3 4 5⎥ − 2 ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢9 12 15⎥ − ⎢ 2 −8 4⎥ = ⎢ 7 20 11⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣6 −3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 2 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −5 −6⎥⎦

⎡4 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4(4) + 3(4) − 3(4) 4(3) + 3(0) − 3(0) 4(−3) + 3(7) − 3(3) ⎤
e. ( A + B) = ⎢ 4
2
0 7 ⎥ ⎢ 4 0 7 ⎥ = ⎢ 4(4) + 0(4) + 7(4) 4(3) + 0(0) + 7(0) 4(−3) + 0(7) + 7(3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(4) + 0(4) + 3(4) 4(3) + 0(0) + 3(0) 4(−3) + 0(7) + 3(3) ⎥⎦
⎡ 16 12 0⎤
= ⎢ 44 12 9⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 28 12 −3⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


592 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 2(3) − 3(2) 1(2) + 2(4) − 3(−1) 1(−3) + 2(5) − 3(0) ⎤
f. A = ⎢3
2
4 5⎥ ⎢ 3 4 5⎥ = ⎢3(1) + 4(3) + 5(2) 3(2) + 4(4) + 5(−1) 3(−3) + 4(5) + 5(0) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2(1) − 1(3) + 0(2) 2(2) − 1(4) + 0(−1) 2(−3) − 1(5) + 0(0) ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 13 7⎤
= ⎢ 25 17 11⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −1 0 −11⎦⎥
⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 0⎤ ⎡ 3(3) + 1(1) + 0(2) 3(1) + 1(−4) + 0(1) 3(0) + 1(2) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤
1
B = ⎢1
2 ⎥
−4 2 1 −4⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢1(3) − 4(1) + 2(2) 1(1) − 4(−4) + 2(1) 1(0) − 4(2) + 2(3)⎥ = ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(2) 2(1) + 1(−4) + 3(1) 2(0) + 1(2) + 3(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦
1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1
⎡ 1 13 7 ⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −9 14 5⎤
A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ 25 17 11⎥ − ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥ = ⎢ 22 −2 13⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 −11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −14 −1 −22⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4 ⎤
22. a. A + B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ + ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ −3 0 −6⎤
b. A − B = 2 1 0 − 0 2 1 = 2 −1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − 6 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −1 −3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −3 −9⎦⎥

⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 0 6⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 4⎤ ⎡ −3 2 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 2 1 0 − 2 ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢6 3 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 2⎥ = ⎢ 6 −1 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 3 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 8 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 −5 11⎥⎦

⎡4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4⎤ ⎡ 4(4) − 1(2) + 4(1) 4(−1) − 1(3) + 4(5) 4(4) − 1(1) + 4(2)⎤


e. ( A + B) 2 = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥ = ⎢ 2(4) + 3(2) + 1(1) 2(−1) + 3(3) + 1(5) 2(4) + 3(1) + 1(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1(4) + 5(2) + 2(1) 1(−1) + 5(3) + 2(5) 1(4) + 5(1) + 2(2)⎥⎦
⎡18 13 23⎤
= ⎢15 12 13⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣16 24 13⎥⎦

⎡1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡1(1) + 0(2) + 2(0) 1(0) + 0(1) + 2(1) 1(2) + 0(0) + 2(3) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 8⎤


f. A2 = ⎢2 1 0⎥ ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 2(1) + 1(2) + 0(0) 2(0) + 1(1) + 0(1) 2(2) + 1(0) + 0(3) ⎥ = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(1) + 1(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 1(1) + 3(1) 0(2) + 1(0) + 3(3) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4 9⎥⎦
⎡3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3(3) − 1(0) + 2(1) 3(−1) − 1(2) + 2(4) 3(2) − 1(1) + 2(−1) ⎤
B 2 = ⎢0 2 1⎥ ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 0(3) + 2(0) + 1(1) 0(−1) + 2(2) + 1(4) 0(2) + 2(1) + 1(−1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(3) + 4(0) − 1(1) 1(−1) + 4(2) − 1(4) 1(2) + 4(1) − 1(−1) ⎥⎦
⎡11 3 3⎤
=⎢ 1 8 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 8⎤ ⎡11 3 3⎤ ⎡ −10 −1 5⎤
A − B = ⎢ 4 1 4⎥ − ⎢ 1 8 1⎥ = ⎢ 3 −7 3⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 9⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 3 7⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 2⎦⎥

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 593

⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎢ 1 −2 ⎥ +X =⎢ ⇒ 28. 3 X + 2 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
4⎥⎦
23.
⎣ 4⎦ ⎣2 3 ⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 6 −2 ⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0 ⎤
X =⎢ − 3X + ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 −4 8 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
⎡ −4 −2 1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 6 −2⎤
=⎢ 3X = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 1 5 0⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 −4 8 ⎦
⎡ 5 2 ⎤
⎡ −2 1 0 ⎤ ⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −6 −5 2 ⎤ ⎢ −2 − 3 3 ⎥
24. ⎢ 2 3 4⎥ + X =⎢
− 4⎥⎦
⇒ 3X = ⎢ ⎥⇒ X =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 2
⎣ 0 7 −4 ⎦ ⎢0 − ⎥
7 4
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
X =⎢ −
⎣ 1 − 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 4⎥⎦
−1⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎡ 4 2 29. 2⎢ ⎥ + 3 ⎢ 2 3 4⎥ + 4 X = 0 ⇒
=⎢ −
0⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 2 4
⎣ −1 −5
⎡ 4 6 −2⎤ ⎡ −6 3 0 ⎤
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 2 −4 8 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 9 12⎥ = −4 X ⇒
2X − ⎢ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
25. ⎥=⎢ 4⎥⎦

⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 ⎡1 9 1⎤
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 9 −2 ⎤ ⎢2 −4 2⎥
2X = ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⇒ ⎢ 8 5 20 ⎥ = −4 X ⇒ X = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ 1 −2 4⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −2 − 5 − 5⎥
⎡ 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
⎢0 2 − ⎥
⎡0 4 −1⎤ 2
2X = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ X = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎣ 3 1 8⎦ ⎢3 1 30. 3X − 2 ⎢ ⎥ + 5⎢ ⎥=0⇒
4⎥ ⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4⎦
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 4 6 −2⎤ ⎡ −10 5 0⎤
3X − ⎢ + =0⇒
⎡ −21 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎣ 2 −4 8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10 15 20⎥⎦
2X − ⎢ = ⇒
3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎥⎦
26.
⎣2 ⎡ −14 −1 2 ⎤
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 8 19 12⎥ = −3 X ⇒
2X = ⎢ + ⇒ ⎣ ⎦
⎣1 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 14 1 2⎤
⎢ 3 − ⎥
⎡ 1⎤ 3 3
⎢0 2 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=X
⎡0 4 −1⎤ ⎢− −4 ⎥
2 8 19
2X = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒X =⎢ ⎥ −
⎣3 1 8 ⎦ ⎢3 1 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
4 ⎥
3
⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡1(−2) + 2(3) 1(1) + 2(5) ⎤
⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
31. a. ⎢3 4⎥ ⎢ 3 5⎥ = ⎢3(−2) + 4(3) 3(1) + 4(5) ⎥
+ 3⎢ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
27. 2X ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦ =⎢
⎡ 4 11⎤
⎡6 9 −3⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎥
+⎢ ⎣ 6 23⎦
2X ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 3 −6 12 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4⎦
⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −2(1) + 1(3) −2(2) + 1(4)⎤
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡6 9 −3⎤ b. ⎢ 3 5⎥ ⎢3 4⎥ = ⎢ 3(1) + 5(3) 3(2) + 5(4) ⎥
2X =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 −6 12 ⎦
⎡ 1 0⎤
⎡ 3⎤ =⎢ ⎥
⎡ −8 −8 3 ⎤ ⎢ −4 −4 2 ⎥ ⎣18 26⎦
2X =⎢ ⎥⇒ X =⎢ 1 9 ⎥
⎣ −1 9 −8⎦ ⎢− −4⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


594 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡3(1) + 2(2) 3(3) + 2(5) 3(−2) + 2(0)⎤ ⎡ 7 19 −6⎤


⎢1 5⎥ ⎡ 1 3 −2⎤ = ⎢ 1(1) + 5(2) 1(3) + 5(5) 1(−2) + 5(0)⎥ = ⎢11 28 −2⎥
⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 5 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢
32. a.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0(1) + 1(2) 0(3) + 1(5) 0(−2) + 1(0)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 5 0⎦⎥

⎡ 3 2⎤
⎡ 1 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1(3) + 3(1) − 2(0) 1(2) + 3(5) − 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 6 15⎤
b. ⎢ 2 5 0 ⎥ ⎢1 5⎥ = ⎢ 2(3) + 5(1) + 0(0) 2(2) + 5(5) + 0(1)⎥ = ⎢11 29⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 1 ⎥⎦

⎡ 1 5⎤
⎡ 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2(1) − 1(−2) + 0(4) 2(5) − 1(3) + 0(0) ⎤ ⎡ 4 7⎤
33. a. ⎢ −3 1 2⎥ ⎢ −2 3⎥ = ⎢ −3(1) + 1(−2) + 2(4) −3(5) + 1(3) + 2(0) ⎥ = ⎢ 3 −12⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 4 0⎥⎦

⎡ 1 5⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 5(−3) 1(−1) + 5(1) 1(0) + 5(2) ⎤ ⎡ −13 4 10⎤


⎢ −2 3⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ = ⎢ −2(2) + 3(−3) −2(−1) + 3(1) −2(0) + 3(2) ⎥ = ⎢ −13 5 6⎥
⎥ ⎢⎣ −3 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢
b.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(2) + 0(−3) 4(−1) + 0(1) 4(0) + 0(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 −4 0⎥⎦

34. a. The product AB is not defined.


b. The product BA is not defined.

⎡ 1⎤
35. a. [ 2 3 5] ⎢ −2⎥ = [ 2(1) + 3(−2) + 5(4)] = [16]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦

⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1(2) 1(3) 1(5) ⎤ ⎡ 2 3 5⎤


⎢ −2⎥ 2 3 5 = ⎢ −2(2) −2(3) −2(5) ⎥ = ⎢ −4 −6 −10⎥
⎢ ⎥[ ] ⎢
b.
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4(2) 4(3) 4(5) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 8 12 20⎦⎥

⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1(−3) 1(0) 1(2) ⎤ ⎡ −3 0 2⎤


⎢ 2⎥ −3 0 2 = ⎢ 2(−3) 2(0) 2(2) ⎥ = ⎢ −6 0 4⎥
⎢ ⎥[ ] ⎢
36. a.
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1(−3) −1(0) −1(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 −2⎥⎦

⎡ 1⎤
b. [ − 3 0 2 ] ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥ = [ −3(1) + 0(2) + 2(−1)] = [ −5]
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 −1⎤
37. a. [1 2 3] ⎢ 0 3 1⎥ = [1(1) + 2(0) + 3(2) 1(2) + 2(3) + 3(0) 1(−1) + 2(1) + 3(−3)] = [7 8 −8]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 −3⎥⎦

b. The product BA is not defined.


38. a. The product AB is not defined.

⎡ 4 −6 2⎤
b. [ −2 0 1] ⎢ 2 3 0⎥ = [ −2(4) + 0(2) + 1(1) −2(−6) + 0(3) + 1(2) −2(2) + 0(0) + 1(−3)] = [−7 14 −7 ]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 −3⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 595

⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2(3) + 0(−1) + 1(4) 2(1) + 0(2) + 1(5) 2(0) + 0(0) + 1(2)⎤ ⎡10 7 2⎤
39. a. ⎢ 1 4 2⎥ ⎢ −1 2 0⎥ = ⎢1(3) + 4(−1) + 2(4) 1(1) + 4(2) + 2(5) 1(0) + 4(0) + 2(2)⎥ = ⎢ 7 19 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3(3) − 1(−1) + 0(4) 3(1) − 1(2) + 0(5) 3(0) − 1(0) + 0(2)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢10 1 0⎦⎥

⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3(2) + 1(1) + 0(3) 3(0) + 1(4) + 0(−1) 3(1) + 1(2) + 0(0)⎤ ⎡ 7 4 5⎤


b. ⎢ −1 2 0⎥ ⎢ 1 4 2⎥ = ⎢ −1(2) + 2(1) + 0(3) −1(0) + 2(4) + 0(−1) −1(1) + 2(2) + 0(0)⎥ = ⎢ 0 8 3⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(2) + 5(1) + 2(3) 4(0) + 5(4) + 2(−1) 4(1) + 5(2) + 2(0)⎥⎦ ⎣⎢19 18 14⎥⎦

⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −5 0⎤ ⎡ 3(2) − 1(−1) + 2(3) 3(−5) − 1(2) + 2(0) 3(0) − 1(−1) + 2(2)⎤


40. a. ⎢0 4 −3⎥ ⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢0(2) + 4(−1) − 3(3) 0(−5) + 4(2) − 3(0) 0(0) + 4(−1) − 3(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(2) − 2(−1) + 2(3) 1(−5) − 2(2) + 2(0) 1(0) − 2(−1) + 2(2)⎥⎦
⎡ 13 −17 5⎤
= ⎢ −13 8 −10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 10 −9 6⎥⎦

⎡ 2 −5 0⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(3) − 5(0) + 0(1) 2(−1) − 5(4) + 0(−2) 2(2) − 5(−3) + 0(2)⎤


b. ⎢ −1 2 −1⎥ ⎢0 4 −3⎥ = ⎢ −1(3) + 2(0) − 1(1) −1(−1) + 2(4) − 1(−2) −1(2) + 2(−3) − 1(2)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(3) + 0(0) + 2(1) 3(−1) + 0(4) + 2(−2) 3(2) + 0(−3) + 2(2)⎥⎦
⎡ 6 −22 19⎤
= ⎢ −4 11 −10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 11 −7 10⎥⎦

⎡3 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 5 0⎤ ⎡ 3(2) + 1(1) + 2(3) 3(5) + 1(2) + 2(0) 3(0) + 1(−1) + 2(2) ⎤ ⎡13 17 3⎤
41. AB = ⎢0 4 3⎥ ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢0(2) + 4(1) + 3(3) 0(5) + 4(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 4(−1) + 3(2) ⎥ = ⎢13 8 2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(2) − 2(1) + 2(3) 1(5) − 2(2) + 2(0) 1(0) − 2(−1) + 2(2) ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 6 1 6⎥⎦
⎡ 2 5 0⎤ ⎡ 3 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(3) + 5(0) + 0(1) 2(1) + 5(4) + 0(−2) 2(2) + 5(3) + 0(2) ⎤ ⎡ 6 22 19⎤
BA = ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ ⎢0 4 3⎥ = ⎢ 1(3) + 2(0) − 1(1) 1(1) + 2(4) − 1(−2) 1(2) + 2(3) − 1(2) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 11 6⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(3) + 0(0) + 2(1) 3(1) + 0(4) + 2(−2) 3(2) + 0(3) + 2(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣11 −1 10⎥⎦
So, AB ≠ BA.

⎡ 5 2 4⎤ ⎡ 4 1 2⎤ ⎡ 5(4) + 2(−3) + 4(−1) 5(1) + 2(0) + 4(3) 5(2) + 2(5) + 4(4) ⎤


42. AB = − −⎢ 6 3 10 ⎥ ⎢ − 3 0 5 ⎥ ⎢
= − 6(4) − − + −
3( 3) 10( 1) −6(1) − 3(0) + 10(3) − 6(2) − 3(5) + 10(4) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 6 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2(4) + 6(−3) + 5(−1) −2(1) + 6(0) + 5(3) −2(2) + 6(5) + 5(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 10 17 36⎤
= ⎢ −25 24 13⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −31 13 46⎥⎦
⎡ 4 1 2⎤ ⎡ 5 2 4⎤ ⎡ 4(5) + 1(−6) + 2(−2) 4(2) + 1(−3) + 2(6) 4(4) + 1(10) + 2(5)⎤
BA = −3 0 5 −6 −3 10 = −3(5) + 0(−6) + 5(−2) −3(2) + 0(−3) + 5(6) −3(4) + 0(10) + 5(5)⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −1 3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 6 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −1(5) + 3(−6) + 4(−2) −1(2) + 3(−3) + 4(6) −1(4) + 3(10) + 4(5)⎦⎥
⎡ 10 17 36⎤
= ⎢ −25 24 13⎥ ⇒ AB = BA
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −31 13 46⎦⎥

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596 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎛ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(3) 1(−3) + 2(5) ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 8 7 ⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤


43. ( AB)C = ⎜ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎝ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣3(2) + 4(3) 3(−3) + 4(5) ⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣18 11⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦
⎡ 8(0) + 7(2) 8(1) + 7(4) ⎤ ⎡ 14 36⎤
=⎢ =
⎣18(0) + 11(2) 18(1) + 11(4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 22 62⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(0) − 3(2) 2(1) − 3(4) ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −6 −10⎤
A( BC ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣3 4⎦ ⎝ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎠ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3(0) + 5(2) 3(1) + 5(4) ⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 10 23⎥⎦
⎡ 1(−6) + 2(10) 1(−10) + 2(23) ⎤ ⎡ 14 36⎤
=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ( AB)C = A( BC )
⎣3(−6) + 4(10) 3(−10) + 4(23) ⎦ ⎣ 22 62⎦

⎡1 2⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(5) 1(−2) + 2(9) ⎤ ⎡ 12 16⎤


A( B + C ) = ⎢ + = = =
4⎦⎥ ⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ 3 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 4⎦⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎣⎢ 3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢3(2) + 4(5) 3(−2) + 4(9) ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 26 30⎦⎥
44.
⎣3
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(3) 1(−3) + 2(5)⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 2(2) 1(1) + 2(4) ⎤
AB + AC = ⎢ + = +
⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(2) + 4(3) 3(−3) + 4(5)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(0) + 4(2) 3(1) + 4(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎡ 4 9⎤ ⎡ 12 16⎤
=⎢ + = ⇒ A( B + C ) = AB + AC
⎣18 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 19⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 26 30⎥⎦

⎛ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3(0) − 1(2) 3(1) − 1(4)⎤ ⎡ −2 −1⎤


( A + B )C = ⎜ ⎢ + = = =
4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6(0) + 9(2) 6(1) + 9(4)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 18 42⎥⎦
45.
⎝ ⎣3
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 2(2) 1(1) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 2(0) − 3(2) 2(1) − 3(4) ⎤
AC + BC = ⎢ + = +
⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(0) + 4(2) 3(1) + 4(4)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(0) + 5(2) 3(1) + 5(4) ⎥⎦
⎡4 9⎤ ⎡ −6 −10⎤ ⎡ −2 −1⎤
=⎢ + = ⇒ ( A + B)C = AC + BC
⎣8 19⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 18 42⎥⎦

⎛ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1(2) + 2(3) 1(−3) + 2(5) ⎤ ⎡ 8 7 ⎤ ⎡ 8c 7c ⎤


46. c( AB ) = c ⎜ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎟ = c⎢ ⎥ = c⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎝ ⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎠ ⎣3(2) + 4(3) 3(−3) + 4(5) ⎦ ⎣18 11⎦ ⎣18c 11c ⎦
⎛ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ c 2c ⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 2c + 6c −3c + 10c ⎤ ⎡ 8c 7c ⎤
(cA) B = ⎜ c ⎢ = = =
⎝ ⎣3 4⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3c 4c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6c + 12c −9c + 20c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣18c 11c ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2c −3c ⎤ ⎡ 2c + 6c −3c + 10c ⎤ ⎡ 8c 7c⎤
A(cB ) = ⎢ ⎥ ⎜c ⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ = = ⇒
⎣3 4⎦ ⎝ ⎣ 3 5⎦ ⎠ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3c 5c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6c + 12c −9c + 20c ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣18c 11c⎥⎦
c( AB ) = (cA) B = A(cB )
6.2 Applying the Concepts

47. Steel Glass Wood


⎡7 3 18⎤ ⎡ 6 2 20⎤ ⎡13 5 38⎤ Material
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ 4 1 3⎦ ⎣ 3 1 4⎦ ⎣ 7 2 7 ⎥⎦ Transportation

48. Steel Glass Wood


⎡7 3 18⎤ ⎡6 2 20⎤ ⎡ 21 9 54⎤ ⎡12 4 40⎤ ⎡33 13 94⎤ Material
A + B = 3⎢ ⎥ + 2 ⎢ 3 1 4⎥ = ⎢12 3 9⎥ + ⎢ 6 2 8⎥ = ⎢18
⎣ 4 1 3⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 5 17 ⎥⎦ Transportation

⎡60⎤
49. [100 300 400] ⎢38⎥ = [100(60) + 300(38) + 400(17) ] = [ 24, 200]
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢17 ⎦⎥
The total cost is $24,200.

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 597

M L P
⎡ 20 2 20⎤ A
50.
[50 75 150] ⎢⎢ 15 3 25⎥⎥ B = [50(20) + 75(15) + 150(25) 50(2) + 75(3) + 150(1) 50(20) + 75(25) + 150(15)]
⎢⎣ 25 1 15⎥⎦ C
Materials Labor Profit
= [5875 475 5125]

51. a. Chairman President Vice President b. ⎡1 ⎤ Chairman


Salary ⎡ 2,500, 000 1, 250, 000 100, 000⎤ ⎢1 ⎥
⎢ 1,500, 000 ⎢ ⎥ President
Bonus 750, 000 150, 000⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ Vice President
⎢ ⎥
Stock ⎣⎢ 50, 000 25, 000 5000⎥⎦

Totals
⎡ 2,500, 000 1, 250, 000 100, 000⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2, 500, 000(1) + 1, 250, 000(1) + 100, 000(4) ⎤ ⎡ 4,150, 000 ⎤ Salary
c. ⎢ 1,500, 000 750, 000 150, 000⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ = ⎢ 1, 500, 000(1) + 750, 000(1) + 150, 000(4) ⎥ = ⎢ 2,850, 000⎥ Bonus
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 50, 000 25, 000 5000⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 50, 000(1) + 25, 000(1) + 5000(4) ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 95, 000 ⎥⎦ Stock
52. M F C Cals Protein Cals Protein
⎡ 2400 55⎤
Browns ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎡ 2(2400) + 3(1900) + 1(1800) 2(55) + 3(45) + 1(33)⎤ ⎡12, 300 278⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1900 45⎥ = ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
Newgards ⎣ 1 1 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1(2400) + 1(1900) + 2(1800) 1(55) + 1(45) + 2(33)⎦ ⎣ 7900 166⎦
⎣⎢1800 33⎦⎥
For the Brown family, the total calorie requirement is 12,300 and the total protein requirement is 278. For the
Newgard family, the total calorie requirement is 7900, and the total protein requirement is 166.
53. ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡1(0) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(6) 1(0) + 0(6) ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) − 1(0) 0(4) − 1(0) 0(4) − 1(1) 0(1) − 1(1) 0(1) − 1(6) 0(0) − 1(6) ⎥⎦
⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0 0 −1 −1 −6 −6⎥⎦

54. ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0 ⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎦
⎡ −1(0) + 0(0) −1(4) + 0(0) −1(4) + 0(1) −1(1) + 0(1) −1(1) + 0(6) −1(0) + 0(6) ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6) ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 − 4 − 4 − 1 − 1 0 ⎤
=⎢
⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦

55. ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0 ⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.25 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎦
⎡ 1(0) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(6) 1(0) + 0(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.25(0) + 1(0) 0.25(4) + 1(0) 0.25(4) + 1(1) 0.25(1) + 1(1) 0.25(1) + 1(6) 0.25(0) + 1(6)⎦
⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0 1 2 1.25 6.25 6⎥⎦

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598 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

56. ⎡ 1 −0.25⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
AD = ⎢
⎣0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡1(0) − 0.25(0) 1(4) − 0.25(0) 1(4) − 0.25(1) 1(1) − 0.25(1) 1(1) − 0.25(6) 1(0) − 0.25(6)⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎥⎦
⎡ 0 4 3.75 0.75 −0.5 −1.5⎤
=⎢
⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦

6.2 Beyond the Basics

⎡0 3⎤ ⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡ 0(2) + 3(3) 0(1) + 3(0) ⎤ ⎡ 9 0⎤


AB = ⎢ = =
0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0(2) + 0(3) 0(1) + 0(0) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0⎥⎦
57.
⎣0
⎡0 3⎤ ⎡5 4⎤ ⎡ 0(5) + 3(3) 0(4) + 3(0) ⎤ ⎡ 9 0⎤
AC = ⎢ = =
⎣0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(5) + 0(3) 0(4) + 0(0) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0⎥⎦
So, AB = AC does not imply B = C.

⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ −1 3 5⎤
58. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −3 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 3 5⎥⎦
⎡ 2(−1) − 3(1) − 5(−1) 2(3) − 3(−3) − 5(3) 2(5) − 3(−5) − 5(5)⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
= ⎢ −1(−1) + 4(1) + 5(−1) −1(3) + 4(−3) + 5(3) −1(5) + 4(−5) + 5(5)⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1(−1) − 3(1) − 4(−1) 1(3) − 3(−3) − 4(3) 1(5) − 3(−5) − 4(5)⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
So, AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0.

⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
59. Answers will vary. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ 2 −3⎥ . Then A + B = ⎢3 4⎥ + ⎢ 2 −3⎥ = ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0 2 ⎤⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 10 2 ⎤
( A + B)2 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥ = ⎢ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎥ = ⎢ 5 11⎥
⎣ 5 1 ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 7 10⎤
A =⎢
2
⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4)⎦ ⎣15 22⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1(−1) + 2(2) 1(0) + 2(−3) ⎤ ⎡ 3 −6⎤ ⎡ 6 −12⎤
2 AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = 2⎢ ⎥ = 2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣3(−1) + 4(2) 3(0) + 4(−3) ⎦ ⎣5 −12⎦ ⎣10 −24⎦
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎡ 7 10⎤ ⎡ 6 −12⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡14 −2⎤
A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣15 22⎦ ⎣10 −24⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣17 7⎦
So, ( A + B) 2 ≠ A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 .

⎡ 7 10⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
60. Using the matrices in exercise 59, we have A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥.
⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
A− B = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ 2 −3⎥ = ⎢ 1 7 ⎥ A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦
⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎡0 2⎤ ⎡ 2(0) + 2(5) 2(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡10 6⎤
( A − B)( A + B) = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 7 ⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦ ⎣ 1(0) + 7(5) 1(2) + 7(1) ⎦ ⎣35 9⎦
So, A 2 − B 2 ≠ ( A − B)( A + B ).

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 599

61.

62.

⎡ x y⎤
63. Let B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z w⎦
⎧2 x + 3z = 1
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 x + 3 z 2 y + 3w⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎪ 2 y + 3w = 0
⎢ 1 2⎥ ⎢ z w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎢ x + 2 z + ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎨ x + 2 z = 0 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ y 2 w ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ y + 2w = 1
⎡ 2 0 3 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 0 3 0 1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 0 2⎤
⎢ 0 2 0 3 0⎥ ⎢ 0 2 0 3 0⎥ 1
( R1 − 3 R3 ) → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 −3⎥
⎢ − ( R1 − 2 R3 ) → R3
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢ 1 0 2 0 0⎥ − ( R2 − 2 R4 ) → R4 ⎢ 0 0 1 0 −1⎥ 1 ( R2 − 3R4 ) → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 2 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1 2⎦
⎡ 2 −3⎤
x = 2, y = −3, z = −1, w = 2 ⇒ B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2 ⎦

⎡ x y⎤
64. Let B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z w⎦
⎧x − 2z = 1
⎡ 1 −2⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ x − 2z y − 2 w⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎪ y − 2 w = 0
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ −2 x + 4 z −2 y + 4 w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎨ −2 x + 4 z = 0 ⇒
⎣ −2 4⎦ ⎣ z w⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ −2 y + 4w = 1
⎡ 1 0 −2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −2 0 1⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −2 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 −2 0⎥
⎢ 2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ There is no solution.

⎢ −2 0 4 0 0⎥ 2 R2 + R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 0 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −2 0 4 1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1⎦

⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎛ ⎡ 2 −1 3⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 8 −4 12⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤
65. − −
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 0 2⎥ ⎢ 2 −3 4⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
4 1 = ⇒ ⎜⎝ ⎢ 4 0 8⎥ ⎢ 2 −3 4⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎢ −1⎥ = ⎢ y ⎥ ⇒

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2⎤
⎡7 −6 13⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡7(2) − 6(−1) + 13(1) ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡33⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎢2 ⎥ −1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ x = 33, y = 5
⎣ 3 4⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2(2) + 3(−1) + 4(1) ⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎣ y ⎦
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


600 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 3 2 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎡ 3x + 2 y − z ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎧3x + 2 y − z = 0
⎢ 4 9 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢7 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ 4 x + 9 y + 2 z ⎥ = ⎢7⎥ ⇒ ⎪4 x + 9 y + 2 z = 7 ⇒
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
66.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎣⎢ 5 0 −2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 x − 2 z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2⎦⎥ ⎪⎩5 x − 2z = 2

⎡ 3 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡3 2 −1 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 3 2 −1 0⎤
⎢ 4 9 2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢ ⎥ (10 R2 +19 R3 )→ R3 ⎢
21⎥
−4 R1 + 3R2 → R2
→ 0 19 10 21 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 81
→ 0 19 10
⎢ ⎥ −5 R1 + 3 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 0 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −10 −1 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 3 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 0 4⎤ 1 R − 2 R → R ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
( R2 −10 R3 )→ R2 ⎢ ⎥ ( 1 2) 1 ⎢
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 −1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0 −1⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19
→ 0 1 0 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
→ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
x = 2, y = −1, z = 4

⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 (1) + 1(0) 0 (0) + 1(0)⎤ ⎡0 0⎤


AB = ⎢ = = =0
0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 (1) + 0 (0) 0 (0) + 0 (0)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
67.
⎣0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 0 (0) 1(1) + 0 (0)⎤ ⎡0 1⎤
BA = ⎢ = = ≠0
⎣ 0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 (0) + 0 (0) 0 (1) + 0 (0)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦

⎡ 5 2⎤ ⎡3 6⎤
68. A+ B = ⎢ A− B = ⎢
⎣0 9⎥⎦ ⎣0 −1⎥⎦
( A + B ) + ( A − B ) = 2 A = ⎡⎢0 9⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ 0
5 2 3 6⎤ ⎡ 8 8⎤ ⎡ 4 4⎤
= ⇒ A= ⎢
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 8⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎥⎦
−4⎤
( A + B ) − ( A − B ) = 2 B = ⎡⎢0 9⎤⎥ − ⎡⎢0
5 2 3 6⎤ ⎡ 2
= ⇒ B = ⎡ 1 −2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 5⎥⎦
Verify by computing A + B and A − B.

⎡ 6 −6 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤
69. 2A − B = ⎢ A+ B = ⎢
⎣ −4 2 1⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 − 4 ⎥⎦

(2 A − B ) + ( A + B ) = 3 A = ⎡⎢−64 −62 01⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ −23 01 −43⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢ −96 −63 −33⎤⎥ ⇒ A = ⎡⎢ −23 −21 −11⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 0 2 2⎤
A+ B = ⎢ +B=⎢ ⇒ B−⎢ − =
⎣ −2 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −3⎥⎦

⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ −1 3 5⎤
70. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ −1 3 5⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( −1) + ( −3)(1) + ( −5)( −1) 2 (3) + (−3)(−3) + (−5)(3) 2 (5) + (−3)(−5) + (−5)(5)⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
= ⎢( −1)( −1) + 4 (1) + 5 ( −1) (−1)(3) + 4 (−3) + 5 (3) (−1)(5) + 4 (−5) + 5 (5) ⎥⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢⎣1(−1) + (−3)(1) + (−4)(−1) 1(3) + (−3)(−3) + (−4)(3) 1(5) + (−3)(−5) + (−4)(5) ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −1 3 5⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
BA = ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ −1 3 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤
= ⎢1(2) + (−3)( −1) + ( −5)(1) 1(−3) + ( −3)( 4) + (−5)(−3) 1(5) + (−3)(−5) + (5)(−4)⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 601

⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤
71. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ −1 3 4⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −3)(−1) + (−5)(1) 2 (−2) + ( −3)(3) + (−5)(−2) 2 (−4) + (−3)( 4) + (−5)(−3)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 4 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−2) + 4 (3) + 5 (−2) (−1)(−4) + 4 (4) + 5 (−3) ⎥⎥

⎣⎢1(2) + ( −3)( −1) + ( −4)(1) 1( −2) + (−3)(3) + (−4)(−2) 1(−4) + (−3)(4) + (−4)(−3) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
= ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ = A
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
BA = ⎢ −1 3 4⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −2)(−1) + (−4)(1) 2 (−3) + (−2)( 4) + (−4)(−3) 2 (−5) + (−2)(5) + (−4)(−4)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 4 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 4 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 4 (−4) ⎥⎥

⎢⎣1(2) + (−2)( −1) + (−3)(1) 1( −3) + ( −2)(4) + (−3)(−3) 1(−5) + (−2)(5) + (−3)(−4) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤
= ⎢ −1 3 4 ⎥ = B
⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
A 2 = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −3)(−1) + (−5)(1) 2 (−3) + (−3)(4) + (−5)(−3) 2 (−5) + (−3)(5) + (−5)(−4)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 4 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 4 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 4 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎥⎥

⎣⎢1(2) + ( −3)( −1) + ( −4)(1) 1( −3) + ( −3)(4) + (−4)(−3) 1(−5) + (−3)(5) + (−4)(−4) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
= ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ = A
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦

⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 2 ( 2) + 3 (−1) 2 (3) + 3 ( 2) ⎤ ⎡ 1 12⎤


A2 = ⎢ =⎢ =
−1)(3) + 2 ( 2)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦
72. a.
⎣ −1 2 ⎥
⎦⎣⎢ −1 2 ⎥
⎦ ⎣ ( −1)( 2 ) + 2 ( − 1) (
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 8 12⎤ ⎡7 0⎤ ⎡ 1 12⎤
4 A − 7I = 4 ⎢ − 7⎢ = − = = A2
⎣ −1 2⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦

⎡ 1 12⎤ ⎡ 1 12⎤ ⎡1(1) + 12 ( −4) 1(12) + 12 (1) ⎤ ⎡ −47


( ) 24⎤
2
b., c. A 4 = A 2 =⎢ =⎢ ⎥=
⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎣ −4 (1) + 1( −4) −4 (12) + 1(1)⎦ ⎢⎣ −8 −47 ⎥⎦
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 16 24⎤ ⎡63 0⎤ ⎡ −47 24⎤
8 A − 63I = 8 ⎢ − 63 ⎢ = − = = A4
⎣ −1 2⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8 16⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 63⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8 −47 ⎥⎦

⎡ 4 −1 −4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 −4⎤
73. A 2 = ⎢ 3 0 −4⎥ ⎢ 3 0 −4⎥
⎢ 3 −1 −3⎥ ⎢ 3 −1 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 4 ( 4) + ( −1)(3) + (−4)(3) 4 ( −1) + ( −1)(0) + (−4)(−1) 4 (−4) + (−1)(−4) + (−4)(−3)⎤
= ⎢3 (4) + 0 (3) + ( −4)(3) 3 ( −1) + 0 (0) + ( −4)(−1) 3 (−4) + 0 (−4) + (−4)(−3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣3 (4) + (−1)(3) + ( −3)(3) 3 ( −1) + ( −1)(0) + (−3)(−1) 3 (−4) + (−1)(−4) + (−3)(−3) ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ = I
⎢0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦

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602 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

6.2 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing

74. a. AB is defined when n = 5. The order of AB when this product is defined is 3 × m.


b. BA is defined when m = 3. The order of BA when this product is defined is 5 × n.
75. (CA)B

⎡ 13 6 6⎤
⎢ 25 ⎥
⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.52 0.24 0.24⎤ ⎢ 25 25

P 2 = ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.48 0.28 0.24⎥ = ⎢
12 7 6⎥
76. a.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥
⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.48 0.24 0.28⎦⎥ ⎢ 12 6 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 25 25 ⎥⎦
⎡ 13 6 6⎤
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 12 7 6 ⎥ ⎡ 37 19 19 ⎤
XP 2 = ⎢ =
⎣3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 75 75 75 ⎥⎦
⎢ 12 6 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 25 25 ⎥⎦

⎡ 62 63 63 ⎤
⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡0.52 0.24 0.24⎤ ⎡ 0.496 0.252 0.252⎤ ⎢ ⎥
P 3 = P 2 P = ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎢ 0.48 0.28 0.24⎥ = ⎢ 0.504 0.252 0.244⎥ = ⎢
63 63 61 ⎥
b.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.48 0.24 0.28⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.504 0.244 0.252⎦⎥ ⎢ 63 61 63 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢125 250 250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 62 63 63 ⎤
⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 63 63 61 ⎥ ⎡ 188 187 187 ⎤
XP 3 = ⎢ =
⎣ 3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢125 250 250 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 375 750 750 ⎥⎦
⎢ 63 61 63 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣125 250 250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 313 156 156 ⎤
⎢ 625 ⎥
⎡0.496 0.252 0.252⎤ ⎡ 0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.5008 0.2496 0.2496⎤ ⎢ 625 625

P 4 = P 3 P = ⎢0.504 0.252 0.244⎥ ⎢ 0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.4992 0.2512 0.2496⎥ = ⎢
312 157 156 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥
⎢⎣0.504 0.244 0.252⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.6 0.1 0.3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.4992 0.2496 0.2512⎥⎦ ⎢
312 156 157 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 625 625 625 ⎥⎦
⎡ 313 156 156 ⎤
⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 312 157 156 ⎥ ⎡ 937 469 469 ⎤
XP 4 = ⎢ =
⎣3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥ ⎢⎣1875 1875 1875 ⎥⎦
⎢ 312 156 157 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥⎦
(continued on next page)

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Section 6.2 Matrix Algebra 603

(continued)

⎡ 0.5008 0.2496 0.2496⎤ ⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.49984 0.25008 0.25008⎤


P 5 = P 4 P = ⎢ 0.4992 0.2512 0.2496⎥ ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.50016 0.25008 0.24976⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0.4992 0.2496 0.2512⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0.6 0.1 0.3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.50016 0.24976 0.25008⎥⎦
⎡ 1562 1563 1563 ⎤
⎢ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
= ⎢ 1563 1563 1561 ⎥
⎢ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥
⎢ 1563 1561 1563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1562 1563 1563 ⎤
⎢ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 1563 1563 1561 ⎥ ⎡ 4688 4687 4687 ⎤
XP = ⎢
5
⎥ =⎢ ⎥⇒

⎣ 3 3 3 ⎦ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥ ⎣ 9375 18, 750 18, 750 ⎦
⎢ 1563 1561 1563 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3125 6250 6250 ⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1⎤
XP n = ⎢
⎣ 2 4 4 ⎥⎦
In the long term, the market shares for each company are: A, 50%; B, 25%; C, 25%.
6.2 Maintaining Skills

−1 −1
85. { 3x + 5 y = 2
6 x + 10 y = 4
(1)
(2)
⎛1⎞ ⎛5⎞ 12 Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two
77. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =2 78. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =
2 12 5 equations.
−6 x − 10 y = −4
79. x −1 =
1
⇒ x=8 6 x + 10 y = 4
8 0=0
−1 The equations are dependent and the system
⎛ x⎞ 35
80. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =7⇒ = 7 ⇒ 35 = 7 x ⇒ x = 5 has infinitely many solutions. Solve equation
35 x (1) for y in terms of x to find the general
solution.
1 7 11 5 6 18 3x + 5 y = 2 ⇒ 5 y = −3 x + 2 ⇒
81. x− = − x⇒ x= ⇒
4 12 12 4 4 12 3 2 2 − 3x
18 4 y=− x+ =
x = ⋅ =1 5 5 5
12 6 Thus, the solution set can be written as
2 3 4 2 2 2 3 ⎧ ⎛ 2 − 3x ⎞ ⎫
82. x− = x+ ⇒− x= + ⇒ ⎨ ⎜⎝ x, ⎟⎬ .
3 5 3 15 3 15 5 ⎩ 5 ⎠⎭
⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
{
2 11 11
− x= ⇒ x = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = − −9 x + 2 y = 8
3 15 ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 10 86.
(1)
5 x + 8 y = 32 (2)
2 3
83. = ⇒ 2 (4 x + 1) = 3 (4 x − 1) ⇒ Multiply equation (1) by −4, then add the
4x − 1 4x + 1 equations and solve for x.
5 36 x − 8 y = −32
8 x + 2 = 12 x − 3 ⇒ −4 x = −5 ⇒ x =
4 5 x + 8 y = 32
41x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
2 1
84. = ⇒ 2 ( x − 1) = x + 1 ⇒ Substitute x = 0 in equation (1) and solve for
x +1 x −1 y.
2x − 2 = x + 1 ⇒ x = 3
−9 ( 0 ) + 2 y = 8 ⇒ 2 y = 8 ⇒ y = 4
Solution set: {(0, 4)}

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604 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

87. {3x + 2 y = 6 (1)


6 x + 4 y = −13 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the equations.
−6 x − 4 y = −12
6 x + 4 y = −13
0 = −25 False
The system is inconsistent and the solution set is ∅.

88.
{3x − 4 y = 13 (1)
2x + 5 y = 1 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 4, then add the equations and solve for x.
15 x − 20 y = 65
8 x + 20 y = 4
23x = 69 ⇒ x = 3
Substitute x = 3 in equation (2) and solve for y.
2 (3) + 5 y = 1 ⇒ 6 + 5 y = 1 ⇒ 5 y = −5 ⇒ y = −1
Solution set: {(3, −1)}
6.3 The Matrix Inverse
6.3 Practice Problems

1. We need to verify that AB = BA = I.


⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡ −1 2⎤ ⎡3(−1) + 2(2) 3(2) + 2(−3)⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) + 1(2) 2(2) + 1(−3)⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 2⎤ ⎡ −1(3) + 2(2) −1(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣ 2(3) − 3(2) 2(2) − 3(1) ⎦ ⎣0 1⎥⎦
Thus B is the inverse of A.
⎡ x y⎤
2. Suppose A has an inverse B, where B = ⎢ ⎥ . Then
⎣ z w⎦
⎡3 1⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 x + z 3 y + w⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
⎢3 1⎥ ⎢ z w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎢3x + z 3 y + w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ .
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
Since the matrices are equal, the entries must be equal. So 3x + z = 1 (in the 1, 1 position) and 3x + z = 0 (in
the 2, 1) position. This is a contradiction, so A does not have an inverse.

⎡ 1 4 −2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 4 −2 1 0 0⎤
⎢ −1 1 2 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
3. [ ] ⎢
A | I = →
⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
5 0

⎢⎣ 3 7 −6 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −5 0 −3 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 4 −2 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 −2 1 1⎥⎦
The inverse of A does not exist.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 605

⎡ 1 2 3 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 2 3 1 0 0⎤

4. [ A | I ] = −2 3 ⎥ 2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢
→ 0 7 7 2 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 5 −2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −3 −14 −4 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 4 2⎤
⎡1 2 3 1 0 0⎤ ⎢ 1 0 3 1 − 11 − 11⎥
(2 R2 + R3 )→ R2 ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
2 1⎥
1
R1 − 2 R2 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 2 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11 → ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ 11 11⎥ ⎛⎜ − 1 ⎞⎟ (3 R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢ 11 11⎥
⎢0 −3 −14 −4 0 1⎥ ⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 77 11⎦
⎡ 1 19 1⎤ ⎡1 19 1⎤
⎢ 1 0 3 7 − 77 11⎥ ⎢ 7 − 77 11⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 0
1⎥
⇒ A −1 = ⎢ 0
R1 − 3R3 → R1 2 2 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ 11 11⎥ ⎢ 11 11⎥
⎢ 2 3 1 ⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 77 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 77 11⎥⎦

5. a. ad − bc = (8)(1) − (2)(4) = 0
The inverse of matrix A does not exist.
b. ad − bc = (8)(1) − (−2)(3) = 14
Thus, matrix B is invertible.
⎡ 1 1⎤
−1 1 ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎢ 14 7 ⎥
B = ⎢ =⎢ ⎥
14 ⎣ −3 8⎥⎦ ⎢ 3 4 ⎥

⎢⎣ 14 7 ⎥⎦

⎧3x + 2 y + 3 z = 9 ⎡3 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 9⎤

6. ⎨3x + y = 12 ⇒ AX = B ⇒ 3 1 0⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢12⎥ ⇒ X = A −1 B

⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x + z= 6 ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢− 6 3 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
Using a graphing calculator, we find that A −1 = ⎢ 0 − ⎥.
1 3
⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ 1 1 1⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 3 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 2⎤ ⎡ 11⎤
⎢− 5 5 ⎥
5 ⎡ 9⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ − ⎥ ⎢12⎥ ⇒ X = ⎢ − ⎥
3 1 6 9

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢
1 2 3 1⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎧ ⎛ 11 9 1 ⎞⎫
Solution set: ⎨ ⎜ , − , ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


606 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡110, 400 ⎤
−1 1 ⎡ 36 24 ⎤ ⎡ 800 ⎤ ⎢ 19 ⎥
7. Following the discussion given in Example 7, we have X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
19 ⎣16 36⎦ ⎣3400⎦ ⎢135, 200 ⎥
⎣⎢ 19 ⎦⎥
To meet the consumer demand for 800 units of energy and 3400 units of food, the energy produced must be
110, 400 135, 200
units and food production must be units.
19 19
8. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three (inserting two zeros at the right end), forming a 3 × 6 matrix:
J A C K I S N O W S A F E
[10 1 3] [11 0 9] [19 0 14] [15 23 0] [19 1 6] [5 0 0]
⎡10 11 19 15 19 5⎤
M = ⎢ 1 0 0 23 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 9 14 0 6 0⎥⎦
⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡10 11 19 15 19 5⎤ ⎡ 21 38 61 61 39 5⎤
Let A = 1 3 3 . Then, AM = ⎢1 3 3⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 23 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 22 38 61 84 40 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢1 2 4⎦⎥ ⎢⎣1 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 9 14 0 6 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 24 47 75 61 45 5⎦⎥
The cryptogram is 21 22 24 38 38 47 61 61 75 61 84 61 39 40 45 5 5 5.
6.3 Basic Concepts and Skills ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎢ − ⎥
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ 5 5 ⎡1 0⎤
1. For n × n matrices A and B, if AB = I, then B AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢
1⎥⎦
9.
is called the inverse of A. ⎣ 1 4⎦ ⎢− 1 3 ⎥ ⎣0
⎢⎣ 10 10 ⎥⎦
2. An n × n matrix is invertible if there is a
⎡ 2 1⎤
matrix B such that AB = BA = I. ⎢ 5 − 5 ⎥ ⎡3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥ = ⇒
3. To find the inverse of an invertible matrix A,
⎢− 1 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
we transform [ A | I ] by a sequence of row ⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎦⎥
operations into [ I | B ] , where B = A −1.
B is the inverse of A.

⎡ 1 1⎤
⎡a b⎤ −
A=⎢ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0⎤
4. ⎥ is invertible if and only if AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢
1⎥⎦
10.
⎣c d⎦ ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎢ − 2 1 ⎥ ⎣0
ad − bc ≠ 0. ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1⎤
5. False. ⎢ − 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⇒
6. False. ad − bc = 8(8) − 16(4) = 0, so A is not
⎢ − 2 1 ⎥ ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎣0 1⎥⎦
invertible. ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
B is the inverse of A.
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ 1⎥⎦
7.
⎣1 3⎦ ⎣ −1 1⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0⎤
⎡ 3 −2⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 1⎥ = ⎢0 1⎥⎦
11.
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⇒ ⎣ − ⎦ ⎣
1⎥⎦
1 1 1
⎣ −1 1⎦ ⎣1 3⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎢⎣ 1 1⎥⎦
B is the inverse of A. ⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡1 1 −1⎤
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎢
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 BA = ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ = 1 0⎥ ⇒
⎥ ⎣ −1 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢
0⎤ 0
⎢ ⎥
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ =
3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
8. ⎢⎣ 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0⎥⎦
⎣ 4 3⎦ ⎣ −4
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ B is not the inverse of A.
BA = ⎢ = ⇒
⎣ −4 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
B is the inverse of A.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 607

⎡ −2 1 3⎤ ⎛ ⎡ −2 6 4⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 5 −2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
AB = ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 1 −3 2⎥ ⎟ BA = ⎜ ⎢ 2 0 2⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥
1 1
12.
⎢ ⎥ ⎜8 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜4 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 0⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎢ −3 2 −1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ −1 1 −1⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎛ ⎡ −2 6 4⎤ ⎞ ⎡ −2 1 3⎤
⎡ 1 −1 0⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎞
BA = ⎜ ⎢ 1 −3 2⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥
1
AB = ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ ⎜ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥ ⎟
1
⎜8 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥ 16.
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 1 2 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣ ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ −1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡1 0 0⎤
⎡1 0 0⎤
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 −1 0⎤
BA = ⎜ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥
1
AB = ⎢ −8 −2⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎟
1
13.

6
⎥⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢ −1 −1 1⎦⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎣⎢ 1 0 1⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 3 1 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣
⎡1 3⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
−1 − ⎥
⎢2 = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.

2
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is not the inverse of A. ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
In exercises 17−26, the steps to find the
inverse may vary. Be sure to verify that
⎡2 3 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 1 −5 7 ⎤ ⎞
AA −1 = I .
AB = ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 7 1 − 5⎥ ⎟
1
14.
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 18 ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣⎢ 3 1 2⎦⎥ ⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ −5 7 1⎦⎥ ⎠⎟ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ 2 0 1 0⎤ 2 R1 ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎡1 0 0⎤ 17. [ A | I ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → 2
⎣ 1 3 0 1⎦ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎣1 30 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 ⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢1 02
0⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 −5 7 ⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −31
−1⎥
BA = ⎜ ⎢ 7 1 −5⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥
1
⎜ 18 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ −5 7 1⎦⎥ ⎠⎟ ⎣⎢ 3 1 2⎦⎥ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0⎥
1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ − R2
2
⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
3
⎥⇒
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A. ⎢0 1 − 1 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0⎥
⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 5 −2 −1⎤ ⎞ A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
AB = ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 2 0 2⎥ ⎟
1
15.
⎢ ⎥⎜4 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢− 1 1⎥
⎢⎣ −1 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ −3 2 −1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


608 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 4 3 1 0⎤ ⎡1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
18. [A | I] = ⎢1 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 1⎦ 21. [ A | I ] = ⎢0 2 3 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
R1 − 4 R2 → R2 ⎡4 3 1 0⎤ ⎣⎢0 1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
⎣0 3 1 −4⎦⎥ ⎡1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 0⎥
2 R3 − R2 → R3
1 ⎡4 3 1 0⎤ 2 3 0 1
R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯ 3 →⎢ 4⎥
⎢0 1
1
− ⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦ 1 ⎡ 1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
(−3 R3 + R2 )→ R2 ⎢
⎡4 0 0 −3⎥
4⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 0 0 2
R1 − 3R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦ 0 1 −8
⎡1 0 10⎤
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤ ⎢0 −3⎥
1 R1 − 4 R3 → R1
R1
4 →⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
4⎥ ⇒
1 0 0 2
⎯⎯⎯ 1 R1 − 6 R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −8 10⎤
A −1 = ⎢ 1 4⎥ A = 0 2 −3⎥
−1 ⎢
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 3⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 2⎥⎦

⎡ 2 4 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1 1 0 0⎤
19. [ A | I ] = ⎢3 ⎥
⎣ 6 0 1⎦ 22. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 5 1 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
1
R1 → R1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3 0 0 1⎥⎦
1 2 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯2 →⎢ 2 ⎡ 2 0 −1 3 0 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
R1 + 3 R3 → R1
⎣3 6 0 1 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 − R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3 3 0 1⎥⎦
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 2 2 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎡ −1 0 0 −3 1 −1⎤
⎢0 0 − 3 1 ⎥
→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R1
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ⎢ ⎥
The inverse of A does not exist. ⎣⎢ 0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎡⎢6
9 6 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
20. − R1 → R1
⎣ 4 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎣⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢1 3 9 0⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
9 − ( R2 − 5 R1 ) → R2
⎢ 2 1⎥
1
R2 → R2 ⎢1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢ 0 0 1 5 −2 2 ⎥
6 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 6⎦ ⎣⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
⎢1 3 9 0⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 R2 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 − 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 5 −2 2⎦⎥
⎣ 9 6⎦
⎡1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
The inverse of A does not exist.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 −15 6 −5⎥ ⎢
R2 − 3R3 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 5 −2 2⎥⎦
⎡ 3 −1 1⎤
A −1 = ⎢ −15 6 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −2 2⎥⎦

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Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 609

⎡ 2 3 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 3 −3 4 1 0 0 ⎤
23. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 4 1 0 1 0⎥ 25. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 −3 4 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡2 3 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ → ⎢ 2 −3 4 0 1 0⎥
R2 − R1 → R3 R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ 0 3 −4 2 −3 0 ⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R1 2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0⎤
⎢0 − ( R2 + 4 R3 ) → R2
1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −4 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 0 −1 1 0 −2 3
R3 − 7 R2 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2 7 −7 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 0 0 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0⎤
( R3 − 3R1 )→ R3 ⎢
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0
2 1 0 −1 1 0⎥ R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 −5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −2 3 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 − 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
A −1 = ⎢ −1 1 0⎥ A −1 = ⎢ −2 3 −4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −2 3 −3⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −5 2⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦

⎡1 1 5 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
24. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 4 3 −5 0 1 0⎥ 26. [ A | I ] = ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 0 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 1 5 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥ → ⎢ −1 3 0⎥
4 R1 − R2 → R2 R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 25 4 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 0 1
1
( R1 − R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥
5 5⎦ ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 1⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡1 1 0 0 0 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 −1 1 1
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 − 5 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −1 −1 ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
R2 − 25 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R2
5 5⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0 1 1
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 0 1 1 −4⎤ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −1 −1 ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 2⎥
2 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ 1 1⎥ 0 1 1
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 5⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
−1 ⎢
A = −1 −1 5⎥ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 5 0 − 5 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 2 6⎤
A −1
= ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 5⎥⎦

27. ad − bc = (1)(2) − (0)(3) = 2


⎡ 1 0⎤
1 ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎢
3 1⎥
−1
A = ⎢ =
2 ⎣ −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦

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610 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

28. ad − bc = (3)(6) − (4)(5) = −2 ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤


⎡ −3 2⎤ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
1 ⎡ 6 −4 ⎤ ⎢ 41.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3⎥
−1
A =− ⎢ = 5
2 ⎣ −5 3⎥⎦ ⎢ − ⎥ ⎣⎢ −1 1 2⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
⎧ x + 2 y + 5z = 4
29. ad − bc = (2)(5) − (−3)(−3) = 1 ⎪
42. ⎨2 x + 3 y + 8 z = 6 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎡5 3⎤ ⎪⎩− x + y + 2 z = 3
A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 2⎦ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 6⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
30. ad − bc = (3)(−2) − (−4)(2) = 2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ −1 2⎤ ⎢⎣ −1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦
1 ⎡ −2 4 ⎤ ⎢
A −1 = ⎢ = 3⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −1⎤
2 ⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢ −1 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 0⎥
⎣ 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −5 3 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
31. ad − bc = (a)(− a) − (b)(−b) = − a 2 + b 2
The solution is {(−1, 0, 1)}.
−1 1 ⎡−a b⎤
A = 2 ⎢ −b a ⎥
where a 2 ≠ b 2 . ⎧ x1 + 2 x 2 + 5 x3 = 1
−a + b ⎣
2
⎦ ⎪
43. ⎨2 x1 + 3x 2 + 8 x3 = 3 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
32. ad − bc = (2)(−1) − (−1)(1) = −1 ⎪⎩− x1 + x 2 + 2 x3 = −3
⎡ −1 1⎤ ⎡1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
A −1 = −1 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣1 −2⎦ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥

33. {2 x + 3 y = −9 ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −9⎤
x − 3 y = 13
⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 13 ⎦
⎣⎢ −1 1 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −3⎥

{ ⎡ 5 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5x − 4 y = 7
34. ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥
4x − 3y = 5 ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ The solution is {(2, −3, 1)}.

⎧3x + 2 y + z = 8 ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡8 ⎤ ⎧ x + 2 y + 5 z = −4

35. ⎨2 x + y + 3z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 2 1 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢7 ⎥ 44. ⎪2 x + 3 y + 8 z = −6 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
⎪⎩ x + 3 y + 2 z = 9 ⎢ 1 3 2⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢9 ⎥ 5
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪− x + y + 2 z = −
⎩ 2
⎧ x + 3y + z = 4 ⎡1 3 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −6 ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
36. ⎨ x − 5 y + 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −5 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 7 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + y − 4 z = −9 ⎢3 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 5 ⎥

⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦

37.
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢2

⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⇒
1⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣5⎦ 2 {
x − 2y = 0
x+ y=5 ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎡ 1⎤
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ −6 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎧ 2 x1 + 3x2 = 0 ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥
38. ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒⎨ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎢ 5 ⎥
⎣ 3 −1⎦ ⎣ x 2 ⎦ ⎣11⎦ ⎩3x1 − x2 = 11 ⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢− ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎫
⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ −1⎤ ⎧2 x1 + 3x 2 + x3 = −1 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , −1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 5 7 −1⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥ ⇒ ⎪5 x + 7 x − x = 5 ⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 1
39.
⎢ 2 3
⎢⎣ 4 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5⎥⎦ ⎩⎪4 x1 + 3x 2 =5

⎡ 3 −2 3⎤ ⎡ r ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎧3r − 2s + 3t = 4
⎢ 5 0 4⎥ ⎢ s ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ ⎪5r + 4t = 3
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
40.

⎢⎣ 2 7 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ t ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 2r + 7 s = −8

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 611

⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 3 1⎥
45. a. [ A | I ] = ⎢1 2 3 0 1 0⎥ 1
( R2 − 4 R3 ) → R3 ⎢
−3 0 0

⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 8
9
−11 0 −1 3⎥
⎣⎢1 4 9 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎢ 4 1 5⎥
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 9⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2 −1 1 0⎥
R2 − R1 → R2 9 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯R3 − R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 4 1 2⎤
⎢⎣0 3 8 −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢1 3 0 − − ⎥
3 3 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 −1
R1 + 3R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 11

5
− ⎥
7
2 −1 0⎥ ⎢
0
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
1
( 2
R + 11 R3) → R 18 18 18 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ −1 ⎢ 5⎥
2
8
⎢0 1 2 1 0⎥ 4 1
1
( R3 − 3R2 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
3 1⎥
1
2
⎢0 0 1 1 − ⎥ ⎣⎢ 9 9 9 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢1 0 0 −

3 −
5 1⎤ 2 2 2⎥
⎢1 0 0 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
11 5 7
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − 3 R2 → R1
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ −3 4 −1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 4 1 5⎥
⎢0 0 1 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 9 9 9⎦
⎡ 5 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢ 3 − 2 2⎥ ⎢− 2
⎢ ⎥ 2 2⎥
A −1 = ⎢ −3 4 −1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
11 5 7
⎢ A −1 = ⎢ − − ⎥
3 1⎥ ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎢ 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 4
⎣ 2 2⎦ 1 5⎥
⎢ − − ⎥
⎣ 9 9 9⎦
⎧x + y + z = 6

b. ⎨ x + 2 y + 3z = 14 ⇒ AX = B ⇒ ⎧2 x + 4 y − z = 9
⎪⎩ x + 4 y + 9 z = 36 ⎪
b. ⎨3x + y + 2 z = 7 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎪⎩ x + 3 y − 3z = 4
⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢14⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2 4 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
⎢ 3 1 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 7⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎣⎢1 4 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢36⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 3 −3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥
3 −
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −3 ⎥⎢ ⎥
4 −1⎥ 14 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢− 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡9 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤

⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 − 3 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢36⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3⎦⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11 − 5 − 7 ⎥ ⎢7 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
4 1 5
⎢ − − ⎥
⎡ 2 4 −1 1 0 0⎤ ⎣ 9 9 9⎦
The solution is {(1,2,1)}.
46. a. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 3 1 2 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎤
→ ⎢3 1 2 0 0⎥
R1 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 −1 1 0 0⎦⎥
⎡ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎤
3 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 8 −11 0 −1 3⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 2 −5 −1 0 2⎥⎦

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612 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

6.3 Applying the Concepts


⎧ x + y + 2z = 7 ⎡1 1 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤

49. ⎨ x − y − 3z = −6 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −1 −3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −6⎥
47. { 3 x + 7 y = 17
−5 x + 4 y = 13
⎡ 3 7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡11⎤
⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −5 4⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣13⎦
⎪⎩2 x + 3 y + z = 4
⎡1 1 2 1

⎣⎢ 2 3
0 0⎤
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥

⎡ 3 7 1 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢ −5 4 0 1⎥ [ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 1 −1 −3 0 1 0⎥

⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
5 R1 + 3R2 → R2 ⎡ 3 7 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 1 2 1 0 0⎤
⎣ 0 47 5 3⎦ ⎢0 1 −1 0 ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 5
1
R2 → R2 ⎡3 7 1 0⎤ R3 − 2 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
→⎢ ⎢⎣0 1 −3 −2 0 1⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3⎥
47
5
⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 47 47 ⎦ ⎢2 0 −1 1 1 0⎥
⎡ 4 7⎤ 2 R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 47 − 47 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −1
1 2 5 1 0⎥
( R1 − 7 R2 ) → R1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ( R2 − 2 R3 ) → R3
3
⎥ 11 ⎢ 5 1 2⎥
⎢0 1 5 3⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 47 47 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎡4 7⎤ ⎡ 8 5 1⎤
⎢1 0 0 − ⎥
−1
⎢ 47 − 47 ⎥ 1 ⎢
11 11 11

A =⎢ ⎥ ( R1 + R3 ) → R1 7 3 5⎥
⎢5 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 0 − −
⎢⎣ 47
1 ⎢ 11 11 11⎥
47 ⎥⎦ ( R2 − 5 R3 ) → R2
⎢ 2⎥
2
⎡4 7⎤ 5 1
− ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
−1 ⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ 47 47 ⎡11⎤ ⎡ −1⎤ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
X = A B⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ y⎦ ⎢ 5 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣13⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2⎥⎦ ⎡ 8 5 1⎤
⎢ 11 − ⎥
⎢⎣ 47 47 ⎥⎦ 11 11
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(−1, 2)}. 7 3 5⎥
A −1 = ⎢ − −
⎢ 11 11⎥
{
11
x − 7y = 3 ⎡ 1 −7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ 5
⇒ = 1 2⎥
2 x + 3 y = 23 ⎢⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 23⎥⎦
48. ⎢ − − ⎥
⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎡ 1 −7 1 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 3 0 1⎥ X = A −1B ⇒
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 8 5 1⎤
1 ⎡ 1 −7 10⎤ ⎢ 11 − ⎥
( R2 − 2 R1 ) → R2 11 11 ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
→⎢ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 1⎥
17
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢− 7 − 3 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−6 = −1
⎣ 17 17 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 11 11 11⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ 4⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
⎡ 3 7⎤ 5 1 2 ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢1 0 ⎢ − − ⎥
( R1 + 7 R2 ) → R1 17 17 ⎥ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 −
2 1⎥ The solution is {(2, −1, 3}}.
⎢⎣ 17 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7⎤
−1
⎢ 17 17 ⎥
A =⎢ ⎥
⎢− 2 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 17 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7⎤
⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ 17 17 ⎥ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡10⎤
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ y ⎦ ⎢− 2 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 17 17 ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 1)}.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 613

⎧ x+ y+ z =6 ⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎧2 x + 2 y + 3x = 7 ⎡ 2 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤
⎪ ⎪
50. ⎨2 x − 3 y + 3 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 2 −3 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥ 51. ⎨5 x + 3 y + 5 z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 5 3 5⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x − 2 y − z = −4 ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −4⎦⎥ ⎪⎩3x + 5 y + z = −5 ⎢ 3 5 1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ −5⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 2 3 1 0 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 2 −3 3 0 1 0⎥
⎥ [ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 5 3 5 0 1 0⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 3 −2 −1 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 5 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 2 3 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢ 0 4 5 5 −2 0 ⎥
5 R1 − 2 R2 → R2
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 −1 2 −1 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 5 4 3 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −4 7 3 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ −4 0 −1 3 −2 0⎥
1
( R3 − R2 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ R2 − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢ 0 5 −1 2 −1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢ 0 4 5 5 −2 0⎥
( R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢
⎢ 1 1 1⎥ 12 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 5 5 5⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 4 1 1⎤ ⎡ 11 13 1 ⎤
⎢1 1 0 5 − ⎢ 1 0 0 − 12
5 5⎥ 24 24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
− ( R1 + R3 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢
→ 0 1 0
11

4

1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
4 ⎢0 1 0 5

7 5⎥
1
( R2 + R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ 1
( R2 − 5 R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥
5 ⎢ 1 1 1⎥
4 ⎢ 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6 ⎤ ⎡ 11 13 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 − ⎢ − 12
5 25 25 ⎥ 24 24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 11 4 1⎥ −1 ⎢ 5 7 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 − − A = −
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6⎤ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ 5 − 25 25 ⎥ ⎡ 11 13 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − 12 ⎥
A −1 = ⎢
11 4 1⎥ 24 24
− − ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ − 5⎤
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ y⎥ = ⎢ 5 − 7 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 = 1
1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −5⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
⎣⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ 2 1 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ − − ⎥
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6⎤ The solution is {(−5, 1, 5)}.
⎢ 5 − 25 25 ⎥
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11 − 4 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −4⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
1 1 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


614 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎧9 x + 7 y + 4 z = 12 ⎡ 9 7 4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡12⎤

52. ⎨6 x + 5 y + 4 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 6 5 4 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + z = 7
⎣⎢ 4 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 7 ⎦⎥
⎡9 7 4 1 0 0⎤ ⎡9 7 4 1 0 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 6 5 4 0 1 ⎥ 6 R1 − 9 R2 → R2
0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 4 R1 − 9 R3 → R3 ⎢
→ 0 −3 −12 6 −9 0⎥


⎣⎢ 4 3 1 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 7 4 0 −9⎦⎥
⎡9 6 −3 −3 0 9⎤ ⎡9 6 0 3 −3 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢
⎯→ 0 −3 −12 6 −9 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎥ R1 + 3 R3 → R1
→ 0 1 0 −10 7 12⎥

( R2 + 3R3 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎥ − 1 ( R +12 R ) → R ⎢ ⎥
1
9 ⎢⎣0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ 3
2 3 2
⎢⎣0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 0 0 7 −5 −8⎤
( R1 − 6 R2 ) → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 −10 7 12⎥
9 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 7 −5 − 8⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 −5 −8⎤ ⎡12⎤ ⎡ 3⎤
A = −10 7 12 ⇒ X = A B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −10 7 12⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ −1⎥
−1 ⎢ ⎥ −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2⎥⎦
The solution is {(3, −1, −2 )}.
53. Let x = the amount invested in a treasury bill, y = the amount invested in bonds, and z = the amount invested
in a mutual fund. Then we have
⎧ x + y + z = 90, 000 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡90, 000⎤
⎪ ⎢0.03 0.07 −0.11⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 980⎥
⎨ 0.03 x + 0.07 y − 0.11z = 980 ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩0.03x + 0.07 y + 0.08 z = 5920 ⎢⎣0.03 0.07 0.08 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5920⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 0 0⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥ − 3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
[ A I ] = ⎢100 7

11
0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 → ⎢0 1 − 7 − 3 1 0⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ −
3
R +R → ⎢ 25 50 100 ⎥
100 3 3
⎢ 3 7 8 ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 3 ⎥
⎢⎣100 100 100 0 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 25 20 − 100 0 1⎥⎦

⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 0 0 ⎥

100
( R2 − R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 7 3 25 R2 → R2 7 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19 → ⎢0 − − 1 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − 25 0 ⎥
⎢ 25 50 100 ⎥ ⎢ 2 4 ⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ ⎢ 100 100 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 − 0 −
19 19 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 19 19 ⎥⎦
0 1 0

⎡ 100 100 ⎤ ⎡ 7 25 450 ⎤


⎢1 1 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 0 − −
19 19 4 19 19 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 − 3 125 350 ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 3 125 350 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 −
7
R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥
2 ⎢ 100 100 ⎥ ⎢ 100 100 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 0 − ⎥
⎣ 19 19 ⎦ ⎣ 19 19 ⎦
⎡ 7 25 450 ⎤ ⎡ 7 25 450 ⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥ ⎢ − −
19 19 ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎡90, 000⎤ ⎡16, 000 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎥
⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −
350 ⎥ ⎢
980⎥ = ⎢ 48, 000⎥
3 125 350 ⎥ 3 125
A −1 = ⎢ −
⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 19 19 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ 100 100 ⎥ ⎣ 5920⎦ ⎣ 26, 000⎦
⎢ 0 − ⎥ ⎢ 0 − ⎥
⎣ 19 19 ⎦ ⎣ 19 19 ⎦
Liz invested $16,000 in a treasury bill, $48,000 in bonds, and $26,000 in a mutual fund.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 615

54. Let x = the selling price of a chicken sandwich, y = the selling price of a fish sandwich, and x = the selling
price of a ham sandwich. Then we have
⎧8 x + 11y + 6 z = 164 ⎡8 11 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡164⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ 7 x + 8 y + 7 z = 141 ⇒ ⎢7 8 7 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢141⎥
⎩⎪ 4 x + 6 y + 3 z = 86 ⎢⎣ 4 6 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 86 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
⎡8 11 6 1 0 0⎤ 7 ⎢ ⎥
− R1 + R2 → R2
⎢7 8 7 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[ A I ] ⎢
= 8
⎥ − R +R →R
→ ⎢0 −
13 7

7
1 0⎥
1
⎢ 8 4 8 ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 6 3 0 0 1⎥⎦ 2 1 3 3
⎢ ⎥
1 1
⎢⎣0 0 − 0 1⎥
2 2 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
R2 ↔ R3
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 − 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 13 7 7
13 7
⎢⎣ 0 − 8 4 −
7
1 0⎥ ⎢⎣0 − 8 4 − 8 1 0⎥⎦
8 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢8 0 6 12 0 −22⎥ 4 ⎢8 0 6 12 0 −22⎥
−11R2 + R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ 7 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13
→ ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
8 ⎢ 7 5 13 ⎥ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥
− ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − 7 7
⎢⎣ 0 0 4 ⎥⎦ 7 ⎥⎦
1
4 2
⎡ 144 24 232 ⎤ ⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤
⎢8 0 0 − − 1 0 0 − − ⎥
7 7 7 ⎥ 1R →R ⎢ 7 7 7
−6 R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ 8 1 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤ ⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤
⎢ 7 − − ⎥ − − ⎥ 164
7 7 ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 7 7 7 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A −1 = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎢141⎥ = ⎢8⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 86⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦
The chicken sandwich costs $5, the fish sandwich costs $8, and the ham sandwich costs $6.

⎧V − E + R = 2 ⎧ V −E +R=2 ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎪ ⎪
55. ⎨ 2 E = 3V ⇒ ⎨−3V + 2 E = 0 ⇒ ⎢ −3 2 0 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩ 2 R = E − 1 ⎪⎩ − E + 2 R = −1 ⎢ 0 −1 2⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤
[ A I ] = ⎢⎢ −3 2 0 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 3


3 R1 + R2 → R2

3 1 0⎥

⎣⎢ 0 −1 2 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 2 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 −2 −2 −1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −3 ⎥ → ⎢0 1 −3 −3 −1 0⎥
− R2 → R2 R1 + R2 → R1
−3 −1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ − ( R3 + R2 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 3 1 −1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 4 1 −2⎤
R1 + 2 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 6 2 −3⎥
R2 + 3R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3 1 −1⎥⎦

(continued on next page)

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616 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

(continued)

⎡ 4 1 −2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤ ⎡10⎤


A −1 = ⎢ 6 2 −3⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 6 2 −3⎥ ⎢ 0⎥ = ⎢15⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎦
There are 10 vertices, 15 edges, and 7 regions.

56. In order to answer (a) and (b), we must first determine the coefficients of the equation.
⎧1 ⎡1 ⎤
⎪ 2 a + v0 + h0 = 100 ⎢ 2
1 1⎥ x
⎡ ⎤ ⎡100⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2a + 2v0 + h0 = 92 ⇒ ⎢ 2 2 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 92⎥
⎪9 ⎢9 ⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 76⎦⎥
⎪⎩ 2 a + 3v0 + h0 = 76 ⎢⎣ 2 3 1⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 2 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎡ 1 2 2 2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢
[ A I ] = ⎢ 2 2 1 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 2 1 0 1 0⎥
2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢9 ⎥ ⎢ 9 6 2 0 0 2⎦⎥

⎢⎣ 2 3 1 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡1 2 2 2 0 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 2 2 2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ (−6 R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢
1 0⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 −2 −3 −4 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → 0 −2 −3 −4
−9 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −12 −16 −18 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 0 −4 6 −2⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −2 1⎤
−2 R3 + R1 → R1
⎢ 5 3 ⎥ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎢ 5 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 − 4 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 − 4 − ⎥
− (3 R3 + R2 ) → R2 ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
1 2 2
2
⎢⎣0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎡100⎤ ⎡ −8⎤
3⎥
4 − ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ − 4 − ⎥ ⎢ 92⎥ = ⎢ 4⎥
3 5
A −1 = ⎢ −
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 − 3 1⎥⎦ ⎣ 76⎦ ⎣100⎦

Thus, the equation is h = f (t ) = −4t 2 + 4t + 100.

f (0) = −4 (0) + 4 (0) + 100 = 100


2
a.
The initial height is 100 feet.

f (2.5) = −4 (2.5) + 4 (2.5) + 100 = 85


2
b.
After 2.5 seconds, the projectile is 85 feet high.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 617

−1
⎡ 9 2⎤
−1
⎢ 10 − ⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.1 0.4⎤ ⎞ ⎡50⎤ −1 5
57. X = ⎜⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢30⎥ ; ( I − A) = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎝ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣0.5 0.2⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢− 4⎥
⎣⎢ 2 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 9 2 ⎤ ⎡9 2 ⎤ 13 2 ⎡ 117 18 9⎤
⎢ 10 − 1 0⎥ 1 R + 9 R → R ⎢10 − 5 1 0⎥ ⎢ 250 0
5 1 2 2 R1 + R2 → R1
25 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 10
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
25 5 →⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 4
0 1⎥ ⎢ 0 13 1 9 ⎥ ⎢ 0 13 1 9⎥
⎢⎣ 2 5 ⎥
⎦ ⎢
⎣ 25 2 10 ⎦ ⎥ ⎢
⎣ 25 2 10 ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 10 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 13 13 ⎥
250
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
117
25
→⎢ ⎥
13
R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 1
25 45 ⎥
⎢⎣ 26 26 ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 10 ⎤ ⎡ 20 10 ⎤
⎢ 13 13 ⎥ ⎢ 13 13 ⎥ ⎡50⎤ ⎡100⎤
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ −1
⎥ ⇒ X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 25 45 ⎥ ⎢ 25 45 ⎥ ⎣30⎦ ⎣100⎦
⎣⎢ 26 26 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 26 26 ⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 4 1⎤
−1
⎢ 5 − ⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.2 0.5⎤ ⎞ ⎡11⎤ −1 2
58. X = ⎜⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢18⎥ ; ( I − A) = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎝ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ 0.1 0.6⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢− 2⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡4 1 ⎤ ⎡ 27 8 2⎤
⎢ 5 − 1 0⎥ 1 R + 4 R → R ⎢5 − 2 1 0⎥ 27 R + 1 R → R ⎢ 0
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 125 25 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
10 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 2 →⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 2
0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0
27 1 4 ⎥ ⎢ 0 27 1 4⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 100 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 100 10 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 40 50 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 27 27 ⎥
125
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
27
100
→⎢ ⎥
27
R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 1 10 80 ⎥
⎣⎢ 27 27 ⎦⎥
⎡ 40 50 ⎤ ⎡ 40 50 ⎤ ⎡1340 ⎤
−1
⎢ 27 27 ⎥ −1
⎢ 27 27 ⎥ ⎡11⎤ ⎢ 27 ⎥
( I − A) =⎢ ⎥ ; X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 10 80 ⎥ ⎢ 10 80 ⎥ ⎢⎣18⎥⎦ ⎢1550 ⎥
⎢⎣ 27 ⎥
27 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 27 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 ⎥⎦
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡0.2 0.2 0⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 400⎤
59. X = ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢ 0.1 0.1 0.3⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 600⎥
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ 0.1 0 0.2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 800⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
−1
⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡4 1 ⎤
⎢ 5 −5 0⎥ ⎢ 5 −5 0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢5 − 5 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 R + 4 R →R ⎢ ⎥
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ − − ⎥ ⇒ ⎢− 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 0⎥
1 9 3 1 9 3 1 2 2 7 6 1 4
− 10 5 −
⎢ 10 10 10 ⎥ ⎢ 10 10 10 ⎥ 1 R1 + 4 R3 → R3 ⎢ 10 25 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 1 4⎥ ⎢ 1 4 ⎥ 10 5 ⎢ 1 16 1 4⎥
⎢− 0 ⎥ ⎢− 0 0 0 1⎥ ⎢0 − 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 50 25 10 5 ⎥⎦

(continued on next page)

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


618 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

(continued)
⎡4 1 ⎤
⎢5 − 5 0 1 0 0⎥
625 ⎛ 1 7 ⎞
⎜ R2 + R3 ⎠⎟ → R3
⎢ ⎥
→⎢0 0⎥
277 ⎝ 50 10 7 6 1 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ 10 25 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤
⎢ 4 −1 0 5 0 0⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 277 277 277 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥
5 R1 → R1 ⎢ 0 1 0 55 320 120 ⎥ 4 ( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎢ 55 320 120 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 ⇒
10 ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥
⎜ R3 + R2 → R2 ⎟⎠
7 ⎝ 25 ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥ ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ 277 277 277 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦
⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤ ⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤ ⎡ 216, 000 ⎤
⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎡ 400⎤ ⎢ 277 ⎥

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
120 ⎥ ⎢
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ 600⎥ = ⎢
120 ⎥
; X = ( I − A) −1 D = ⎢
55 320 55 320 310, 000 ⎥
⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 277 ⎥
⎢ 45 ⎢ 800⎥⎦ ⎢
10 350 ⎥ ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥ ⎣ 304, 000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 277 277 277 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 277 ⎦⎥
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0.5 0.4 0.2⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 500⎤
60. X = ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢0.2 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 300⎥
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ 0.1 0.1 0.3⎥ ⎟⎠
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 200⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 1 2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 − − ⎥ ⎢ 2 − 5 − 5 1 0 0⎥
5 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 7 1⎥ 1 7 1
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ − − ⇒⎢ − − 0 1 0⎥
⎢ 5 10 10 ⎥ ⎢ 5 10 10 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 7⎥ ⎢ 1 1 7 ⎥
⎢ − 10 −
10 ⎥⎦ ⎢ − 10 − 10 0 0 1⎥
⎣ 10 ⎣ 10 ⎦
⎡ 100 10 10 ⎤ ⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤
⎢ 5 −4 0 9 9 3⎥ ⎢1 0 0
27 27 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ( R1 + 4 R2 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥
R1 + 2 R3 → R1 25 55 5⎥ 5 25 55 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 ⎛ 9
→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 ⇒
⎞ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥
⎜⎝ R3 + R2 ⎟ → R2
⎠ ⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎢ 5 5⎥
27 100
5 5
⎢0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 9 3⎦
⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢2 − − 1 0 0⎥ −4 −2 10
5 5 ⎢5 0 0⎥
1 1
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
27 9 1 1 10 R1 → R1 27 9 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 2
→⎢0 − 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 0⎥
1 1
R + R → R3 ⎢ 100 100 5 2 ⎥ 10
(3 R3 + R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 100 100 5 2 ⎥
10 1 2 3 ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
9
9 33 1 5 5
⎢0 − ⎥ ⎢⎣0 3 ⎥⎦
0 0 1
⎣ 100 100 10 2⎦ 9 9
⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤ ⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤ ⎡ 61, 000 ⎤
⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎡ 500⎤ ⎢ 27 ⎥

⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5⎥ ⎢
300⎥ = ⎢
25 55 5⎥ 25 55 32, 000 ⎥
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ ; X = ( I − A) −1 D = ⎢
⎢ 27 27 9⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 5 5 5⎥ ⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥ ⎣ 200⎦ ⎢ 7000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 ⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 619

Answers will vary in exercises 61−64.


61. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of two, forming a 2 × 9 matrix:
⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
M =⎢ ⎥ Let A = ⎢ ⎥ Then,
⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦ ⎣ 2 1⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤ ⎡ 5 42 55 24 22 33 42 17 15 ⎤
AM = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦ ⎣7 42 50 21 32 21 39 28 30⎦
The cryptogram is 5 7 42 42 55 50 24 21 22 32 33 21 42 39 17 28 15 30.

⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
1 ⎡1 2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢ −
⎡ 1 2 1 0 ⎤ (2 R1 − R2 ) → R2
⎢ R1 − 2 R2 → R1 3⎥
1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
3 3 3
b. A −1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
2 ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 0 1⎦ ⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 2 1⎥
⎣ 3 3⎦ − −
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
⎢ −
3 3 ⎥ ⎡ 5 42 55 24 22 33 42 17 15 ⎤
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 − 1 ⎥ ⎣7 42 50 21 32 21 39 28 30⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦
62. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of two, forming a 2 × 9 matrix:
⎡ 6 21 4 5 4 6 5 18 18 19 14 20 15 11⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
M =⎢ ⎥ Let A = ⎢ 2 1⎥ Then,
⎣15 14 8 1 15 20 18 15 9 20 5 23 18 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 6 21 4 5 4 6 5 18 18 19 14 20 15 11⎤
AM = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣15 14 8 1 15 20 18 15 9 20 5 23 18 0⎦
⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎦
The cryptogram is 36 27 49 56 20 16 7 11 34 23 46 32 41 28 48 51 36 45 59 58 24 33 66 63 51 48 11 22.
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎢− 3 3⎥
b. From exercise 61b, A =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 − 1⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎢− 3 3 ⎥ ⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
M = A ( AM ) = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎢ 2 − 1 ⎥ ⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
=⎢
⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


620 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

63. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three, forming a 3 × 6 matrix:
⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1⎤
M = 1 15 9 3 15 15 Let A = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ Then,
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤ ⎡ 21 63 35 26 52 19⎤
AM = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 1 15 9 3 15 15⎥ = ⎢19 64 38 25 55 32⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣32 69 43 37 53 17 ⎥⎦
The cryptogram is 21 39 32 63 64 69 35 38 43 26 25 37 52 55 53 19 32 17.

⎡ 2 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡2 1 1 1 0 0⎤
b. −1 ⎢
A = 1 2 1 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎥ R1 − 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −3 −1 1 −2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 1 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 5 1 3⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢2 1 0 − ⎥
1 ⎢2 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢
4 4 4

( R2 − 3R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1 3 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − − ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
8
⎢ 0 −3 −1 1 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
− ( R3 + R2 ) → R2 ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
1 3
⎢ 0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −
1 1

⎣ 4 4 4⎦ −
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
4 4 4 4 4 4
1
( R1 − R2 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 1⎥ ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 0 − − = − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 1 3 ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦ ⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥
4 4 ⎡ 21 63 35 26 52 19⎤ ⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢
19 64 38 25 55 32⎥ = ⎢ 1 15 9 3 15 15⎥
1 3
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎢32 69 43 37 53 17⎥⎦ ⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦
1 3⎥ ⎣
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
64. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three, forming a 3 × 9 matrix:
⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1⎤
M = 15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18 Let A = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ Then,
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 1 2⎦⎥
⎡ 2 1 1⎤ ⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤ ⎡ 48 40 15 56 46 57 72 53 59⎤
AM = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18⎥ = ⎢57 30 11 47 59 60 73 68 62⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 63 34 14 61 59 51 67 71 55⎥⎦
The cryptogram is 48 57 63 40 30 34 15 11 14 56 47 61 46 59 59 57 60 51 72 73 67 53 68 71 59 62 55.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 621

⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥
4 4
⎢ ⎥
−1 ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
b. From exercise 59b, A = − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 1 3⎥
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − 4 − 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 48 40 15 56 46 57 72 53 59⎤
− ⎥ ⎢57 30 11 47 59 60 73 68 62⎥
1 3 1
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎢ 63 34 14 61 59 51 67 71 55⎥⎦
1 3⎥ ⎣
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤
= ⎢15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎥⎦

6.3 Beyond the Basics ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 5 −4 ⎤


AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
65. a. Yes, by the definition of inverse if AB = I, ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 −2⎦ ⎣9 −8⎦
⎡ 2 −1⎤
then BA = I. So B = A −1 and A = B −1. 1 ⎡ −8 4 ⎤ ⎢
( AB ) −1 = − ⎢ = 5⎥
4 ⎣ −9 5⎥⎦ ⎢
9
− ⎥
( A−1 )
−1
b. =A ⎣4 4⎦
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤
⎡2 1⎤ ⎡ −4 −1⎤ B −1 A −1 = ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 3 1⎥ = ⎢9 5⎥
A −1 = ⎢ ⇒ A=
1 ⎢− − ⎥⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ − ⎥
66. ⎥ 2(−4) − 3(1) ⎢⎣ −3 2⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣4 4⎦
⎣ 3 −4⎦
⎡4 1⎤ 71. If A is invertible, then there exists a matrix D
⎢11 11⎥ such that AD = I and DA = I. Then
=⎢ ⎥
⎢3 − 2⎥ AB = AC ⇔ DAB = DAC ⇔ IB = IC ⇔
⎣⎢11 11⎦⎥ B=C.
72. Not necessarily. For example, let
67. I = A 2 B = A( AB ), so AB is the inverse of A.
⎡ 9 6⎤ ⎡ 2 4⎤ ⎡ 4 8⎤
A= ⎢ ⎥ , B = ⎢ 3 6⎥ , and C = ⎢ 0 0⎥ .
68. I = AB = AIB = A( AB) B = A 2 ( B 2 ), so B 2 is ⎣ 6 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
the inverse of A 2 . A −1 does not exist (ad − bc = 0) .

ABB −1 A −1 = AIA −1 = AA −1 = I ⎡ 36 72⎤


69. AB = AC = ⎢ ⎥.
B −1 A −1 AB = B −1IB = B −1B = I ⇒ AB is ⎣ 24 48⎦
invertible and ( AB) −1 = B −1 A −1. 73. If A is invertible, then

⎡ −2 1⎤ ( )
I = A −1 A = A −1 ( AB ) = A −1 A B = IB = B.
⎡ 1 2⎤ −1 1 ⎡ 4 −2⎤ ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ = − =
2 ⎢⎣ −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢
70. A 3 1
⎣ 3 4⎦ − ⎥ ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ −1
⎣ 2 2⎦ 74. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢3 4⎥ . A does
⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ − 1 0 ⎤
B=⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎡ 2 0⎤
⎣ 3 − 2 ⎦ not exist (ad − bc = 0) . AB = ⎢ ⎥.
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎣ 0 0⎦
1 ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ However, B ≠ I .
B −1 = ⎢ =
2 ⎣ −3 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ −
3 1
− ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


622 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

2
⎡ 3 4⎤ ⎡ 3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡17 24⎤ ⎡18 24⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤
75. a. ⎢ 2 3⎥ − 6 ⎢ 2 3⎥ + ⎢0 1⎥ = ⎢12 17⎥ − ⎢12 18⎥ + ⎢ 0 1⎥ = ⎢ 0 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦

b. A 2 − 6 A + I = 0 ⇒ I = 6 A − A 2 ⇒ AA −1 = 6 A − A 2 ⇒ A −1 = 6 I − A

⎡ 6 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −4 ⎤
A −1 = 6 I − A = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ 3⎥⎦
c.
⎣0 6⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −2

⎡ 22 −21 21⎤ ⎡ 36 −30 30⎤ ⎡ 18 −9 9⎤ ⎡ 4 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤


76. a. A − 6 A + 9 A − 4 I = ⎢ −21 22 −21⎥ − ⎢ −30 36 −30⎥ + ⎢ −9 18 −9⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
3 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 −21 22⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 30 −30 36⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 9 −9 18⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦

b. A3 − 6 A 2 + 9 A − 4 I = 0 ⇒ A3 − 6 A 2 + 9 A − 4 AA −1 = 0 ⇒ A 2 − 6 A + 9 I − 4 A −1 = 0 ⇒
1
4 A −1 = A 2 − 6 A + 9 I ⇒ A −1 = ( A 2 − 6 A + 9 I )
4
⎛ ⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ 2 ⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎞
c. −1
4
( )
1 ⎜⎢
A = A − 6 A + 9 I = ⎜ −1 2 −1 − 6 −1 2 −1 + 9 ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ ⎟
1 2
4 ⎢

⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥

⎜ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠

⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 4 − 4⎥
⎡ 3 1 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
1⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
= 1 3 1 =
4⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢⎣ −1 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢
1 1 3⎥
⎢− ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
−1
⎧ x− y − z − w = −4 ⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎪ x+ ⎢1 1 1 ⎥
−1 y⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
y+z−w=2 2
77. ⎨ ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
2x + y+z−w=3 ⎢2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢ 2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢ z ⎥

⎩ x− y + z − w = −2 ⎢ 1 −1 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−1⎦ ⎣ w⎦ ⎣ −2⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ 1 −1 1 −1⎦ ⎣ −2⎦ ⎣ w⎦
Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡ 0 −1 1 0⎤
−1 ⎢
⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ 1 1⎥
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ 1 1⎥
⎢ 2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢− 2 2⎥
0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −1 1 −1⎦
⎢− 1 − 3 1 0⎥
⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 0 −1 1 0⎤
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢− 2 ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎢− 1 − 3 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, 1, 2)}

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Section 6.3 The Matrix Inverse 623

−1
⎧x + y + z − w =1 ⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎪x − y − z + w =1 ⎢1 −1 −1 1 y ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢1 −1 −1 1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
78. ⎨ ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
x − y + z + 3w = 1 ⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥

⎩ x + y + z + w = 3 ⎢⎣1 1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ w⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 1⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣ w⎦
Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0 0⎥ ⎢ 2 0 0⎥
−1 2 2
⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢1 −1 −1 1⎥ ⎢− 1 0 −
1
1⎥ ⎢− 1 0 −
1
1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 1⎦ ⎢ 2 2 2 2⎥ ⎢ 2 2 2 2 ⎥ ⎣3⎦ ⎣ 1⎦
⎢− 1
0 0
1 ⎥ ⎢− 1
0 0
1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, –1, 1)}
⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 8 10⎤
79. a. ABB −1 = AI = A ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 2 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 6 8⎦

⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ −1 7⎤
b. B −1BA = IA = A ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 0 2⎦ ⎣ −3 17⎦

⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤
c. B −1BAB −1 = IAB −1 = AB −1; AB −1 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣1 2⎦ ⎣ 7 11⎦
⎧ a + 3b = 3
⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ a + 3b 2a + 4b ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎪ 2a + 4b = 5
⎢ c d ⎥ ⎢3 4⎥ = ⎢ 7 11⎥ ⇒ ⎢c + 3d 2c + 4d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 11⎥ ⇒ ⎨ c + 3d = 7 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ 2c + 4d = 11
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
3 1 5 3 ⎢2 2⎥
a = ,b = ,c = ,d = ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥
2 2 2 2 ⎢5 3⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎦⎥

⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤
d. B −1 ABB −1 = B −1 AI = B −1 A ⇒ B −1 A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣1 2⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 7 10⎦
⎧ a + 2c = 4
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 4 6 ⎤ ⎡ a + 2c b + 2d ⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤ ⎪b + 2d = 6
⎢3 4⎥ ⎢ c d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 10⎥ ⇒ ⎢3a + 4c 3b + 4d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 10⎥ ⇒ ⎨3a + 4c = 7 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩3b + 4d = 10
⎡ −2 0 1 0 ⎤
−1 ⎡ −1⎤
⎡1 0 2 0⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡1 0 2 0⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ 0 −2 0 1 ⎥⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⎢6⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ −2

1 0 2 b 6
⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ 3 0 −1 ⎥⎢6⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒
⎢5⎥
⎢7⎥ ⎢ 2
0 ⎥
⎢3 0 4 0⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ 7 ⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢3 0 4 0⎥ ⎢7⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
2
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 3 0 4⎦ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣10⎦ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣0 3 0 4⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢0
10 3
0 − ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎥⎦
1 10
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥
2⎦
⎡ −1 −2⎤
A=⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ 4⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦

80. a. Yes. ad − bd = x 2 + 2 x + 2. x 2 + 2 x + 2 = 0 has no real zeros, so the matrix is invertible.

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624 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

b. No. ad − bc = x 2 − 6 x + 8. Substitute y = −2 in equation (2) and solve for


x.
x 2 − 6 x + 8 = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 4, so the x − ( −2 ) = 7 ⇒ x = 5
matrix is not invertible for those values of x.
Solution set: {(5, −2)}

{
6.3 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing
16 x − 9 y = −5 (1)
93.
81. a. True. A B = AAB = ABA = BAA = BA
2 2 10 x + 18 y = −11 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 2, then add the
b. False. For example, if A = I and B = −I, then resulting equation and equation (2).
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤ 32 x − 18 y = −10
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ , which
⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦ 10 x + 18 y = −11
is not invertible. 1
42 x = −21 ⇒ x = −
2
⎡ 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤
82. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ . Then A 2 = ⎢ ⎥. 1
⎣ 0 0⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦ Substitute x = − in equation (2) and solve
2
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 −1⎤ for y.
I + A=⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎛ 1⎞
10 ⎜ − ⎟ + 18 y = −11 ⇒ −5 + 18 y = −11 ⇒
⎡ 1 1⎤ ⎝ 2⎠
( I + A) −1 = ⎢ ⎥ 1
⎣0 1⎦ 18 y = −6 ⇒ y = −
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤ 3
I − A=⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎫
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ Solution set: ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 3 ⎠⎭
83. True. A matrix has an inverse if and only if it
is square. 94. ⎧ x − y + 5 z = −6 (1)

6.3 Maintaining Skills ⎨3x + 3 y − z = 10 (2)
⎪⎩ x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
84. 1 85. 1 Write the augmented matrix.
86. −1 87. −1 ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎢3 3 −1 10⎥
⎢1 3 2 5⎥⎦
88. [ −1 4] ⎡⎢32⎤⎥ = ⎡⎣(−1) 2 + 4 (3)⎤⎦ = [10] ⎣
⎣ ⎦ Now use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve
the system.
⎡ −1⎤ ⎡−1(5) −1(0)⎤ ⎡ −5 0⎤
89. ⎢⎣ −3⎦⎥ [5 0] = ⎢ −3 (5) −3 (0)⎥ = ⎣⎢ −15 0⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎢3 3 −1 10⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢1 3 2 5⎥⎦

⎡7 1⎤ ⎡ 21 3⎤
90. 3 ⎢
⎣ 5 − 2 ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣15 −6⎥⎦ −3R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 6 −16 28⎥
− R3 + R1 → R3 ⎢ 0 −4
⎣ 3 −11⎥⎦
91. (−1) ⎡⎢−64 7⎤ ⎡ 6 −7 ⎤
=
−1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 2
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ 1 −1 5 −6⎥
In exercises 92−95, be sure to check the solution in ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 6 −16 28⎥
⎢ ⎥
the original equations. ⎢0 0 − 23 23 ⎥

{
⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
2 x − 3 y = 16 (1)
92. 3
− R3 → R3 ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
x− y =7 (2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23 → ⎢0 6 −16 28⎥
Solve equation (2) for x in terms of y. ⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦

x=y+7
Substitute the expression for x in equation (1) (continued on next page)
and solve for y.
2 ( y + 7) − 3 y = 16 ⇒ 2 y + 14 − 3 y = 16 ⇒
− y = 2 ⇒ y = −2

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Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 625

(continued) ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤
M 11 = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
5 6
⎡1 −1 0 −1⎤ 2. a.
⎢ ⎥ 1 2
R1 − 5 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 7 1 2⎦⎥
(16 R3 + R2 )→ R3 ⎢⎣0 1 −1⎥⎦
1
6 0 = (5)(2) − 6(1) = 4
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤
R1 + R1 → R1 3 −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 2⎥
M 23 = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
1
⎢0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 7 1
⎣ 0
⎢⎣7 1 2⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, −1)}
= 3(1) − (−1)(7) = 10
95. ⎧ 2 x − y + 2 z = 3 (1) ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤

⎨ + − =
= ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
2 x 2 y z 0 (2) 3 2
M 32
⎪⎩− x + 2 y + 2 z = −12 (3) ⎢ ⎥ 4 6
Write the augmented matrix. ⎣⎢7 1 2⎦⎥
= 3(6) − 2(4) = 10
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 2 2 −1 0⎥
⎢ −1 2 2 −12⎥ b. A11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = 4
⎣ ⎦
Now use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −10
the system. A32 = (−1) 3 + 2 M 32 = −10
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 2 2 −1 0⎥ 3. Expand by the third row:
⎢ −1 2 2 −12⎥ 2 −3 7
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤ −2 −1 9
R2 − R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ 0 2 −9
R1 + 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ 0 3 6 −21⎥
⎣ ⎦ = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
( R3 − R2 )→ R3 ⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
1
2 7 2 −3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9 → ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ = 0 + 2(−1) 3 + 2 − 9(−1) 3 + 3
⎢0 0 −2 9 −2 −1
⎣ 1 −2⎥⎦
= 0 − 2(32) − 9(−8) = 8
⎡ 2 −1 0 7 ⎤
R1 − 2 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥ 2 3 7 3
( R2 + 3R3 )→ R2 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
1
4. D= = 3, D x = = 51
3 5 9 4 9
( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
1
2 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥ Dy = = −27
⎢ 0 0 1 −2 ⎥ 5 4
⎣ ⎦
D 51 D y −27
Solution set: {(2, −3, −2)} x= x = = 17; y = = = −9
D 3 D 3
6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule The solution is {(17, −9)}.

6.4 Practice Problems 3 2 1 4 2 1


5. D = 4 3 1 = −3, D x = 5 3 1 = −6
5 1
1. a. = 5(−7) − 1(3) = −38 5 1 1 9 1 1
3 −7 3 4 1 3 2 4
2 −9 D y = 4 5 1 = 3, D z = 4 3 5 = 0
b. = 2(18) − (−9)(−4) = 0
−4 18 5 9 1 5 1 9
D −6 Dy 3
x= x = = 2; y = = = −1
D −3 D −3
D 0
z= z = =0
D −3
Solution set: {(2, −1, 0)}

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626 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

6.4 Basic Concepts and Skills a b


15. = a−b
⎡a b⎤ b a
1. The determinant of ⎢ ⎥ is ad − bc.
⎣c d⎦
( 3)
3 1 2
2. The minor of an element is the determinant 16. = − 1(−1) = 4
−1 3
you get by deleting the row and column
containing that element.
⎡ 2 −3 4⎤
−3 4
3. To expand an n × n determinant, you 17. a. M 21 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
⎢ ⎥ 1 2
multiply each element of some row (or
column) by its cofactor and add the result. ⎣⎢ 0 1 2⎦⎥
= (−3)(2) − 4(1) = −10
4. A system of n linear equations in n variables
has a unique solution provided the ⎡ 2 −3 4⎤
2 −3
determinant of the coefficient matrix is not b. M 23 = ⎢ 1 −1 2 ⎥ = = 2(1) − 0 = 2
zero. ⎢ ⎥ 0 1
⎣⎢ 0 1 2⎦⎥
5. False.
⎡ 2 −3 4 ⎤
6. False. Each element is multiplied by its
= ⎢ 1 −1 2 ⎥ =
2 4
c. M 32 = 2(2) − 4(1) = 0
cofactor. ⎢ ⎥ 1 2
⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
2 3
7. = 2(5) − 4(3) = −2
4 5 18. a. A21 = (−1) 2 +1 M 21 = 10
3 −5 A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −2
8. = 3(4) − (−5)(1) = 17 b.
1 4
c. A32 = (−1) 3+ 2 M 32 = 0
4 −2
9. = 4(−3) − (−2)(3) = −6
3 −3 ⎡ 2 −3 4⎤
−1 2
19. a. M 11 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
1 ⎢ ⎥ 1 2
−2 ⎛1⎞ 7 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
10. 2 = (−2)(1) − ⎜ ⎟ (3) = −
⎝2⎠ 2 = (−1)(2) − 2(1) = −4
3 1
⎡ 2 −3 4 ⎤
−1 −3
M 22 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
2 4
11. = (−1)(−5) − (−3)(−4) = −7 b. =4
−4 −5 ⎢ ⎥ 0 2
⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
1 1
⎡ 2 −3 4 ⎤
2 3 ⎛1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ −3 4
12. = ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟−⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ =0
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 6 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ c. M 31 = ⎢ 1 −1 2⎥ =
1 ⎢ ⎥ −1 2
4 6 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
= (−3)(2) − 4(−1) = −2
3 1
8 2 ⎛ 3⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 139 20. a. A11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = −4
13. = ⎜ ⎟ (5) − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ − ⎟ =
1 ⎝8⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ 72
− 5 b. A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = 4
9

1 1 c. A31 = (−1) 3 +1 M 31 = −2

2 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1
14. = ⎜− ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
1 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 12

4 3

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Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 627

21. Expand by the third row: 28. Expand by the first row:
1 0 −1 1 0 2
0 2 2 = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 0 5 7 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
−1 0 0 3 1 0
0 −1 5 7 0 5
= −1(−1) 3+1 + 0 + 0 = −2 = 1(−1)1+1 + 0 + 2(−1)1+ 3
2 2 1 0 3 1
= −7 + 2(−15) = −37
22. Expand by the second column:
1 29. Expand by the first row:
2 0
2 3 4 1
1 0 2 = a12 A12 + a 22 A22 + a32 A32 = 0 1 4 3 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
4 0 −5 4 3 1
4 3 1 3
23. Expand by the third row: = 3(−1)1+1 + 4(−1)1+ 2
3 1 4 1
1 2 3
1 4
0 3 4 = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 + 1(−1)1+ 3
4 3
0 0 4
= 3(−5) − 4(−11) + 1(−13) = 16
1 2
= 0 + 0 + 4(−1) 3 + 3 = 12 30. Expand by the second row:
0 3
3 1 −2
24. Expand by the first column:
4 0 −4 = a 21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
2 3 4
2 −1 −3
0 −4 6 = a11 A11 + a 21 A21 + a31 A31
1 −2 3 1
0 0 −5 = 4(−1) 2 +1 + 0 − 4(−1) 2 + 3
−1 −3 2 −1
−4 6
= 2(−1)1+1 + 0 + 0 = 40 = −4(−5) + 0 + 4(−5) = 0
0 −5
31. Expand by the first row:
25. Expand by the first row:
0 1 6
1 0 0
1 0 4 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
2 0 0 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
8 3 1
3 4 5
1 4 1 0
0 0 = 0 + 1(−1)1+ 2 + 6(−1)1+ 3
= 1(−1)1+1 +0+0 = 0 8 1 8 3
4 5 = −1(−31) + 6(3) = 49
26. Expand by the first row: 32. Expand by the first row:
−1 0 0 0 2 3
3 2 0 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 1 0 1 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
4 5 −3 3 2 0
2 0
= −1(−1)1+1 +0+0 = 6 = 0 + 2(−1)1+ 2
1 1
+ 3(−1)1+ 3
1 0
5 −3 3 0 3 2
27. Expand by the first row: = −2(−3) + 3(2) = 12
1 6 0
2 5 3 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
3 4 0
5 3 2 3
= 1(−1)1+1 + 6(−1)1+ 2 +0
4 0 3 0
= −12 − 6(−9) = 42

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628 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

33. Expand by the first row: 4 3 −1 3


38. D= = −26, D x = = −22
a b 0 2 −5 9 −5
0 a b = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 4 −1
Dy = = 38
b 0 a 2 9
a b 0 b −22 11 38 19
= a(−1)1+1 + b(−1)1+ 2 +0 x= = ,y= =−
0 a b a −26 13 −26 13
= a ( a 2 ) − b(−b 2 ) = a 3 + b 3 ⎧ ⎛ 11 19 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 13 13 ⎠ ⎭
34. Expand by the first row:
0 z y 5 3 11 3
39. D= = −1, D x = = −1
z 0 x = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 2 1 4 1
y x 0 5 11
Dy = = −2
z x z 0 2 4
= 0 + z (−1)1+ 2 + y (−1)1+ 3 −1 −2
y 0 y x x= = 1, y = =2
= − z (− xy ) + y ( xz ) = 2 xyz −1 −1
The solution is {(1, 2)}.
35. Expand by the first row:
2 −7 13 −7
a b c 40. D= = 47, D x = = 141
5 6 9 6
c a b = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
2 13
b c a Dy = = −47
5 9
a b c b
= a(−1)1+1 + b(−1)1+ 2 141 −47
c a b a x= = 3, y = = −1
47 47
c a
+ c(−1)1+ 3 The solution is {(3, −1)}.
b c
2 9 4 9
= a(a 2 − bc) − b(ac − b 2 ) + c(c 2 − ab) 41. D= = −31, D x = = −62
3 −2 6 −2
= a 3 + b 3 + c 3 − 3abc
2 4
36. Expand by the first row: Dy = =0
3 6
u v w −62 0
x= = 2, y = =0
w v u = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 −31 −31
u v w The solution is {(2, 0)}.
v u w u 5 3 1 3
= u (−1)1+1 + v(−1)1+ 2 42. D= = −31, D x = = 31
v w u w 2 −5 −12 −5
w v 5 1
+ w(−1)1+ 3 Dy = = −62
u v 2 −12
= u (vw − vu ) − v( w 2 − u 2 ) + w(vw − uv) 31 −62
x= = −1, y = =2
=0 −31 −31
The solution is {(−1, 2)}.
1 1 8 1
37. D= = −2, D x = = −6 2 −3
1 −1 −2 −1 43. D= = 0 ⇒ there is not a unique
1 8 4 −6
Dy = = −10
1 −2 solution. 2 x − 3 y = 4 ⇒ x =
3
y + 2.
−6 −10 2
x= = 3, y = =5
−2 −2 ⎧⎛ 3 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ y + 2, y ⎟ ⎬ .
The solution is {(3, 5)}. ⎩ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎭

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Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 629

3 1 1 3 0 4 3 0
44. D= = 0 ⇒ there is not a unique
6 2 48. D = 0 1 3 = 37, D x = 7 1 3 = 37
solution. 3 x + y = 2 ⇒ y = −3 x + 2. The 4 0 1 6 0 1
solution is {( x, −3x + 2)} . 1 4 0 1 3 4
D y = 0 7 3 = 37, D z = 0 1 7 = 74
⎧2 3
⎪⎪ x + =2 4 6 1 4 0 6
1 1 y
45. Let u = and v = . Then ⎨ ⇒ x=
37
= 1, y =
37
= 1, z =
74
=2
x y 5 8 31
⎪ + = 37 37 37
⎪⎩ x y 6 The solution is {(1, 1, 2)}.
⎧2u + 3v = 2
⎪ 2 3 1 1 −1 −3 1 −1
⎨5u + 8v = 31 ⇒ D = = 1,
⎪⎩ 6
5 8 49. D = 2 3 1 = −5, D x = 2 3 1 = −5
2 3 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
Du = 31 = , Dv = 31 = ⇒ 1 −3 −1 1 1 −3
8 2 5 3
6 6 D y = 2 2 1 = 5, D z = 2 3 2 = −15
1 1
u = , v = ⇒ x = 2, y = 3 0 1 1 0 2 1
2 3 −5 5 −15
The solution is {(2, 3)}. x= = 1, y = = −1, z = =3
−5 −5 −5
1 1 The solution is {(1, −1, 3)}.
46. Let u = and v = . Then
x y 3 1 1 10 1 1
⎧3 6 50. D = 1 1 −1 = −46, D x = 0 1 −1 = −92
⎪⎪ x −
{
=2
y 3u − 6v = 2
⎨4 ⇒ ⇒ 5 −9 0 1 −9 0
7 4u + 7v = −3
⎪ + = −3 3 10 1 3 1 10
⎪⎩ x y
D y = 1 0 −1 = −46, D z = 1 1 0 = −138
3 −6 2 −6
D= = 45, Du = = −4, 5 1 0 5 −9 1
4 7 −3 7 −92 −46 −138
3 2 4 17 x= = 2, y = = 1, z = =3
Dv = = −17 ⇒ u = − , v = − ⇒ −46 −46 −46
4 −3 45 45 The solution is {(2, 1, 3)}.
45 45
x=− ,y=− 1 1 1 3 1 1
4 17
⎧ ⎛ 45 45 ⎞ ⎫ 51. D = 2 −3 5 = 22, D x = 4 −3 5 = 22
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 4 17 ⎠ ⎭ 1 2 −4 −1 2 −4
1 3 1 1 1 3
1 −2 1 −1 −2 1
Dy = 2 4 5 = 22, D z = 2 −3 4 = 22
47. D= 3 1 −1 = 11, D x = 4 1 −1 = 11
1 −1 −4 1 2 −1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 1 −2 −1 x=
22
= 1, y =
22
= 1, z =
22
=1
Dy = 3 4 −1 = 11, D z = 3 1 4 =0 22 22 22
The solution is {(1, 1, 1)}.
0 1 1 0 1 1
11 11 0
x= = 1, y = = 1, z = = 0
11 11 11
The solution is {(1, 1, 0)}.

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630 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

1 2 −1 3 2 −1 2 1 1 7 1 1
52. D = 3 −1 1 = −10, D x = 8 −1 1 = −30 56. D = 3 −1 −1 = 25, D x = −2 −1 −1 = 25
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 −3 −4 2 −3
1 3 −1 1 2 3 2 7 1 2 1 7
D y = 3 8 1 = 10, D z = 3 −1 8 = 20 D y = 3 −2 −1 = 50, D z = 3 −1 −2 = 75
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 −4 −3 1 2 −4
−30 25 50 75
x= = 3, y =
10
= −1, z =
20
= −2 x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
−10 −10 −10 25 25 25
The solution is {(3, −1, −2)}}. The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
6.4 Applying the Concepts
2 −3 5
53. D = 3 5 −2 = −38 1 2 1
1
1 2 −3 57. A= D = −3 4 1 = 11
2 4 6 1
11 −3 5
D x = 7 5 −2 = −38
3 1 1
−4 2 −3 1 1
58. A= D = 4 2 1 =
2 11 5 2 2
5 4 1
D y = 3 7 −2 = −76
1 −4 −3 −2 1 1
2 −3 11 1 21
59. A = D = −3 −5 1 = = 10.5
2 2
D z = 3 5 7 = −114 2 4 1
1 2 −4
−38 −76 −114 −1 2 1
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3 1
−38 −38 −38 60. A= D = 2 4 1=4
2
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. 0 0 1
1 −3 0 1 −3 0 0 3 1
54. D = 2 −1 −4 = 14, D x = 2 −1 −4 = 62 61. −1 1 1 = 0 ⇒ the points are collinear.
0 1 2 4 1 2 2 7 1
1 1 0 1 −3 1
D y = 2 2 −4 = 16, D z = 2 −1 2 = 20 2 0 1
0 4 2 0 1 4 1
62. 1 1 = 0 ⇒ the points are collinear.
62 31 16 8 20 10 2
x= = ,y= = ,z = =
14 7 14 7 14 7 4 −1 1
⎧ ⎛ 31 8 10 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ . 0 −4 1
⎩⎝ 7 7 7 ⎠ ⎭
63. 3 −2 1 = −2 ⇒ the points are not collinear.
5 2 1 12 2 1 1 −4 1
55. D= 2 1 3 = −7, D x = 13 1 3 = −7
3 2 4 19 2 4 1
0 − 1
5 12 1 5 2 12 4
1
D y = 2 13 3 = −14, D z = 2 1 13 = −21 64. 1 −1 1 = − ⇒ the points are not collinear.
4
3 19 4 3 2 19 2 −2 1
−7 −14 −21
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
−7 −7 −7
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.

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Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 631

x y 1
−1 1 −1 1 −1 −1
65. −1 −1 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ −4 x + 2 y − 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 x + 1
3 1 1 1 1 3
1 3 1

x y 1
4 1 0 1 0 4
66. 0 4 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 x + y − 4 = 0 ⇒ y = −3 x + 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1

x y 1
1 1
1 1 0 1 0 2 1 2 1
67. 0 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 3 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 3 =0⇒ − x+ y− = 0⇒ y = x+
3 1 1 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1

x y 1
1 1
1 − 1 1 1 1 − 1 2 1 2
68. 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 3 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 3 = 0⇒ − x+ y+ = 0⇒ y = x−
3 2 1 3 3 3 3
0 1 2 1
2 0 1

6.4 Beyond the Basics

0 0
69. a. = 0(5) − 2(0) = 0
2 5

1 0
b. = 1(0) − 3(0) = 0
3 0

1 −2 −3
−2 −3 1 −3 1 −2
c. Expand by the second row: 0 0 0 = 0(−1) 2 +1 + 0(−1) 2 + 2 + 0(−1) 2 + 3 =0
4 −7 4 −7 4 4
4 4 −7

4 5 0
6 −7 4 5 4 5
d. Expand by the third column: 6 −7 0 = 0(−1)1+ 3 + 0(−1) 2 + 3 + 0(−1) 3 + 3 =0
8 15 8 15 6 −7
8 15 0

2 3 4 5
70. a. A= = −2, B = =2⇒ B =− A
4 5 2 3

−5 3 3 −5
b. A= = 14, B = = −14 ⇒ B = − A
2 −4 −4 2

1 3 5 1 3 5
c. A= 0 1 2 = 9, B = 3 −1 4 = −9 ⇒ B = − A
3 −1 4 0 1 2

2 3 5
3 5 2 5 2 5
71. a. Expand by the second row: −1 4 8 = −1(−1) 2 +1 + 4(−1) 2 + 2 + 8(−1) 2 + 3 =0
3 5 2 5 2 5
2 3 5

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632 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

3 4 3
1 1 3 3 3 3
b. Expand by the second column: 1 2 1 = 4(−1)1+ 2 + 2(−1) 2 + 2 + 6(−1) 3 + 2 =0
−1 −1 −1 −1 1 1
−1 6 −1

−1 2 3 −1 2 3
72. a. B = 1⋅ 5 4 ⋅ 5 8 ⋅ 5 = 25; 5 A = 1 4 8 = 5(5) = 25 ⇒ B = 5 A
2 3 6 2 3 6

1 2 3 1 2 1
b. B = −1 5 6 = 45; 3 A = −1 5 2 = 3(15) = 45 ⇒ B = 3 A
0 2 9 0 2 3

2 −3 4 2 −3 4
73. −4 7 −8 = −14, 0 1 0 = −14
5 −1 3 5 −1 3

1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
4 5 2 1 −R + R → R 4 5 2 1
74.(i) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 3 3

1 2 5 3 0 0 2 0
2 4 3 7 2 4 3 7

1 2 3 3
2 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 2 1
(ii) = 0(−1) 3 +1 5 2 1 + 0(−1) 3 + 2 4 2 1 + 2(−1) 3 + 3 4 5 1 + 0(−1) 3 + 4 4 5 2
0 0 2 0
4 3 7 2 3 7 2 4 7 2 4 3
2 4 3 7

1 2 3 3
1 2 3
4 5 2 1 3+ 3
(iii) = 0 + 0 + 2(−1) 4 5 1 + 0 = 2(−3) = −6
0 0 2 0
2 4 7
2 4 3 7

2 0 −3 4 0 −4 −3 −10
0 1 0 5 R − 2R → R 0 1 0 5
75. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 4
R −5R → R
1

5 0 −9 8 3 4 3 0 −10 −9 −27
1 2 0 7 1 2 0 7
Expand by column 1:
0 −4 −3 −10
−4 −3 −10
0 1 0 5 4 +1
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 1(−1) 1 0 5 = 21
0 −10 −9 −27
−10 −9 −27
1 2 0 7

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Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 633

−3 1 2 3 −3 1 2 3 −3 1 2 3
0 −2 4 7 3R − R → R 0 −2 4 7 2R + R → R −6 0 8 13
76. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 2
4R + R → R
2

−9 3 5 2 0 0 1 7 1 4 4 0 0 1 7
2 −4 3 −12 2 −4 3 −12 −10 0 11 0
−3 1 2 3
−6 8 13
−6 0 8 13 3+ 3
Expand by column 2: = 1(−1) 0 1 7 = 32
0 0 1 7
−10 11 0
−10 0 11 0

5 7 1 2 5 7 1 2
6 8 9 3 −9 R + R → R −39 −55 0 −15
77. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 2
−6 R + R → R
2

24 22 6 10 1 3 3 −6 −20 0 −2
−7 R1 + R4 → R4
21 17 7 10 −14 −32 0 −4
5 7 1 2
−39 −55 −15
−39 −55 0 −15 1+ 3
Expand by column 3: = 1(−1) −6 −20 −2 = 476
−6 −20 0 −2
−14 −32 −4
−14 −32 0 −4

1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
2 −3 1 0 R −2R → R 0 −7 −5 0
78. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 1
R +R →R
2

−1 −3 4 5 1 3 3 0 −1 7 5
R4 − R1 → R4
1 3 7 4 0 1 4 4
1 2 3 0
−7 −5 0
0 −7 −5 0 1+1
Expand by column 1: = 1(−1) −1 7 5 = −101
0 −1 7 5
1 4 4
0 1 4 4

3 2
79. = 0 ⇒ 3 x − 12 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
6 x

3 2
80. = 0 ⇒ 36 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 18
x 12

x −2 1± 1− 8 1± i 7
81. = 0 ⇒ x2 − x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = =
1 x −1 2 2

2x + 7 4 1
82. = 0 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 4)(2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −4 or x =
1 x 2

83. Expand by the second row:


1 −3 1
−3 1 1 1 1 −3
4 7 x = 0 ⇒ 4(−1) 2 +1 + 7(−1) 2 + 2 + x (−1) 2 + 3 =0⇒
2 2 0 2 0 2
0 2 2
−4(−8) + 7(2) − 2 x = 46 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 23

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634 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

84. Expand by the first row:


x x +1 x + 2
3 −1 2 −1 2 3
2 3 −1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + ( x + 1)(−1)1+ 2 + ( x + 2)(−1)1+ 3 =0⇒
−2 4 3 4 3 −2
3 −2 4
37
10 x − 11( x + 1) − 13( x + 2) = −14 x − 37 = 0 ⇒ x = −
14
85. Expand by the second row:
x 0 1
x 1
0 x 0 = 0 ⇒ 0 + x(−1) 2 + 2 + 0 ⇒ x( x 2 − 1) = 0 ⇒ x( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 0 or x = 1 or x = −1
1 x
1 0 x

86. Expand by the second row:


x 2 3
2 3 x 3 x 2
x x 1 = −8 ⇒ x (−1) 2 +1 + x(−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = −8 ⇒
0 1 2 1 2 0
2 0 1
−2 x + x( x − 6) + 4 = x 2 − 8 x + 4 = −8 ⇒ x 2 − 8 x + 12 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 6) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 6

−4 2 1
1 −4 1 −4 2
87. 0 k 1 = 28 ⇒ 0 + k (−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = 56 ⇒ −2k − (−4k + 4) = 2k − 4 = 56 ⇒ k = 30
2 −2 1 −2 k
−2 k 1

2 3 1
1 3 1 2 1 2 3
88. 1 2 1 = 3 ⇒ −2(−1) 3 +1 + k (−1) 3 + 2 + 1(−1) 3 + 3 =6⇒
2 2 1 1 1 1 2
−2 k 1
−2(1) − k + 1 = −1 − k = 6 ⇒ k = −7
6.4 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing

⎧ 1 3
⎪⎪ x − 2 +
{
= 13
1 1 y +1 u + 3v = 13
89. Let u = and v = . Then ⎨ 4 ⇒ .
x−2 y +1 5 4u − 5v = 1
⎪ − =1
⎪⎩ x − 2 y +1
1 3 13 3 1 13
D= = −17, Du = = −68, Dv =
= −51
4 −5 1 −5 4 1
−68 −51
u= , v= =3
−14 −17
1 9 1 2
4= ⇒ 4x − 8 = 1 ⇒ x = ; 3 = ⇒ 3y + 3 = 1 ⇒ y = −
x−2 4 y +1 3
⎧⎛ 9 2 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 4 3 ⎠ ⎭

1 1 6 4 7 4
90. Let u = and v = . Then D= = −2, Du =
= −1
x +1 y −1 8 5 9 5
⎧ 6 4 6 7
⎪⎪ x + 1 +
{
=7 Dy = = −2
y −1 6u + 4v = 7 8 9
⎨ 8 ⇒
5 8u + 5v = 9 −1 1 −2
⎪ + =9 u= = ,v = =1
⎪⎩ x + 1 y −1 −2 2 −2
(continued on next page)

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Section 6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule 635

(continued) log 3 512 log 4 3


b.
1 1 log 3 8 log 4 9
= ⇒ x +1 = 2 ⇒ x = 1 = log 3 512 ⋅ log 4 9 − log 4 3 ⋅ log 3 8
2 x +1
1 log 512 ⋅ log 9 log 3 ⋅ log 8
1= ⇒ y −1 = 1⇒ y = 2 = −
y −1 log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 4 ⋅ log 3
The solution is {(1, 2)}.
=
( )
log 2 ⋅ 16 2 ⋅ 2 log 3

3log 2
1 1 log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 4
91. Let u =
3 x
and v =
4y
. Then
=
( log 2 + 2 log16) ⋅ 2 3log 2

2 log 2 2 log 2
⎧1
( )−3
4
⎪⎪ 3 x + 4 y = 25
⎨2
⎪ −
1
= 14
⇒ {
u + 4v = 25
2u − v = 14
=
log 2 + 2 log 2 4
log 2 2
⎩⎪ 3 x 4 y log 2 + 8 log 2 3
= −
1 4 25 4 log 2 2
D= = −9, Du = = −81 9 log 2 3 3 15
2 −1 14 −1 = − = 9− =
1 25 log 2 2 2 2
Dy = = −36
2 14 93. The system has no solution when D = 0.
−81 −36 k 3 −1
u= = 9, v = =4
−9 −9 D= 1 2 1
1 1 −k 1 2
9 = x ⇒ 3 x = ⇒ x = −2 3 −1 k −1 k 3
3 9 = −1 +2 −1
1 1 1 2 −k 2 −k 1
4 = y ⇒ 4 y = ⇒ y = −1
4 4 = −7 + 2 (2k − k ) − (k + 3k )
The solution is {(−2, −1)}. = −7 + 2k − 4k = −7 − 2k
7
92. We use the change of base formula along with −7 − 2 k = 0 ⇒ k = −
the power rule of logarithms. See section 4.3. 2
7
( )
a. Recall that log 8 = log 2 3 = 3log 2.
The system has no solution for k = − .
2
log 2 3 log 8 3 2 a 6
a 6 2 6 2 a
log 3 4 log 3 4 94. D= 1 2 b = − +3
2 b 1 b 1 2
= log 2 3 ⋅ log 3 4 − log 8 3 ⋅ log 3 4 1 1 3
=
log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 3 ⋅ log 4
− = (ab − 12) − ( 2b − 6) + 3 ( 4 − a )
log 2 ⋅ log 3 log 8 ⋅ log 3 = ab − 3a − 2b + 6
log 3 ⋅ log 4 log 3 ⋅ log 4 The system of equations has a unique solution
= −
log 2 ⋅ log 3 3log 2 ⋅ log 3 when D ≠ 0.
log 4 log 4 ab − 3a − 2b + 6 = 0 ⇒ ab − 3a = 2b − 6 ⇒
= − a (b − 3) = 2 (b − 3) ⇒ a = 2, b ≠ 3
log 2 3log 2
3log 4 − log 4 2 log 4 So, the system has a unique solution if a ≠ 2
= = and b ≠ 3.
3 log 2 3log 2

=
( ) = 4 log 2 = 4
2 log 2 2 If a = 2, then row 1 = 2 row 3, so there are
infinitely many solutions.
3log 2 3 log 2 3
If a = b = 3, then D = 0, but all rows are
different, so there is no solution.

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636 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

6.4 Maintaining Skills ⎧0 = a (1) 2 + b (1) + c ⇒ 0 = a + b + c


⎪⎪
⎨0 = a (−3) + b (−3) + c ⇒ 0 = 9a − 3b + c
2
You may want to refer to sections 1.2, 8.3, and 8.4.

⎪⎩6 = a (0) + b (0) + c ⇒ c = 6
2
1 2
95. x2 = 8y ⇒ x =y
8 Substitute c = 6 into the first two equations,
then solve the system made up of the first two
96. ( x + 3)2 = 4 ( y − 1) ⇒ x 2 + 6 x + 9 = 4 y − 4 ⇒ equations.
x 2 + 6 x + 13 = 4 y ⇒
1 2 3
4
13
x + x+ = y
2 4 { a+b+6 = 0
9a − 3b + 6 = 0
⇒ {
a + b = −6 (1)
9a − 3b = −6 (2)
Solve equation (1) for a in terms of b.
97. ( x − 2)2 = 6 ( y − 3) ⇒ x 2 − 4 x + 4 = 6 y − 18 ⇒ a = −b − 6
1 2 2 11
x 2 − 4 x + 22 = 6 y ⇒ x − x+ = y Substitute this expression for a in equation (2)
6 3 3 and solve for b.
9 ( −b − 6) − 3b = −6 ⇒ −9b − 54 − 3b = −6 ⇒
98. ( x − 5)2 = −2 ( y + 7 ) ⇒
−12b = 48 ⇒ b = −4
x 2 − 10 x + 25 = −2 y − 14 ⇒ Substitute b = −4 in equation (1) and solve for
1 39 a.
x 2 − 10 x + 39 = −2 y ⇒ − x 2 + 5 x − =y
2 2 a − 4 = −6 ⇒ a = − 2
1 The function is y = −2 x 2 − 4 x − 6.
−2 = a ( −2) ⇒ −2 = 4a ⇒ −
2
99. =a
2
103. f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 4x − 6
1
The function is y = − x 2 .
2 a. Opens up since a > 0.

100. The formula for the x-value of the vertex gives b 4


b. x=− =− = −1
b 2a 2 ( 2)
x=− =0⇒b=0
f (−1) = 2 ( −1) + 4 (−1) − 6 = −8
2a 2
Substituting (0, 0) and (2, −20) along with
The vertex is (−1, −8).
b = 0 in the general form of a quadratic
equation gives c. The axis of symmetry is x = −1.
( )
−20 = a 2 2 + 0 x + c ⇒ −20 = 4a + c d. To find the x-intercepts, let y = 0 and solve
0 = a (0 2 ) + 0 x + c ⇒ c = 0 for x.

Since c = 0, −20 = 4a + c ⇒ a = −5. ( )


2x 2 + 4x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 2x − 3 = 0 ⇒

The function is y = −5 x 2 .
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −3, x = 1
The x-intercepts are −3 and 1.
101. The formula for the x-value of the vertex gives
e. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve
b
x=− = −3 ⇒ b = 6a for y.
2a
y = 2 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) − 6 = −6
2
Using (0, 10) gives
( )
10 = a 0 2 + b (0) + c ⇒ c = 10.
The y-intercept is −6.

Substituting (−3, −8), b = 6a, and c = 10 gives 104. f ( x ) = −2 x 2 + 12 x − 10


−8 = a ( −3) + 6a ( −3) + 10 ⇒
2
a. Opens down since a < 0.
−8 = 9a − 18a + 10 ⇒ −18 = −9a ⇒ 2 = a ⇒
b 12
b = 12 b. x=− =− =3
2a 2 ( −2 )
The function is y = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 10.
f (3) = −2 (3) + 12 (3) − 10 = 8
2

102. Create a system of equations by substituting The vertex is (3, 8).


(1, 0), (−3, 0), and (0, 6) in the general form
of a quadratic equation. c. The axis of symmetry is x = 3.

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Chapter 6 Review Exercises 637

d. To find the x-intercepts, let y = 0 and solve ⎡1 2 1 7⎤


for x. − ( − R1 + R2 ) → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 2 5⎥
−2 x 2 + 12 x − 10 = 0 ⇒ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −7 −1 −9⎦⎥
( )
−2 x 2 − 6 x + 5 = 0 ⇒ 1 ⎡1
(7 R2 + R3 ) → R3
2 1 7⎤
( x − 1)( x − 5) = 0 ⇒ x = 1, x = 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13
→ ⎢0 1 2 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 2⎦⎥
The x-intercepts are 1 and 5. 0 1
e. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve
for y. ⎡ 3 1 3 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 −1 0⎤
⎢ 2 1 1 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R3
11. → ⎢2 1 1 1⎥
y = −2 (0) + 12 (0) − 10 = −10
2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −1 −1 0 ⎦ ⎣3 1 3 1⎦
The y-intercept is −10. ⎡ 1 −1 −1 0⎤
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 1⎥
Chapter 6 Review Exercises −3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 4 6 1⎦
Basic Skills and Concepts ⎡ 1 −1 −1 0⎤
1
− ( −2 R2 + R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2
⎢0 1 0 ⎥
1. 1 × 4 2. 1×1 ⎢ 2⎥
3. 3 × 2 4. 2×4 ⎣⎢0 4 6 1⎦⎥

a12 = −1, a14 = −4, a 23 = 3, a 21 = 5 ⎡ 1⎤


⎢ 1 0 −1
5.
2⎥
⎢ 1⎥
⎡ −1 2 5 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 7 ⎤ R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
6. ⎢ 4 3 1⎥ 7. ⎢ ⎥ 1
( R3 − 4 R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 2⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3 1 6⎦ 6 ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − 6 ⎥
⎡ 1 1 −1 6⎤ ⎣ ⎦
8. ⎢ 2 −3 −2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 0 0
⎢⎣ 5 −3 1 8⎥⎦ 3⎥
⎢ 1⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
9. Answers may vary. ⎢ 2⎥
⎡0 1 2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ 2 0 3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R3
→ ⎢2 0 3 4⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − 6 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢ 1 −2 1 7 ⎥ ⎢0 1⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 2
⎡ 3 4 −4 2 ⎤ ⎡1 1 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢ 2 1 −2 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢2 1⎥
R1 ↔ R3
1 −2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −4 −1 10⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2 12.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 1 2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 4 −4 2⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 0 1 2 1⎦⎥
⎡1 1 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢0 1⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 6
→ ⎢0 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 ↔ R3 3 R1 − R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 −1 10 1⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 −4 −1 10⎦⎥
⎡1 0 −4 0⎤
1
(4 R2 + R3 ) → R3
⎡ 1 −2 1 7⎤ ⎢0 1⎥
R1 − R2 → R1 1 6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0
7
1 2 1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
( R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 2⎦⎥ 16
⎣ 8⎦
⎡ 1⎤
⎡3 −1 2 12⎤ ⎡ 1 2 1 7⎤ ⎢1 0 0
⎢ 1 1 −1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2⎥
→ ⎢ 1 1 −1 2 ⎥
R1 ↔ R3
10. ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ R1 + 4 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 2 1 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3 −1 2 12⎦⎥ R2 − 6 R3 → R2
⎢ 4⎥
⎢0 0 1 1⎥
⎢⎣ 8 ⎥⎦

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638 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎧ x+ y− z =0 ⎡1 1 −1 0⎤ ⎧2 x + y + z = 7 ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
⎪ ⎪
13. ⎨2 x + y − 2 z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 2 1 −2 3⎥ 16. ⎨ x + 2 y + z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 1 2 1 3⎥
⎪⎩3x − 2 y + 3 z = 9 ⎢ 3
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ x + 2 y + 2 z = 6 ⎢⎣ 1 2 2 6⎥⎦
⎣ −2 3 9⎦⎥
⎡1 1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
2 R2 − R1 → R2 ⎢ 0 3 1 −1⎥
⎢0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 0 −3⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 R3 − R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
3 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 3 3 5⎦
⎣⎢0 5 −6 −9⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
( R3 − R2 ) → R3
⎡ 1 0 −1 3⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢ 0 3 1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎣ 0 0 1 3⎦
1
− ( R3 − 5 R2 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
6 ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 7⎤
⎢1 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 0 0 2⎤
⎢ 1⎥
1
R1 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R3 → R1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ 3 ⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
The solution is {( 2, −3, −1)} . 1 1 4
z = 3; y + (3) = − ⇒ y = −
3 3 3
⎧ x − y + 2z = 1 ⎡ 1 −1 2 1⎤ 1 ⎛ 4⎞ 1 7 8

14. ⎨ x + 3 y − z = 6 ⇒ ⎢ 1 3 −1 6⎥ x + ⎜ − ⎟ + (3) = ⇒ x =
⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 2 2 3
⎪⎩2 x + y − 3z = 1 ⎢ 2 1 −3 1⎥⎦
⎣ ⎧⎛ 8 4 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ,3 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎡ 1 −1 2 1⎤ ⎩⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎭
1
( R2 − R1 ) → R2 ⎢ 3 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎡ 1 −2 −2 1⎤
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 4 4⎥ ⎧ x − 2 y − 2 z = 11

⎢ 0 −3 1⎥⎦ 17. ⎨3x + 4 y − z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −1 −2⎥
⎣ 7 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 5 y + 7 z = 7 ⎢⎣ 4 5 7 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 5 9⎤
⎢1 0 4 4⎥ 1
( R2 − 3R1 ) → R2
⎡ 1 −2 −2 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5 ⎢ 0 2 1 −7 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −
3 5⎥ R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
4
(3R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢ 4 4⎥ ⎣⎢0 13 15 −37 ⎦⎥
19 ⎢0 0 1⎥

1
⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 1 −7 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣ ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 13
( R3 − R2 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
3 5
z = 1; y − (1) = ⇒ y = 2 17 2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦
4 4
5 9 ⎡1 0 0 5⎤
x + (1) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R3 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 −4⎥
4 4 1 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2,1)} .
( R2 − R3 ) → R2
2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦
The solution is {(5, −4,1)} .
⎧ x − 2 y + 3z = −2 ⎡ 1 −2 3 −2⎤

15. ⎨2 x − 3 y + z = 9 ⇒ ⎢ 2 −3 1 9⎥ ⎧ x − y − 9z = 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪3x − y + 2 z = 5 ⎢⎣ 3 −1 2 5⎥⎦ 18. ⎨3x + 2 y − z = 2 ⇒ ⎢3 2 −1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −2 3 −2 ⎤ ⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + 3z = 0 ⎢⎣ 4 3 3 0⎥⎦
R2 − 2 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 −5 13⎥ −1 −9
R3 − 3R1 → R3 ⎢
0
⎥ ⎡1 1⎤
⎢⎣0 5 −7 11⎥⎦
R2 − 3 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 26 −1⎥
R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
1
( R3 − 5 R2 ) → R3
⎡ 1 −2 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 7 39 −4⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18 ⎢
→ 0 1 −5 13⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
(5 R3 − 7 R2 ) → R3
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −3⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0
13 5 26 −1⎥
z = −3; y − 5(−3) = 13 ⇒ y = −2 ⎢ ⎥
x − 2(−2) + 3(−3) = −2 ⇒ x = 3 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
The solution is {(3, −2, −3)}.
(continued on next page)

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Chapter 6 Review Exercises 639

(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 − 8⎤
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + 9 R3 → R1
⎡ 1 −1 −8⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
0 1
( R2 − 26 R3 ) → R2
⎢ ⎥
R1 + 9 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 5⎥ 5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
1 ⎢ ⎥
5
( R2 − 26 R3 ) → R2
⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎡1 0 −3⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
0 ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ The solution is {(−3, 5, −1)}.

{
The solution is {(−3,5, −1)}. ⎡x − y 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ x− y =1
21. ⎢ 1 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⇒
⎣ x + y ⎦ ⎣1 3⎦ x+ y =3
⎧2 x − y + 3z = 4 ⎡ 2 −1 3 4⎤
⎪ ⎢ 1 3 3 −2⎥ 2 x = 4 ⇒ x = 2, y = 1
19. ⎨ x + 3 y + 3z = −2 ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + 2 y − 6 z = 6 ⎢⎣ 3 2 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎡2 x + 3 y −1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 −2⎤
⎡ 1 3 3 −2⎤ 22. ⎢ 0 1 x − y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 −3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢ 2 −1 3 4⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢⎣ 2 3x + 4 y 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 5 5⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 2 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 3 4⎤
⎧2 x + 3 y = 4
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 3 −2 ⎤ ⎨ x − y = −3 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −1 −3⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 −8⎥ ⎪⎩3x + 4 y = 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
R3 − 3R1 → R3 ⎢
0 7
⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 5⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 −7 −15 12⎦⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 −3⎤
→ ⎢ 2 3 4⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎡ ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢1 3 3 −2⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 4 5⎥⎦
− ( R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12 → 0⎢ 7 3 − 8⎥ −1 −3⎤
1 ⎡1
⎢ 1⎥ ( R2 − 2 R1 ) → R2
⎢0
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
1 2⎥
⎣ 3⎦
1
( R3 − 3 R1 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
7 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 3 0 −1⎤
⎢0 1 ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
−1⎥
R1 − 3 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 1 2⎥ ⇒
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
7
( R2 − 3R3 ) → R2
⎢ 1⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
3⎦ x = −1, y = 2
⎡1 0 0 2⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −1⎥ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 −1⎤
R1 − 3 R2 → R1
0
⎢ ⎥ 23. a. ⎢ −3 4⎥ + ⎢ −5 6⎥ = ⎢ −8 10⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 − ⎥
3⎦ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −1 5⎤
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ 2, −1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
b. ⎢ −3 4⎥ − ⎢ −5 6⎥ = ⎢ 2 −2⎥
⎝ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎩ 3 ⎠⎭
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎧ x − y − 9z = 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤ c. 2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥

20. ⎨3x + 2 y − z = 2 ⇒ ⎢3 2 −1 2⎥ ⎣ − 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ − 6 8⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + 3 z = 0 ⎢⎣ 4 3 3 0⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −6 9⎤
d. −3 ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤ ⎣ −5 6⎦ ⎣ 15 −18⎦
R2 − 3 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 26 −1⎥
R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤
⎢⎣0 7 39 −4⎥⎦ e. 2⎢ ⎥ − 3 ⎢ −5 6 ⎥
⎣ − 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
(5 R3 − 7 R2 ) → R3 ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 6 −9 ⎤ ⎡ −4 13⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0
13 5 26 −1⎥ =⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −6 8⎦ ⎣ −15 18⎦ ⎣ 9 −10⎦
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


640 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −2⎤


24. a. ⎢ 1 2 2 ⎥ + ⎢ 1 −1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3 0 4⎦⎥

⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤
b. ⎢ 1 2 2⎥ − ⎢ 1 −1 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 3 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 2⎥⎦

⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −2⎤ ⎡ 0 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −5⎤


c. 2 ⎢ 1 2 2 ⎥ + 3 ⎢ 1 −1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 2 4 4 ⎥ + ⎢ 3 − 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 5 1 4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 0 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −3 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −7 0 9⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −6 ⎤ ⎡ 7 0⎤
25. 3 A + 2 B − 3 X = 0 ⇒ 3 ⎢ ⎥ + 2⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒
⎣ −3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −5 6 ⎦ ⎣ −9 12⎦ ⎣ −10 12⎦ ⎣ −19 24⎦
⎡ 7 ⎤
⎢ 3 0⎥
X =⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 19 8⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥

⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 2 −2⎤


26. A − 2 X + 2 B = 0 ⇒ 1 2 2 + 2 1 −1 0 = 2 X ⇒ ⎢ 1 2 2⎥ + ⎢ 2 −2 0⎥ = 2 X ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 0 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 0 2⎦⎥
⎡ 3⎤
⎢ 1 1 − 2⎥
⎡ 2 2 −3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 0 2⎥ = 2 X ⇒ X = ⎢ 3 0 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎣⎢ −4 0 5⎦⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
⎢ −2 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦

⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 0(−1) + 1(−3) 0(−1) + 1(4) ⎤ ⎡ −3 4⎤


27. a. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −3 4⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) + 3(−3) 2(−1) + 3(4) ⎦ ⎣ −11 10⎦

⎡ −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1⎤ ⎡ −1(0) − 1(2) −1(1) − 1(3)⎤ ⎡ −2 −4⎤


b. BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −3(0) + 4(2) −3(1) + 4(3)⎦ ⎣ 8 9⎦

⎡ 1 2⎤
⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎢
AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0(1) + 1(3) + 2(0) 0(2) + 1(−1) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 3 7 ⎤
28. a.
− ⎥ ⎢ 3 −1⎥ = ⎢ −1(1) + 0(3) + 1(0) −1(2) + 0(−1) + 1(4)⎥ = ⎢ −1 2⎥
⎣ 1 0 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 4⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1(0) + 2(−1) 1(1) + 2(0) 1(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ −2 1 4⎤


⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎢
BA = 3 −1 ⎢ = 3(0) − 1(−1) 3(1) − 1(0) 3(2) − 1(1) ⎥ = ⎢ 1 3 5⎥
⎥ ⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢
b.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0(0) + 4(−1) 0(1) + 4(0) 0(2) + 4(1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 0 4⎥⎦

⎡ 2⎤
29. a. AB = [1 2 −1] ⎢ 3⎥ = [1(2) + 2(3) − 1(1)] = [7 ]
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥

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Chapter 6 Review Exercises 641

⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2(1) 2(2) 2(−1)⎤ ⎡ 2 4 −2⎤


b. BA = 3 [1 2 −1] = ⎢ 3(1) 3(2) 3(−1)⎥ = ⎢ 3 6 −3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1(1) 1(2) 1(−1)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 2 −1⎥⎦

⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 0(2) 1(2) + 0(−1) 1(3) + 0(2) 1(4) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤


⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤ ⎢
AB = ⎢ 2 −1⎥ ⎢ = 2(1) − 1(2) 2(2) − 1(−1) 2(3) − 1(2) 2(4) − 1(3)⎥ = ⎢ 0 5 4 5⎥
⎥ ⎣ 2 −1 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢
30. a.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3(1) − 2(2) 3(2) − 2(−1) 3(3) − 2(2) 3(4) − 2(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 8 5 6⎥⎦
b. BA is not defined.
−1 −1
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡5 6⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 5 6⎤ ⎡ 5 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 5 3⎤
31. ⎢3 −1⎥ A = ⎢ 1 −3⎥ ⇒ A = ⎢3 −1⎥ ⎢ 1 −3⎥ 34. A⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒ A=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 4 2⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 4 2⎦
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 3⎤
−1 −1 −1
⎡ 1 2⎤ 1 ⎡ −1 −2 ⎤ ⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎡ 5 3⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 − 3 ⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢3 −1⎥ = −1 − 6 ⎢ −3 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 2⎥ = 10 − 12 ⎢ −4 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎢ 3

1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5⎥
⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎡ 3 ⎤
−1 −1
⎢7 7 ⎥ ⎡5 6⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
A=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ A=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 − 1 ⎥ ⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
The answers are the same.
−1
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
32. B⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒B=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡3 −1⎤ ⎡3 −1⎤
⎣3 −1⎦ ⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣3 −1⎦ A −1 = =
0 − (−1) ⎢⎣ 1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0⎥⎦
35. a.
⎡1 2⎤
−1
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ 1 ⎡ − 1 −2 ⎤ ⎢ 7 7⎥ −1
⎢3 −1⎥ = −1 − 6 ⎢ −3 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⎛ ⎡ 0 1⎤ 2 ⎞ ⎡ −1
−1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1⎦ ⎢ 3
⎢⎣ 7

1⎥
7 ⎥⎦
b. ( )
A 2 −1
= ⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎟ =⎢
⎜⎝ ⎣ −1 3⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ −3
3⎤
8⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 23 4 ⎤ 1 ⎡8 −3⎤ ⎡8 −3⎤
⎡5 6⎤ ⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎢ 7 7⎥ = =
B=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ −8 + 9 ⎢⎣3 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3 −1⎥⎦
⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎢ 3 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ − 8 5 ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎡3 −1⎤ ⎡3 −1⎤ ⎡8 −3⎤
( A −1 )
2
c. =⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣3 −1⎦
The results of exercises 31 and 32 show that
CA = BC does not imply A = B.
−1 3 8 −3
( A2 )( A−1 ) = ⎡⎢⎣−3 8⎤⎥⎦ ⎡⎢⎣3 −1⎤⎥⎦ = ⎡⎢⎣0
2 1 0⎤
−1
1⎥⎦
d.
⎡ 5 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 5 3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
33. ⎢ 4 2⎥ A = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ A = ⎢ 4 2⎥ ⎢0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ So ( A −1 ) is the inverse of A 2 .
2

⎡ 3⎤
−1 −1
⎡ 5 3⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ = = ⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 3 −4⎤
10 − 12 ⎣⎢ −4 5⎦⎥ ⎢ A −1 = =
9 − 8 ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦
⎣ 4 2⎦ 36. a.
− ⎥
5
2
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ −1
⎢ −1 −1 ⎛ ⎡ 3 4⎤ 2 ⎞ −1

A=⎢
2 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎢
⎥⎢ ⎥ =⎢
2⎥
⎥ b. (A ) 2 −1
= ⎜⎢ ⎟
⎜⎝ ⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
=
⎡17 24⎤
⎢12 17⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 17 −24 ⎤
= 2 ⎢ ⎥
17 − 12 ( 24) ⎣ −12 17 ⎦
⎡ 17 −24⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −12 17 ⎦

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642 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 17 −24⎤


( A −1 )
2
=⎢ =
3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −12 17 ⎥⎦
c.
⎣ −2
17 −24⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
( A2 )( A−1 ) = ⎡⎢⎣12 17⎤⎥⎦ ⎡⎢⎣−12
2 17 24
=
17⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
d.

So ( A −1 ) is the inverse of A 2 .
2

For exercises 37–40, we show that AB = I. You should also show that BA = I in order to show that B is the inverse
of A.
⎡ 7 6 ⎤ ⎡ −5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
37. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 6 5⎦ ⎣ 6 −7 ⎦ ⎣0 1⎦

⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ −4 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
38. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −4⎦ ⎣ −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1⎦

⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −4⎤ ⎡ 5 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
39. AB = ⎢ 1 0 4⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 3 2 −8⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 1 0 4⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −8⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 0 5 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦

⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
40. AB = ⎢ 0 −1 2⎥ ⎢ −2 −1 4⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦

⎡ 2 1⎤
−1 −
⎡ 3 1⎤ 1 ⎡ 4 −1⎤ ⎢ 5 10 ⎥
⎢ 2 4⎥ = =⎢ ⎥
12 − 2 ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢ 1
41.
⎣ ⎦ −
3⎥
⎣⎢ 5 10 ⎦⎥

⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎡ 3 −4 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎢ 5 5⎥
42. ⎢ 1 2⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 6 + 4 ⎣ −1 3⎦ ⎢ 1 3 ⎥

⎢⎣ 10 10 ⎥⎦

⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
43. ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R2 → R2
→ ⎢0 5 −2 1 ⎥ R1 + R3 → R1
1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ R2 + 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
2 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R3 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 1 2 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 6⎤

Thus, −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2 5⎦⎥

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Chapter 6 Review Exercises 643

⎡ ⎤
⎡ 1 2 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎢1 2 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎡1 0 3 −1 1 0⎤
44. ⎢ 2 2 4 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢0 2 −2 2 −1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 − R2 → R1
→ ⎢ 0 2 −2 2 −1 0⎥
⎢ 0 0 3 0 0 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
1
R3 → R3
⎣ ⎦ 3 ⎢0 0 1 0 0
1⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 0 0 −1 1 −1⎥
R1 − 3 R3 → R1 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 1 0 1 − ⎥
2
( R2 + 2 R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 2 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0
1⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
−1 ⎡ −1 1 −1⎤
⎡ 1 2 1⎤ ⎢ 1 1⎥
Thus, ⎢ 2 2 4⎥ = ⎢ 1 − ⎥
⎢ 0 0 3⎥ ⎢ 2 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ 1⎥
⎢ 0 0
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥

{
−1
x + 3y = 7 ⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ −5 3⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ −23⎤
⇒ = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢
2 x + 5 y = 4 ⎣⎢ 2 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ ⎥ ⎥
45.
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2 5⎦ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −1⎦ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎣ 10⎦
The solution is {( −23, 10)} .

⎡ 5⎤ ⎡ 9⎤

{
−1 2 − ⎥ −
3x + 5 y = 4 ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⇒ = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
2 x + 4 y = 5 ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5⎥⎦ ⎥
46.
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −1 3 ⎥ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎢ 7 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 9 7 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
−1
⎧ x + 3 y + 3z = 3 ⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 7 −3 −3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ −12⎤

x + 4 y + 3z = 5 ⇒ ⎢1 4 3 y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢1 4 3⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ −1 1 0⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
47. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x + 3 y + 4 z = 6 ⎢⎣1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦
The solution is {( −12, 2, 3)} .

−1
⎧ x + 2 y + 3z = 6 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 1 −3 2⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 2⎤

2 x + 4 y + 5 z = 8 ⇒ 2 4 5 y = 8 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2 4 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 8⎥ = ⎢ −3 3 −1⎥ ⎢ 8⎥ = ⎢ −4⎥
48. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + 5 y + 6 z = 10 ⎢ 3 5 6⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢10⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
z 3 5 6
The solution is {(2, − 4, 4)} .

⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡7⎤
−1 ⎢ 12 12 12 ⎥ ⎢6⎥
⎧ x− y+z =3 ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥

= 5 ⇒ 4 2 0 y = 5 ⇒ y ⎥ = ⎢ 4 2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ − 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 1 1
49. ⎨4 x + 2 y
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 6 3 6⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢6⎥
⎪⎩7 x − y − z = 6 ⎢7 −1 −1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ 6⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 3 1 1 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2⎦⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎧⎛ 7 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , 2 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎭

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


644 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

−1
⎧ x + 2 y + 4z = 7 ⎡ 1 2 4⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 4⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ 9 −6 16⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ 91⎤

4 x + 3 y − 2 z = 6 ⇒ 4 3 −2 y = 6 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 4 3 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ = ⎢ −10 7 −18⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ = ⎢ −100⎥
50. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x − 3z = 4 ⎢⎣ 1 0 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 29⎥⎦
The solution is {(91, − 100, 29)} .

2 −5
51. = 2(4) − (−5)(3) = 23
3 4

−1 4
52. = (−1)(−3) − (4)(11) = −41
11 −3

12 21
53. = 12(7) − 21(4) = 0
4 7

−7 9
54. = (−7)(5) − 9(−4) = 1
−4 5

⎡ 4 −1 2 ⎤
55. a. A = ⎢ − 2 − 3 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 2 −4⎥⎦
−2 5 4 −1
M 12 = = (−2)(−4) − 5(0) = 8 M 23 = = 4(2) − (−1)(0) = 8
0 −4 0 2
4 2
M 22 = = 4(−4) − 2(0) = −16
0 −4

b. A12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = −8 A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −8 A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = −16

⎡ 1 2 3⎤
56. a. A = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 7 8 9⎥⎦
4 6 1 2
M 12 = = 4(9) − 6(7) = −6 M 23 = = 1(8) − 2(7) = −6
7 9 7 8
1 3
M 22 = = 1(9) − 3(7) = −12
7 9

b. A12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = 6
A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = 6
A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = −12

1 −2 3
−2 3 1 3 1 −2
57. a. 4 −1 −2 = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 4(−1) 2 +1 − 1(−1) 2 + 2 − 2(−1) 2 + 3
1 5 −2 5 −2 1
−2 1 5
= −4(−13) − 1(11) + 2(−3) = 35

1 −2 3
4 −1 1 −2 1 −2
b. 4 −1 −2 = a13 A13 + a23 A23 + a33 A33 = 3(−1)1+ 3 − 2(−1) 2 + 3 + 5(−1) 3 + 3
−2 1 −2 1 4 −1
−2 1 5
= 3(2) + 2(−3) + 5(7) = 35

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Chapter 6 Review Exercises 645

1 4 3
4 3 1 3 1 4
58. a. 6 8 10 = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 6(−1) 2 +1 + 8(−1) 2 + 2 + 10(−1) 2 + 3
5 4 2 4 2 5
2 5 4
= −6(1) + 8(−2) − 10(−3) = 8

1 4 3
6 8 1 4 1 4
b. 6 8 10 a13 A13 + a 23 A23 + a33 A33 = 3(−1)1+ 3 + 10(−1) 2 + 3 + 4(−1) 3 + 3
2 5 2 5 6 8
2 5 4
= 3(14) − 10(−3) + 4(−16) = 8

1 2 0
1 2 2 0
59. Expand by the first column: 0 1 2 = 1(−1)1+1 + 0 + 1(−1) 3 +1 = 2+4= 6
0 2 1 2
1 0 2

60. Expand by the first column:


2 3 4
5 9 3 4 3 4
2 5 9 = 2(−1)1+1 + 2(−1) 2 +1 + 2(−1) 3 +1 = 2(17) − 2(20) + 2(7) = 8
7 16 7 16 5 9
2 7 16

5 3 11 3 5 11
61. D= = −1, D x = = −1, D y = = −2
2 1 4 1 2 4
−1 −2
x= = 1, y = =2
−1 −1
The solution is {(1, 2)}.

2 −7 13 −7 2 13
62. D= = 47, D x = = 141, D y = = −47
5 6 9 6 5 9
141 −47
x= = 3, y = = −1
47 47
The solution is {(3, −1)}.

3 1 −1 14 1 −1 3 14 −1 3 1 14
63. D = 1 3 −1 = −20, D x = 16 3 −1 = −100, D y = 1 16 −1 = −120, D z = 1 3 16 = −140
1 1 −3 −10 1 −3 1 −10 −3 1 1 −10
−100 −120 −140
x= = 5, y = = 6, z = =7
−20 −20 −20
The solution is {(5, 6, 7)}.

2 3 −2 0 3 −2 2 0 −2 2 3 0
64. D = −3 5 4 = −62, D x = 9 5 4 = 124, D y = −3 9 4 = −62, D z = −3 5 9 = 31
3 7 −6 4 7 −6 3 4 −6 3 7 4
124 −62 31 1
x= = −2, y = = 1, z = =−
−62 −62 −62 2
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ −2, 1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
65. Expand by the third row:
1 2 4
2 4 1 4 1 2
−3 5 7 = 0 ⇒ 1(−1) 3 +1 + x(−1) 3 + 2 + 4(−1) 3+ 3 = 0 ⇒ −6 − 19 x + 4(11) = 0 ⇒ x = 2
5 7 −3 7 −3 5
1 x 4

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646 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

66. Expand by the second row:


1 −1 2
1 2 1 −1
0 x 1 = 14 ⇒ 0 + x(−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = x( x − 7) − 1(5) = 14 ⇒ x 2 − 7 x − 5 = 14 ⇒
3 x −1 3 2
3 2 x −1
7 ± 49 + 76 7 ± 5 5
x 2 − 7 x − 19 = 0 ⇒ x = =
2 2
x y 1
3 1 2 1 2 3
67. 2 3 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ 7 x − y − 11 = 0 ⇒ y = 7 x − 11
−4 1 1 1 1 −4
1 −4 1
3 − (−4)
Using the given points to find the slope and y-intercept, we have m = = 7 and
2 −1
3 = 7(2) + b ⇒ b = −11 .

1 1 1
1 1
68. A = D = 4 3 1 = (16) = 8 square units
2 2
2 7 1

Applying the Concepts

69. A B C
Method 1 ⎡4 8 2⎤ ⎡10⎤ ⎡ 84⎤
Method 2 ⎢5 7 1⎥ ⎢ 4⎥ = ⎢ 84⎥ ⇒ Method 3 is the most profitable.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Method 3 ⎣⎢ 5 4 8⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢114⎦⎥

70. M F C Cals Protein Cals Protein


⎡ 2200 50 ⎤
Ardestanis ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎡ 2(2200) + 3(1700) + 1(1500) 2(50) + 3(40) + 1(30) ⎤ ⎡11, 000 250⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1700 40⎥ = ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
Barkley ⎣ 1 1 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1(2200) + 1(1700) + 2(1500) 1(50) + 1(40) + 2(30) ⎦ ⎣ 6900 150⎦
⎣⎢1500 30 ⎦⎥
71. Let x = the speed of the plane. Let y = the 72. Let x = Nertha’s speed. Let y = Kristina’s
velocity of the wind. Using Gauss-Jordan speed. Using Cramer’s rule, we have
elimination, we have

{
3( x + y ) = 1680
3.5( x − y ) = 1680
⇒ {
3x + 3 y = 1680
3.5 x − 3.5 y = 1680

{
5x = 2 + 4 y
12 y = 10 + 10 x
⇒ { 5x − 4 y = 2
−10 x + 12 y = 10

5 −4 2 −4
⎡ 3 3 1680⎤ D= = 20, D x = = 64,
−10 12 10 12
⎢3.5 −3.5 1680⎥
⎣ ⎦ 5 2
1 Dy = = 70
R1 → R1 ⎡1 1 560⎤ −10 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→⎢ ⎥
⎣1 −1 480⎦
1 64 70
3.5
R2 → R2 x= = 3.2, y = = 3.5
1
20 20
( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎡1 0 520⎤ Nertha walks at 3.2 miles per hour, and
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 →⎢ ⇒
1
( R1 − R2 ) → R2 ⎣0 1 40⎥⎦ Kristina walks at 3.5 miles per hour.
2
x = 520, y = 40
The plane is traveling at 520 mph and the
wind velocity is 40 mph.

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Chapter 6 Practice Test A 647

73. Let x = Andrew’s amount. Let y = Bonnie’s ⎡1 1 1 130⎤


amount. Let z = Chauncie’s amount. Using 1
( R2 − 3R1 ) → R2 ⎢ 1 ⎥
Gaussian elimination, we have ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 70⎥
75 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎧ x + y + z = 320 ⎧ x + y + z = 320 ⎢0 55 45
⎪ ⎪ ⎣ 4900⎥⎦
⎨x = 2z ⇒ ⎨ x − 2z = 0 ⇒
⎩⎪ y + z = x − 20 ⎩⎪ − x + y + z = −20 ⎡1 1 1 130⎤
2
( R3 − 55 R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 1 ⎥
1 1 1 320 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
35 → ⎢0 1 70⎥ ⇒
1 0 −2 0 ⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 60⎥⎦
−1 1 1 −20 ⎣
1
1 1 1 320 z = 60, y + (60) = 70 ⇒ y = 40,
R1 − R2 → R2 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ 0 1 3 320 x + 60 + 40 = 130 ⇒ 30
( R1 + R3 ) → R3
2 0 1 1 150 There are 30 registered nurses, 40 licensed
1 1 1 1 320 practical nurses, and 60 nurses aides.
( R2 − R3 ) → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 3 320 ⇒ 76. Let x = the medicine sales. Let y = the sales of
0 0 1 85 nonmedical items. Let z = the sales of beer
and cigarettes. Using Gauss-Jordan
z = 85, y + 3(85) = 320 ⇒ y = 65
elimination
x + 65 + 85 = 320 ⇒ x = 170
⎧ x + y + z = 18, 500 ⎧ x + y + z = 18,500
Andrew has $170, Bonnie has $65, and ⎪ ⎪
Chauncie has $85. ⎨0.08 y + 0.2 z = 1020 ⇒ ⎨ 8 y + 20 z = 102, 000
⎪⎩ x = y + z + 3500 ⎪⎩ x − y − z = 3500
74. Let x = the number of men. Let y = the
number of women. Using Cramer’s rule, we ⎡ 1 1 1 18, 500⎤
⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
have ⎢ ⎥
⎧5 ⎣⎢ 1 −1 −1 3500⎦⎥
⎪8 y = x
⎨7
⎪ ( y + 1) = x + 1
⇒ {
− 8x + 5 y = 0
−11x + 7 y = 4
⇒ 1
( R1 + R3 ) → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
→ ⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎩11
−8 5 0 5 ⎣⎢ 1 −1 −1 3500⎦⎥
D= = −1, D x = = −20, ⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
−11 7 4 7
→ ⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
R1 − R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−8 0 ⎢ ⎥
Dy = = −32 ⎢⎣0 1 1 7500⎥⎦
−11 4
1
( R2 − 8 R3 ) → R3
⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
−20 −32
x= = 20, y = = 32 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12 → ⎢0 8 20 102, 000⎥
−1 −1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3500⎥⎦
There were 20 men and 32 women.
1 ⎡ 1 0 0 11, 000⎤
( R2 − 20 R3 ) → R2
75. Let x = the number of registered nurses. Let
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
8
→ ⎢0 1 0 4000⎥ ⇒
y = the number of licensed practical nurses. ⎢ ⎥
Let z = the number of nurse’s aids. Using ⎢⎣0 0 1 3500⎥⎦
Gaussian elimination, we have x = 11, 000, y = 4000, z = 3500
⎧75 x + 20 y + 30 z = 4850 The medicine sales were $11,000; the

⎨ 3x + 5 y + 4 z = 530 ⇒ nonmedical sales were $4000; the beer and
⎪⎩ x + y + z = 130 cigarette sales were $3500.
⎡75 20 30 4850⎤
⎢ 3 5 4 530⎥ Chapter 6 Practice Test A
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 1 1 130⎦⎥ 1. 5 × 4, a 43 = 9
⎡ 1 1 1 130⎤
R1 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 3 5 4 530⎥ ⎡ 7 −3 9 5⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −2 4 3 −12⎥
2.
⎣⎢75 20 30 4850⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 8 −5 1 −9⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


648 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎧4 x − z = −3 ⎡ 5 −2⎤ ⎡ −3 −1⎤ ⎡ 8 −1⎤



3. ⎨ x + 3 y =9 7. A − B = ⎢ 4 0 ⎥ − ⎢ 0 − 8 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 8⎥
⎪⎩2 x + 7 y + 5 z = 8 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢7 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢11 0⎦⎥
4. x − 5 = 5 ⇒ x = 10; y + 3 = 13 ⇒ y = 10; z = 0
⎡ 0⎤
The solution is {(10, 10, 0)}.
8. AB = [3 −7 2] ⎢ 1⎥ = [3(0) − 7(1) + 2(4) ] = [1]
⎢ ⎥
⎧ x + 2y + z = 6 ⎡1 2 1 6⎤ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦

5. ⎨ x + y − z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 −1 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪2 x − y + 2 z = −3 ⎢⎣ 2 −1 2 −3⎥⎦ 9. The product AB is not defined.
⎡1 2 1 6⎤ ⎡ −3 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −6 2 0 ⎤
⎢0 1 2A = 2 ⎢ ⎥=⎢
−1⎥ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 10.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 ⎣ 5 7 2⎦ ⎣ 10 14 4⎦
1
(2 R1 − R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢⎣0 1 0 3⎥⎦
⎡ −3 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ −1 4 ⎤ ⎡ −3 1 0 ⎤
⎡1 2 1 6⎤ A + BA = ⎢ +
7 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 7 2⎥⎦
1
( R2 − R3 ) → R3
11.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 2 −1⎥ ⎣ 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ −3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 23 27 8⎤
⎣⎢0 0 −2⎦⎥ =⎢ +
7 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −14 22 4⎥⎦
1
⎡1 2 0 8⎤ ⎣ 5
⎢0 1 ⎡ 20 28 8⎤
3⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ =⎢
29 6⎥⎦
0
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −9
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 5⎤ ⎡ 1 5⎤ ⎡ 1 25⎤
⎢0 1 12. C 2 = ⎢ ⎥=⎢
3⎥ ⎥⎢ ⎥
R1 − 2 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 ⎣0 4⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎦ ⎣ 0 16⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 5⎤
The solution is {(2, 3, −2)}. ⎢ 1 − ⎥
⎡ 1 5 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 4 − 5 ⎤ 4
13. C −1 = ⎢ ⎥= ⎢ =⎢ ⎥
⎧2 x + y − 4 z = 6 ⎡ 2 1 −4 6⎤ ⎣ 0 4⎦ 4 ⎣ 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ 1⎥
⎪ 0
6. ⎨− x + 3 y − z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ −1 3 −1 −2⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩2 x − 6 y + 2 z = 4 ⎢⎣ 2 −6 2 4⎥⎦ −1
⎡ 2 1 3⎤ ⎡2 1 3 1 0 0⎤
⎡ 2 1 −4 6 ⎤ ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥
R1 + 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 7 −6 2 ⎥ 14. = ⎢ 1 2 −1 0 1 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 7 −6 2⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 1 5⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 1 5 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡1 2 −1 0 1 0 ⎤
⎡ 20 ⎤
→ ⎢2 1 3 1 0 0⎥
11 R1 ↔ R2
⎢1 0 − ⎯⎯⎯⎯
7⎥
1
(7 R1 − R2 ) → R1 7 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
14 → ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 1 5 0 0 1⎥⎦
R2 − R3 → R3
⎢ 70 −6 2⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦ −1 0 1 0 ⎤
⎡1 2
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 3
−5 −1 2 0 ⎥
⎡ 11 20 ⎤ 3R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 − 7 7⎥ ⎢⎣0 5
−8 0 3 −1⎥⎦
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡5 7 0 1 3 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 − 6 2⎥
⇒ ⎢0 3−5 −1 2 0 ⎥
7 5 R1 − R2 → R1
⎢ 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
7 3 R3 − 5 R2 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 0 0⎥ ⎢⎣0 01 5 −1 −3⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦ 1 ⎡ 5 7 0 1 3 0⎤
( R2 + 5 R3 ) → R2
x−
11
z=
20
⇒ x= z+
11 20 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 8 −1 −5⎥
3
⎢ ⎥
7 7 7 7 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 5 −1 −3⎥⎦
6 2 6 2
y− z= ⇒ y= z+
7 7 7 7
(continued on next page)
⎧ ⎛ 11 20 6 2 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ z + , z + , z ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 7 7 7 7 ⎠⎭

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Chapter 6 Practice Test B 649

(continued) 2 −1 3
Dz = 1 1 6
1
( R1 − 7 R2 ) → R1
⎡ 1 0 0 −11 2 7 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 4 3 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
8 − 1 − 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3 −1 1 2 3 1
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 5 −1 −3⎥⎦ 6 1 1 1 6 1
−1 4 3 −2 4 −2
⎡ 2 1 3⎤ ⎡ −11 2 7 ⎤ x= ,y=
4
,
⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢ 8 −1 −5⎥ 2 −1 1 2 −1 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎣⎢ 3 1 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 −1 −3⎦⎥ 4 3 −2 4 3 −2
2 −1
{
3
⎡5 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡32⎤ 12 x − 3 y = 5
15. ⎢3 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢18⎥ 16.
−2 x + 7 y = − 9
1 1 6
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 3 4
z=
2 −1 1
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 2 5 −11⎤
17. ⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − 5 X = 2 ⎢18 8 11⎥ ⇒ 1 1 1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 3 −2
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 4 10 −22⎤
⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − 5 X = ⎢36 16 22⎥ ⇒ Chapter 6 Practice Test B
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 4 10 −22⎤
⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − ⎢36 16 22⎥ = 5 X ⇒ 1. D 2. D 3. D
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −3 −5 20⎤ 4. x + 3 = 9 ⇒ x = 6; y + 4 = 2 ⇒ y = −2; z = 3
⎢ −32 −18 −15⎥ = 5 X ⇒ The answer is C.
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎧2 x + y = 15 ⎡ 2 1 0 15⎤
⎢ −5 −1 4 ⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥=X 5. ⎨2 y + z = 25 ⇒ ⎢ 0 2 1 25⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 32 − 18 −3⎥ ⎪⎩2 z + x = 26 ⎢⎣ 1 0 2 26⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 5 5 ⎥⎦
⎡2 1 0 15⎤
1 1 R1 − 2 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 2 1 25⎥
− ⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎢⎣ 0 1 −4 −37⎥⎦
18. = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜− ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
1 3 ⎝2⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝2⎠ 2
1
( R2 − 2 R3 ) → R3
⎡ 2 1 0 15⎤
2 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 2 1 25⎥ ⇒ z = 11
9
⎢ ⎥
19. Expand by the second row:
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 11⎦⎥
1 3 5
The answer is C.
2 0 10
−3 1 −15 ⎧2 x + y = 17 ⎡ 2 1 0 17 ⎤

6. ⎨ y + 2 z = 15 ⇒ ⎢ 0 1 2 15⎥
3 5 1 3 ⎢ ⎥
= 2(−1) 2 +1 + 0 + 10(−1) 2 + 3 ⎪⎩ x + z =9
1 −15 −3 1 ⎣⎢ 1 0 1 9⎥⎦
= −2(−50) − 10(10) = 0 ⎡ 2 1 0 17 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 2 15⎥
2 R3 − R1 → R3
⎧2 x − y + z = 3 2 −1 1 ⎢ ⎥

20. ⎨ x + y + z = 6 ⇒ D = 1 1 1 ⎣⎢ 0 −1 2 1⎦⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y − 2 z = 4 4 3 −2 1 ⎡1 0 9⎤
1
( R1 + R3 ) → R1
3 −1 1 2 3 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢01 2 15⎥
Dx = 6 1 1 , D y = 1 6 1, 1
( R2 + R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
4 ⎢⎣0
0 1 4⎥⎦
4 3 −2 4 4 −2
⎡ 1 0 0 5⎤
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 7⎥ ⇒
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
x = 5, y = 7, z = 4 ⇒ 4(5) + 3(7) + 4 = 45
The answer is D.

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650 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

⎡ −1 4⎤ ⎡ 7 2⎤ ⎡ −8 2⎤ ⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ −1 −2 −1⎤
7. ⎢ 0 4⎥ − ⎢17 4⎥ = ⎢ −17 0⎥
17. ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − 3 X = −5 ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 5 10 5⎤
⎣⎢ 8 −4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 −6⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − 3 X = ⎢⎣ −5 0 −5⎥⎦ ⇒
The answer is C.
⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 5 10 5⎤
⎡ 3⎤ ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣ −5 0 −5⎥⎦ = 3 X ⇒
8. AB = [ −8 2 9] ⎢ 0⎥ = [ −8(3) + 2(0) + 9(−3) ] 3X = ⎢
⎡ −7 −13 −4⎤

⎢ ⎥ 3 3⎥⎦
⎣ 0
⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
= [ −51] . The answer is B. ⎡ 7 13 4⎤
− − − ⎥
X =⎢ 3 3 3
⎢ 0 1⎥⎦
9. AB is not defined. The answer is A. ⎣ 1
The answer is B.
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 2 −6⎤
2A = 2 ⎢ =
1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −10 4 2⎥⎦
10. −8
⎣ −5 2 18.
5
= (−8)(−1) − 5(−4) = 28
The answer is B. −4 −1
The answer is D.
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −3 7⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −3⎤
A + BA = ⎢ +
1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −5 2 1⎥⎦
11.
⎣ −5 2 2 3 −2
3 −3
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −41 11 16⎤ 19. 3 0 −3 = 3(−1)1+ 2 = −3(−24) = 72
=⎢ + −3 −5
⎣ −5 2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −16 10 −2⎥⎦ −3 0 −5
⎡ −39 12 13⎤ The answer is C.
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −21 12 −1⎦
⎧ x + y + z = −6 1 1 1
The answer is C. ⎪
20. ⎨ x − y + 3z = −22 ⇒ D = 1 −1 3 = 4
⎡5 4⎤ ⎡5 4⎤ ⎡ 29 20⎤ ⎪⎩2 x + y + z = −10 2 1 1
12. C 2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣ 5 4 ⎦ −6 1 1 1 −6 1
The answer is C. D x = −22 −1 3 = −16, D y = 1 −22 3 = 12
−1 ⎡0 1⎤ −10 1 1 2 −10 1
⎡5 4⎤ 1 ⎡ 0 −4⎤ ⎢
13. C −1 = ⎢ ⎥ =− ⎢ = 5⎥
4 ⎣ −1 5⎦⎥ ⎢ −6
1
⎣ 1 0⎦ − ⎥ 1 1
⎣4 4⎦ D z = 1 −1 −22 = −20
The answer is B.
2 1 −10
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
−1
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ −16 12 −20
x= = −4, y = = 3, z = = −5
14. ⎢2 1 0⎥ = ⎢2 1 0 0 1 0⎥ 4 4 4
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ The answer is B.
⎢⎣ 3 −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −4 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ Cumulative Review Exercises
R2 − 2 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 −2 1 0 ⎥
3R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ (Chapters P−6)
⎢⎣0 4 −1 3 0 −1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ 1. (−1 − 2) 2 + ( y − (−3)) 2 = 5 ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 −2 1 0 ⎥ ⇒
4 R2 − R3 → R3
9 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25 ⇒ y 2 + 6 y − 7 = 0 ⇒
⎢ ⎥
( y + 7)( y − 1) = 0 ⇒ y = −7 or y = 1
⎣⎢0 0 1 −11 4 1⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ 4 3 18
⎢2 ⎥ 2. − = ⇒
1 0 = ⎢ −2 1 0⎥ x − 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −11 4 1⎥⎦ 4( x + 2) − 3( x − 1) = 18 ⇒ x + 11 = 18 ⇒ x = 7
The answer is D. 3. 2 x − 5 = 3 ⇒ 2 x − 5 = 3 or 2 x − 5 = −3 ⇒
15. A 16. A x = 4 or x = 1

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


Cumulative Review Exercises (Chapters P−6) 651

4. 4 x 2 = 8 x − 13 ⇒ 4 x 2 − 8 x + 13 = 0 ⇒ Test Value of
Interval Result
8 ± 64 − 4(4)(13) 8 ± −144 3 point x2 − 7x + 6
x= = = 1± i
2(4) 8 2 (−∞,1] 0 6 +
2
⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞ [1, 6] 2 –4 –
5. ⎜⎝ ⎟ − 3 ⎜⎝ ⎟ − 28 = 0
x+5 ⎠ x+5 ⎠ (6, ∞ ) 7 6 +
3x − 1
Let u = . Then we have u 2 − 3u − 28 = 0 ⇒ The solution set is [1, 6] .
x+5
(u + 4)(u − 7) = 0 ⇒ u = −4 or u = 7
9. The factors of the constant term are {±1, ±3} .
3x − 1 19
= −4 ⇒ 3x − 1 = −4 x − 20 ⇒ x = − The factors of the leading coefficient are
x+5
3x − 1
7
{±1, ±2, ±4} . The possible rational zeros are
= 7 ⇒ 3 x − 1 = 7 x + 35 ⇒ x = −9
x+5 ⎧ 1 1 3 3⎫
⎨±1, ± , ± , ±3, ± , ± ⎬ .
⎧ 19 ⎫ ⎩ 2 4 2 4⎭
The solution is ⎨− , −9⎬ .
⎩ 7 ⎭
10. Using synthetic division, we have
6. log 2 x + log 2 x + 6 = 4 ⇒ 1
4 8 −11 3
log 2 ( x ⋅ x + 6 ) = 4 ⇒ 2 4 = x 2 + 6 x ⇒ 2
2 5 −3
x 2 + 6 x = 16 or x 2 + 6 x = −16 4 10 −6 0
x 2 + 6 x − 16 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 8)( x − 2) = 0 ⇒
x = −8 or x = 2
⎛ 1⎞
(
4 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 11x + 3 = ⎜ x − ⎟ 4 x 2 + 10 x − 6
⎝ 2⎠
)
x + 6 x + 16 = 0 ⇒
2
The zeros of the depressed function
−6 ± 36 − 64 4 x 2 + 10 x − 6 are also zeros of the original
x= = −3 ± i 7 (reject this)
2 function.
The solution is {−8, 2}.
4 x 2 + 10 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 2( x + 3)(2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒
7. Solve x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 and 1
1 x = −3 or x = .
2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = . The intervals to be tested 2
2 1
So is a zero of multiplicity 2.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
are (−∞, −2) , ⎜ −2, ⎟ , and ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
11. h = kr 3 ⇒ 10,125 = k (153 ) ⇒ k = 3
Value of h = 3(20 3 ) = 24, 000 horsepower
Test
Interval x+2 Result
point
2x − 1 12. Let x = the number of acres to be annexed.
Then
(−∞, −2) –3 17 + 0.12(400 + x) = 0.02(400) + 0.2 x ⇒
48 + 0.12 x = 8 + 0.2 x ⇒ x = 500 square miles
(−2,1 2) 0 –2 –
13. Using substitution, we have

{
(1 2, ∞) 1 3 +
3x + y = 2
⇒ y = −3 x + 2
⎛1 ⎞ 4 x + 5 y = −1
The solution set is (−∞, −2) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠ 4 x + 5(−3x + 2) = −1 ⇒ −11x + 10 = −1 ⇒
x = 1; y = −3(1) + 2 = −1
8. Solve the associated equation:
The solution is {(1, −1)}.
x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 6)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 6
or x = 1. The intervals are (−∞,1],[1, 6], and
[6, ∞).

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


652 Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants

14. Using elimination, we have ⎡ 1 2 − 2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤


⎧2 x + y = 5
⇒⎨
⎧2 x + y=5
⇒ 17. ⎢ −1 3 0⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥ ⇒
⎨ 2 ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩ y − 2 y = −3x + 5 ⎩3 x + y − 2 y = 5
2
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
⎧ −6 x − 3 y = −15 −1
⎨ ⇒ 2 y 2 − 7 y = −5 ⇒ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 − 2 ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤
⎩ 6 x + 2 y − 4 y = 10
2
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1 3 0 ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
2 y 2 − 7 y + 5 = 0 ⇒ ( y − 1)(2 y − 5) = 0 ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −3⎥⎦
5
y = 1 or y = ⎡ 3 2 6⎤ ⎡ 5⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
2
2x + 1 = 5 ⇒ x = 2 = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5
2x + = 5 ⇒ x =
5 ⎢⎣ 2 2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
2 4 The solution is {(1, 1, −1)}.
⎧ ⎛ 5 5 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨(2,1) , ⎜ , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩ ⎝ 4 2 ⎠⎭ 18. a. F ( x) = ( x + 2) 2 + 3( x + 2) − 1 = x 2 + 7 x + 9

15. Shift the graph of f ( x) = x one unit left, b. F (4) = 4 2 + 7(4) + 9 = 53


stretch by a factor of 3, then shift the resulting
x
graph two units up. 19. y= . Switch the variables, and then
x+4
y
solve for y to find f −1 ( x) : x = ⇒
y+4
xy + 4 x = y ⇒ xy − y = −4 x ⇒
4x
y ( x − 1) = −4 x ⇒ y = − ⇒
x −1
4x
f −1 ( x) = −
x −1
20. Domain: (−∞, −4) ∪ (−4, ∞)
−1 Range: (−∞,1) ∪ (1, ∞ )
⎡ 1 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
16. ⎢ −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢0 0⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 −2 1 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 5 −2 1 1 0 ⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 R2 + 5 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 1 1 2⎥ ⇒
1
( R2 + 2 R3 ) → R2
⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 1 2 −2⎤ ⎡ 3 2 6⎤
⎢ −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 2 5⎥⎦

Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education Inc.


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Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst. Erster Teil
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Title: Handbuch der Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst. Erster


Teil

Author: Carl Berendt Lorck

Release date: June 24, 2022 [eBook #68395]

Language: German

Original publication: Germany: Verlag von J. J. Weber, 1882

Credits: Peter Becker, Franz L Kuhlmann and the Online


Distributed Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net
(This file was produced from images generously made
available by The Internet Archive)

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HANDBUCH


DER GESCHICHTE DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST. ERSTER TEIL
***
Anmerkungen zur Transkription

Das Deckblatt wurde vom Einband des Originals übernommen und geht damit in
die "public domain".

Offensichtliche typografische und Fehler bei der Zeichensetzung sind


stillschweigend bereinigt.

Zum schnelleren Auffinden eines Eintrags in dem umfangreichen Register ist


diesem eine alphabetische Sprungtabelle vorangestellt.
CARL B. LORCK

HANDBUCH DER GESCHICHTE


DER

BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
HANDBUCH DER GESCHICHTE

DER

BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
VON

CARL B. LORCK.

ERSTER TEIL

ERFINDUNG. VERBREITUNG. BLÜTE. VERFALL.


1450-1750.

LEIPZIG

VERLAG VON J. J. WEBER

MDCCCLXXXII.
VORWORT.

J eder denkende Mensch, mag er nun als Buchdrucker,


Buchhändler oder Schriftsteller der weltumgestaltenden
Erfindung Gutenbergs näher stehen oder auch nur als Laie die
Segnungen, derselben schätzen gelernt haben, fühlte gewiss den
Trieb, etwas Zusammenhängendes über die Entstehung, die
allmähliche Verbreitung und die technische Vervollkommnung der
Buchdruckerkunst zu erfahren, und hegte den Wunsch Näheres über
das Leben des Erfinders und seiner bedeutenderen Nachfolger, die
bis auf die Jetztzeit für oder durch diese Kunst wirkten, zu hören.

Verlangte jedoch ein solcher Wissbegieriger nach einem leicht


verständlichen, übersichtlich geordneten Handbuch der Geschichte
der Buchdruckerkunst, das ihm als Führer durch die mehr als
vierhundert Jahre dienen konnte, in welchen das von der Presse
ausströmende Licht bereits die Welt erleuchtet, so wird er die
Erfahrung gemacht haben, dass sein Suchen ein vergebliches war.
Wir besitzen gelehrte, höchst wertvolle Prachtwerke über die
vorgutenbergischen Drucke und die Zeit der Inkunabeln; es
existieren hunderte von Parteischriften über Gutenberg und die ihm
gegenübergestellten, zu Erfindern heraufgeschraubten, mythischen
Persönlichkeiten; wir haben eine Reihe von zumteil erschöpfenden
Schilderungen einzelner berühmter Drucker oder Druckerfamilien;
ferner zahlreiche Jubelschriften, welche von dem Gange der Kunst
in einzelnen Städten erzählen; auch ist kein Mangel an fachlichen
Lehrbüchern oder an Berichten über die verschiedenen mit der
Typographie in Verbindung stehenden Erfindungen.

Es steht uns somit ein reiches, mitunter fast durch seine Fülle
erdrückendes Material für eine allgemeine Geschichte der
Buchdruckerkunst zu Gebote. An einem Handbuch jedoch, welches
dieses Material in natürliche Perioden systematisch einzuordnen,
nach Ländern und nach mit einander verwandten Gruppen zu
gliedern versuchte, um in einer einigermassen gleichmässigen
Durchführung jeder Zeit, jedem Lande sein Recht zu gewähren,
ohne dass der Verfasser dabei vergässe, dass er für die
Angehörigen einer bestimmten Nationalität schreibt, fehlt es noch
heute, wie in meiner Jugendzeit, wo ich vergeblich nach einem
solchen Leitfaden auf dem typographisch-geschichtlichen Gebiet
mich umsah und schliesslich darauf angewiesen war, aus den
verschiedenen Quellen die mir erwünschten Belehrungen selbst zu
sammeln.

Somit wurzeln die Anfänge dieses Handbuches in dem eigenen


wirklich und lebhaft gefühlten Bedürfnis nach einem solchen. In
späteren Jahren fing ich an in den von mir herausgegebenen
„Annalen der Typographie“ das Gesammelte in einer Reihe von
Artikeln, die jedoch nur die älteren Perioden der Kunst behandelten,
zu veröffentlichen. Das Vorhaben, diese Artikel bis auf die neueste
Zeit zu vervollständigen und sie dann zu einem Gesamtbild
zusammenzufügen, wurde durch Berufsarbeiten für lange in den
Hintergrund gedrängt, die Arbeit jedoch nach Zeit und Gelegenheit
immer wieder aufgenommen.

So entstand das jetzt vorliegende Buch als ein Ergebnis


längerer Vorarbeiten ohne den bestimmten Entschluss einer
Veröffentlichung. Als jedoch die jetzigen Inhaber der
Verlagshandlung J. J. Weber zu Anfang des Jahres 1880 den
Wunsch äusserten, dass eine Veröffentlichung und zwar in ihrem
Verlag stattfinden möchte, bin ich unter Benutzung der inzwischen
erschlossenen, teilweise wichtigen Quellen ernstlich an eine
nochmalige Durcharbeitung des Manuskripts gegangen.

Bei meinen Verlegern war inzwischen der, ihrerseits gewiss


vollständig berechtigte Wunsch rege geworden, das Buch in einer
„illustrierten Prachtausgabe“ erscheinen zu lassen, und sie hatten
mir bereits zu Ostern 1881 ihre desfallsigen Ansichten in der Form
eines gedruckten Prospektus für das Publikum unterbreitet.

So viel Verlockendes es auch für jeden haben mag, sein Buch


in ein prächtiges Gewand kleiden zu lassen, so konnte ich, das ganz
bestimmte Ziel vor Augen, ein knappes und einfaches Handbuch für
den praktischen Bedarf, wie es mir als wünschenswert vorschwebte,
zu liefern, mich doch meinerseits mit dieser Ansicht zu jener Zeit
nicht befreunden. Ich würde mich damit der unvermeidlichen Gefahr
ausgesetzt haben, der Illustration zuliebe von dem mir
vorgezeichneten Weg abgedrängt zu werden.

Obgleich nicht allein der persönlichen Neigung, sondern auch


dem pekuniären Interesse meiner Verleger durch eine illustrierte
Prachtausgabe wohl am besten entsprochen worden wäre, liessen
diese doch bereitwilligst meinem Standpunkt Gerechtigkeit
widerfahren.

Sowohl das über die Entstehung und den Zweck der


vorliegenden Arbeit oben gesagte, als auch mein Lebensberuf
schliessen schon von allem Anfang die Erwartung aus, als habe man
es hier mit einem gelehrten Werk zu thun, bestimmt, die Ergebnisse
tiefer Forschung ans Tageslicht zu fördern. Weder sollte meine
Aufgabe noch konnte dieselbe eine höhere sein, als meinen
Berufsgenossen oder denjenigen, die sonst Drang nach einer
leichteren Orientierung in dem Gewirr der Geschichte der
Buchdruckerkunst empfinden, nützlich zu sein, indem ich den
Versuch machte, das aufgespeicherte Material nach bestem Wissen
und Gewissen zu sichten, zu ordnen, und indem ich mich, die
geschäftliche Praxis zurhand, bestrebte, einige von der
Gelehrsamkeit im Dunkel gelassene Punkte klar zu stellen. Was die
neue Zeit betrifft, so gab ein Geschäftsleben, das sich fast über die
ganze Periode der neuen Blüte der Typographie und der verwandten
Künste und Gewerbe seit den dreissiger Jahren erstreckt, wohl auch
manchmal Gelegenheit, das vorhandene Material durch die eigene
Erfahrung zu vervollständigen.

Es konnte nicht in meinem Plan liegen, mit der Geschichte der


Buchdruckerkunst die des Buchhandels zu verbinden. Beide
Berufszweige sind jedoch derart eng mit einander verknüpft und so
viele der auftretenden Persönlichkeiten wirkten zu gleicher Zeit als
Drucker und als Verleger, dass es nicht zu umgehen war, auch
Ausflüge auf das Gebiet des Buchhandels zu unternehmen. Sehr
nahe lag ebenfalls die Versuchung, die Geschichte der übrigen
graphischen Künste und Gewerbe, welche zur Herstellung eines
Buches mitwirken, ausführlicher zu behandeln. Um jedoch die
Übersichtlichkeit nicht zu stören und den Umfang des Buches nicht
gar zu sehr über die gesteckten mässigen Grenzen hinaus zu
vermehren, war es geboten, dieser Versuchung nur in so weit
nachzugeben, als es zum Verständnis der gestellten Aufgabe
notwendig war.

Die Geschichte der Buchdruckerkunst zerfällt in zwei natürliche


Hauptabschnitte. Der erste, welcher die Erfindung, Verbreitung,
Blüte und den allmählichen Verfall behandelt, und sich über einen
Zeitraum von über dreihundert Jahren erstreckt, findet seinen
Abschluss in der letzten Hälfte des XVIII. Säculums. Der zweite
Hauptabschnitt führt uns durch die Periode des Wiederaufwachens
der Typographie und deren Schwesterkünste in die Zeit der zweiten,
mittels der enormen technischen Fortschritte und der neuen
Vervielfältigungsarten im Verein mit der freiheitlichen Entwickelung
der Presse hervorgerufenen Blüte, deren wir uns heute erfreuen.

Jeder dieser beiden Hauptteile, die sich wieder in mehrere


Abteilungen verzweigen, ist in seinem Wesen so eigenartig und
verlangt eine so verschiedene Art der Darstellung, dass auch eine
äusserliche Trennung in zwei vollständig abgeschlossene Hälften
geboten schien.

Zur Beurteilung der Grundsätze für die Behandlung der


verschiedenen Abschnitte verweise ich auf die, jedem der Bücher
vorangeschickte „Einführung“, in welcher ich mich sowohl über den
jedesmal leitenden Gesichtspunkt als auch über die jedesmaligen
Quellen und deren Benutzung ausgesprochen habe. Dass mir nur
sehr wenige der letzteren unbekannt geblieben sind, habe ich vor
allem der Fachbibliothek des Börsen-Vereins der deutschen
Buchhändler, der Liberalität des Vorstandes derselben und der
unermüdlichen Gefälligkeit der Bibliothek-Verwaltung zu verdanken.

Dass trotz aller angewendeten Sorgfalt noch Vieles für die mir
Nachfolgenden (denen ich jedoch das Arbeiten in mancher
Beziehung leichter gemacht haben dürfte, als es mir geworden ist)
zu thun übrig geblieben, und dass selbst die grösste Mühe und der
redlichste Wille, etwas Brauchbares zu liefern, fehlende
Eigenschaften nicht immer ersetzen können, fühlt vielleicht niemand
mehr als der unterzeichnete

Carl B. Lorck.
GESCHICHTE
DER

BUCHDRUCKERKUNST

1450—1750.
INHALTS-VERZEICHNIS.

ERSTES BUCH.
ERFINDUNG UND VERBREITUNG DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
1450—1500.

Seite
EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS ERSTE BUCH (3-10).
I. KAPITEL.
ZUR VORGESCHICHTE DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST.
Älteste Spuren der Vervielfältigung. Die Manuskripte.
Der Metall- und Holzschnitt. Die Kunstschulen. Die
xylographischen Werke. Die Vorbedingungen für die
Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst. 11-22
II. KAPITEL.
DIE ERFINDUNG.
Johannes Gutenberg. Herkunft. Aufenthalt in 23-36
Strassburg. Gutenberg in Mainz. Verbindung mit
Johann Fust. Peter Schöffer. Gutenbergs Unglück.
Sein Tod. Sein Andenken.
III. KAPITEL.
DIE VERBREITUNG DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST IN
DEUTSCHLAND.
Schnelle Verbreitung der Kunst. Die Nachfolger
Gutenbergs in Mainz. Peter Schöffer und seine
Nachkommen. Ulm. Beromünster. Basel. Bamberg.
Albrecht Pfister. Augsburg. Nürnberg. Wien. Der
Norden: Köln, Münster, Magdeburg, Leipzig. 37-54
IV. KAPITEL.
DIE VERBREITUNG DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST IM
AUSLANDE.
Italien: Subiaco und Rom. Venedig. Foligno. Mailand.
Florenz. Spanien und Portugal. Frankreich:
Paris. Lyon. Die Niederlande: Die Histoires. Colard
Mansion. England: William Caxton. Skandinavien:
Dänemark. Schweden. Die slawischen Länder.
Ungarn. Die Türkei. 55-76
V. KAPITEL.
DIE TECHNIK DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST UND DIE
LITTERARISCHE PRODUKTION.
Die Technik: Schriftgiesserei. Satz. Druck. Korrektur.
Die Pressen. Die Farbe. Die Ausschmückung der
Bücher. Das Pergament und das Papier. Die
Buchbinderkunst. Die Litterarische Produktion:
Der Buchhandel. Die Zensur. 77-96

ZWEITES BUCH.
GLANZPERIODE UND VERFALL DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
1500—1750.
Seite
EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS ZWEITE BUCH (98-104).
VI. KAPITEL.
DIE ILLUSTRIERENDE KUNST IN DEUTSCHLAND.
Die deutschen Malerschulen. Der Kupferstich und der
Holzschnitt. Michel Wolgemut. Albrecht Dürer, seine
Zeitgenossen und Nachfolger: Hans Burgkmair,
Hans Schaeuffelein, die „Kleinmeister“. Hans
Holbein d. j. Lucas Cranach d. ä. Die Schweizer und
Elsasser Künstler. Über die „eigenhändigen“
Holzschnitte der Zeichner. 105-126
VII. KAPITEL.
DIE TYPOGRAPHIE IN DEUTSCHLAND UND IN DEN
SKANDINAVISCHEN LÄNDERN.
Nürnberg: Der Theuerdank. Die deutschen Schriften.
Augsburg: Hans Schönsperger d. ä. Frankfurt
am Main: Chr. Egenolff, Sigism. Feyerabend, die
Merians. Mainz: Die Nachfolger Schöffers.
Tübingen: Der slawische Druck. Cotta.
Strassburg: Illustrierter Druck. Basel: Joh.
Froben, die Familie Petri, Joh. Oporinus. Zürich:
Chr. Froschauer. St. Gallen: Leon. Straub. Wien:
Johan Sigriener, Hans Kohl, Joh. v. Gehlen. Leipzig:
Melch. Lotter, Valentin Bapst. Gute und schwere
Zeiten. Wittenberg. Der Norden. Berlin.
DIE SKANDINAVISCHEN LÄNDER. Dänemark,
Norwegen und Island, Schweden und Finnland. 127-158
VIII. KAPITEL.
DER DRUCKBETRIEB UND DAS BUCHGEWERBE IN
DEUTSCHLAND.
Die Schriftgiesserei und die Druckschriften. Die 159-174
Technik des Setzens und Druckens: Der
Satzapparat, die Korrektur, die Presse, die Farbe.
Prinzipal, Geselle und Lehrling. Die
Buchbinderkunst. Der Buchhandel: Die
litterarische Produktion, das Verhältnis zwischen
Autor und Verleger.
IX. KAPITEL.
ITALIEN, SPANIEN, PORTUGAL UND DAS SÜDLICHE
AMERIKA.
Venedig. Die Familie Aldus: Aldus Pius Manutius,
Paul Manutius, Aldus ii. Dan. Bomberg. Mechitar.
Rom: Die Buchdruckerei der „Propaganda“. Genua.
Florenz: Die Giunta. Padua. Die Xylographie:
Ces. Vecellius, der Clair-obscur-Druck. Ugo da
Carpi, Graf Ant. Zanetti, John Jackson.
Spanien und Portugal. Brocario und die
complutinsche Polyglotte. Madrid. Ant. Bortazar. —
Mexico. Joh. Kromberger, Juan Pablos. Lima.
Peru. St. Domingo u. a. 175-192
X. KAPITEL.
FRANKREICH.
Die Lage des Buchdruckers. Der Staat und die Presse.
Die Xylographie, die livres d'heures. Anton Verard.
Geofroy Tory. Jodocus Badius. Conrad Néobar.
Berühmte Druckerfamilien. Die Stephane: Heinrich
i., Robert i., Heinrich ii., Ende der Familie. Die
Gründung der königlichen Buchdruckerei. Ant. Vitré.
Savary de Brèves. Lyon: Seb. Gryphius, Jean de
Tournes, Steph. Dolet. Die Schriftgiesserei. Die
Buchbinderkunst. 193-216
XI. KAPITEL.
DIE NIEDERLANDE.
Die Illustration. Christoph Plantin, seine Nachkommen, 217-
das Plantinsche Museum. Die Familie Blaeu. Die 254
Elzeviere: Ludwig i., Matthias und Bonaventura,
Isaack, Bonaventura und Abraham i. Johann und
Daniel. Ludwig und Daniel, das Ende des Hauses.
Die Nachahmer der Elzeviere. Die Familie
Enschedé und die Schriftgiesserei.
XII. KAPITEL.
ENGLAND. NORDAMERIKA.
Das allmähliche Wachstum der englischen Presse.
Wynkyn de Worde, Richard Pynson, Reynold Wolfe,
John Day, Th. Vautrollier, Th. Roycrofft, Sam.
Palmer, Sam. Richardson. Oxford, Cambridge.
Die schottische und die irische Presse. Die
Stereotypie und Will. Ged. Das Zeitungswesen. Die
Schriftgiesserei.
NORDAMERIKA. Kleine Anfänge der Presse. John
Glover, James Franklin, Benjamin Franklin. Die
deutschen Einwanderer und ihre Presse. Christoph
Sauer und seine Nachkommen. 255-276
XIII. KAPITEL.
DIE SLAWISCHEN LÄNDER. DIE TÜRKEI. DIE
OSTASIATISCHEN LÄNDER.
Polen. Russland: Moskau, St. Petersburg. Die
Türkei: Konstantinopel, Ibrahim und Said Efendi.
Syrien. Das östliche Asien, China, das
chinesische Tafeldruckverfahren und die
Papierfabrikation. Europäischer Druck in Asien.
Afrika. 277-288
Register.
A. Namen- und Sachregister 289-300
B. Nachweis der angeführten Quellenschriften 301-304

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