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Full College Algebra 3Rd Edition Ratti Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter
Full College Algebra 3Rd Edition Ratti Solutions Manual Online PDF All Chapter
Solutions Manual
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Chapter 6 Matrices and Determinants
6.1 Matrices and Systems of Equations 5. First write the system as an augmented matrix.
⎧6 x + 8 y − 14 z = 3 ⎡ 6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎡ 8 21⎤
⎪
7. ⎨3x + 4 y − 7 z = 12 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢1 0 − 5 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩6 x + 3 y + z = 0
⎣⎢ 6 3 1 0⎦⎥ → ⎢0 1 −
2 14 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11
⎢ 5 5⎥
Now perform the row operations. ⎢0 0 1 −2 ⎥
⎡6 8 −14 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 3 4 −7 12⎥ ⎢⎣ ⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ 8 ⎡1 0 0 1⎤
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎡ 3 4 −7 12⎤ 2
R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥
5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎢⎣6 3 1 0⎥⎦
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎧ x+ z = −1 ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
1 ⎢ 1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎪
9. ⎨ 3 y + 2 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢6 8 −14 3⎥ ⎪⎩3x − 3 y + z = −8
⎣⎢ 3 −3 1 −8⎦⎥
⎢6 3 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ 0 3 2 5⎥
⎡ 4 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 3 − 3 4⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −3 1 −8⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 0 −21⎥
→ ⎢0 3 2 5⎥
−3R1 + R3 → R3
⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −3 −2 −5⎥⎦
Since the second row is equivalent to 0 = −21, the
system is inconsistent and the solution is ∅. ⎡1 0 1 −1⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 2 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢0 1 ⎥
⎧ 2 x − 3 y − 2 z = 0 ⎡ 2 −3 − 2 0 ⎤ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎪
8. ⎨ x + y − 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎪⎩3x − 5 y − 5 z = 3 ⎢⎣ 3 −5 −5 3⎥⎦ The matrix is in row echelon form. The
⎡ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 −2 7 ⎤ ⎧ x + z = −1
⎢ 1 1 −2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎪
→ ⎢ 2 −3 −2 0 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2 equivalent system is ⎨ 2 5 . Solving
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y + 3 z = 3
⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 −5 −5 3⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ for x and y in terms of z, we have x = − z − 1
→ 0 −5 2 −14⎥
⎢
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 5 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ and y = − z .
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 3
⎣⎢0 −8 1 −18⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 5 2 ⎞⎫
⎡ 1 1 −2 7⎤ The solution set is ⎨ ⎜ − z − 1, − z , z ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎩ ⎝ ⎠⎭
2 14 ⎥
1
− R2 → R2 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯5
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎧ s = 0.01s + 0.1c + 0.1t + 12.46
⎢ 0 −8 ⎪
⎣ 1 −18⎥⎦ 10. a. ⎨c = 0.2s + 0.02c + 0.01t + 3 or
⎡ 8 21⎤ ⎩⎪t = 0.25s + 0.3c + 2.7
⎢1 0 − 5 5 ⎥ ⎧ 0.99s − 0.1c − 0.1t = 12.46
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 2 14 ⎥ ⎨ −0.2s + 0.98c − 0.01t = 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 − ⎪⎩−0.25s − 0.3c + t = 2.7
8 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 5 5⎥
⎢ 11 22 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥ b. 0.99(14) − 0.1(6) − 0.1(8) = 12.46
⎣⎢ 5 5 ⎦⎥ −0.2(14) + 0.98(6) − 0.01(8) = 3
−0.25(14) − 0.3(6) + (8) = 2.7
{
⎧− x + 2 y + 3z = 6
system. ⎪ x− y+ z = 2
26. ⎨2 x + 3 y + z = 2 27.
2 x + y − 3z = 6
3. Two matrices are row equivalent if one can be ⎩⎪4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 1
obtained form the other by a sequence of row
operations. ⎧ x+ y+z = 2
⎪ x− y−z = 4
4. If a matrix is in row-echelon form and each 28. ⎨
2x + 3y + z = 6
leading entry 1 is the only nonzero entry in its ⎪
column, then the matrix is in reduced row echelon ⎩− x + y − z = 8
form.
⎡ 2 3 5⎤ R1 ↔ R2 ⎡1 2 3⎤
5. False. A 3 × 4 matrix has three rows with four 29.(i) ⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 5⎦
entries in each row. In other words, the matrix has
three rows and four columns. ⎡1 2 3⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 2 3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
6. True ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0 −1 −1⎦
7. False. The augmented matrix of the system is
⎡ 1 2 3⎤ − R2 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤
⎡ 2 3 0 5⎤ (iii) ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯→⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 3 −4 −1⎥ . ⎣0 −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 2 3⎥⎦ 1
⎡ 2 4 2⎤ 2 R1 ⎡1 2 1⎤
30.(i) ⎢1 5 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
8. False. The augmented matrix of the system is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣1 5 7⎦
⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 2 1 ⎤ − R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 1 9⎥ . (ii) ⎢1 5 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 3 6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 5 02 4⎥⎦
1
9. 1 × 1 1× 4 2×4 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ 3 R2 ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
10. 11. (iii) ⎢ ⎥
12. 3 × 3 13. 2×3 14. 3× 4 ⎣0 3 6⎦ ⎣ 0 1 2⎦
⎡ 6 −5 5⎤ ⎡ 2 4 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤
18. ⎢ 7 2 4⎥ 19. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
→
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 −3 1 ⎦ (ii)
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 4 −3 11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 7⎤ ⎡ 5 −7 11⎤ ⎡1 2 3 4⎤
20. ⎢ ⎥ 21. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 1
⎣3 5 11⎦ ⎣ −13 17 19⎦ 5 −3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −23 23⎥⎦
⎡−1 2 3 8⎤
⎡−3 2 10 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
22. ⎢ ⎥ 23. ⎢ 2 −3 9 16 ⎥
⎣ 5 −1 −7 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −5 −6 32⎥⎦
⎡1 2 3 4⎤ 1 ⎡1 4 1⎤
3
⎢ ⎥
− R3 ⎡1 4 3 1⎤ 1
− R2 ⎢ ⎥
(iii) 0 1 5 −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23
→ ⎢0 −3 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ 2
⎢ ⎥ 35. 3
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 −23 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
3
⎢0 7 5 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 3 4⎤ ⎣
⎢0 1 5 −3⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢1 4 3 1⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−7 R2 + R3 → R3 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 0 −3⎥
32.(i) ⎢ 0 2 3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎣ 3 ⎦
⎢ −2 −1 7 3⎥ ⎡1 4 3 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 3 R3
⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1
2
0⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −9⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎣
⎢0 2 3 4⎥
36.
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 3⎤
⎢ 2 3 3 8⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎢⎣ 1 −3 −2 5⎥⎦
⎢ 1 2 −2 2 ⎥ 1
⎢ ⎥ 2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
(ii) ⎢ 0 2 3 4 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 1 2⎥
⎢⎣0 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 −3 −2 5⎦⎥
⎡ 3 1⎤
⎢ 1 2 −2 ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
2⎥ ⎢0 1 2⎥
− R1 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1
⎢0 2 3 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 9 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −4 −3 2⎦⎥
⎢0 3 6⎥ ⎡1 1 1 3⎤
⎣ 2 ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 1 2⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 7⎤
⎣⎢0 0 1 10⎦⎥
1
⎡ 4 5 −7⎤ 4 R1 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥
33. ⎢ 5 4 −2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣ 5 4 −2 ⎦ 37. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
⎡ 5 7⎤ pattern that moves down and to the right.
−5 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 4 − 4 ⎥ (Property 2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 − 9 27 ⎥ 38. No. The leading term of each nonzero row is
⎢⎣ 4 4 ⎥⎦ not 1. (Property 1)
4
− R2 → R2 ⎡ 5 7⎤ 39. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 9
→⎢ 4 4 form.
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 −3 ⎦ 40. No. The matrix does not have a step-like
1 pattern that moves down and to the right.
⎡ 2 6 −8⎤ 2 R1 ⎡ 1 3 −4⎤ (Property 2)
34. ⎢ 3 −1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢
2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 3 −1 41. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎣0 −10 14⎥⎦ 42. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
1
− R2 ⎡1 3 −4⎤ form.
⎯⎯⎯ 10 ⎯ →⎢ 7⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ 43. Yes. The matrix is in reduced row-echelon
⎣ 5⎦ form.
44. No. The matrix does not have a step-like pattern ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤ −2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
that moves down and to the right. (Property 2), and 55. ⎢ 2 −1 13⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
3 −9⎥⎦
the leading term of each non-zero row (row 3) is ⎣ ⎦ ⎣0
1
not 1 (Property 1). R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −2 11⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 →⎢ ⇒
1 −3⎥⎦
45. {x + 2y = 1
y = −2
⇒ x + 2(−2) = 1 ⇒ x = 5 y = −3; x − 2(−3) = 11 ⇒ x = 5
The solution is {(5, −3)}.
⎣0
{x=2
1 ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎡ 3 −2 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −
46.
y=3 56. ⎢ 4 −3 5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(2, 3)}. ⎣ 4 −3 5⎦
⎡ 2 4⎤
47. { x + 4 y + 2z = 2
z=3
⇒ x + 4 y = −4 ⇒ x = −4 y − 4 −4 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎢1 − 3 3⎥
⎢0 − 1 − 1 ⎥
⎥
⎧x = 4 1 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎪ ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1
52. ⎨ y = 3 58. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎣6 4 3⎦ ⎥
⎩⎪ w = 2 ⎣6 4 3⎦
The solution is {(4, 3, z, 2)}. ⎡ 2 1⎤
−6 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ ⇒
⎧x = −5 ⎢ ⎥
⎪y =4 ⎣0 0 1⎦
53. ⎨ ⇒ z + 2(0) = 3 ⇒ z = 3 0 = 1 ⇒ there is no solution.
z + 2w = 3
⎪ Solution set: ∅
⎩ w=0
The solution is {(−5, 4, 3, 0)}.
⎧ x=3
⎪ y=2
54. ⎨
z=0
⎪
⎩ =1
0 w
The system is inconsistent.
1 ⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎧ −2 x + y = 1
⎡ 3 −5 4⎤ 3 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 − ⎪
59. ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 3 3⎥ 62. Rewrite the system as ⎨ 3x + 2 y = −1.5 .
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ 4 x − 2 y = −2
⎣ 4 −15 13⎦
⎡ 5 4⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
1 −
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥ ⎡ −2 1 1⎤ 1 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −1.5⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ − R1
2 → ⎢3 ⎥
⎢0 − 25 23 ⎥ ⎢ 2 −1.5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4 −2 −2⎥⎦ ⎢
⎣ 4 −2 −2⎦⎥
⎡ 5 4⎤
3
⎢1 − 3 ⎡ 1 1⎤
− R2 → R2
3⎥ ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯25 →⎢ ⎥⇒ 2
⎢0
1 ⎢ ⎥
1 − ⎥
23 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 7 0⎥
⎣⎢ 25 ⎦⎥
3
1
R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 6 ⎥
23 ⎛ 5 ⎞ ⎛ 23 ⎞ 4 1 4 ⎢0 0⎥⎦
y=− ; x − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = ⇒ x = − ⎣ 0
25 ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 25 ⎠ 3 5 ⎡ 1 1⎤
⎧ ⎛ 1 23 ⎞ ⎫ 6 ⎢1 − 2 − ⎥
2
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎩ ⎝ 5 25 ⎠ ⎭ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0⎥ ⇒
7 1
⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 1⎤
⎡ −2 4 1⎤ − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 −2 − ⎥ 1 1
60. ⎢ 3 −5 −9⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 y = 0; x − 0 = − ⇒ x = −
⎣ ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 2 2
⎣ 3 −5 −9 ⎦
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎫
⎡ 1⎤ The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , 0 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 1 −2 − 2 ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎭
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
1 − ⎥
15
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 63. ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
15 ⎛ 15 ⎞ 1 31
⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
y = − ; x − 2 ⎜− ⎟ = − ⇒ x = −
2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎧ ⎛ 31 15 ⎞ ⎫ R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ . −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭ ⎢⎣0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡1 −1 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
→ ⎢0 3⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
61. 2 1 5 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2
⎢ ⎥ −3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
1 ⎡1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯3
→ ⎢0 1 1⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
y = 1; x − 1 = 1 ⇒ x = 2 1 ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
− R3 → R3
The solution is {(2, 1)}. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
⎡ 2 4 1 5⎤ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡ 1 1 2 4⎤
64. ⎢ 1 1 1 6⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢2 4 1 5⎥ 66. ⎢ 2 −1 3 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 3 1 6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 −1 −7 ⎥ → ⎢0 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −3 −1
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −4 −7 −10⎦⎥
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 7⎥
1
− R2 → R2 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 1 −1 −6⎥⎦ ⎢0 −4 −7 −10⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 6⎥ ⎢1 1 2 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 1 7 4 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢0 1 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ − ⎥
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢ 1 5⎥ ⎢ 17 34 ⎥
⎢0 0 ⎥ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡1 1 1 6⎤ ⎡1 1 2 4⎤
⎢ 7⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
3
2 R3 → R3 1 − R3 → R3 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯17
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥⇒
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 5⎥⎦ ⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎣ ⎣
1 7 z=2
z = 5; y − (5) = − ⇒ y = −1
2 2 ⎛1⎞ 1
x −1+ 5 = 6 ⇒ x = 2 y + ⎜ ⎟ (2) = − ⇒ y = −1
⎝ 3⎠ 3
The solution is {(2, −1, 5)}. x − 1 + 2(2) = 4 ⇒ x = 1
⎡ 2 3 −1 9 ⎤ The solution is {(1, −1, 2)}.
⎢ 1 1 1 9⎥
65.
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3 2 4 19⎤
⎣⎢ 3 −1 −1 −1⎦⎥ 67. ⎢ 2 −1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎣⎢ 6 7 −1 17⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 3 −1 9 ⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ 1 3⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1 −
1
⎢⎣ 3−1 −1 −1⎥⎦ 1 ⎢ 2 2⎥
2
R1 ↔ R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 3
2
⎢ 4 19⎥
2
→ ⎢0 1 −3 −9⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢⎣6
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 7 −1 17 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 −4 −4 −28⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 3⎤
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 1 1 9⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥
4 R2 + R3 → R3 7 5 29 ⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢⎣ 0 0 −16 −64⎥⎦
−6 R1 + R3 → R3 2 2 2⎥
⎢0 10 −4 8⎥⎦
⎣
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 1 1 9⎤
⎡ 3⎤
→ ⎢ 0 1 −3 −9⎥ ⇒
1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
16
⎢1 − 2 2
⎢ ⎥ 2⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 4⎦⎥ 2
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 5 29 ⎥
z = 4; y − 3(4) = −9 ⇒ y = 3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
7 1
⎢ 7 7⎥
x +3+ 4 = 9 ⇒ x = 2 ⎢ 0 10 −4
The solution is {(2, 3, 4)}. ⎣ 8⎥⎦
(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 1⎤
69. ⎢ 1 0 −1 −1⎥
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 − 2 2 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 3⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
5 29 ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤
0
→ ⎢0
−10 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1
⎢ −2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
78 234 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 1⎥⎦
−1
⎢0 0 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 7 ⎦ ⎡1 0 −1
−1⎤
⎡ 1 1 3⎤ − R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 2⎥
⎢1 − 2 2
1
2 ⎥ 3R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
7
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 27 ⎥⎦
5 29 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯78 → ⎢0 1 ⇒ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 7 7⎥ ⎢1 0
⎢0 −1 −1⎥
3⎥⎦
1
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −1
2 1 2⎥
z=3
⎢ 7⎥
⎛5⎞ 29 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
y + ⎜ ⎟ (3) = ⇒ y=2 ⎣ 2⎦
⎝7⎠ 7
1 1 3 ⎡ 5⎤
x − (2) + (3) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎢1 0 0 2⎥
2 2 2
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 3 ⎥ ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
− R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ 7⎥
3 1
1 2⎥
⎡ 4 3 1 8⎤ 1 R → R ⎢ 4 4 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 2 1 4 −4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2⎦
68. 4 → ⎢ 2 1 4 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 5 3 7
⎢⎣ 3 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 3 0 1 1⎦⎥ x = ,y = ,z =
2 2 2
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
⎢1 2⎥ ⎧⎛ 5 3 7 ⎞⎫
4 4 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ ⎥ ⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 1 7 − 8⎥
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡4 0 5 7⎤ ⎡ 3 4 0 9⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
9 1 R1 ↔ R3
⎢0 − − 5⎥ 70.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 4 4 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 4 0 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 5 7⎥⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4
2⎥
⎢1 3 0 3⎥
2⎛ 9 ⎞
− ⎜ − R2 + R3 ⎟ → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1
R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
31 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 1 7
→ ⎢0 − − 8⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥
3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥ R3 → R3 ⎢4
⎢0
2 2 7⎥
0 1 −2⎥⎦
5
⎣ ⎢ 0 1 ⎥
⎣5 5⎦
⎡ 3 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤
⎢1 4 4 2⎥
⎢1 0 3⎥
−2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ 4
− R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
3
⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −7 16⎥ ⇒ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5
→ ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 −2⎦⎥ ⎢ 16 ⎥
z = −2; y − 7(−2) = 16 ⇒ y = 2 ⎢0 − 1 −1⎥
⎣ 15 ⎦
3 1
x + (2) + (−2) = 2 ⇒ x = 1 ⎡ 4 ⎤
4 4 16 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, −2)}.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
15 → ⎢0 1 −6 8⎥
⎢ 27 113 ⎥
⎢0 0 − ⎥
⎣ 5 15 ⎦
(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 −5⎤
72. ⎢ 2 −1 −1 −4⎥
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢1 3 0 3⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
− R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯27
→ ⎢ 0 1 −6 8⎥ ⎡ 2 −1 −1 −4 ⎤
→ ⎢1 1 −5⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎢ 113 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 81 ⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡3 0 0 −9 ⎤
⎢1 3 0 3⎥ R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢1 1 1 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
6 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 − 10 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎡1 −3⎤
113 ⎥
1 0 0
R1 → R1
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1
3
1 1 − 5⎥
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 283 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢1 0 0 81 ⎥ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 −2 ⎥
4 − R1 + R2 → R2
− R2 + R1 → R1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ ⇒
10 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
⎢ 27 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦
⎢ 113 ⎥ −3⎤
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎡1 0 0
→ ⎢0 −2⎥ ⇒
− R2 + R3 → R3
⎣⎢ 81 ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 1
⎢ ⎥
283 10 113 ⎢⎣0 0⎥⎦
x= , y = − ,z = − 0 0
81 27 81 y + z = −2 ⇒ y = − 2 − z
⎧ ⎛ 283 10 113 ⎞ ⎫ The solution is {−3, −2 − z , z} .
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ ,− ,− ⎟⎬.
⎩ ⎝ 81 27 81 ⎠ ⎭
⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ 73. ⎢ 3 1 2 3⎥
71. ⎢ 1 3 5 10⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 5 3 9⎥⎦
⎣⎢3 5 3 18⎥⎦ ⎡1 2 −1 6⎤
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −5 5 −15⎥
→ ⎢0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 −2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 2 6 6⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 2 −1 6 ⎤
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5
→ ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −2 −6 −6⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 5 −3⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 0⎦⎥ ⎡1 0 1 0⎤
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 −1 4 ⎤ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 −1 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢ 0 1 3 3⎥ R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −6 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
1
− R3 → R3
⎡ 1 0 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 0 −4 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 6 → ⎢0 1 −1 3⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎦⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
x − 4z = 1 ⇒ x = 1 + 4z
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
y + 3 z = 3 ⇒ y = 3 − 3z R2 + R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1 + 4 z ,3 − 3z , z )} ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
x = 1, y = 2, z = −1
The solution is {(1, 2, −1)}.
⎡ 2 4 −1 9⎤ ⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎢ 1 3 −3 4⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ c. ⎢ −0.2 1 780⎥⎦
→ ⎢2 4 9⎥
R1 ↔ R2
74. −1 ⎣
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 1 2 7 ⎥⎦ 0.2 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 −3 4⎤ ⎣ 0 0.98 980⎦
→ ⎢ 0 −2 1⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 100
R2 → R2 ⎡ 1 −0.1 1000⎤
−3 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
98
→⎢
⎣⎢0 −8 11 −5⎥⎦ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 4⎤ 0.1R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡1 0 1100⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⇒
→ ⎢ 0 −2 5
−4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1⎥ ⎣0 1 1000⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −9⎥⎦ a = 1100, b = 1000
⎡ 1 3 −3
{
1 4⎤ a = 0.5a + 0.2b + 50, 000
− R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯9 → ⎢ 0 −2 5 1⎥ 80. a.
b = 0.6a + 0.3b + 40, 000
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦
b. Rewrite the system as
{
⎡1 3 0 7⎤
⎢ 0 −2 0 0.5a − 0.2b = 50, 000
−4⎥
3R3 + R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⇒
−5 R3 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ −0.6a + 0.7b = 40, 000
⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
1 ⎡1 3 0 7⎤ ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
− R2 → R2 ⎣ ⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 0.5 −0.2 50, 000⎤
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ c. ⎢ −0.6 0.7 40, 000⎥
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎣ ⎦
→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
−3R2 + R1 → R1 ⎡ 2 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ 1 100, 000⎥
5
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 1⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 1)}. ⎢− 6 7
40, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎥⎦
75. a. There is one solution: {(2, 3)}. ⎡ 2 ⎤
6
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1− 100, 000⎥
b. There are infinitely many solutions: 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
10 →⎢ ⎥
{(−2 y + 2, y, 2)} . ⎢0 23
100, 000⎥
⎣⎢ 50 ⎦⎥
c. There is no solution.
⎡ 4,300, 000 ⎤
⎢1 0
20
76. a. There is one solution: {(−1, 2, 3)}. R2 + R1 → R1
23 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
23
50
→⎢ ⎥⇒
b. There is no solution. 23
R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 5, 000, 000 ⎥
⎢⎣ 23 ⎥⎦
c. There are infinitely many solutions. 4, 300, 000
a= ≈ 186,957
77. False. Each row of matrix A has seven entries. 23
5, 000, 000
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ b= ≈ 217,391
78. False. For example, ⎢ ⎥ is in reduced row- 23
⎣ 0 1 0⎦
⎧ l = 0.4t + 0.2 f + 10, 000
echelon form. ⎪
81. a. ⎨ t = 0.5l + 0.3t + 20, 000
6.1 Applying the Concepts ⎩⎪ f = 0.5l + 0.05t + 0.35 f + 10, 000
30 + T2 + T4 + 20 ⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
84. T1 = ⇒ 4T1 − T2 − T4 = 50 ⎢
4 75 ⎥
T + 30 + 50 + T3 ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
T2 = 1 ⇒ −T1 + 4T2 − T3 = 80 R2 + 4 R3 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
4 R2 + R4 → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
T + 50 + 40 + T4 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
T3 = 2 ⇒ −T2 + 4T3 − T4 = 90 15 ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
4 1
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
T + T + 40 + 20
T4 = 1 3 ⇒ −T1 − T3 + 4T4 = 60 ⎡1 0 0 0 30⎤
4 ⎢ 75 ⎥
⎡ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎤ ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢ −1 4 −1 0 80⎥ R1 + 4 R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ ⎣⎢
1
2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ 75 65
⎢ 4 −1 0 −1 50⎥ T1 = 30, T2 = , T3 = 40, T4 =
R1 ↔ − R2 2 2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎧ x− y = 270 − 200
⎪
⎣ −1 0 −1 4 60⎦ 85. a. ⎨− x + z = 180 − 300
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎪⎩ y − z = 40 + 70 − 60
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ ⎧ x− y = 70
R1 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⇒ ⎨− x + z = −120
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ y − z = 50
⎣ 0 −4 0 4 −20⎦
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ ⎡ 1 −1
0 70⎤
⎢ 0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ b. ⎢ −1 01 −120⎥
−4 R3 + R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 −1 4 −1 90⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1
1 50⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 −10 70⎤
⎣ 0 0 −16 8 −380⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −50⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤ −1
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 50⎥⎦
1
R2 +15 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 120⎤
R4 → R4 ⎢ ⎥ R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 −1 1 −50⎥ ⇒
8
⎢ 0 0 −2 95 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
1 − ⎥ R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ −1 4 1 0 − ⎤
80 x − z = 120 ⇒ x = z + 120
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥
⎢ ⎥ − y + z = −50 ⇒ y = z + 50
28 R4 + R3 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
→ ⎢0 0 56 −16 1720⎥ The solution is {( z + 120, z + 50, z )} .
R4 → R4
12 ⎢ ⎥ There are 300 + 200 + 60 = 560 cars
⎢0 0 0 65 ⎥
1
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ entering the system, so
0 ≤ ( z + 120) + ( z + 50) + z ≤ 560
⎡ 1 −4 1 0 −80⎤
⎢0 15 −4 −1 370⎥ 0 ≤ 3z + 170 ≤ 560
R3 +16 R4 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 0 ≤ 3z ≤ 390
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 0 1 0 40⎥ 0 ≤ z ≤ 130
56
R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ Thus, the system has 131 solutions.
⎢0 0 0 1 65 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎧ x − y = 450 − 350
⎪ y − w = 350 − 550
86. a. ⎨ ⇒
z − x = 370 − 350
⎪
⎩− z + w = 200 − 120
⎧ x− y = 100
⎪ y − w = −200
⎨ −x + z = 20
⎪
⎩ − z + w = 80
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
b. ⎢ ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 0 1 0 20⎥ 3 ⎣⎢ 0 −2 1 10⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100 ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R2 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 0 1 −200 ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
R1 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ −⎥
⎢0 −1 1 0 120 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0 1 6⎤
⎢ ⎥ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣0 0 −1 1 80 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎢ 0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥
⎢ 0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
⎣ 0 0 −1 1 80⎦
Thus, a = 2, b = −3, and c = 4. The equation is
⎡ 1 −1 0 0 100⎤
⎢0 1 0 −1 −200⎥ y = 2 x 2 − 3x + 4.
R3 + R4 → R4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢0 0 1 −1 −80⎥ 88. a. 31 = (0.5 2 )a + 0.5b + c = 0.25a + 0.5b + c
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 0 0⎦ 51 = (12 )a + b + c = a + b + c
z − w = −80 ⇒ z = w − 80 67 = 2 2 a + 2b + c = 4a + 2b + c
y − w = −200 ⇒ y = w − 200
⎡0.25 0.5 1 31⎤
x − y = 100 ⇒ x − ( w − 200) = 100 ⇒ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
x − w = −100 ⇒ x = w − 100 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {( w − 100, w − 200, w − 80, w)} . ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
There are 350 + 550 + 120 + 350 = 1370 cars ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 1 1 51⎥
4 R1 → R1
entering the system. So, ⎢ ⎥
( w − 100) + ( w − 200) + ( w − 80) + w ≤ 1370 ⎣⎢ 4 2 1 67 ⎦⎥
4w − 380 ≤ 1370 ⎡1 2 4 124⎤
4w ≤ 1750 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 ⎢ 1 3 73⎥
w ≤ 437.5 −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
From the diagram, we see that 200 cars leave the ⎣⎢ 0 −6 −15 −429⎦⎥
system through w, so 200 ≤ w ≤ 437. Thus, the ⎡ 1 2 4 124⎤
⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 3 73⎥
6 R2 + R3 → R3
system has 238 solutions.
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 3 9⎥⎦
87. 9 = a ( −1) + b ( −1) + c = a − b + c
2
3c = 9 ⇒ c = 3
3 = a (1) + b (1) + c = a + b + c
2
b + 3(3) = 73 ⇒ b = 64
6 = a (2) + b (2) + c = 4a + 2b + c
2 a + 2(64) + 4(3) = 124 ⇒ a = −16
The equation is h = −16t 2 + 64t + 3.
⎡ 1 −1 1 9 ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ b. −16t 2 + 64t + 3 = 0 ⇒
⎢⎣ 4 2 1 6⎥⎦
−64 ± 64 2 − 4(−16)(3)
⎡ 1 −1 1 9⎤ t=
−32
→ 0 2 0 −6⎥
⎢
− R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −64 ± 4288
−4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 6 −3 −30⎥⎦ = ≈ 4 seconds
−32
c. The maximum occurs at t = 2.
h(2) = 67 feet.
(continued) ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 92. a.
⎢ ⎥
⎢1 0 −3 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 −1 1⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 1 0⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
→ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 ↔ R3
0 −2⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎣2 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 1 1 6⎦⎥
⎢0 2 0 −1⎥ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R1 − 2 R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥
2 R1 − R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎣0 1 −6 4⎦
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ ⎢
R2 + 3 R3 → R3
⎢0 −1⎥
R2 − 2 R4 → R4 2 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 −12 −36⎥⎦
⎢0 1 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 0.5 −0.5 0.5⎤
⎣0 0 12 −9⎦ 1
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢0 1 −1 −1⎥ = B
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ 1
R2 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣0 3⎥⎦
1⎥
3 0 1
1
1
R2 → R2
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥ − R3 → R3
→⎢
2⎥ 12
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2
z = 3; y − 3 = −1 ⇒ y = 2,
1
R4 → R4 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
12 ⎢ ⎥ 1 1
x + (2) − (3) = ⇒ x = 1
1
⎢0 0 1 −
3⎥ 2 2 2
⎢⎣ 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ 1 −1 1 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 1 −1 1⎥⎦
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
R2 − R3 → R3
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1⎥ ⎢0 2 0 4⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
−2 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 −11⎥⎦
⎢ 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − ⎥
4⎦ 1
R2 → R2
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0
2 ⎢ 2⎥
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 −3 −11⎦⎥
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥
R3 + R4 → R4 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1⎥
⎢0 0 −1 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
⎢ 5⎥ ⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎢⎣0 0 0 − ⎥ 1
− R3 → R3
4⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯3 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ = C
⎡1 2 −3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3⎥⎦
1⎥ z = 3; y = 2; x + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ x = 1
⎢0 1 0 − ⎥
→⎢
− R3 → R3 2⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ =C The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
4
− R4 → R4 ⎢ 1⎥
5 ⎢0 0 1 ⎥ b. Using a calculator, we find that the reduced
⎢ 2⎥
row-echelon form of both matrices is
⎣⎢ 0 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤
b. Use a calculator to show that the reduced row- ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ .
echelon form of all three matrices is ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 0⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥.
⎢ 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 1⎦
⎡ b m⎤ w = 3, v = 2, u + 2 + 3 = 6 ⇒ u = 1
1 1 log x = 1 ⇒ x = 10;
⎡ a b m ⎤ a R1 → R1 ⎢ a a ⎥
93. a. ⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 1 → ⎢ ⎥ log y = 2 ⇒ y = 100
⎣ c d n ⎦ c R2 → R2 ⎢1 d n ⎥
log z = 3 ⇒ y = 1000
⎣⎢ c c ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 100, 1000)}.
⎡ b m⎤
⎢ 1
R1 − R2 → R2 a a⎥ 96. Using the hint suggested, we have
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 b − d m − n ⎥ ⎡ 4 −3 1 1⎤
⎣⎢ a c a c ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 4 −2 10⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤
⎢1 ⎣⎢ 2 −2 3 4⎦⎥
a a⎥
=⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 0 bc − ad cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 ↔ R2
→ ⎢ 4 −3 1 1⎥
⎣⎢ ac ac ⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ b m⎤ ⎢⎣ 2 −2 3 4⎥⎦
⎢1 a
ac
bc − da
R2 → R2
a⎥ ⎡1 4 −2 10⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
→ 0 −19 9 −39⎥
⎢
R2 − 2 R3 → R3
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
−4 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ bc − ad ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎡ dm − bn ⎤ ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎢ 1 0 ad − bc ⎥
b
− R2 + R1 → R1
→ 0 0 −86 −172⎥
⎢
19 R3 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
a →⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 cm − an ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥⎦
⎢⎣ bc − ad ⎦⎥
1 ⎡ 1 4 −2 10⎤
⎛ dm − bn cm − an ⎞ − R2 ↔ R3
The solution is ⎜
⎝ ad − bc bc − ad ⎟⎠
, . ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 86 → ⎢ 0 1 −5 −7 ⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 0 1 2⎥⎦
b. (i) There is a unique solution if bc ≠ ad . w = 2, v − 5(2) = −7 ⇒ v = 3
(ii) There is no solution if bc = ad and u + 4(3) − 2(2) = 10 ⇒ u = 2
m n 2 = 2 x ⇒ x = 1; 3 = 3 y ⇒ y = 1
≠ . ln 2
b d 2 = 5 w ⇒ ln 2 = w ln 5 ⇒ w =
ln 5
(iii) There are infinitely many solutions if ⎧⎛ ln 2 ⎞ ⎫
m n The solution is ⎨ ⎜1, 1, ⎟⎬ .
bc = ad and = . ⎩⎝ ln 5 ⎠ ⎭
b d
94. Answers may vary. ⎧a (1) 3 + b(1) 2 + c(1) + d = 5
⎪
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎪a (−1) 3 + b(−1) 2 + c(−1) + d = 1
⎢ 0 1 0 0 ⎥ , ⎢ 0 1 0 0⎥ , ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ 97. ⎨ ⇒
⎪a (2) + b(2) + c(2) + d = 7
3 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 4 −8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1 1 −2⎥⎦ ⎪⎩a (−2) 3 + b(−2) 2 + c(−2) + d = 11
⎧ a+ b+ c+d =5
95. Using the hint suggested, we have ⎪ −a + b− c+ d =1
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤ ⎨ 8a + 4b + 2c + d = 7
⎢ 3 −1 3 10⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥ ⎩−8a + 4b − 2c + d = 11
⎢⎣5 5 −4 3⎥⎦ Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡1 1 1 6⎤
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 − 4 0 − 8⎥
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 −9 −27 ⎥⎦
1
− R2 → R2
⎡ 1 1 1 6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢ 0 1 0 2⎥ ⇒
1
− R3 → R3
⎢ ⎥ The equation is y = − x 3 + 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 .
9 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 3⎦⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢
⎡
⎢ 1
b ⎤ ⎡
a ⎥ ⎢
⎥=⎢
1
b ⎤
a ⎥
⎥
107. {2x − y = 5
x + 2 y = 25 (2)
(1)
108. { x − 3y = 1
2 x + y = −5 (2)
(1)
From equation (1) we have x = 3y + 1. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
2 (3 y + 1) + y = −5 ⇒ 6 y + 2 + y = −5 ⇒ 7 y = −7 ⇒ y = −1
Substitute y = −1 in equation (1) and solve for x.
x − 3 ( −1) = 1 ⇒ x + 3 = 1 ⇒ x = −2
Solution set: {(−2, −1)}
109.
{ x + 3y = 6
2x + 6 y = 8
(1)
(2)
Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two equations.
−2 x − 6 y = −12
2x + 6 y = 8
0 = −4 False
Solution set: ∅
110. {2 x − y = 3 (1)
6x − 3y = 9 (2)
From equation (1) we have y = 2x − 3. Substituting this expression in equation (2) gives
6 x − 3 (2 x − 3) = 9 ⇒ 6 x − 6 x + 9 = 9 ⇒ 0 = 0
The system is dependent and the solution set can be expressed as {(x, 2x − 3)}.
111. True 112. False
113. True. This is an example of the distributive property.
1.
⎡ 1
⎢x + y
⎣
2 x − y ⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤
5 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
2x − y = 1
{
⎥ = ⎢ 2 5⎥ ⇒ x + y = 2 ⇒ x = 1, y = 1
⎡ 2 −1 4⎤ ⎡ −8 2 9⎤ ⎡ −6 1 13⎤
2. ⎢ 5 0 9⎥ + ⎢ 7 3 6⎥ = ⎢ 12 3 15⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 41⎤
6. N = [S C M ] = [10 30 45] ; P = ⎢ 26⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 19⎦⎥
⎡ 41⎤
NP = [10 30 45] ⎢ 26⎥ = 10(41) + 30(26) + 45(19) = $2045 thousand
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 19⎥⎦
⎡ −2⎤
⎢ 0⎥
7. [3 −1 2 7 ] ⎢ ⎥ = [3(−2) − 1(0) + 2(1) + 7(5) ] = [31]
⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 5⎦
8. AB is not defined because A is a 2 × 2 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix.
⎡ 8 1⎤ ⎡ 8(5) + 1(2) 8(0) + 1(−1) ⎤ ⎡ 42 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 5 0⎤ ⎢
BA = −2 6 ⎢ = −2(5) + 6(2) −2(0) + 6(−1) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 2 −1⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(5) + 4(2) 0(0) + 4(−1) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 8 −4⎥⎦
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
10. AD = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥
⎣ 1 0.25 ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1(0) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(0) 1(4) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(1) 1(1) + 0.25(6) 1(0) + 0.25(6)⎦
⎡0 0 1 1 6 6⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 4 4.25 1.25 2.5 1.5⎦
1. Two m × n matrices A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ and B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ are equal if aij = bij for all i and j.
2. Let A = ⎡⎣ aij ⎤⎦ , B = ⎡⎣bij ⎤⎦ , and C = ⎡⎣cij ⎤⎦ . If A + B = C, then cij = aij + bij for all i and for all j.
4. If A is an m × n matrix and B is an n × p ⎡x + y 2 3 ⎤ ⎡ −1 2 3⎤
matrix, then AB is defined and is an m × p 14. ⎢ 2 x− y 4 ⎥ = 2 5 4⎥ ⇒
⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
matrix. ⎣⎢ 3 4 2 x + 3 y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 −5⎦⎥
5. False. It is possible that AB = BA, but not ⎧ x + y = −1 ⎡ 1 1 −1⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
necessarily true. ⎨ x − y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 1 − 1 5⎥
6. False. The matrices must have the same order. ⎩⎪2 x + 3 y = −5 ⎣⎢ 2 3 −5⎦⎥
⎡ 2 0 4⎤
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
→ ⎢ 0 2 −6⎥ ⇒ x = 2, y = −3
R1 − R2 → R2
7. ⎢ −3⎥ = ⎢u ⎥ ⇒ x = 2, u = −3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 2 3 −5⎥⎦
⎡ y⎤
⎢ − 2 ⎥ = ⎡ 4⎤ ⇒ − y = 4 ⇒ x = 3, y = −8 ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
8.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦ 15. a. A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ x⎦
2 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦
⎡ 2 x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1⎤ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤
b. A− B = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
9. ⎢ y −3⎥ = ⎢ 3 −3⎥ ⇒ x = −1, y = 3 ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 1 7⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡2 − x 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −3 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
10. ⎢ −2 3 + y ⎥ = ⎢ −2 −3⎥ ⇒ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ −9 −12⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
{ 2 − x = 3 ⇒ x = −1
3 + y = −3 ⇒ y = −6
⎡1 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦
⎡ −1 0 ⎤
− 2⎢
⎣ 2 −3⎦
⎥
⎡2 x − 3 y −4 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎡ 5 6 ⎤
⎢ 5 = ⇒ =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
3x + y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣5 7 ⎥⎦
11.
⎣ ⎣9 12⎦ ⎣ 4 −6⎦ ⎣5 18⎦
{ 2x − 3y = 1
3x + y = 7
⇒ x = 2, y = 1
e.
⎛ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ − 1 0 ⎤ ⎞
( A + B) 2 = ⎜ ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥
2
⎝ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡3x + y −17 ⎤ ⎢ − −17 ⎥ ⎛ ⎡ 0 2⎤ ⎞
2
⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
⎢ 19 = ⇒
2 ⎥⎦ ⎢
12. 2 = ⎜⎢
⎣ ⎥ ⎥ ⎟ = ⎢ 5 1⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 19 2 x + 3 y ⎦ ⎝⎣ 5 1⎦⎠ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎧⎪ 1 ⎡0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤
3x + y = − 1 =⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2 ⇒ x = − , y =1 ⎣ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎦
⎪⎩2 x + 3 y = 2 2
⎡10 2⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎡x − y 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 1 2⎤ ⎣ 5 11⎦
13. ⎢ 4 3x − 2 y 3 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 −1 3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤
⎢⎣ 5 6 5 x − 10 y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5 6 6⎥⎦ f. A2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4⎦
⎧ x − y = −1 ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4) ⎤ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢
⎨3x − 2 y = −1 ⇒ ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎥ ⎥=⎢ 22⎥⎦
⎪⎩5 x − 10 y = 6 ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4) ⎦ ⎣15
⎣⎢5 −10 6⎦⎥ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤
−5 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢0 −5 11⎦⎥ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦
⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 2⎥ ⇒ 0 = 21
5 R2 + R3 → R3 =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎣⎢0 0 21⎦⎥ ⎡ 7 10 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢
There is no solution. ⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎥⎦
⎡4 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
B = 1⎥
1 2
A+ B = ⎢ 3 ⎥+⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢
3 1
16. a. ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎢ 1
⎣ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎡ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎤
⎢ 1(1) + 0(2) 1(0) + 0 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤
⎡ 2 ⎤ =⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 1⎥
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎢ − 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
1
b. ⎢
A− B = 3 ⎥ −⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢
3
⎥ ⎢ 2(1) − 2 (2) 2(0) − 2 ⎜⎝ − 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2 ⎦ ⎢ −3
⎣ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎡ 17 7 ⎤
⎢ − 9 3 ⎥ ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎢ − 9 3 ⎥
⎡1 ⎤ A2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ 1⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎥ ⎡ −1 −3⎤ ⎢− ⎢1 ⎥
3 ⎥ ⎣ 4 ⎦ ⎢−
7 10 11⎥
−3 A = − 3 ⎢ 3 =
⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 −6⎥⎦
c.
⎢ ⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 ⎦⎥
⎣ − 1 2 ⎦
17. a. A + B is not defined.
⎡1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤
1⎥ b. A − B is not defined.
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 ⎢ 3 − 2⎢ 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ −6 −9⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎣ −4 5⎦ ⎣ 12 −15⎦
=⎢ − =
⎣ −3 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −7 7⎥⎦
d. 3 A − 2 B is not defined
e. ( A + B) 2 e. ( A + B ) 2 is not defined.
2
2 ⎛⎡ 4 ⎤⎞
⎛⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ ⎞
1 ⎜ ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎟ f. A 2 − B 2 is not defined.
= ⎜⎢ 3 ⎥+⎢ ⎥⎟ = ⎜⎢ ⎥⎟
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢2 − 1 ⎥ ⎟ ⎜ ⎢ 1 3⎥⎟ 18. a. A + B is not defined.
⎝ ⎣ −1 2 ⎦ ⎣ 2⎦ ⎠
⎝ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎠ b. A − B is not defined.
⎡4 ⎤ ⎡4 ⎤
⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ −3 −6 −9⎤
=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎣ −1 −3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 9 −12⎦
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
d. 3 A − 2 B is not defined
⎡ 4 ⎛4⎞ 4 ⎛ 3 ⎞⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 1(1) 3
(1) + 1 ⎜ ⎟ ⎥
⎝2⎠ e. ( A + B ) 2 is not defined.
=⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎛4⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞⎥
⎢1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ (1) 1(1) + ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ 2 ⎟⎠ ⎥ f. A 2 − B 2 is not defined.
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 25 17 ⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤
⎢9
=⎢
6⎥ 19. a. A + B = ⎢ −2 5 2 + 1 −4 2 ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 17 13 ⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 3⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 6 4 ⎥⎦ ⎡ 7 1 −1⎤
⎡1 ⎤⎡ 1 ⎤ = ⎢ −1 1 4⎥
1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
f. A2 = ⎢ 3 3 ⎣⎢ 2 1 4⎦⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2⎦ ⎣ −1 2⎦
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤
⎡ 1 ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 1(−1) 3 (1) + 1(2) ⎥ b. A − B = ⎢ −2 5 2 − 1 −4 2 ⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 1 3⎦⎥
⎢ ⎛1⎞ ⎥
⎢ −1 ⎜⎝ 3 ⎟⎠ + 2(−1) −1(1) + 2(2) ⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 −1⎤
⎣ ⎦
= ⎢ −3 9 0⎥
⎡ 8 7⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢− 9 3 ⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 −1 −2⎦⎥
=⎢ ⎥
⎢− 7 3 ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ −12 0 3⎤
c. ⎢ ⎥
−3 A = − 3 − 2 5 2 = ⎢ 6 −15 −6⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −3⎦⎥
⎡ 7 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 7 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 7(7) + 1(−1) − 1(2) 7(1) + 1(1) − 1(1) 7(−1) + 1(4) − 1(4) ⎤
e. ( A + B ) 2 = ⎢ −1 1 4⎥ ⎢ −1 1 4⎥ = ⎢ −1(7) + 1(−1) + 4(2) −1(1) + 1(1) + 4(1) −1(−1) + 1(4) + 4(4)⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(7) + 1(−1) + 4(2) 2(1) + 1(1) + 4(1) 2(−1) + 1(4) + 4(4) ⎥⎦
⎡ 46 7 −7 ⎤
=⎢ 0 4 21⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 7 18⎥⎦
⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 4(4) + 0(−2) − 1(0) 4(0) + 0(5) − 1(0) 4(−1) + 0(2) − 1(1) ⎤
f. A 2
= ⎢ − 2 5 2 ⎥ ⎢ − 2 5 2 ⎥ = ⎢ −2(4) + 5( − 2) + 2(0) − 2(0) + 5(5) + 2(0) − 2( −1) + 5(2) + 2(1) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0(4) + 0(−2) + 1(0) 0(0) + 0(5) + 1(0) 0(−1) + 0(2) + 1(1) ⎥⎦
⎡ 16 0 −5⎤
= ⎢ −18 25 14⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3(3) + 1(1) + 0(2) 3(1) + 1(−4) + 0(1) 3(0) + 1(2) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤
B 2 = ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ ⎢ 1 −4 2⎥ = ⎢1(3) − 4(1) + 2(2) 1(1) − 4(−4) + 2(1) 1(0) − 4(2) + 2(3)⎥ = ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(2) 2(1) + 1(−4) + 3(1) 2(0) + 1(2) + 3(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦
⎡ 16 0 −5⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 6 1 −7 ⎤
A − B = ⎢ −18 25 14⎥ − ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥ = ⎢ −21 6 16⎥
2 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢13 1 11⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −13 −1 −10⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4 ⎤
20. a. A + B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ + ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
b. A − B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 −1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 −3 4⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ −3 0 −6⎤
c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − 6 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −3 −9⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 0 6⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 4⎤ ⎡ −3 2 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 2 1 0 − 2 ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢6 3 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 2⎥ = ⎢ 6 −1 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 3 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 8 −2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −2 −5 11⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −3⎤
21. a. A + B = 3 4 5 + 1 −4 2 ⎥ = ⎢ 4 0 7 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ −2 1 −3⎤
b. ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
A − B = 3 4 5 − 1 −4 2 = 2 ⎥ ⎢ 8 3⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1 3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 −2 −3⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −3 −6 9⎤
c. −3 A = −3 3 4 5 = −9 −12 −15⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −6 3 0⎥⎦
⎡4 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 3 −3⎤ ⎡ 4(4) + 3(4) − 3(4) 4(3) + 3(0) − 3(0) 4(−3) + 3(7) − 3(3) ⎤
e. ( A + B) = ⎢ 4
2
0 7 ⎥ ⎢ 4 0 7 ⎥ = ⎢ 4(4) + 0(4) + 7(4) 4(3) + 0(0) + 7(0) 4(−3) + 0(7) + 7(3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4(4) + 0(4) + 3(4) 4(3) + 0(0) + 3(0) 4(−3) + 0(7) + 3(3) ⎥⎦
⎡ 16 12 0⎤
= ⎢ 44 12 9⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 28 12 −3⎥⎦
⎡1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 2(3) − 3(2) 1(2) + 2(4) − 3(−1) 1(−3) + 2(5) − 3(0) ⎤
f. A = ⎢3
2
4 5⎥ ⎢ 3 4 5⎥ = ⎢3(1) + 4(3) + 5(2) 3(2) + 4(4) + 5(−1) 3(−3) + 4(5) + 5(0) ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 −1 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2(1) − 1(3) + 0(2) 2(2) − 1(4) + 0(−1) 2(−3) − 1(5) + 0(0) ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 13 7⎤
= ⎢ 25 17 11⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ −1 0 −11⎦⎥
⎡3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 3 0⎤ ⎡ 3(3) + 1(1) + 0(2) 3(1) + 1(−4) + 0(1) 3(0) + 1(2) + 0(3)⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤
1
B = ⎢1
2 ⎥
−4 2 1 −4⎢ 2⎥ = ⎢1(3) − 4(1) + 2(2) 1(1) − 4(−4) + 2(1) 1(0) − 4(2) + 2(3)⎥ = ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2(3) + 1(1) + 3(2) 2(1) + 1(−4) + 3(1) 2(0) + 1(2) + 3(3)⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦
1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 1
⎡ 1 13 7 ⎤ ⎡10 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −9 14 5⎤
A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ 25 17 11⎥ − ⎢ 3 19 −2⎥ = ⎢ 22 −2 13⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −1 0 −11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣13 1 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −14 −1 −22⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 4 ⎤
22. a. A + B = ⎢ 2 1 0⎥ + ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ −3 0 −6⎤
b. A − B = 2 1 0 − 0 2 1 = 2 −1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ c. −3 A = − 3 ⎢ 2 1 0 ⎥ = ⎢ − 6 − 3 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 1 4 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −1 −3 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −3 −9⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 0 6⎤ ⎡ 6 −2 4⎤ ⎡ −3 2 2⎤
d. 3 A − 2 B = 3 2 1 0 − 2 ⎢0 2 1⎥ = ⎢6 3 0⎥ − ⎢ 0 4 2⎥ = ⎢ 6 −1 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 4 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 3 9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 8 −2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 −5 11⎥⎦
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎢ 1 −2 ⎥ +X =⎢ ⇒ 28. 3 X + 2 ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
4⎥⎦
23.
⎣ 4⎦ ⎣2 3 ⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ 4 6 −2 ⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0 ⎤
X =⎢ − 3X + ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 −4 8 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦
⎡ −4 −2 1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 6 −2⎤
=⎢ 3X = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 1 5 0⎥⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 −4 8 ⎦
⎡ 5 2 ⎤
⎡ −2 1 0 ⎤ ⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −6 −5 2 ⎤ ⎢ −2 − 3 3 ⎥
24. ⎢ 2 3 4⎥ + X =⎢
− 4⎥⎦
⇒ 3X = ⎢ ⎥⇒ X =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ 1 2
⎣ 0 7 −4 ⎦ ⎢0 − ⎥
7 4
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
X =⎢ −
⎣ 1 − 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 4⎥⎦
−1⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎡ 4 2 29. 2⎢ ⎥ + 3 ⎢ 2 3 4⎥ + 4 X = 0 ⇒
=⎢ −
0⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 2 4
⎣ −1 −5
⎡ 4 6 −2⎤ ⎡ −6 3 0 ⎤
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 2 −4 8 ⎥ + ⎢ 6 9 12⎥ = −4 X ⇒
2X − ⎢ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
25. ⎥=⎢ 4⎥⎦
⇒
⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 ⎡1 9 1⎤
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 9 −2 ⎤ ⎢2 −4 2⎥
2X = ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⇒ ⎢ 8 5 20 ⎥ = −4 X ⇒ X = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ 1 −2 4⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −2 − 5 − 5⎥
⎡ 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥
⎢0 2 − ⎥
⎡0 4 −1⎤ 2
2X = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ X = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
⎣ 3 1 8⎦ ⎢3 1 30. 3X − 2 ⎢ ⎥ + 5⎢ ⎥=0⇒
4⎥ ⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4⎦
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 4 6 −2⎤ ⎡ −10 5 0⎤
3X − ⎢ + =0⇒
⎡ −21 0⎤ ⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎣ 2 −4 8⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 10 15 20⎥⎦
2X − ⎢ = ⇒
3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎥⎦
26.
⎣2 ⎡ −14 −1 2 ⎤
⎡2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 8 19 12⎥ = −3 X ⇒
2X = ⎢ + ⇒ ⎣ ⎦
⎣1 −2 4 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 3 4⎥⎦ ⎡ 14 1 2⎤
⎢ 3 − ⎥
⎡ 1⎤ 3 3
⎢0 2 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=X
⎡0 4 −1⎤ ⎢− −4 ⎥
2 8 19
2X = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒X =⎢ ⎥ −
⎣3 1 8 ⎦ ⎢3 1 ⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
4 ⎥
3
⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡1(−2) + 2(3) 1(1) + 2(5) ⎤
⎡ 2 3 −1⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤
31. a. ⎢3 4⎥ ⎢ 3 5⎥ = ⎢3(−2) + 4(3) 3(1) + 4(5) ⎥
+ 3⎢ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
27. 2X ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 1 −2 4 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4 ⎦ =⎢
⎡ 4 11⎤
⎡6 9 −3⎤ ⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎥
+⎢ ⎣ 6 23⎦
2X ⎥=⎢ ⎥⇒
⎣ 3 −6 12 ⎦ ⎣ 2 3 4⎦
⎡ −2 1⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ −2(1) + 1(3) −2(2) + 1(4)⎤
⎡ −2 1 0⎤ ⎡6 9 −3⎤ b. ⎢ 3 5⎥ ⎢3 4⎥ = ⎢ 3(1) + 5(3) 3(2) + 5(4) ⎥
2X =⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎣ 2 3 4⎦ ⎣ 3 −6 12 ⎦
⎡ 1 0⎤
⎡ 3⎤ =⎢ ⎥
⎡ −8 −8 3 ⎤ ⎢ −4 −4 2 ⎥ ⎣18 26⎦
2X =⎢ ⎥⇒ X =⎢ 1 9 ⎥
⎣ −1 9 −8⎦ ⎢− −4⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 2⎤
⎡ 1 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1(3) + 3(1) − 2(0) 1(2) + 3(5) − 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 6 15⎤
b. ⎢ 2 5 0 ⎥ ⎢1 5⎥ = ⎢ 2(3) + 5(1) + 0(0) 2(2) + 5(5) + 0(1)⎥ = ⎢11 29⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 5⎤
⎡ 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2(1) − 1(−2) + 0(4) 2(5) − 1(3) + 0(0) ⎤ ⎡ 4 7⎤
33. a. ⎢ −3 1 2⎥ ⎢ −2 3⎥ = ⎢ −3(1) + 1(−2) + 2(4) −3(5) + 1(3) + 2(0) ⎥ = ⎢ 3 −12⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 4 0⎥⎦
⎡ 1⎤
35. a. [ 2 3 5] ⎢ −2⎥ = [ 2(1) + 3(−2) + 5(4)] = [16]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦
⎡ 1⎤
b. [ − 3 0 2 ] ⎢⎢ 2⎥⎥ = [ −3(1) + 0(2) + 2(−1)] = [ −5]
⎢⎣ −1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −1⎤
37. a. [1 2 3] ⎢ 0 3 1⎥ = [1(1) + 2(0) + 3(2) 1(2) + 2(3) + 3(0) 1(−1) + 2(1) + 3(−3)] = [7 8 −8]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 0 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 4 −6 2⎤
b. [ −2 0 1] ⎢ 2 3 0⎥ = [ −2(4) + 0(2) + 1(1) −2(−6) + 0(3) + 1(2) −2(2) + 0(0) + 1(−3)] = [−7 14 −7 ]
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2(3) + 0(−1) + 1(4) 2(1) + 0(2) + 1(5) 2(0) + 0(0) + 1(2)⎤ ⎡10 7 2⎤
39. a. ⎢ 1 4 2⎥ ⎢ −1 2 0⎥ = ⎢1(3) + 4(−1) + 2(4) 1(1) + 4(2) + 2(5) 1(0) + 4(0) + 2(2)⎥ = ⎢ 7 19 4⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 5 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3(3) − 1(−1) + 0(4) 3(1) − 1(2) + 0(5) 3(0) − 1(0) + 0(2)⎦⎥ ⎣⎢10 1 0⎦⎥
⎡3 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 5 0⎤ ⎡ 3(2) + 1(1) + 2(3) 3(5) + 1(2) + 2(0) 3(0) + 1(−1) + 2(2) ⎤ ⎡13 17 3⎤
41. AB = ⎢0 4 3⎥ ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢0(2) + 4(1) + 3(3) 0(5) + 4(2) + 3(0) 0(0) + 4(−1) + 3(2) ⎥ = ⎢13 8 2⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1(2) − 2(1) + 2(3) 1(5) − 2(2) + 2(0) 1(0) − 2(−1) + 2(2) ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 6 1 6⎥⎦
⎡ 2 5 0⎤ ⎡ 3 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2(3) + 5(0) + 0(1) 2(1) + 5(4) + 0(−2) 2(2) + 5(3) + 0(2) ⎤ ⎡ 6 22 19⎤
BA = ⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ ⎢0 4 3⎥ = ⎢ 1(3) + 2(0) − 1(1) 1(1) + 2(4) − 1(−2) 1(2) + 2(3) − 1(2) ⎥ = ⎢ 2 11 6⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3(3) + 0(0) + 2(1) 3(1) + 0(4) + 2(−2) 3(2) + 0(3) + 2(2) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣11 −1 10⎥⎦
So, AB ≠ BA.
⎡60⎤
49. [100 300 400] ⎢38⎥ = [100(60) + 300(38) + 400(17) ] = [ 24, 200]
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢17 ⎦⎥
The total cost is $24,200.
M L P
⎡ 20 2 20⎤ A
50.
[50 75 150] ⎢⎢ 15 3 25⎥⎥ B = [50(20) + 75(15) + 150(25) 50(2) + 75(3) + 150(1) 50(20) + 75(25) + 150(15)]
⎢⎣ 25 1 15⎥⎦ C
Materials Labor Profit
= [5875 475 5125]
Totals
⎡ 2,500, 000 1, 250, 000 100, 000⎤ ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎡ 2, 500, 000(1) + 1, 250, 000(1) + 100, 000(4) ⎤ ⎡ 4,150, 000 ⎤ Salary
c. ⎢ 1,500, 000 750, 000 150, 000⎥ ⎢ 1 ⎥ = ⎢ 1, 500, 000(1) + 750, 000(1) + 150, 000(4) ⎥ = ⎢ 2,850, 000⎥ Bonus
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 50, 000 25, 000 5000⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 50, 000(1) + 25, 000(1) + 5000(4) ⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 95, 000 ⎥⎦ Stock
52. M F C Cals Protein Cals Protein
⎡ 2400 55⎤
Browns ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎢ ⎡ 2(2400) + 3(1900) + 1(1800) 2(55) + 3(45) + 1(33)⎤ ⎡12, 300 278⎤
⎢ ⎥ 1900 45⎥ = ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
Newgards ⎣ 1 1 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 1(2400) + 1(1900) + 2(1800) 1(55) + 1(45) + 2(33)⎦ ⎣ 7900 166⎦
⎣⎢1800 33⎦⎥
For the Brown family, the total calorie requirement is 12,300 and the total protein requirement is 278. For the
Newgard family, the total calorie requirement is 7900, and the total protein requirement is 166.
53. ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡1(0) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(6) 1(0) + 0(6) ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) − 1(0) 0(4) − 1(0) 0(4) − 1(1) 0(1) − 1(1) 0(1) − 1(6) 0(0) − 1(6) ⎥⎦
⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0 0 −1 −1 −6 −6⎥⎦
54. ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0 ⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎦
⎡ −1(0) + 0(0) −1(4) + 0(0) −1(4) + 0(1) −1(1) + 0(1) −1(1) + 0(6) −1(0) + 0(6) ⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6) ⎥⎦
⎡ 0 − 4 − 4 − 1 − 1 0 ⎤
=⎢
⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
55. ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0 ⎤
AD = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.25 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎦
⎡ 1(0) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(0) 1(4) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(1) 1(1) + 0(6) 1(0) + 0(6)⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0.25(0) + 1(0) 0.25(4) + 1(0) 0.25(4) + 1(1) 0.25(1) + 1(1) 0.25(1) + 1(6) 0.25(0) + 1(6)⎦
⎡0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0 1 2 1.25 6.25 6⎥⎦
56. ⎡ 1 −0.25⎤ ⎡ 0 4 4 1 1 0⎤
AD = ⎢
⎣0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡1(0) − 0.25(0) 1(4) − 0.25(0) 1(4) − 0.25(1) 1(1) − 0.25(1) 1(1) − 0.25(6) 1(0) − 0.25(6)⎤
=⎢
⎣ 0(0) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(0) 0(4) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(1) 0(1) + 1(6) 0(0) + 1(6)⎥⎦
⎡ 0 4 3.75 0.75 −0.5 −1.5⎤
=⎢
⎣0 0 1 1 6 6⎥⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ −1 3 5⎤
58. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −3 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 3 5⎥⎦
⎡ 2(−1) − 3(1) − 5(−1) 2(3) − 3(−3) − 5(3) 2(5) − 3(−5) − 5(5)⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
= ⎢ −1(−1) + 4(1) + 5(−1) −1(3) + 4(−3) + 5(3) −1(5) + 4(−5) + 5(5)⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1(−1) − 3(1) − 4(−1) 1(3) − 3(−3) − 4(3) 1(5) − 3(−5) − 4(5)⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
So, AB = 0 does not imply A = 0 or B = 0.
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 0 2 ⎤
59. Answers will vary. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢ 2 −3⎥ . Then A + B = ⎢3 4⎥ + ⎢ 2 −3⎥ = ⎢ 5 1⎥
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 0 2 ⎤⎡ 0 2 ⎤ ⎡ 0(0) + 2(5) 0(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡ 10 2 ⎤
( A + B)2 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5 1⎥ = ⎢ 5(0) + 1(5) 5(2) + 1(1) ⎥ = ⎢ 5 11⎥
⎣ 5 1 ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1(1) + 2(3) 1(2) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 7 10⎤
A =⎢
2
⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣3(1) + 4(3) 3(2) + 4(4)⎦ ⎣15 22⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1(−1) + 2(2) 1(0) + 2(−3) ⎤ ⎡ 3 −6⎤ ⎡ 6 −12⎤
2 AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = 2⎢ ⎥ = 2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣3(−1) + 4(2) 3(0) + 4(−3) ⎦ ⎣5 −12⎦ ⎣10 −24⎦
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ −1(−1) + 0(2) −1(0) + 0(−3)⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
B2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 2(−1) − 3(2) 2(0) − 3(−3)⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦
⎡ 7 10⎤ ⎡ 6 −12⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡14 −2⎤
A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣15 22⎦ ⎣10 −24⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣17 7⎦
So, ( A + B) 2 ≠ A 2 + 2 AB + B 2 .
⎡ 7 10⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 6 10⎤
60. Using the matrices in exercise 59, we have A 2 − B 2 = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥.
⎣15 22⎦ ⎣ −8 9⎦ ⎣ 23 13⎦
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 2⎤
A− B = ⎢ ⎥ − ⎢ 2 −3⎥ = ⎢ 1 7 ⎥ A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −3⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦
⎡ 2 2⎤ ⎡0 2⎤ ⎡ 2(0) + 2(5) 2(2) + 2(1) ⎤ ⎡10 6⎤
( A − B)( A + B) = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 7 ⎦ ⎣ 5 1⎦ ⎣ 1(0) + 7(5) 1(2) + 7(1) ⎦ ⎣35 9⎦
So, A 2 − B 2 ≠ ( A − B)( A + B ).
61.
62.
⎡ x y⎤
63. Let B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z w⎦
⎧2 x + 3z = 1
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 x + 3 z 2 y + 3w⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎪ 2 y + 3w = 0
⎢ 1 2⎥ ⎢ z w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎢ x + 2 z + ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎨ x + 2 z = 0 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ y 2 w ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ y + 2w = 1
⎡ 2 0 3 0 1⎤ ⎡ 2 0 3 0 1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 0 2⎤
⎢ 0 2 0 3 0⎥ ⎢ 0 2 0 3 0⎥ 1
( R1 − 3 R3 ) → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 −3⎥
⎢ − ( R1 − 2 R3 ) → R3
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢ ⎥⇒
⎢ 1 0 2 0 0⎥ − ( R2 − 2 R4 ) → R4 ⎢ 0 0 1 0 −1⎥ 1 ( R2 − 3R4 ) → R2 ⎢0 0 1 0 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1 0 2 1⎦ ⎣ 0 0 0 1 2⎦ ⎣0 0 0 1 2⎦
⎡ 2 −3⎤
x = 2, y = −3, z = −1, w = 2 ⇒ B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ −1 2 ⎦
⎡ x y⎤
64. Let B = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ z w⎦
⎧x − 2z = 1
⎡ 1 −2⎤ ⎡ x y ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ x − 2z y − 2 w⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎪ y − 2 w = 0
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ −2 x + 4 z −2 y + 4 w⎥ = ⎢ 0 1⎥ ⇒ ⎨ −2 x + 4 z = 0 ⇒
⎣ −2 4⎦ ⎣ z w⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ −2 y + 4w = 1
⎡ 1 0 −2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −2 0 1⎤
⎢ 0 1 0 −2 0 ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 −2 0⎥
⎢ 2 R1 + R3 → R3
⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ There is no solution.
→
⎢ −2 0 4 0 0⎥ 2 R2 + R4 → R4 ⎢0 0 0 0 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 −2 0 4 1⎦ ⎣0 0 0 0 1⎦
⎡ 2⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎛ ⎡ 2 −1 3⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 8 −4 12⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤
65. − −
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 0 2⎥ ⎢ 2 −3 4⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
4 1 = ⇒ ⎜⎝ ⎢ 4 0 8⎥ ⎢ 2 −3 4⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎢ −1⎥ = ⎢ y ⎥ ⇒
−
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2⎤
⎡7 −6 13⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡7(2) − 6(−1) + 13(1) ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡33⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎢2 ⎥ −1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ x = 33, y = 5
⎣ 3 4⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2(2) + 3(−1) + 4(1) ⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎣ y ⎦
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎡ 3 2 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎡ 3x + 2 y − z ⎤ ⎡ 0⎤ ⎧3x + 2 y − z = 0
⎢ 4 9 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢7 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ 4 x + 9 y + 2 z ⎥ = ⎢7⎥ ⇒ ⎪4 x + 9 y + 2 z = 7 ⇒
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
66.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎣⎢ 5 0 −2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 x − 2 z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2⎦⎥ ⎪⎩5 x − 2z = 2
⎡ 3 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡3 2 −1 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 3 2 −1 0⎤
⎢ 4 9 2 7 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢ ⎥ (10 R2 +19 R3 )→ R3 ⎢
21⎥
−4 R1 + 3R2 → R2
→ 0 19 10 21 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 81
→ 0 19 10
⎢ ⎥ −5 R1 + 3 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 0 −2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −10 −1 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
1 ⎡ 3 2 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 0 4⎤ 1 R − 2 R → R ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
( R2 −10 R3 )→ R2 ⎢ ⎥ ( 1 2) 1 ⎢
→ ⎢ 0 1 0 −1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0 −1⎥
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19
→ 0 1 0 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3
→ 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 4⎥⎦
x = 2, y = −1, z = 4
⎡ 5 2⎤ ⎡3 6⎤
68. A+ B = ⎢ A− B = ⎢
⎣0 9⎥⎦ ⎣0 −1⎥⎦
( A + B ) + ( A − B ) = 2 A = ⎡⎢0 9⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ 0
5 2 3 6⎤ ⎡ 8 8⎤ ⎡ 4 4⎤
= ⇒ A= ⎢
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 8⎥⎦ ⎣ 0 4⎥⎦
−4⎤
( A + B ) − ( A − B ) = 2 B = ⎡⎢0 9⎤⎥ − ⎡⎢0
5 2 3 6⎤ ⎡ 2
= ⇒ B = ⎡ 1 −2 ⎤
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 5⎥⎦
Verify by computing A + B and A − B.
⎡ 6 −6 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤
69. 2A − B = ⎢ A+ B = ⎢
⎣ −4 2 1⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 − 4 ⎥⎦
(2 A − B ) + ( A + B ) = 3 A = ⎡⎢−64 −62 01⎤⎥ + ⎡⎢ −23 01 −43⎤⎥ = ⎡⎢ −96 −63 −33⎤⎥ ⇒ A = ⎡⎢ −23 −21 −11⎤⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤ ⎡ 3 0 3⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 0 2 2⎤
A+ B = ⎢ +B=⎢ ⇒ B−⎢ − =
⎣ −2 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎣ −2 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ −1 3 5⎤
70. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ −1 3 5⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( −1) + ( −3)(1) + ( −5)( −1) 2 (3) + (−3)(−3) + (−5)(3) 2 (5) + (−3)(−5) + (−5)(5)⎤ ⎡ 0 0 0⎤
= ⎢( −1)( −1) + 4 (1) + 5 ( −1) (−1)(3) + 4 (−3) + 5 (3) (−1)(5) + 4 (−5) + 5 (5) ⎥⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢⎣1(−1) + (−3)(1) + (−4)(−1) 1(3) + (−3)(−3) + (−4)(3) 1(5) + (−3)(−5) + (−4)(5) ⎥⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −1 3 5⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
BA = ⎢ 1 −3 −5⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ −1 3 5⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎤ ⎡0 0 0⎤
= ⎢1(2) + (−3)( −1) + ( −5)(1) 1(−3) + ( −3)( 4) + (−5)(−3) 1(5) + (−3)(−5) + (5)(−4)⎥ = ⎢ 0 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 0⎥⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤
71. AB = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ −1 3 4⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −3)(−1) + (−5)(1) 2 (−2) + ( −3)(3) + (−5)(−2) 2 (−4) + (−3)( 4) + (−5)(−3)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 4 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−2) + 4 (3) + 5 (−2) (−1)(−4) + 4 (4) + 5 (−3) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣⎢1(2) + ( −3)( −1) + ( −4)(1) 1( −2) + (−3)(3) + (−4)(−2) 1(−4) + (−3)(4) + (−4)(−3) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
= ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ = A
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
BA = ⎢ −1 3 4⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −2)(−1) + (−4)(1) 2 (−3) + (−2)( 4) + (−4)(−3) 2 (−5) + (−2)(5) + (−4)(−4)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 3 (−1) + 4 (1) (−1)(−3) + 3 (4) + 4 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 3 (5) + 4 (−4) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢⎣1(2) + (−2)( −1) + (−3)(1) 1( −3) + ( −2)(4) + (−3)(−3) 1(−5) + (−2)(5) + (−3)(−4) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −2 −4⎤
= ⎢ −1 3 4 ⎥ = B
⎢ 1 −2 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤ ⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
A 2 = ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ ⎢ −1 4 5⎥
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥ ⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 ( 2) + ( −3)(−1) + (−5)(1) 2 (−3) + (−3)(4) + (−5)(−3) 2 (−5) + (−3)(5) + (−5)(−4)⎤
= ⎢( −1)( 2) + 4 (−1) + 5 (1) (−1)(−3) + 4 (4) + 5 (−3) (−1)(−5) + 4 (5) + 5 (−4) ⎥⎥
⎢
⎣⎢1(2) + ( −3)( −1) + ( −4)(1) 1( −3) + ( −3)(4) + (−4)(−3) 1(−5) + (−3)(5) + (−4)(−4) ⎦⎥
⎡ 2 −3 −5⎤
= ⎢ −1 4 5⎥ = A
⎢ 1 −3 −4⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 4 −1 −4⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 −4⎤
73. A 2 = ⎢ 3 0 −4⎥ ⎢ 3 0 −4⎥
⎢ 3 −1 −3⎥ ⎢ 3 −1 −3⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
⎡ 4 ( 4) + ( −1)(3) + (−4)(3) 4 ( −1) + ( −1)(0) + (−4)(−1) 4 (−4) + (−1)(−4) + (−4)(−3)⎤
= ⎢3 (4) + 0 (3) + ( −4)(3) 3 ( −1) + 0 (0) + ( −4)(−1) 3 (−4) + 0 (−4) + (−4)(−3) ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣3 (4) + (−1)(3) + ( −3)(3) 3 ( −1) + ( −1)(0) + (−3)(−1) 3 (−4) + (−1)(−4) + (−3)(−3) ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ = I
⎢0 0 1⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 13 6 6⎤
⎢ 25 ⎥
⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.52 0.24 0.24⎤ ⎢ 25 25
⎥
P 2 = ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.48 0.28 0.24⎥ = ⎢
12 7 6⎥
76. a.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥
⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.48 0.24 0.28⎦⎥ ⎢ 12 6 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 25 25 ⎥⎦
⎡ 13 6 6⎤
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 12 7 6 ⎥ ⎡ 37 19 19 ⎤
XP 2 = ⎢ =
⎣3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 75 75 75 ⎥⎦
⎢ 12 6 7⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 25 25 25 ⎥⎦
⎡ 62 63 63 ⎤
⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎡0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡0.52 0.24 0.24⎤ ⎡ 0.496 0.252 0.252⎤ ⎢ ⎥
P 3 = P 2 P = ⎢0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎢ 0.48 0.28 0.24⎥ = ⎢ 0.504 0.252 0.244⎥ = ⎢
63 63 61 ⎥
b.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎣⎢0.6 0.1 0.3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.48 0.24 0.28⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0.504 0.244 0.252⎦⎥ ⎢ 63 61 63 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢125 250 250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 62 63 63 ⎤
⎢125 250 250 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 63 63 61 ⎥ ⎡ 188 187 187 ⎤
XP 3 = ⎢ =
⎣ 3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢125 250 250 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 375 750 750 ⎥⎦
⎢ 63 61 63 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣125 250 250 ⎥⎦
⎡ 313 156 156 ⎤
⎢ 625 ⎥
⎡0.496 0.252 0.252⎤ ⎡ 0.4 0.3 0.3⎤ ⎡ 0.5008 0.2496 0.2496⎤ ⎢ 625 625
⎥
P 4 = P 3 P = ⎢0.504 0.252 0.244⎥ ⎢ 0.6 0.3 0.1⎥ = ⎢ 0.4992 0.2512 0.2496⎥ = ⎢
312 157 156 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥
⎢⎣0.504 0.244 0.252⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.6 0.1 0.3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0.4992 0.2496 0.2512⎥⎦ ⎢
312 156 157 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 625 625 625 ⎥⎦
⎡ 313 156 156 ⎤
⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎢ 312 157 156 ⎥ ⎡ 937 469 469 ⎤
XP 4 = ⎢ =
⎣3 3 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥ ⎢⎣1875 1875 1875 ⎥⎦
⎢ 312 156 157 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 625 625 625 ⎥⎦
(continued on next page)
(continued)
−1 −1
85. { 3x + 5 y = 2
6 x + 10 y = 4
(1)
(2)
⎛1⎞ ⎛5⎞ 12 Multiply equation (1) by −2, then add the two
77. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =2 78. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =
2 12 5 equations.
−6 x − 10 y = −4
79. x −1 =
1
⇒ x=8 6 x + 10 y = 4
8 0=0
−1 The equations are dependent and the system
⎛ x⎞ 35
80. ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠ =7⇒ = 7 ⇒ 35 = 7 x ⇒ x = 5 has infinitely many solutions. Solve equation
35 x (1) for y in terms of x to find the general
solution.
1 7 11 5 6 18 3x + 5 y = 2 ⇒ 5 y = −3 x + 2 ⇒
81. x− = − x⇒ x= ⇒
4 12 12 4 4 12 3 2 2 − 3x
18 4 y=− x+ =
x = ⋅ =1 5 5 5
12 6 Thus, the solution set can be written as
2 3 4 2 2 2 3 ⎧ ⎛ 2 − 3x ⎞ ⎫
82. x− = x+ ⇒− x= + ⇒ ⎨ ⎜⎝ x, ⎟⎬ .
3 5 3 15 3 15 5 ⎩ 5 ⎠⎭
⎛ 11 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
{
2 11 11
− x= ⇒ x = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ = − −9 x + 2 y = 8
3 15 ⎝ 15 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 10 86.
(1)
5 x + 8 y = 32 (2)
2 3
83. = ⇒ 2 (4 x + 1) = 3 (4 x − 1) ⇒ Multiply equation (1) by −4, then add the
4x − 1 4x + 1 equations and solve for x.
5 36 x − 8 y = −32
8 x + 2 = 12 x − 3 ⇒ −4 x = −5 ⇒ x =
4 5 x + 8 y = 32
41x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
2 1
84. = ⇒ 2 ( x − 1) = x + 1 ⇒ Substitute x = 0 in equation (1) and solve for
x +1 x −1 y.
2x − 2 = x + 1 ⇒ x = 3
−9 ( 0 ) + 2 y = 8 ⇒ 2 y = 8 ⇒ y = 4
Solution set: {(0, 4)}
88.
{3x − 4 y = 13 (1)
2x + 5 y = 1 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 5 and equation (2) by 4, then add the equations and solve for x.
15 x − 20 y = 65
8 x + 20 y = 4
23x = 69 ⇒ x = 3
Substitute x = 3 in equation (2) and solve for y.
2 (3) + 5 y = 1 ⇒ 6 + 5 y = 1 ⇒ 5 y = −5 ⇒ y = −1
Solution set: {(3, −1)}
6.3 The Matrix Inverse
6.3 Practice Problems
⎡ 1 4 −2 1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡1 4 −2 1 0 0⎤
⎢ −1 1 2 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
3. [ ] ⎢
A | I = →
⎥ −3R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢
5 0
⎥
⎢⎣ 3 7 −6 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −5 0 −3 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 4 −2 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢0 1 1 0⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 5 0
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 0 −2 1 1⎥⎦
The inverse of A does not exist.
⎡ 1 2 3 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 2 3 1 0 0⎤
⎢
4. [ A | I ] = −2 3 ⎥ 2 R1 + R2 → R2
1 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢
→ 0 7 7 2 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ −4 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 4 5 −2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −3 −14 −4 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 4 2⎤
⎡1 2 3 1 0 0⎤ ⎢ 1 0 3 1 − 11 − 11⎥
(2 R2 + R3 )→ R2 ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
2 1⎥
1
R1 − 2 R2 → R1 ⎢0 1 0 0 2 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
11 → ⎢0 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
⎢ 11 11⎥ ⎛⎜ − 1 ⎞⎟ (3 R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢ 11 11⎥
⎢0 −3 −14 −4 0 1⎥ ⎝ 14 ⎠ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 7 77 11⎦
⎡ 1 19 1⎤ ⎡1 19 1⎤
⎢ 1 0 3 7 − 77 11⎥ ⎢ 7 − 77 11⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 0
1⎥
⇒ A −1 = ⎢ 0
R1 − 3R3 → R1 2 2 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ 11 11⎥ ⎢ 11 11⎥
⎢ 2 3 1 ⎥ ⎢ 2 3 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 7 77 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 77 11⎥⎦
5. a. ad − bc = (8)(1) − (2)(4) = 0
The inverse of matrix A does not exist.
b. ad − bc = (8)(1) − (−2)(3) = 14
Thus, matrix B is invertible.
⎡ 1 1⎤
−1 1 ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎢ 14 7 ⎥
B = ⎢ =⎢ ⎥
14 ⎣ −3 8⎥⎦ ⎢ 3 4 ⎥
−
⎢⎣ 14 7 ⎥⎦
⎧3x + 2 y + 3 z = 9 ⎡3 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
⎪
6. ⎨3x + y = 12 ⇒ AX = B ⇒ 3 1 0⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢12⎥ ⇒ X = A −1 B
⎢
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x + z= 6 ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢− 6 3 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
Using a graphing calculator, we find that A −1 = ⎢ 0 − ⎥.
1 3
⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ 1 1 1⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 6 3 2 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 2⎤ ⎡ 11⎤
⎢− 5 5 ⎥
5 ⎡ 9⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ − ⎥ ⎢12⎥ ⇒ X = ⎢ − ⎥
3 1 6 9
−
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢
1 2 3 1⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎧ ⎛ 11 9 1 ⎞⎫
Solution set: ⎨ ⎜ , − , ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 2 2 ⎠⎭
⎡110, 400 ⎤
−1 1 ⎡ 36 24 ⎤ ⎡ 800 ⎤ ⎢ 19 ⎥
7. Following the discussion given in Example 7, we have X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
19 ⎣16 36⎦ ⎣3400⎦ ⎢135, 200 ⎥
⎣⎢ 19 ⎦⎥
To meet the consumer demand for 800 units of energy and 3400 units of food, the energy produced must be
110, 400 135, 200
units and food production must be units.
19 19
8. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three (inserting two zeros at the right end), forming a 3 × 6 matrix:
J A C K I S N O W S A F E
[10 1 3] [11 0 9] [19 0 14] [15 23 0] [19 1 6] [5 0 0]
⎡10 11 19 15 19 5⎤
M = ⎢ 1 0 0 23 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 9 14 0 6 0⎥⎦
⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡1 2 3⎤ ⎡10 11 19 15 19 5⎤ ⎡ 21 38 61 61 39 5⎤
Let A = 1 3 3 . Then, AM = ⎢1 3 3⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 23 1 0⎥ = ⎢ 22 38 61 84 40 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢1 2 4⎦⎥ ⎢⎣1 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 9 14 0 6 0⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 24 47 75 61 45 5⎦⎥
The cryptogram is 21 22 24 38 38 47 61 61 75 61 84 61 39 40 45 5 5 5.
6.3 Basic Concepts and Skills ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎢ − ⎥
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ 5 5 ⎡1 0⎤
1. For n × n matrices A and B, if AB = I, then B AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢
1⎥⎦
9.
is called the inverse of A. ⎣ 1 4⎦ ⎢− 1 3 ⎥ ⎣0
⎢⎣ 10 10 ⎥⎦
2. An n × n matrix is invertible if there is a
⎡ 2 1⎤
matrix B such that AB = BA = I. ⎢ 5 − 5 ⎥ ⎡3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥ = ⇒
3. To find the inverse of an invertible matrix A,
⎢− 1 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 1 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
we transform [ A | I ] by a sequence of row ⎣⎢ 10 10 ⎦⎥
operations into [ I | B ] , where B = A −1.
B is the inverse of A.
⎡ 1 1⎤
⎡a b⎤ −
A=⎢ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0⎤
4. ⎥ is invertible if and only if AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢
1⎥⎦
10.
⎣c d⎦ ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎢ − 2 1 ⎥ ⎣0
ad − bc ≠ 0. ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1⎤
5. False. ⎢ − 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⇒
6. False. ad − bc = 8(8) − 16(4) = 0, so A is not
⎢ − 2 1 ⎥ ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎣0 1⎥⎦
invertible. ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
B is the inverse of A.
⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 3 −2⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ 1⎥⎦
7.
⎣1 3⎦ ⎣ −1 1⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎡ 2 1⎤
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 0⎤
⎡ 3 −2⎤ ⎡1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 1⎥ = ⎢0 1⎥⎦
11.
BA = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⇒ ⎣ − ⎦ ⎣
1⎥⎦
1 1 1
⎣ −1 1⎦ ⎣1 3⎦ ⎣ 0 ⎢⎣ 1 1⎥⎦
B is the inverse of A. ⎡ 2 1⎤ ⎡1 1 −1⎤
⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎢
⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 BA = ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ = 1 0⎥ ⇒
⎥ ⎣ −1 1 1⎦⎥ ⎢
0⎤ 0
⎢ ⎥
AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ =
3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
8. ⎢⎣ 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 1 0⎥⎦
⎣ 4 3⎦ ⎣ −4
⎡ 3 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ B is not the inverse of A.
BA = ⎢ = ⇒
⎣ −4 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 1⎥⎦
B is the inverse of A.
⎡ −2 1 3⎤ ⎛ ⎡ −2 6 4⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 5 −2 −1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
AB = ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 1 −3 2⎥ ⎟ BA = ⎜ ⎢ 2 0 2⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥
1 1
12.
⎢ ⎥ ⎜8 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜4 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 0⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎜⎝ ⎢ −3 2 −1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ −1 1 −1⎥⎦
⎣
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎛ ⎡ −2 6 4⎤ ⎞ ⎡ −2 1 3⎤
⎡ 1 −1 0⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎞
BA = ⎜ ⎢ 1 −3 2⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 0 −1 1⎥
1
AB = ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥ ⎜ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥ ⎟
1
⎜8 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥ 16.
⎜⎝ ⎢ 1 5 2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 1 2 0⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣ ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ −1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎡1 0 0⎤
⎡1 0 0⎤
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢0 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎞ ⎛ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 1 −1 0⎤
BA = ⎜ ⎢ −1 1 1⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 0 1 −1⎥
1
AB = ⎢ −8 −2⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎟
1
13.
⎢
6
⎥⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎜2 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢ −1 −1 1⎦⎥ ⎟⎠ ⎣⎢ 1 0 1⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ 3 1 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣
⎡1 3⎤ ⎡1 0 0⎤
−1 − ⎥
⎢2 = ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A.
⎢
2
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is not the inverse of A. ⎣⎢ 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
In exercises 17−26, the steps to find the
inverse may vary. Be sure to verify that
⎡2 3 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 1 −5 7 ⎤ ⎞
AA −1 = I .
AB = ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 7 1 − 5⎥ ⎟
1
14.
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 18 ⎢ ⎥⎟
⎣⎢ 3 1 2⎦⎥ ⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ −5 7 1⎦⎥ ⎠⎟ 1 ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎡ 2 0 1 0⎤ 2 R1 ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎡1 0 0⎤ 17. [ A | I ] = ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯ → 2
⎣ 1 3 0 1⎦ ⎢ ⎥
= ⎢0 1 0⎥ ⎣1 30 1⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 ⎤
R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢1 02
0⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 −5 7 ⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 −31
−1⎥
BA = ⎜ ⎢ 7 1 −5⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 1 2 3⎥
1
⎜ 18 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 2 ⎥⎦
⎝⎜ ⎣⎢ −5 7 1⎦⎥ ⎠⎟ ⎣⎢ 3 1 2⎦⎥ ⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0⎥
1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ − R2
2
⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
3
⎥⇒
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ ⇒ B is the inverse of A. ⎢0 1 − 1 1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0⎥
⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎛ ⎡ 5 −2 −1⎤ ⎞ A −1 = ⎢ ⎥
AB = ⎢ 1 2 3⎥ ⎜ ⎢ 2 0 2⎥ ⎟
1
15.
⎢ ⎥⎜4 ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢− 1 1⎥
⎢⎣ −1 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎜⎝ ⎢⎣ −3 2 −1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 6 3 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
= ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 4 3 1 0⎤ ⎡1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
18. [A | I] = ⎢1 ⎥
⎣ 0 0 1⎦ 21. [ A | I ] = ⎢0 2 3 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
R1 − 4 R2 → R2 ⎡4 3 1 0⎤ ⎣⎢0 1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
⎣0 3 1 −4⎦⎥ ⎡1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 0⎥
2 R3 − R2 → R3
1 ⎡4 3 1 0⎤ 2 3 0 1
R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯ 3 →⎢ 4⎥
⎢0 1
1
− ⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦ 1 ⎡ 1 6 4 1 0 0⎤
(−3 R3 + R2 )→ R2 ⎢
⎡4 0 0 −3⎥
4⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 0 0 2
R1 − 3R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ 1 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦ 0 1 −8
⎡1 0 10⎤
⎡ 1 0 0 1⎤ ⎢0 −3⎥
1 R1 − 4 R3 → R1
R1
4 →⎢ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
4⎥ ⇒
1 0 0 2
⎯⎯⎯ 1 R1 − 6 R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −8 10⎤
A −1 = ⎢ 1 4⎥ A = 0 2 −3⎥
−1 ⎢
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣3 3⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 4 1 0⎤ ⎡ 2 0 −1 1 0 0⎤
19. [ A | I ] = ⎢3 ⎥
⎣ 6 0 1⎦ 22. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 5 1 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
1
R1 → R1 ⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3 0 0 1⎥⎦
1 2 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯2 →⎢ 2 ⎡ 2 0 −1 3 0 −1⎤
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
R1 + 3 R3 → R1
⎣3 6 0 1 ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R2 − R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 ⎤ ⎢⎣ 0 1 3 3 0 1⎥⎦
−3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢1 2 2 0⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎡ −1 0 0 −3 1 −1⎤
⎢0 0 − 3 1 ⎥
→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
−3 R1 + R2 → R1
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 ⎢ ⎥
The inverse of A does not exist. ⎣⎢ 0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎡⎢6
9 6 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 5 0 −3 0 1 −1⎥
20. − R1 → R1
⎣ 4 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎣⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
R1 → R1 ⎢1 3 9 0⎥ 1 ⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→
9 − ( R2 − 5 R1 ) → R2
⎢ 2 1⎥
1
R2 → R2 ⎢1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢ 0 0 1 5 −2 2 ⎥
6 0 ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 3 6⎦ ⎣⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
⎢1 3 9 0⎥
→ ⎢0 1 3 0 0 1⎥
R1 − R2 → R2 R2 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
⎢0 0 1 − 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 5 −2 2⎦⎥
⎣ 9 6⎦
⎡1 0 0 3 −1 1⎤
The inverse of A does not exist.
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 −15 6 −5⎥ ⎢
R2 − 3R3 → R2
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 5 −2 2⎥⎦
⎡ 3 −1 1⎤
A −1 = ⎢ −15 6 −5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 −2 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 3 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 3 −3 4 1 0 0 ⎤
23. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 4 1 0 1 0⎥ 25. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 −3 4 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡2 3 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ → ⎢ 2 −3 4 0 1 0⎥
R2 − R1 → R3 R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1 0 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0 ⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ 0 3 −4 2 −3 0 ⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R1 2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −1 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 7 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0⎤
⎢0 − ( R2 + 4 R3 ) → R2
1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 −4 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 1 0 −1 1 0 −2 3
R3 − 7 R2 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 0 2 7 −7 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 0 0 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −1 0⎤
( R3 − 3R1 )→ R3 ⎢
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0
2 1 0 −1 1 0⎥ R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −2 3 −4 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 −5 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 −2 3 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 − 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 0 ⎤
A −1 = ⎢ −1 1 0⎥ A −1 = ⎢ −2 3 −4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ −2 3 −3⎥
⎣⎢ 2 −5 2⎦⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 1 5 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤
24. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 4 3 −5 0 1 0⎥ 26. [ A | I ] = ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 0 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 1 5 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 1 0⎥ → ⎢ −1 3 0⎥
4 R1 − R2 → R2 R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 25 4 −1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 0 1
1
( R1 − R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 ⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥
5 5⎦ ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
→ ⎢0 1⎥
R1 + R2 → R2
⎡1 1 0 0 0 1⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3 −1 1 1
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 − 5 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −1 −1 ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
R2 − 25 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥
→ ⎢0 2⎥
R2 + R3 → R2
5 5⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1 0 1 1
⎢ ⎥
⎡1 0 0 1 1 −4⎤ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −1 −1 ⎡1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 2⎥
2 R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ 1 1⎥ 0 1 1
⎢⎣0 0 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5 5⎦ ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎡ 1 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
−1 ⎢
A = −1 −1 5⎥ R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎣⎢0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 5 0 − 5 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 2 6⎤
A −1
= ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 5⎥⎦
33. {2 x + 3 y = −9 ⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −9⎤
x − 3 y = 13
⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −3⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 13 ⎦
⎣⎢ −1 1 2⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −3⎥
{ ⎡ 5 −4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5x − 4 y = 7
34. ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥
4x − 3y = 5 ⎣ 4 −3⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 5⎦ The solution is {(2, −3, 1)}.
⎧3x + 2 y + z = 8 ⎡ 3 2 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡8 ⎤ ⎧ x + 2 y + 5 z = −4
⎪
35. ⎨2 x + y + 3z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 2 1 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢7 ⎥ 44. ⎪2 x + 3 y + 8 z = −6 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
⎪⎩ x + 3 y + 2 z = 9 ⎢ 1 3 2⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢9 ⎥ 5
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪− x + y + 2 z = −
⎩ 2
⎧ x + 3y + z = 4 ⎡1 3 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎡ 1 2 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎪ ⎢ 2 3 8⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −6 ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
36. ⎨ x − 5 y + 2 z = 7 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −5 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 7 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + y − 4 z = −9 ⎢3 1 −4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −9⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 5 ⎥
⎣
⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦
37.
⎡ 1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤
⎢2
⎣
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥⇒
1⎦ ⎣ y ⎦ ⎣5⎦ 2 {
x − 2y = 0
x+ y=5 ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ −4 ⎤
⎡ 1⎤
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 12 −7 −2⎥ ⎢ −6 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 2 3⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ 0 ⎤ ⎧ 2 x1 + 3x2 = 0 ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 1 ⎥
38. ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒⎨ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −5 3 1⎦⎥ ⎢ 5 ⎥
⎣ 3 −1⎦ ⎣ x 2 ⎦ ⎣11⎦ ⎩3x1 − x2 = 11 ⎢⎣ − 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢− ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎫
⎡ 2 3 1⎤ ⎡ x1 ⎤ ⎡ −1⎤ ⎧2 x1 + 3x 2 + x3 = −1 The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , −1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎢ 5 7 −1⎥ ⎢ x ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥ ⇒ ⎪5 x + 7 x − x = 5 ⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨ 1
39.
⎢ 2 3
⎢⎣ 4 3 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ x3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5⎥⎦ ⎩⎪4 x1 + 3x 2 =5
⎡ 3 −2 3⎤ ⎡ r ⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎧3r − 2s + 3t = 4
⎢ 5 0 4⎥ ⎢ s ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥ ⇒ ⎪5r + 4t = 3
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨
40.
⎢
⎢⎣ 2 7 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ t ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −8⎥⎦ ⎩⎪ 2r + 7 s = −8
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 3 1⎥
45. a. [ A | I ] = ⎢1 2 3 0 1 0⎥ 1
( R2 − 4 R3 ) → R3 ⎢
−3 0 0
⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 8
9
−11 0 −1 3⎥
⎣⎢1 4 9 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎢ 4 1 5⎥
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 9⎦
→ ⎢0 1 2 −1 1 0⎥
R2 − R1 → R2 9 9
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯R3 − R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 4 1 2⎤
⎢⎣0 3 8 −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢1 3 0 − − ⎥
3 3 3
⎡ ⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 −1
R1 + 3R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 11
−
5
− ⎥
7
2 −1 0⎥ ⎢
0
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
1
( 2
R + 11 R3) → R 18 18 18 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ −1 ⎢ 5⎥
2
8
⎢0 1 2 1 0⎥ 4 1
1
( R3 − 3R2 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎢0 0 − − ⎥
3 1⎥
1
2
⎢0 0 1 1 − ⎥ ⎣⎢ 9 9 9 ⎥⎦
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢1 0 0 −
⎡
3 −
5 1⎤ 2 2 2⎥
⎢1 0 0 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥
11 5 7
→ ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − 3 R2 → R1
R1 + R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ −3 4 −1⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 −
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢0 1 0 ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎢ 3 1⎥ ⎢ 4 1 5⎥
⎢0 0 1 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎣ 9 9 9⎦
⎡ 5 1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢ 3 − 2 2⎥ ⎢− 2
⎢ ⎥ 2 2⎥
A −1 = ⎢ −3 4 −1⎥ ⎢ ⎥
11 5 7
⎢ A −1 = ⎢ − − ⎥
3 1⎥ ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥
⎢ 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 4
⎣ 2 2⎦ 1 5⎥
⎢ − − ⎥
⎣ 9 9 9⎦
⎧x + y + z = 6
⎪
b. ⎨ x + 2 y + 3z = 14 ⇒ AX = B ⇒ ⎧2 x + 4 y − z = 9
⎪⎩ x + 4 y + 9 z = 36 ⎪
b. ⎨3x + y + 2 z = 7 ⇒ AX = B ⇒
⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎪⎩ x + 3 y − 3z = 4
⎢1 2 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢14⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 2 4 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
⎢ 3 1 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 7⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒
⎣⎢1 4 9⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢36⎦⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ 5 1⎤ ⎣⎢ 1 3 −3⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥
3 −
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1⎤ ⎡ 1 1 1⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −3 ⎥⎢ ⎥
4 −1⎥ 14 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢− 2
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎡9 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎥
⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎢ 1 − 3 1 ⎥ ⎣⎢36⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3⎦⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11 − 5 − 7 ⎥ ⎢7 ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 18 18 18 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
4 1 5
⎢ − − ⎥
⎡ 2 4 −1 1 0 0⎤ ⎣ 9 9 9⎦
The solution is {(1,2,1)}.
46. a. [ A | I ] = ⎢ 3 1 2 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎤
→ ⎢3 1 2 0 0⎥
R1 ↔ R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 4 −1 1 0 0⎦⎥
⎡ 1 3 −3 0 0 1⎤
3 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 8 −11 0 −1 3⎥
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 2 −5 −1 0 2⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7 1 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢ −5 4 0 1⎥ [ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 1 −1 −3 0 1 0⎥
⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎣⎢ 2 3 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
5 R1 + 3R2 → R2 ⎡ 3 7 1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 1 2 1 0 0⎤
⎣ 0 47 5 3⎦ ⎢0 1 −1 0 ⎥
R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 5
1
R2 → R2 ⎡3 7 1 0⎤ R3 − 2 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
→⎢ ⎢⎣0 1 −3 −2 0 1⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 3⎥
47
5
⎢0 1 ⎥ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 47 47 ⎦ ⎢2 0 −1 1 1 0⎥
⎡ 4 7⎤ 2 R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 0 47 − 47 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 −1
1 2 5 1 0⎥
( R1 − 7 R2 ) → R1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ ( R2 − 2 R3 ) → R3
3
⎥ 11 ⎢ 5 1 2⎥
⎢0 1 5 3⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 47 47 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎡4 7⎤ ⎡ 8 5 1⎤
⎢1 0 0 − ⎥
−1
⎢ 47 − 47 ⎥ 1 ⎢
11 11 11
⎥
A =⎢ ⎥ ( R1 + R3 ) → R1 7 3 5⎥
⎢5 3⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 ⎢0 1 0 − −
⎢⎣ 47
1 ⎢ 11 11 11⎥
47 ⎥⎦ ( R2 − 5 R3 ) → R2
⎢ 2⎥
2
⎡4 7⎤ 5 1
− ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
−1 ⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ 47 47 ⎡11⎤ ⎡ −1⎤ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
X = A B⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ y⎦ ⎢ 5 3 ⎥ ⎢⎣13⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2⎥⎦ ⎡ 8 5 1⎤
⎢ 11 − ⎥
⎢⎣ 47 47 ⎥⎦ 11 11
⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(−1, 2)}. 7 3 5⎥
A −1 = ⎢ − −
⎢ 11 11⎥
{
11
x − 7y = 3 ⎡ 1 −7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ 5
⇒ = 1 2⎥
2 x + 3 y = 23 ⎢⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 23⎥⎦
48. ⎢ − − ⎥
⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎡ 1 −7 1 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢ 2 3 0 1⎥ X = A −1B ⇒
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 8 5 1⎤
1 ⎡ 1 −7 10⎤ ⎢ 11 − ⎥
( R2 − 2 R1 ) → R2 11 11 ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
→⎢ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 1⎥
17
⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢− 7 − 3 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−6 = −1
⎣ 17 17 ⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 11 11 11⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ 4⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
⎡ 3 7⎤ 5 1 2 ⎥⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢1 0 ⎢ − − ⎥
( R1 + 7 R2 ) → R1 17 17 ⎥ ⎣ 11 11 11⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →⎢ ⎥
⎢0 1 −
2 1⎥ The solution is {(2, −1, 3}}.
⎢⎣ 17 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7⎤
−1
⎢ 17 17 ⎥
A =⎢ ⎥
⎢− 2 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 17 17 ⎥⎦
⎡ 3 7⎤
⎡ x ⎤ ⎢ 17 17 ⎥ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡10⎤
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =
⎣ y ⎦ ⎢− 2 1 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 23⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 17 17 ⎦⎥
The solution is {(10, 1)}.
⎧ x+ y+ z =6 ⎡1 1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎧2 x + 2 y + 3x = 7 ⎡ 2 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤
⎪ ⎪
50. ⎨2 x − 3 y + 3 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 2 −3 3⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥ 51. ⎨5 x + 3 y + 5 z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 5 3 5⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 3⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x − 2 y − z = −4 ⎢ 3 −2 −1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ −4⎦⎥ ⎪⎩3x + 5 y + z = −5 ⎢ 3 5 1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ −5⎥
⎣ ⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 2 3 1 0 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 2 −3 3 0 1 0⎥
⎥ [ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 5 3 5 0 1 0⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 3 −2 −1 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 5 1 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 2 2 3 1 0 0⎤
→ ⎢ 0 4 5 5 −2 0 ⎥
5 R1 − 2 R2 → R2
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 −1 2 −1 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 3 R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 5 4 3 0 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −4 7 3 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢ −4 0 −1 3 −2 0⎥
1
( R3 − R2 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ R2 − 2 R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 → ⎢ 0 5 −1 2 −1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢ 0 4 5 5 −2 0⎥
( R2 + R3 )→ R3 ⎢
⎢ 1 1 1⎥ 12 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎣ 5 5 5⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 4 1 1⎤ ⎡ 11 13 1 ⎤
⎢1 1 0 5 − ⎢ 1 0 0 − 12
5 5⎥ 24 24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
− ( R1 + R3 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢
→ 0 1 0
11
−
4
−
1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
4 ⎢0 1 0 5
−
7 5⎥
1
( R2 + R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ 1
( R2 − 5 R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥
5 ⎢ 1 1 1⎥
4 ⎢ 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6 ⎤ ⎡ 11 13 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 − ⎢ − 12
5 25 25 ⎥ 24 24 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
R1 − R2 → R1 ⎢ 11 4 1⎥ −1 ⎢ 5 7 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 − − A = −
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 2 1 1⎥
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6⎤ X = A −1B ⇒
⎢ 5 − 25 25 ⎥ ⎡ 11 13 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − 12 ⎥
A −1 = ⎢
11 4 1⎥ 24 24
− − ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ − 5⎤
⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ y⎥ = ⎢ 5 − 7 5 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 = 1
1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 12 24 24 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ − ⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −5⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
⎣⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦ 2 1 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ − − ⎥
X = A −1B ⇒ ⎣ 3 6 6⎦
⎡ 9 1 6⎤ The solution is {(−5, 1, 5)}.
⎢ 5 − 25 25 ⎥
⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 11 − 4 − 1 ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 25 25 25 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ −4⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
1 1 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ − ⎥
⎢⎣ 5 5 5 ⎥⎦
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
⎧9 x + 7 y + 4 z = 12 ⎡ 9 7 4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡12⎤
⎪
52. ⎨6 x + 5 y + 4 z = 5 ⇒ ⎢ 6 5 4 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 5⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + z = 7
⎣⎢ 4 3 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 7 ⎦⎥
⎡9 7 4 1 0 0⎤ ⎡9 7 4 1 0 0⎤
[ A | I ] = ⎢⎢ 6 5 4 0 1 ⎥ 6 R1 − 9 R2 → R2
0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎥ 4 R1 − 9 R3 → R3 ⎢
→ 0 −3 −12 6 −9 0⎥
⎢
⎥
⎣⎢ 4 3 1 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 0 1 7 4 0 −9⎦⎥
⎡9 6 −3 −3 0 9⎤ ⎡9 6 0 3 −3 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 − R3 → R1 ⎢
⎯→ 0 −3 −12 6 −9 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎥ R1 + 3 R3 → R1
→ 0 1 0 −10 7 12⎥
⎢
( R2 + 3R3 )→ R3 ⎢ ⎥ − 1 ( R +12 R ) → R ⎢ ⎥
1
9 ⎢⎣0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ 3
2 3 2
⎢⎣0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦
1 ⎡1 0 0 7 −5 −8⎤
( R1 − 6 R2 ) → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 1 0 −10 7 12⎥
9 ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 −1 −3⎥⎦
⎡ 7 −5 − 8⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 7 −5 −8⎤ ⎡12⎤ ⎡ 3⎤
A = −10 7 12 ⇒ X = A B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −10 7 12⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ −1⎥
−1 ⎢ ⎥ −1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2⎥⎦
The solution is {(3, −1, −2 )}.
53. Let x = the amount invested in a treasury bill, y = the amount invested in bonds, and z = the amount invested
in a mutual fund. Then we have
⎧ x + y + z = 90, 000 ⎡ 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡90, 000⎤
⎪ ⎢0.03 0.07 −0.11⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 980⎥
⎨ 0.03 x + 0.07 y − 0.11z = 980 ⇒
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩0.03x + 0.07 y + 0.08 z = 5920 ⎢⎣0.03 0.07 0.08 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5920⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 0 0⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥ − 3 R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
[ A I ] = ⎢100 7
−
11
0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 → ⎢0 1 − 7 − 3 1 0⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ −
3
R +R → ⎢ 25 50 100 ⎥
100 3 3
⎢ 3 7 8 ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 3 ⎥
⎢⎣100 100 100 0 0 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 25 20 − 100 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 1 1 1 0 0 ⎥ ⎢1 1 1 1 0 0 ⎥
−
100
( R2 − R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 7 3 25 R2 → R2 7 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
19 → ⎢0 − − 1 0 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 − − 25 0 ⎥
⎢ 25 50 100 ⎥ ⎢ 2 4 ⎥
⎢ 100 100 ⎥ ⎢ 100 100 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 − 0 −
19 19 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 19 19 ⎥⎦
0 1 0
54. Let x = the selling price of a chicken sandwich, y = the selling price of a fish sandwich, and x = the selling
price of a ham sandwich. Then we have
⎧8 x + 11y + 6 z = 164 ⎡8 11 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡164⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ 7 x + 8 y + 7 z = 141 ⇒ ⎢7 8 7 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢141⎥
⎩⎪ 4 x + 6 y + 3 z = 86 ⎢⎣ 4 6 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 86 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
⎡8 11 6 1 0 0⎤ 7 ⎢ ⎥
− R1 + R2 → R2
⎢7 8 7 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
[ A I ] ⎢
= 8
⎥ − R +R →R
→ ⎢0 −
13 7
−
7
1 0⎥
1
⎢ 8 4 8 ⎥
⎢⎣ 4 6 3 0 0 1⎥⎦ 2 1 3 3
⎢ ⎥
1 1
⎢⎣0 0 − 0 1⎥
2 2 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
⎢8 11 6 1 0 0⎥
R2 ↔ R3
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 − 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 13 7 7
13 7
⎢⎣ 0 − 8 4 −
7
1 0⎥ ⎢⎣0 − 8 4 − 8 1 0⎥⎦
8 ⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢8 0 6 12 0 −22⎥ 4 ⎢8 0 6 12 0 −22⎥
−11R2 + R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ 7 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
13
→ ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥
R2 + R3 → R3
8 ⎢ 7 5 13 ⎥ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥
− ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − 7 7
⎢⎣ 0 0 4 ⎥⎦ 7 ⎥⎦
1
4 2
⎡ 144 24 232 ⎤ ⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤
⎢8 0 0 − − 1 0 0 − − ⎥
7 7 7 ⎥ 1R →R ⎢ 7 7 7
−6 R3 + R1 → R1 ⎢ ⎥ 8 1 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 −1 0 1 ⎥
⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤ ⎡ 18 3 29 ⎤
⎢ 7 − − ⎥ − − ⎥ 164
7 7 ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ 7 7 7 ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 5⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
A −1 = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ −1 0 1 ⎥ ⎢141⎥ = ⎢8⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ 10 4 13 ⎥ ⎢⎣ 86⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦
⎢⎣ − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ − 7 7 7 ⎥⎦
The chicken sandwich costs $5, the fish sandwich costs $8, and the ham sandwich costs $6.
⎧V − E + R = 2 ⎧ V −E +R=2 ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎪ ⎪
55. ⎨ 2 E = 3V ⇒ ⎨−3V + 2 E = 0 ⇒ ⎢ −3 2 0 ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩ 2 R = E − 1 ⎪⎩ − E + 2 R = −1 ⎢ 0 −1 2⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤
[ A I ] = ⎢⎢ −3 2 0 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 −1 3
⎥
⎥
3 R1 + R2 → R2
⎢
3 1 0⎥
⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −1 2 0 0 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢0 −1 2 0 0 1⎦⎥
⎡ 1 −1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡1 0 −2 −2 −1 0⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −3 ⎥ → ⎢0 1 −3 −3 −1 0⎥
− R2 → R2 R1 + R2 → R1
−3 −1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥ − ( R3 + R2 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 3 1 −1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 0 4 1 −2⎤
R1 + 2 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 6 2 −3⎥
R2 + 3R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 3 1 −1⎥⎦
(continued)
56. In order to answer (a) and (b), we must first determine the coefficients of the equation.
⎧1 ⎡1 ⎤
⎪ 2 a + v0 + h0 = 100 ⎢ 2
1 1⎥ x
⎡ ⎤ ⎡100⎤
⎪ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎨ 2a + 2v0 + h0 = 92 ⇒ ⎢ 2 2 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 92⎥
⎪9 ⎢9 ⎥ ⎣⎢ z ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 76⎦⎥
⎪⎩ 2 a + 3v0 + h0 = 76 ⎢⎣ 2 3 1⎥⎦
⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 2 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎡ 1 2 2 2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ 2 R1 → R1 ⎢
[ A I ] = ⎢ 2 2 1 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 2 2 1 0 1 0⎥
2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢9 ⎥ ⎢ 9 6 2 0 0 2⎦⎥
⎣
⎢⎣ 2 3 1 0 0 1 ⎥⎦
⎡1 2 2 2 0 0⎤ 1 ⎡ 1 2 2 2 0 0⎤
⎢ ⎥ (−6 R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢
1 0⎥
−2 R1 + R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 −2 −3 −4 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → 0 −2 −3 −4
−9 R1 + R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 −12 −16 −18 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 0 −4 6 −2⎤ ⎡1 0 0 1 −2 1⎤
−2 R3 + R1 → R1
⎢ 5 3 ⎥ −2 R2 + R1 → R1
⎢ 5 3⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 − 4 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 1 0 − 4 − ⎥
− (3 R3 + R2 ) → R2 ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
1 2 2
2
⎢⎣0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 3 −3 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 −2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 −2 1⎤
⎢ 5 ⎥ ⎡ x⎤ ⎢ ⎡100⎤ ⎡ −8⎤
3⎥
4 − ⎥ ⇒ X = A −1B ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ − 4 − ⎥ ⎢ 92⎥ = ⎢ 4⎥
3 5
A −1 = ⎢ −
⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −3 1⎥⎦ ⎣ 3 − 3 1⎥⎦ ⎣ 76⎦ ⎣100⎦
−1
⎡ 9 2⎤
−1
⎢ 10 − ⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.1 0.4⎤ ⎞ ⎡50⎤ −1 5
57. X = ⎜⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢30⎥ ; ( I − A) = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎝ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣0.5 0.2⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢− 4⎥
⎣⎢ 2 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 9 2 ⎤ ⎡9 2 ⎤ 13 2 ⎡ 117 18 9⎤
⎢ 10 − 1 0⎥ 1 R + 9 R → R ⎢10 − 5 1 0⎥ ⎢ 250 0
5 1 2 2 R1 + R2 → R1
25 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 10
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
25 5 →⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 4
0 1⎥ ⎢ 0 13 1 9 ⎥ ⎢ 0 13 1 9⎥
⎢⎣ 2 5 ⎥
⎦ ⎢
⎣ 25 2 10 ⎦ ⎥ ⎢
⎣ 25 2 10 ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 10 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 13 13 ⎥
250
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
117
25
→⎢ ⎥
13
R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 1
25 45 ⎥
⎢⎣ 26 26 ⎥⎦
⎡ 20 10 ⎤ ⎡ 20 10 ⎤
⎢ 13 13 ⎥ ⎢ 13 13 ⎥ ⎡50⎤ ⎡100⎤
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ −1
⎥ ⇒ X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 25 45 ⎥ ⎢ 25 45 ⎥ ⎣30⎦ ⎣100⎦
⎣⎢ 26 26 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 26 26 ⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 4 1⎤
−1
⎢ 5 − ⎥
⎛ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0.2 0.5⎤ ⎞ ⎡11⎤ −1 2
58. X = ⎜⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥ ⎢18⎥ ; ( I − A) = ⎢ 1 ⎥
⎝ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ 0.1 0.6⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢− 2⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡4 1 ⎤ ⎡ 27 8 2⎤
⎢ 5 − 1 0⎥ 1 R + 4 R → R ⎢5 − 2 1 0⎥ 27 R + 1 R → R ⎢ 0
2 1 2 2 1 2 1 125 25 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
10 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 2 →⎢ ⎥
⎢− 1 2
0 1 ⎥ ⎢ 0
27 1 4 ⎥ ⎢ 0 27 1 4⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 100 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 100 10 5 ⎦⎥
⎡ 40 50 ⎤
⎢ 1 0 27 27 ⎥
125
R1 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
27
100
→⎢ ⎥
27
R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 1 10 80 ⎥
⎣⎢ 27 27 ⎦⎥
⎡ 40 50 ⎤ ⎡ 40 50 ⎤ ⎡1340 ⎤
−1
⎢ 27 27 ⎥ −1
⎢ 27 27 ⎥ ⎡11⎤ ⎢ 27 ⎥
( I − A) =⎢ ⎥ ; X = ( I − A) D = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 10 80 ⎥ ⎢ 10 80 ⎥ ⎢⎣18⎥⎦ ⎢1550 ⎥
⎢⎣ 27 ⎥
27 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 27 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 27 ⎥⎦
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡0.2 0.2 0⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 400⎤
59. X = ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢ 0.1 0.1 0.3⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 600⎥
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ 0.1 0 0.2⎥⎦ ⎟⎠ ⎢⎣ 800⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦ ⎣
−1
⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡ 4 1 ⎤ ⎡4 1 ⎤
⎢ 5 −5 0⎥ ⎢ 5 −5 0 1 0 0⎥ ⎢5 − 5 0 1 0 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 R + 4 R →R ⎢ ⎥
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ − − ⎥ ⇒ ⎢− 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 0⎥
1 9 3 1 9 3 1 2 2 7 6 1 4
− 10 5 −
⎢ 10 10 10 ⎥ ⎢ 10 10 10 ⎥ 1 R1 + 4 R3 → R3 ⎢ 10 25 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 1 4⎥ ⎢ 1 4 ⎥ 10 5 ⎢ 1 16 1 4⎥
⎢− 0 ⎥ ⎢− 0 0 0 1⎥ ⎢0 − 0 ⎥
⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 10 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 50 25 10 5 ⎥⎦
(continued)
⎡4 1 ⎤
⎢5 − 5 0 1 0 0⎥
625 ⎛ 1 7 ⎞
⎜ R2 + R3 ⎠⎟ → R3
⎢ ⎥
→⎢0 0⎥
277 ⎝ 50 10 7 6 1 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ −
⎢ 10 25 10 5 ⎥
⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤
⎢ 4 −1 0 5 0 0⎥ ⎢ 1 0 0 277 277 277 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎢ ⎥
5 R1 → R1 ⎢ 0 1 0 55 320 120 ⎥ 4 ( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎢ 55 320 120 ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → 0 1 0 ⇒
10 ⎛ 6 ⎞ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥
⎜ R3 + R2 → R2 ⎟⎠
7 ⎝ 25 ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥ ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥
⎢0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ 277 277 277 ⎦ ⎢⎣ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦
⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤ ⎡ 360 80 30 ⎤ ⎡ 216, 000 ⎤
⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎡ 400⎤ ⎢ 277 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
120 ⎥ ⎢
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ 600⎥ = ⎢
120 ⎥
; X = ( I − A) −1 D = ⎢
55 320 55 320 310, 000 ⎥
⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 277 ⎥
⎢ 45 ⎢ 800⎥⎦ ⎢
10 350 ⎥ ⎢ 45 10 350 ⎥ ⎣ 304, 000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 277 277 277 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 277 277 277 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 277 ⎦⎥
−1
⎛ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 0.5 0.4 0.2⎤ ⎞ ⎡ 500⎤
60. X = ⎜ ⎢0 1 0⎥ − ⎢0.2 0.3 0.1⎥ ⎟ ⎢ 300⎥
⎜⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎟ ⎢ ⎥
⎜⎝ ⎢0 0 1⎥ ⎢ 0.1 0.1 0.3⎥ ⎟⎠
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 200⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 1 2 1⎤ ⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 − − ⎥ ⎢ 2 − 5 − 5 1 0 0⎥
5 5
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
1 7 1⎥ 1 7 1
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ − − ⇒⎢ − − 0 1 0⎥
⎢ 5 10 10 ⎥ ⎢ 5 10 10 ⎥
⎢ 1 1 7⎥ ⎢ 1 1 7 ⎥
⎢ − 10 −
10 ⎥⎦ ⎢ − 10 − 10 0 0 1⎥
⎣ 10 ⎣ 10 ⎦
⎡ 100 10 10 ⎤ ⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤
⎢ 5 −4 0 9 9 3⎥ ⎢1 0 0
27 27 9 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ( R1 + 4 R2 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥
R1 + 2 R3 → R1 25 55 5⎥ 5 25 55 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
100 ⎛ 9
→ ⎢0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 ⇒
⎞ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥
⎜⎝ R3 + R2 ⎟ → R2
⎠ ⎢ 5 5⎥ ⎢ 5 5⎥
27 100
5 5
⎢0 0 1 ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 ⎥
⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 9 3⎦
⎡ 1 2 1 ⎤ ⎡ ⎤
⎢2 − − 1 0 0⎥ −4 −2 10
5 5 ⎢5 0 0⎥
1 1
R1 + R2 → R2 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
27 9 1 1 10 R1 → R1 27 9 1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
5 2
→⎢0 − 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 − 0⎥
1 1
R + R → R3 ⎢ 100 100 5 2 ⎥ 10
(3 R3 + R2 ) → R3 ⎢ 100 100 5 2 ⎥
10 1 2 3 ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 5⎥
9
9 33 1 5 5
⎢0 − ⎥ ⎢⎣0 3 ⎥⎦
0 0 1
⎣ 100 100 10 2⎦ 9 9
⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤ ⎡ 80 50 10 ⎤ ⎡ 61, 000 ⎤
⎢ 27 27 9 ⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9 ⎡ 500⎤ ⎢ 27 ⎥
⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
5⎥ ⎢
300⎥ = ⎢
25 55 5⎥ 25 55 32, 000 ⎥
( I − A) −1 = ⎢ ; X = ( I − A) −1 D = ⎢
⎢ 27 27 9⎥ ⎢ 27 27 9⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 27 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 5 5 5⎥ ⎢ 5 5 5 ⎥ ⎣ 200⎦ ⎢ 7000 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 9 3⎦ ⎣ 9 ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
1 ⎡1 2 1 0⎤ ⎢ 1 0 − ⎥ ⎢ −
⎡ 1 2 1 0 ⎤ (2 R1 − R2 ) → R2
⎢ R1 − 2 R2 → R1 3⎥
1 ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢
3 3 3
b. A −1 = ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
3
2 ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1 0 1⎦ ⎢0 1 − ⎥ ⎢0 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 2 1⎥
⎣ 3 3⎦ − −
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
⎢ −
3 3 ⎥ ⎡ 5 42 55 24 22 33 42 17 15 ⎤
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 − 1 ⎥ ⎣7 42 50 21 32 21 39 28 30⎦
⎣ 3 3⎦
⎡3 14 15 6 14 3 12 13 15⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣1 14 20 9 4 15 15 2 0 ⎦
62. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of two, forming a 2 × 9 matrix:
⎡ 6 21 4 5 4 6 5 18 18 19 14 20 15 11⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤
M =⎢ ⎥ Let A = ⎢ 2 1⎥ Then,
⎣15 14 8 1 15 20 18 15 9 20 5 23 18 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 6 21 4 5 4 6 5 18 18 19 14 20 15 11⎤
AM = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥
⎣ 2 1⎦ ⎣15 14 8 1 15 20 18 15 9 20 5 23 18 0⎦
⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎦
The cryptogram is 36 27 49 56 20 16 7 11 34 23 46 32 41 28 48 51 36 45 59 58 24 33 66 63 51 48 11 22.
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎢− 3 3⎥
b. From exercise 61b, A =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 2 − 1⎥
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎢− 3 3 ⎥ ⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
M = A ( AM ) = ⎢ ⎥⎢
⎢ 2 − 1 ⎥ ⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎥⎦
⎣⎢ 3 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 36 49 20 7 34 46 41 48 36 59 24 66 51 11⎤
=⎢
⎣ 27 56 16 11 23 32 28 51 45 58 33 63 48 22⎥⎦
63. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three, forming a 3 × 6 matrix:
⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1⎤
M = 1 15 9 3 15 15 Let A = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ Then,
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤ ⎡ 21 63 35 26 52 19⎤
AM = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢ 1 15 9 3 15 15⎥ = ⎢19 64 38 25 55 32⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣32 69 43 37 53 17 ⎥⎦
The cryptogram is 21 39 32 63 64 69 35 38 43 26 25 37 52 55 53 19 32 17.
⎡ 2 1 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎡2 1 1 1 0 0⎤
b. −1 ⎢
A = 1 2 1 0 1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎥ R1 − 2 R2 → R2 ⎢ 0 −3 −1 1 −2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ R1 − 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 −1 −3 1 0 −2⎥⎦
⎡ 5 1 3⎤
⎡ ⎤ ⎢2 1 0 − ⎥
1 ⎢2 1 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎢
4 4 4
⎥
( R2 − 3R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥ 1 3 1
→ ⎢0 1 0 − − ⎥
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
8
⎢ 0 −3 −1 1 −2 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 1
− ( R3 + R2 ) → R2 ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 3⎥ ⎢ 3⎥
1 3
⎢ 0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢0 0 1 −
1 1
⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦ −
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 3 1 1 ⎤
⎢1 0 0 − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥
4 4 4 4 4 4
1
( R1 − R2 ) → R1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 3 1⎥ ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → 0 1 0 − − = − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 1 3 ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 − − ⎥ ⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦ ⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥
4 4 ⎡ 21 63 35 26 52 19⎤ ⎡ 3 14 6 4 12 2 ⎤
⎢ ⎥
1⎥ ⎢
19 64 38 25 55 32⎥ = ⎢ 1 15 9 3 15 15⎥
1 3
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎢32 69 43 37 53 17⎥⎦ ⎢⎣14 20 14 15 13 0 ⎥⎦
1 3⎥ ⎣
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
64. a. Associate each letter in the phrase with the number representing its position in the alphabet, and partition the
numbers into groups of three, forming a 3 × 9 matrix:
⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1⎤
M = 15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18 Let A = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ Then,
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 1 1 2⎦⎥
⎡ 2 1 1⎤ ⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤ ⎡ 48 40 15 56 46 57 72 53 59⎤
AM = ⎢ 1 2 1⎥ ⎢15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18⎥ = ⎢57 30 11 47 59 60 73 68 62⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 63 34 14 61 59 51 67 71 55⎥⎦
The cryptogram is 48 57 63 40 30 34 15 11 14 56 47 61 46 59 59 57 60 51 72 73 67 53 68 71 59 62 55.
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − − ⎥
4 4
⎢ ⎥
−1 ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
b. From exercise 59b, A = − −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢ 1 1 3⎥
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 − 4 − 4⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 48 40 15 56 46 57 72 53 59⎤
− ⎥ ⎢57 30 11 47 59 60 73 68 62⎥
1 3 1
M = A −1 ( AM ) = ⎢ −
⎢ 4 4 4⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 ⎢ 63 34 14 61 59 51 67 71 55⎥⎦
1 3⎥ ⎣
⎢− − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎡ 6 14 5 15 5 15 19 5 15⎤
= ⎢15 4 1 6 18 18 20 20 18⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 21 8 4 20 18 9 14 23 11⎥⎦
⎡ −2 1⎤ ( )
I = A −1 A = A −1 ( AB ) = A −1 A B = IB = B.
⎡ 1 2⎤ −1 1 ⎡ 4 −2⎤ ⎢ ⎥
A=⎢ ⎥ ⇒ = − =
2 ⎢⎣ −3 1⎥⎦ ⎢
70. A 3 1
⎣ 3 4⎦ − ⎥ ⎡ 2 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ −1
⎣ 2 2⎦ 74. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ and B = ⎢3 4⎥ . A does
⎣ 0 0 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ − 1 0 ⎤
B=⎢ ⎥⇒ ⎡ 2 0⎤
⎣ 3 − 2 ⎦ not exist (ad − bc = 0) . AB = ⎢ ⎥.
⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎣ 0 0⎦
1 ⎡ −2 0 ⎤ ⎢ ⎥ However, B ≠ I .
B −1 = ⎢ =
2 ⎣ −3 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ −
3 1
− ⎥
⎣ 2 2⎦
2
⎡ 3 4⎤ ⎡ 3 4⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡17 24⎤ ⎡18 24⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤
75. a. ⎢ 2 3⎥ − 6 ⎢ 2 3⎥ + ⎢0 1⎥ = ⎢12 17⎥ − ⎢12 18⎥ + ⎢ 0 1⎥ = ⎢ 0 0⎥
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
b. A 2 − 6 A + I = 0 ⇒ I = 6 A − A 2 ⇒ AA −1 = 6 A − A 2 ⇒ A −1 = 6 I − A
⎡ 6 0 ⎤ ⎡ 3 4 ⎤ ⎡ 3 −4 ⎤
A −1 = 6 I − A = ⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ 3⎥⎦
c.
⎣0 6⎦ ⎣ 2 3⎦ ⎣ −2
b. A3 − 6 A 2 + 9 A − 4 I = 0 ⇒ A3 − 6 A 2 + 9 A − 4 AA −1 = 0 ⇒ A 2 − 6 A + 9 I − 4 A −1 = 0 ⇒
1
4 A −1 = A 2 − 6 A + 9 I ⇒ A −1 = ( A 2 − 6 A + 9 I )
4
⎛ ⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ 2 ⎡ 2 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎞
c. −1
4
( )
1 ⎜⎢
A = A − 6 A + 9 I = ⎜ −1 2 −1 − 6 −1 2 −1 + 9 ⎢ 0 1 0⎥ ⎟
1 2
4 ⎢
⎥
⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎟
⎜ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
⎝
⎡ 3 1 1⎤
⎢ 4 4 − 4⎥
⎡ 3 1 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥
1⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 3 1⎥
= 1 3 1 =
4⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 4 4 4⎥
⎢⎣ −1 1 3⎥⎦ ⎢
1 1 3⎥
⎢− ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
−1
⎧ x− y − z − w = −4 ⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎪ x+ ⎢1 1 1 ⎥
−1 y⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
y+z−w=2 2
77. ⎨ ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
2x + y+z−w=3 ⎢2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢ 2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢ z ⎥
⎪
⎩ x− y + z − w = −2 ⎢ 1 −1 1 ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
−1⎦ ⎣ w⎦ ⎣ −2⎦
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎣ 1 −1 1 −1⎦ ⎣ −2⎦ ⎣ w⎦
Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡ 0 −1 1 0⎤
−1 ⎢
⎡ 1 −1 −1 −1⎤ 1 1⎥
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢ 2 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ 1 1⎥
⎢ 2 1 1 −1⎥ ⎢− 2 2⎥
0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −1 1 −1⎦
⎢− 1 − 3 1 0⎥
⎣⎢ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 0 −1 1 0⎤
⎢ 1 1 ⎥ ⎡ −4⎤ ⎡1 ⎤
⎢ 0 0 − ⎥
⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ 1 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢− 2 ⎢ 3⎥ ⎢1 ⎥
2⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
0 0
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −2⎦ ⎣ 2⎦
⎢− 1 − 3 1 0⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, 1, 2)}
−1
⎧x + y + z − w =1 ⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤
⎪x − y − z + w =1 ⎢1 −1 −1 1 y ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢1 −1 −1 1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
78. ⎨ ⇒⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
x − y + z + 3w = 1 ⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥
⎪
⎩ x + y + z + w = 3 ⎢⎣1 1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ w⎥⎦ ⎢⎣3⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 1⎦ ⎣3⎦ ⎣ w⎦
Using a graphing calculator, we have
⎡ 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ 1 1 ⎤
⎢ 2 0 0⎥ ⎢ 2 0 0⎥
−1 2 2
⎡1 1 1 −1⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1⎤ ⎡ 1⎤
⎢1 −1 −1 1⎥ ⎢− 1 0 −
1
1⎥ ⎢− 1 0 −
1
1⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ 2 2 ⎥ ⎢ 2 2 ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢1 −1 1 3⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥ ⎢ −1⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥ ⎢ − − ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣1 1 1 1⎦ ⎢ 2 2 2 2⎥ ⎢ 2 2 2 2 ⎥ ⎣3⎦ ⎣ 1⎦
⎢− 1
0 0
1 ⎥ ⎢− 1
0 0
1 ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, –1, 1)}
⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 8 10⎤
79. a. ABB −1 = AI = A ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 2 ⎦ ⎣ 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ 6 8⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ −1 7⎤
b. B −1BA = IA = A ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 0 2⎦ ⎣ −3 17⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤
c. B −1BAB −1 = IAB −1 = AB −1; AB −1 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣3 4⎦ ⎣1 2⎦ ⎣ 7 11⎦
⎧ a + 3b = 3
⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ a + 3b 2a + 4b ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎪ 2a + 4b = 5
⎢ c d ⎥ ⎢3 4⎥ = ⎢ 7 11⎥ ⇒ ⎢c + 3d 2c + 4d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 11⎥ ⇒ ⎨ c + 3d = 7 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩ 2c + 4d = 11
⎡ 3 1 ⎤
3 1 5 3 ⎢2 2⎥
a = ,b = ,c = ,d = ⇒ A = ⎢ ⎥
2 2 2 2 ⎢5 3⎥
⎢⎣ 2 2 ⎦⎥
⎡1 1⎤ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤
d. B −1 ABB −1 = B −1 AI = B −1 A ⇒ B −1 A = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣1 2⎦ ⎣3 4⎦ ⎣ 7 10⎦
⎧ a + 2c = 4
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ a b ⎤ ⎡ 4 6 ⎤ ⎡ a + 2c b + 2d ⎤ ⎡ 4 6⎤ ⎪b + 2d = 6
⎢3 4⎥ ⎢ c d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 10⎥ ⇒ ⎢3a + 4c 3b + 4d ⎥ = ⎢ 7 10⎥ ⇒ ⎨3a + 4c = 7 ⇒
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎪
⎩3b + 4d = 10
⎡ −2 0 1 0 ⎤
−1 ⎡ −1⎤
⎡1 0 2 0⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ a ⎤ ⎡1 0 2 0⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎢ 0 −2 0 1 ⎥⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎢0 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ b ⎥ ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⎢6⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ −2
⎢
1 0 2 b 6
⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ 3 0 −1 ⎥⎢6⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ ⇒
⎢5⎥
⎢7⎥ ⎢ 2
0 ⎥
⎢3 0 4 0⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢ 7 ⎥ ⎢ c ⎥ ⎢3 0 4 0⎥ ⎢7⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 2 ⎥
2
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ ⎥
⎣0 3 0 4⎦ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣10⎦ ⎣ d ⎦ ⎣0 3 0 4⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢0
10 3
0 − ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣⎢ 4 ⎥⎦
1 10
⎢⎣ 2 ⎥
2⎦
⎡ −1 −2⎤
A=⎢ 5 ⎥
⎢ 4⎥
⎣ 2 ⎦
{
6.3 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing
16 x − 9 y = −5 (1)
93.
81. a. True. A B = AAB = ABA = BAA = BA
2 2 10 x + 18 y = −11 (2)
Multiply equation (1) by 2, then add the
b. False. For example, if A = I and B = −I, then resulting equation and equation (2).
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡ −1 0⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤ 32 x − 18 y = −10
A+ B = ⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ , which
⎣0 1⎦ ⎣ 0 −1⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦ 10 x + 18 y = −11
is not invertible. 1
42 x = −21 ⇒ x = −
2
⎡ 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 0⎤
82. Let A = ⎢ ⎥ . Then A 2 = ⎢ ⎥. 1
⎣ 0 0⎦ ⎣ 0 0⎦ Substitute x = − in equation (2) and solve
2
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 −1⎤ for y.
I + A=⎢ ⎥+⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎛ 1⎞
10 ⎜ − ⎟ + 18 y = −11 ⇒ −5 + 18 y = −11 ⇒
⎡ 1 1⎤ ⎝ 2⎠
( I + A) −1 = ⎢ ⎥ 1
⎣0 1⎦ 18 y = −6 ⇒ y = −
⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎡0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 1⎤ 3
I − A=⎢ ⎥−⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥ ⎧⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎫
⎣ 0 1⎦ ⎣0 0⎦ ⎣0 1⎦ Solution set: ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬
⎩⎝ 2 3 ⎠⎭
83. True. A matrix has an inverse if and only if it
is square. 94. ⎧ x − y + 5 z = −6 (1)
⎪
6.3 Maintaining Skills ⎨3x + 3 y − z = 10 (2)
⎪⎩ x + 3 y + 2 z = 5 (3)
84. 1 85. 1 Write the augmented matrix.
86. −1 87. −1 ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎢3 3 −1 10⎥
⎢1 3 2 5⎥⎦
88. [ −1 4] ⎡⎢32⎤⎥ = ⎡⎣(−1) 2 + 4 (3)⎤⎦ = [10] ⎣
⎣ ⎦ Now use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve
the system.
⎡ −1⎤ ⎡−1(5) −1(0)⎤ ⎡ −5 0⎤
89. ⎢⎣ −3⎦⎥ [5 0] = ⎢ −3 (5) −3 (0)⎥ = ⎣⎢ −15 0⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎢3 3 −1 10⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢1 3 2 5⎥⎦
⎣
⎡7 1⎤ ⎡ 21 3⎤
90. 3 ⎢
⎣ 5 − 2 ⎥⎦ = ⎢⎣15 −6⎥⎦ −3R1 + R2 → R2
⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢ 0 6 −16 28⎥
− R3 + R1 → R3 ⎢ 0 −4
⎣ 3 −11⎥⎦
91. (−1) ⎡⎢−64 7⎤ ⎡ 6 −7 ⎤
=
−1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −4 1⎥⎦ ⎡ ⎤
⎣ 2
R2 + R3 → R3
⎢ 1 −1 5 −6⎥
In exercises 92−95, be sure to check the solution in ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3 → ⎢0 6 −16 28⎥
⎢ ⎥
the original equations. ⎢0 0 − 23 23 ⎥
{
⎢⎣ 3 3 ⎥⎦
2 x − 3 y = 16 (1)
92. 3
− R3 → R3 ⎡ 1 −1 5 −6⎤
x− y =7 (2)
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 23 → ⎢0 6 −16 28⎥
Solve equation (2) for x in terms of y. ⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
⎣
x=y+7
Substitute the expression for x in equation (1) (continued on next page)
and solve for y.
2 ( y + 7) − 3 y = 16 ⇒ 2 y + 14 − 3 y = 16 ⇒
− y = 2 ⇒ y = −2
(continued) ⎡ 3 −1 2⎤
M 11 = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
5 6
⎡1 −1 0 −1⎤ 2. a.
⎢ ⎥ 1 2
R1 − 5 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 2⎥ ⎣⎢ 7 1 2⎦⎥
(16 R3 + R2 )→ R3 ⎢⎣0 1 −1⎥⎦
1
6 0 = (5)(2) − 6(1) = 4
⎡1 0 0 1⎤ ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤
R1 + R1 → R1 3 −1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 0 2⎥
M 23 = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
1
⎢0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎥ 7 1
⎣ 0
⎢⎣7 1 2⎥⎦
Solution set: {(1, 2, −1)}
= 3(1) − (−1)(7) = 10
95. ⎧ 2 x − y + 2 z = 3 (1) ⎡ 3 −1 2 ⎤
⎪
⎨ + − =
= ⎢ 4 5 6⎥ =
2 x 2 y z 0 (2) 3 2
M 32
⎪⎩− x + 2 y + 2 z = −12 (3) ⎢ ⎥ 4 6
Write the augmented matrix. ⎣⎢7 1 2⎦⎥
= 3(6) − 2(4) = 10
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 2 2 −1 0⎥
⎢ −1 2 2 −12⎥ b. A11 = (−1)1+1 M 11 = 4
⎣ ⎦
Now use Gauss-Jordan elimination to solve A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = −10
the system. A32 = (−1) 3 + 2 M 32 = −10
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
⎢ 2 2 −1 0⎥ 3. Expand by the third row:
⎢ −1 2 2 −12⎥ 2 −3 7
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤ −2 −1 9
R2 − R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ 0 2 −9
R1 + 2 R3 → R3 ⎢ 0 3 6 −21⎥
⎣ ⎦ = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33
( R3 − R2 )→ R3 ⎡ 2 −1 2 3⎤
1
2 7 2 −3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
9 → ⎢ 0 3 −3 −3⎥ = 0 + 2(−1) 3 + 2 − 9(−1) 3 + 3
⎢0 0 −2 9 −2 −1
⎣ 1 −2⎥⎦
= 0 − 2(32) − 9(−8) = 8
⎡ 2 −1 0 7 ⎤
R1 − 2 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 0 −3⎥ 2 3 7 3
( R2 + 3R3 )→ R2 ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −2⎥⎦
1
4. D= = 3, D x = = 51
3 5 9 4 9
( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎡ 1 0 0 2⎤
1
2 7
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯2 → ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥ Dy = = −27
⎢ 0 0 1 −2 ⎥ 5 4
⎣ ⎦
D 51 D y −27
Solution set: {(2, −3, −2)} x= x = = 17; y = = = −9
D 3 D 3
6.4 Determinants and Cramer’s Rule The solution is {(17, −9)}.
1 1 c. A31 = (−1) 3 +1 M 31 = −2
−
2 3 ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞ 1
14. = ⎜− ⎟ ⎜− ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
1 1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 4 ⎠ 12
−
4 3
21. Expand by the third row: 28. Expand by the first row:
1 0 −1 1 0 2
0 2 2 = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 0 5 7 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
−1 0 0 3 1 0
0 −1 5 7 0 5
= −1(−1) 3+1 + 0 + 0 = −2 = 1(−1)1+1 + 0 + 2(−1)1+ 3
2 2 1 0 3 1
= −7 + 2(−15) = −37
22. Expand by the second column:
1 29. Expand by the first row:
2 0
2 3 4 1
1 0 2 = a12 A12 + a 22 A22 + a32 A32 = 0 1 4 3 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
4 0 −5 4 3 1
4 3 1 3
23. Expand by the third row: = 3(−1)1+1 + 4(−1)1+ 2
3 1 4 1
1 2 3
1 4
0 3 4 = a31 A31 + a32 A32 + a33 A33 + 1(−1)1+ 3
4 3
0 0 4
= 3(−5) − 4(−11) + 1(−13) = 16
1 2
= 0 + 0 + 4(−1) 3 + 3 = 12 30. Expand by the second row:
0 3
3 1 −2
24. Expand by the first column:
4 0 −4 = a 21 A21 + a22 A22 + a23 A23
2 3 4
2 −1 −3
0 −4 6 = a11 A11 + a 21 A21 + a31 A31
1 −2 3 1
0 0 −5 = 4(−1) 2 +1 + 0 − 4(−1) 2 + 3
−1 −3 2 −1
−4 6
= 2(−1)1+1 + 0 + 0 = 40 = −4(−5) + 0 + 4(−5) = 0
0 −5
31. Expand by the first row:
25. Expand by the first row:
0 1 6
1 0 0
1 0 4 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
2 0 0 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
8 3 1
3 4 5
1 4 1 0
0 0 = 0 + 1(−1)1+ 2 + 6(−1)1+ 3
= 1(−1)1+1 +0+0 = 0 8 1 8 3
4 5 = −1(−31) + 6(3) = 49
26. Expand by the first row: 32. Expand by the first row:
−1 0 0 0 2 3
3 2 0 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13 1 0 1 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
4 5 −3 3 2 0
2 0
= −1(−1)1+1 +0+0 = 6 = 0 + 2(−1)1+ 2
1 1
+ 3(−1)1+ 3
1 0
5 −3 3 0 3 2
27. Expand by the first row: = −2(−3) + 3(2) = 12
1 6 0
2 5 3 = a11 A11 + a12 A12 + a13 A13
3 4 0
5 3 2 3
= 1(−1)1+1 + 6(−1)1+ 2 +0
4 0 3 0
= −12 − 6(−9) = 42
3 1 1 3 0 4 3 0
44. D= = 0 ⇒ there is not a unique
6 2 48. D = 0 1 3 = 37, D x = 7 1 3 = 37
solution. 3 x + y = 2 ⇒ y = −3 x + 2. The 4 0 1 6 0 1
solution is {( x, −3x + 2)} . 1 4 0 1 3 4
D y = 0 7 3 = 37, D z = 0 1 7 = 74
⎧2 3
⎪⎪ x + =2 4 6 1 4 0 6
1 1 y
45. Let u = and v = . Then ⎨ ⇒ x=
37
= 1, y =
37
= 1, z =
74
=2
x y 5 8 31
⎪ + = 37 37 37
⎪⎩ x y 6 The solution is {(1, 1, 2)}.
⎧2u + 3v = 2
⎪ 2 3 1 1 −1 −3 1 −1
⎨5u + 8v = 31 ⇒ D = = 1,
⎪⎩ 6
5 8 49. D = 2 3 1 = −5, D x = 2 3 1 = −5
2 3 2 2 0 2 1 1 2 1
1 1
Du = 31 = , Dv = 31 = ⇒ 1 −3 −1 1 1 −3
8 2 5 3
6 6 D y = 2 2 1 = 5, D z = 2 3 2 = −15
1 1
u = , v = ⇒ x = 2, y = 3 0 1 1 0 2 1
2 3 −5 5 −15
The solution is {(2, 3)}. x= = 1, y = = −1, z = =3
−5 −5 −5
1 1 The solution is {(1, −1, 3)}.
46. Let u = and v = . Then
x y 3 1 1 10 1 1
⎧3 6 50. D = 1 1 −1 = −46, D x = 0 1 −1 = −92
⎪⎪ x −
{
=2
y 3u − 6v = 2
⎨4 ⇒ ⇒ 5 −9 0 1 −9 0
7 4u + 7v = −3
⎪ + = −3 3 10 1 3 1 10
⎪⎩ x y
D y = 1 0 −1 = −46, D z = 1 1 0 = −138
3 −6 2 −6
D= = 45, Du = = −4, 5 1 0 5 −9 1
4 7 −3 7 −92 −46 −138
3 2 4 17 x= = 2, y = = 1, z = =3
Dv = = −17 ⇒ u = − , v = − ⇒ −46 −46 −46
4 −3 45 45 The solution is {(2, 1, 3)}.
45 45
x=− ,y=− 1 1 1 3 1 1
4 17
⎧ ⎛ 45 45 ⎞ ⎫ 51. D = 2 −3 5 = 22, D x = 4 −3 5 = 22
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 4 17 ⎠ ⎭ 1 2 −4 −1 2 −4
1 3 1 1 1 3
1 −2 1 −1 −2 1
Dy = 2 4 5 = 22, D z = 2 −3 4 = 22
47. D= 3 1 −1 = 11, D x = 4 1 −1 = 11
1 −1 −4 1 2 −1
0 1 1 1 1 1
1 −1 1 1 −2 −1 x=
22
= 1, y =
22
= 1, z =
22
=1
Dy = 3 4 −1 = 11, D z = 3 1 4 =0 22 22 22
The solution is {(1, 1, 1)}.
0 1 1 0 1 1
11 11 0
x= = 1, y = = 1, z = = 0
11 11 11
The solution is {(1, 1, 0)}.
1 2 −1 3 2 −1 2 1 1 7 1 1
52. D = 3 −1 1 = −10, D x = 8 −1 1 = −30 56. D = 3 −1 −1 = 25, D x = −2 −1 −1 = 25
1 1 1 0 1 1 1 2 −3 −4 2 −3
1 3 −1 1 2 3 2 7 1 2 1 7
D y = 3 8 1 = 10, D z = 3 −1 8 = 20 D y = 3 −2 −1 = 50, D z = 3 −1 −2 = 75
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 −4 −3 1 2 −4
−30 25 50 75
x= = 3, y =
10
= −1, z =
20
= −2 x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
−10 −10 −10 25 25 25
The solution is {(3, −1, −2)}}. The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
6.4 Applying the Concepts
2 −3 5
53. D = 3 5 −2 = −38 1 2 1
1
1 2 −3 57. A= D = −3 4 1 = 11
2 4 6 1
11 −3 5
D x = 7 5 −2 = −38
3 1 1
−4 2 −3 1 1
58. A= D = 4 2 1 =
2 11 5 2 2
5 4 1
D y = 3 7 −2 = −76
1 −4 −3 −2 1 1
2 −3 11 1 21
59. A = D = −3 −5 1 = = 10.5
2 2
D z = 3 5 7 = −114 2 4 1
1 2 −4
−38 −76 −114 −1 2 1
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3 1
−38 −38 −38 60. A= D = 2 4 1=4
2
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}. 0 0 1
1 −3 0 1 −3 0 0 3 1
54. D = 2 −1 −4 = 14, D x = 2 −1 −4 = 62 61. −1 1 1 = 0 ⇒ the points are collinear.
0 1 2 4 1 2 2 7 1
1 1 0 1 −3 1
D y = 2 2 −4 = 16, D z = 2 −1 2 = 20 2 0 1
0 4 2 0 1 4 1
62. 1 1 = 0 ⇒ the points are collinear.
62 31 16 8 20 10 2
x= = ,y= = ,z = =
14 7 14 7 14 7 4 −1 1
⎧ ⎛ 31 8 10 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , ⎟ ⎬ . 0 −4 1
⎩⎝ 7 7 7 ⎠ ⎭
63. 3 −2 1 = −2 ⇒ the points are not collinear.
5 2 1 12 2 1 1 −4 1
55. D= 2 1 3 = −7, D x = 13 1 3 = −7
3 2 4 19 2 4 1
0 − 1
5 12 1 5 2 12 4
1
D y = 2 13 3 = −14, D z = 2 1 13 = −21 64. 1 −1 1 = − ⇒ the points are not collinear.
4
3 19 4 3 2 19 2 −2 1
−7 −14 −21
x= = 1, y = = 2, z = =3
−7 −7 −7
The solution is {(1, 2, 3)}.
x y 1
−1 1 −1 1 −1 −1
65. −1 −1 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ −4 x + 2 y − 2 = 0 ⇒ y = 2 x + 1
3 1 1 1 1 3
1 3 1
x y 1
4 1 0 1 0 4
66. 0 4 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 = 0 ⇒ 3 x + y − 4 = 0 ⇒ y = −3 x + 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
x y 1
1 1
1 1 0 1 0 2 1 2 1
67. 0 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 3 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 3 =0⇒ − x+ y− = 0⇒ y = x+
3 1 1 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
x y 1
1 1
1 − 1 1 1 1 − 1 2 1 2
68. 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ x(−1)1+1 3 + y (−1)1+ 2 + 1(−1)1+ 3 3 = 0⇒ − x+ y+ = 0⇒ y = x−
3 2 1 3 3 3 3
0 1 2 1
2 0 1
0 0
69. a. = 0(5) − 2(0) = 0
2 5
1 0
b. = 1(0) − 3(0) = 0
3 0
1 −2 −3
−2 −3 1 −3 1 −2
c. Expand by the second row: 0 0 0 = 0(−1) 2 +1 + 0(−1) 2 + 2 + 0(−1) 2 + 3 =0
4 −7 4 −7 4 4
4 4 −7
4 5 0
6 −7 4 5 4 5
d. Expand by the third column: 6 −7 0 = 0(−1)1+ 3 + 0(−1) 2 + 3 + 0(−1) 3 + 3 =0
8 15 8 15 6 −7
8 15 0
2 3 4 5
70. a. A= = −2, B = =2⇒ B =− A
4 5 2 3
−5 3 3 −5
b. A= = 14, B = = −14 ⇒ B = − A
2 −4 −4 2
1 3 5 1 3 5
c. A= 0 1 2 = 9, B = 3 −1 4 = −9 ⇒ B = − A
3 −1 4 0 1 2
2 3 5
3 5 2 5 2 5
71. a. Expand by the second row: −1 4 8 = −1(−1) 2 +1 + 4(−1) 2 + 2 + 8(−1) 2 + 3 =0
3 5 2 5 2 5
2 3 5
3 4 3
1 1 3 3 3 3
b. Expand by the second column: 1 2 1 = 4(−1)1+ 2 + 2(−1) 2 + 2 + 6(−1) 3 + 2 =0
−1 −1 −1 −1 1 1
−1 6 −1
−1 2 3 −1 2 3
72. a. B = 1⋅ 5 4 ⋅ 5 8 ⋅ 5 = 25; 5 A = 1 4 8 = 5(5) = 25 ⇒ B = 5 A
2 3 6 2 3 6
1 2 3 1 2 1
b. B = −1 5 6 = 45; 3 A = −1 5 2 = 3(15) = 45 ⇒ B = 3 A
0 2 9 0 2 3
2 −3 4 2 −3 4
73. −4 7 −8 = −14, 0 1 0 = −14
5 −1 3 5 −1 3
1 2 3 3 1 2 3 3
4 5 2 1 −R + R → R 4 5 2 1
74.(i) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 3 3
1 2 5 3 0 0 2 0
2 4 3 7 2 4 3 7
1 2 3 3
2 3 3 1 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
4 5 2 1
(ii) = 0(−1) 3 +1 5 2 1 + 0(−1) 3 + 2 4 2 1 + 2(−1) 3 + 3 4 5 1 + 0(−1) 3 + 4 4 5 2
0 0 2 0
4 3 7 2 3 7 2 4 7 2 4 3
2 4 3 7
1 2 3 3
1 2 3
4 5 2 1 3+ 3
(iii) = 0 + 0 + 2(−1) 4 5 1 + 0 = 2(−3) = −6
0 0 2 0
2 4 7
2 4 3 7
2 0 −3 4 0 −4 −3 −10
0 1 0 5 R − 2R → R 0 1 0 5
75. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 4
R −5R → R
1
5 0 −9 8 3 4 3 0 −10 −9 −27
1 2 0 7 1 2 0 7
Expand by column 1:
0 −4 −3 −10
−4 −3 −10
0 1 0 5 4 +1
= 0 + 0 + 0 + 1(−1) 1 0 5 = 21
0 −10 −9 −27
−10 −9 −27
1 2 0 7
−3 1 2 3 −3 1 2 3 −3 1 2 3
0 −2 4 7 3R − R → R 0 −2 4 7 2R + R → R −6 0 8 13
76. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 3 3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 2
4R + R → R
2
−9 3 5 2 0 0 1 7 1 4 4 0 0 1 7
2 −4 3 −12 2 −4 3 −12 −10 0 11 0
−3 1 2 3
−6 8 13
−6 0 8 13 3+ 3
Expand by column 2: = 1(−1) 0 1 7 = 32
0 0 1 7
−10 11 0
−10 0 11 0
5 7 1 2 5 7 1 2
6 8 9 3 −9 R + R → R −39 −55 0 −15
77. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1 2
−6 R + R → R
2
→
24 22 6 10 1 3 3 −6 −20 0 −2
−7 R1 + R4 → R4
21 17 7 10 −14 −32 0 −4
5 7 1 2
−39 −55 −15
−39 −55 0 −15 1+ 3
Expand by column 3: = 1(−1) −6 −20 −2 = 476
−6 −20 0 −2
−14 −32 −4
−14 −32 0 −4
1 2 3 0 1 2 3 0
2 −3 1 0 R −2R → R 0 −7 −5 0
78. ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 1
R +R →R
2
−1 −3 4 5 1 3 3 0 −1 7 5
R4 − R1 → R4
1 3 7 4 0 1 4 4
1 2 3 0
−7 −5 0
0 −7 −5 0 1+1
Expand by column 1: = 1(−1) −1 7 5 = −101
0 −1 7 5
1 4 4
0 1 4 4
3 2
79. = 0 ⇒ 3 x − 12 = 0 ⇒ x = 4
6 x
3 2
80. = 0 ⇒ 36 − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 18
x 12
x −2 1± 1− 8 1± i 7
81. = 0 ⇒ x2 − x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = =
1 x −1 2 2
2x + 7 4 1
82. = 0 ⇒ 2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 4)(2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −4 or x =
1 x 2
−4 2 1
1 −4 1 −4 2
87. 0 k 1 = 28 ⇒ 0 + k (−1) 2 + 2 + 1(−1) 2 + 3 = 56 ⇒ −2k − (−4k + 4) = 2k − 4 = 56 ⇒ k = 30
2 −2 1 −2 k
−2 k 1
2 3 1
1 3 1 2 1 2 3
88. 1 2 1 = 3 ⇒ −2(−1) 3 +1 + k (−1) 3 + 2 + 1(−1) 3 + 3 =6⇒
2 2 1 1 1 1 2
−2 k 1
−2(1) − k + 1 = −1 − k = 6 ⇒ k = −7
6.4 Critical Thinking/Discussion/Writing
⎧ 1 3
⎪⎪ x − 2 +
{
= 13
1 1 y +1 u + 3v = 13
89. Let u = and v = . Then ⎨ 4 ⇒ .
x−2 y +1 5 4u − 5v = 1
⎪ − =1
⎪⎩ x − 2 y +1
1 3 13 3 1 13
D= = −17, Du = = −68, Dv =
= −51
4 −5 1 −5 4 1
−68 −51
u= , v= =3
−14 −17
1 9 1 2
4= ⇒ 4x − 8 = 1 ⇒ x = ; 3 = ⇒ 3y + 3 = 1 ⇒ y = −
x−2 4 y +1 3
⎧⎛ 9 2 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 4 3 ⎠ ⎭
1 1 6 4 7 4
90. Let u = and v = . Then D= = −2, Du =
= −1
x +1 y −1 8 5 9 5
⎧ 6 4 6 7
⎪⎪ x + 1 +
{
=7 Dy = = −2
y −1 6u + 4v = 7 8 9
⎨ 8 ⇒
5 8u + 5v = 9 −1 1 −2
⎪ + =9 u= = ,v = =1
⎪⎩ x + 1 y −1 −2 2 −2
(continued on next page)
=
( ) = 4 log 2 = 4
2 log 2 2 If a = 2, then row 1 = 2 row 3, so there are
infinitely many solutions.
3log 2 3 log 2 3
If a = b = 3, then D = 0, but all rows are
different, so there is no solution.
The function is y = −5 x 2 .
( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −3, x = 1
The x-intercepts are −3 and 1.
101. The formula for the x-value of the vertex gives
e. To find the y-intercept, let x = 0 and solve
b
x=− = −3 ⇒ b = 6a for y.
2a
y = 2 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) − 6 = −6
2
Using (0, 10) gives
( )
10 = a 0 2 + b (0) + c ⇒ c = 10.
The y-intercept is −6.
⎧ x+ y− z =0 ⎡1 1 −1 0⎤ ⎧2 x + y + z = 7 ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
⎪ ⎪
13. ⎨2 x + y − 2 z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 2 1 −2 3⎥ 16. ⎨ x + 2 y + z = 3 ⇒ ⎢ 1 2 1 3⎥
⎪⎩3x − 2 y + 3 z = 9 ⎢ 3
⎢ ⎥ ⎪⎩ x + 2 y + 2 z = 6 ⎢⎣ 1 2 2 6⎥⎦
⎣ −2 3 9⎦⎥
⎡1 1 −1 0 ⎤ ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
2 R2 − R1 → R2 ⎢ 0 3 1 −1⎥
⎢0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
1 0 −3⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 2 R3 − R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
3 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎣ 0 3 3 5⎦
⎣⎢0 5 −6 −9⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 2 1 1 7⎤
( R3 − R2 ) → R3
⎡ 1 0 −1 3⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢ 0 3 1 −1⎥
⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 − R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎣ 0 0 1 3⎦
1
− ( R3 − 5 R2 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
6 ⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎡ 1 1 7⎤
⎢1 2 2 2⎥
⎡1 0 0 2⎤
⎢ 1⎥
1
R1 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 −3⎥
R1 + R3 → R1 1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎯⎯⎯⎯ 2 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1
R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 3⎥
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ 3 ⎢⎣0 0 1 3⎥⎦
The solution is {( 2, −3, −1)} . 1 1 4
z = 3; y + (3) = − ⇒ y = −
3 3 3
⎧ x − y + 2z = 1 ⎡ 1 −1 2 1⎤ 1 ⎛ 4⎞ 1 7 8
⎪
14. ⎨ x + 3 y − z = 6 ⇒ ⎢ 1 3 −1 6⎥ x + ⎜ − ⎟ + (3) = ⇒ x =
⎢ ⎥ 2 ⎝ 3⎠ 2 2 3
⎪⎩2 x + y − 3z = 1 ⎢ 2 1 −3 1⎥⎦
⎣ ⎧⎛ 8 4 ⎞ ⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , − ,3 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎡ 1 −1 2 1⎤ ⎩⎝ 3 3 ⎠ ⎭
1
( R2 − R1 ) → R2 ⎢ 3 5⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
4 → ⎢0 1 − ⎥
⎡ 1 −2 −2 1⎤
2 R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ 4 4⎥ ⎧ x − 2 y − 2 z = 11
⎪
⎢ 0 −3 1⎥⎦ 17. ⎨3x + 4 y − z = −2 ⇒ ⎢ 3 4 −1 −2⎥
⎣ 7 ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 5 y + 7 z = 7 ⎢⎣ 4 5 7 7 ⎥⎦
⎡ 5 9⎤
⎢1 0 4 4⎥ 1
( R2 − 3R1 ) → R2
⎡ 1 −2 −2 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5 ⎢ 0 2 1 −7 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 −
3 5⎥ R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
4
(3R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢ 4 4⎥ ⎣⎢0 13 15 −37 ⎦⎥
19 ⎢0 0 1⎥
⎢
1
⎥ ⎡ 1 0 −1 4⎤
→ ⎢0 2 1 −7 ⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎣ ⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 13
( R3 − R2 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
3 5
z = 1; y − (1) = ⇒ y = 2 17 2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦
4 4
5 9 ⎡1 0 0 5⎤
x + (1) = ⇒ x = 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 + R3 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 −4⎥
4 4 1 ⎢ ⎥
The solution is {(1, 2,1)} .
( R2 − R3 ) → R2
2 ⎢⎣0 0 1 1⎥⎦
The solution is {(5, −4,1)} .
⎧ x − 2 y + 3z = −2 ⎡ 1 −2 3 −2⎤
⎪
15. ⎨2 x − 3 y + z = 9 ⇒ ⎢ 2 −3 1 9⎥ ⎧ x − y − 9z = 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
⎢ ⎥ ⎪
⎩⎪3x − y + 2 z = 5 ⎢⎣ 3 −1 2 5⎥⎦ 18. ⎨3x + 2 y − z = 2 ⇒ ⎢3 2 −1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎡ 1 −2 3 −2 ⎤ ⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + 3z = 0 ⎢⎣ 4 3 3 0⎥⎦
R2 − 2 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 1 −5 13⎥ −1 −9
R3 − 3R1 → R3 ⎢
0
⎥ ⎡1 1⎤
⎢⎣0 5 −7 11⎥⎦
R2 − 3 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 26 −1⎥
R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
1
( R3 − 5 R2 ) → R3
⎡ 1 −2 3 −2 ⎤ ⎢⎣0 7 39 −4⎥⎦
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
18 ⎢
→ 0 1 −5 13⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
(5 R3 − 7 R2 ) → R3
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 −3⎥⎦ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0
13 5 26 −1⎥
z = −3; y − 5(−3) = 13 ⇒ y = −2 ⎢ ⎥
x − 2(−2) + 3(−3) = −2 ⇒ x = 3 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
The solution is {(3, −2, −3)}.
(continued on next page)
(continued) ⎡ 1 −1 0 − 8⎤
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + 9 R3 → R1
⎡ 1 −1 −8⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
0 1
( R2 − 26 R3 ) → R2
⎢ ⎥
R1 + 9 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → ⎢0 1 0 5⎥ 5 ⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
1 ⎢ ⎥
5
( R2 − 26 R3 ) → R2
⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ ⎡1 0 0 −3⎤
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎡1 0 −3⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0
0 ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢0 1 5⎥
R1 + R2 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ 0 ⎣⎢ 0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 −1⎥⎦ The solution is {(−3, 5, −1)}.
{
The solution is {(−3,5, −1)}. ⎡x − y 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0⎤ x− y =1
21. ⎢ 1 ⎥ =⎢ ⎥ ⇒ ⇒
⎣ x + y ⎦ ⎣1 3⎦ x+ y =3
⎧2 x − y + 3z = 4 ⎡ 2 −1 3 4⎤
⎪ ⎢ 1 3 3 −2⎥ 2 x = 4 ⇒ x = 2, y = 1
19. ⎨ x + 3 y + 3z = −2 ⇒
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + 2 y − 6 z = 6 ⎢⎣ 3 2 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎡2 x + 3 y −1 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −1 −2⎤
⎡ 1 3 3 −2⎤ 22. ⎢ 0 1 x − y ⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 −3⎥ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
→ ⎢ 2 −1 3 4⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯ ⎢⎣ 2 3x + 4 y 5 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 5 5⎥⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 2 −6 6⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 3 4⎤
⎧2 x + 3 y = 4
⎪ ⎢ ⎥
⎡1 3 3 −2 ⎤ ⎨ x − y = −3 ⇒ ⎢ 1 −1 −3⎥
2 R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢ 3 −8⎥ ⎪⎩3x + 4 y = 5
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
R3 − 3R1 → R3 ⎢
0 7
⎥ ⎣⎢ 3 4 5⎥⎦
⎣⎢0 −7 −15 12⎦⎥ ⎡ 1 −1 −3⎤
→ ⎢ 2 3 4⎥
R1 ↔ R2
⎡ ⎤ ⎯⎯⎯⎯
⎢ ⎥
1 ⎢1 3 3 −2⎥ ⎢⎣ 3 4 5⎥⎦
− ( R2 + R3 ) → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
12 → 0⎢ 7 3 − 8⎥ −1 −3⎤
1 ⎡1
⎢ 1⎥ ( R2 − 2 R1 ) → R2
⎢0
⎢0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
1 2⎥
⎣ 3⎦
1
( R3 − 3 R1 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
7 ⎢⎣ 0 1 2⎥⎦
⎡1 3 0 −1⎤
⎢0 1 ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤
−1⎥
R1 − 3 R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ 0 R1 + R2 → R1 ⎢ 0 1 2⎥ ⇒
1 ⎢ ⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
7
( R2 − 3R3 ) → R2
⎢ 1⎥
R2 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 − ⎥ ⎢⎣ 0 0 0⎥⎦
3⎦ x = −1, y = 2
⎡1 0 0 2⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 −1⎥ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 −1⎤
R1 − 3 R2 → R1
0
⎢ ⎥ 23. a. ⎢ −3 4⎥ + ⎢ −5 6⎥ = ⎢ −8 10⎥
⎢ 1⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 0 1 − ⎥
3⎦ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −1 5⎤
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ 2, −1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
b. ⎢ −3 4⎥ − ⎢ −5 6⎥ = ⎢ 2 −2⎥
⎝ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎩ 3 ⎠⎭
⎡ 1 2 ⎤ ⎡ 2 4⎤
⎧ x − y − 9z = 1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤ c. 2⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎪
20. ⎨3x + 2 y − z = 2 ⇒ ⎢3 2 −1 2⎥ ⎣ − 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ − 6 8⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y + 3 z = 0 ⎢⎣ 4 3 3 0⎥⎦ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ −6 9⎤
d. −3 ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤ ⎣ −5 6⎦ ⎣ 15 −18⎦
R2 − 3 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 5 26 −1⎥
R3 − 4 R1 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤
⎢⎣0 7 39 −4⎥⎦ e. 2⎢ ⎥ − 3 ⎢ −5 6 ⎥
⎣ − 3 4 ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
1 ⎡1 −1 −9 1⎤
(5 R3 − 7 R2 ) → R3 ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎡ 6 −9 ⎤ ⎡ −4 13⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0
13 5 26 −1⎥ =⎢ ⎥ −⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎣ −6 8⎦ ⎣ −15 18⎦ ⎣ 9 −10⎦
⎣⎢0 0 1 −1⎥⎦
⎡ 2 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 0 1 −1⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤
b. ⎢ 1 2 2⎥ − ⎢ 1 −1 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 3 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 0 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 2⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2⎤ ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎡ 3 6 ⎤ ⎡ 4 −6 ⎤ ⎡ 7 0⎤
25. 3 A + 2 B − 3 X = 0 ⇒ 3 ⎢ ⎥ + 2⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ +⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒ ⎢ ⎥ = 3X ⇒
⎣ −3 4 ⎦ ⎣ −5 6 ⎦ ⎣ −9 12⎦ ⎣ −10 12⎦ ⎣ −19 24⎦
⎡ 7 ⎤
⎢ 3 0⎥
X =⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 19 8⎥
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
⎡ 0 1 2⎤ ⎢
AB = ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 0(1) + 1(3) + 2(0) 0(2) + 1(−1) + 2(4)⎤ ⎡ 3 7 ⎤
28. a.
− ⎥ ⎢ 3 −1⎥ = ⎢ −1(1) + 0(3) + 1(0) −1(2) + 0(−1) + 1(4)⎥ = ⎢ −1 2⎥
⎣ 1 0 1⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎢⎣0 4⎥⎦
⎡ 2⎤
29. a. AB = [1 2 −1] ⎢ 3⎥ = [1(2) + 2(3) − 1(1)] = [7 ]
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 1⎦⎥
⎡ 3⎤
−1 −1
⎡ 5 3⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 −3⎤ ⎢ 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ = = ⎢ ⎥ 1 ⎡ 3 −4⎤ ⎡ 3 −4⎤
10 − 12 ⎣⎢ −4 5⎦⎥ ⎢ A −1 = =
9 − 8 ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦
⎣ 4 2⎦ 36. a.
− ⎥
5
2
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ −1
⎢ −1 −1 ⎛ ⎡ 3 4⎤ 2 ⎞ −1
A=⎢
2 ⎥ ⎡ 1 0⎤ ⎢
⎥⎢ ⎥ =⎢
2⎥
⎥ b. (A ) 2 −1
= ⎜⎢ ⎟
⎜⎝ ⎣ 2 3⎥⎦ ⎟⎠
=
⎡17 24⎤
⎢12 17⎥
⎣ ⎦
⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥ ⎣0 1⎦ ⎢ 2 − 5 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ 1 ⎡ 17 −24 ⎤
= 2 ⎢ ⎥
17 − 12 ( 24) ⎣ −12 17 ⎦
⎡ 17 −24⎤
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −12 17 ⎦
So ( A −1 ) is the inverse of A 2 .
2
For exercises 37–40, we show that AB = I. You should also show that BA = I in order to show that B is the inverse
of A.
⎡ 7 6 ⎤ ⎡ −5 6 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 ⎤
37. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 6 5⎦ ⎣ 6 −7 ⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎡ −1 3⎤ ⎡ −4 −3⎤ ⎡ 1 0⎤
38. AB = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 −4⎦ ⎣ −1 −1⎦ ⎣0 1⎦
⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −4 ⎤ ⎡ 2 −1 0⎤ ⎡ 4 1 −4⎤ ⎡ 5 0 0 ⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞ ⎛1⎞
39. AB = ⎢ 1 0 4⎥ ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 3 2 −8⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 1 0 4⎥ ⎢ 3 2 −8⎥ = ⎜ ⎟ ⎢ 0 5 0⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎝5⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 −1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 1 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2 0 1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤
40. AB = ⎢ 0 −1 2⎥ ⎢ −2 −1 4⎥ = ⎢ 0 1 0⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 2 1⎤
−1 −
⎡ 3 1⎤ 1 ⎡ 4 −1⎤ ⎢ 5 10 ⎥
⎢ 2 4⎥ = =⎢ ⎥
12 − 2 ⎢⎣ −2 3⎥⎦ ⎢ 1
41.
⎣ ⎦ −
3⎥
⎣⎢ 5 10 ⎦⎥
⎡ 1 2⎤
−1
⎡ 3 −4 ⎤ 1 ⎡ 2 4 ⎤ ⎢ 5 5⎥
42. ⎢ 1 2⎥ = ⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎣ ⎦ 6 + 4 ⎣ −1 3⎦ ⎢ 1 3 ⎥
−
⎢⎣ 10 10 ⎥⎦
⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 2 −2 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤
43. ⎢ −1 3 0 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R2 → R2
→ ⎢0 5 −2 1 ⎥ R1 + R3 → R1
1 0 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ R2 + 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 −2 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡ 1 0 −1 1 0 1⎤ ⎡1 0 0 3 2 6⎤
2 R2 + R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ R1 + R3 → R1
→ ⎢0 1 0 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 0 1 2 2 5⎥⎦
−1
⎡ 1 2 −2 ⎤ ⎡ 3 2 6⎤
⎢
Thus, −1 3 0 ⎥ = ⎢ 1 1 2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 −2 1⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2 5⎦⎥
⎡ ⎤
⎡ 1 2 1 1 0 0⎤ ⎢1 2 1 1 0 0⎥ ⎡1 0 3 −1 1 0⎤
44. ⎢ 2 2 4 0 1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 R1 − R2 → R2 ⎢0 2 −2 2 −1 0⎥ ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
R1 − R2 → R1
→ ⎢ 0 2 −2 2 −1 0⎥
⎢ 0 0 3 0 0 1⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 1⎥
1
R3 → R3
⎣ ⎦ 3 ⎢0 0 1 0 0
1⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦ ⎣ 3⎦
⎡ ⎤
⎢ 1 0 0 −1 1 −1⎥
R1 − 3 R3 → R1 ⎢ 1 1⎥
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
1
→ ⎢0 1 0 1 − ⎥
2
( R2 + 2 R3 ) → R2 ⎢ 2 3⎥
⎢0 0 1 0 0
1⎥
⎢⎣ 3 ⎥⎦
−1 ⎡ −1 1 −1⎤
⎡ 1 2 1⎤ ⎢ 1 1⎥
Thus, ⎢ 2 2 4⎥ = ⎢ 1 − ⎥
⎢ 0 0 3⎥ ⎢ 2 3⎥
⎣ ⎦ 1⎥
⎢ 0 0
⎣⎢ 3 ⎦⎥
{
−1
x + 3y = 7 ⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 3⎤ ⎡ 7 ⎤ ⎡ −5 3⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ −23⎤
⇒ = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢
2 x + 5 y = 4 ⎣⎢ 2 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ y ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 4⎦⎥ ⎥ ⎥
45.
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2 5⎦ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎣ 2 −1⎦ ⎣ 4⎦ ⎣ 10⎦
The solution is {( −23, 10)} .
⎡ 5⎤ ⎡ 9⎤
{
−1 2 − ⎥ −
3x + 5 y = 4 ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 4 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3 5⎤ ⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎡ 4⎤ ⎢ 2 ⎥
⇒ = ⇒⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
2 x + 4 y = 5 ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ y ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 5⎥⎦ ⎥
46.
⎣ y ⎦ ⎣ 2 4⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢ −1 3 ⎥ ⎣ 5⎦ ⎢ 7 ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 ⎥⎦ ⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥
⎧⎛ 9 7 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ − , ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 2 2 ⎠⎭
−1
⎧ x + 3 y + 3z = 3 ⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡1 3 3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ 7 −3 −3⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ −12⎤
⎪
x + 4 y + 3z = 5 ⇒ ⎢1 4 3 y = 5 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢1 4 3⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ −1 1 0⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ 2⎥
47. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x + 3 y + 4 z = 6 ⎢⎣1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣1 3 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −1 0 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3⎥⎦
The solution is {( −12, 2, 3)} .
−1
⎧ x + 2 y + 3z = 6 ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 3⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 1 −3 2⎤ ⎡ 6⎤ ⎡ 2⎤
⎪
2 x + 4 y + 5 z = 8 ⇒ 2 4 5 y = 8 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 2 4 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 8⎥ = ⎢ −3 3 −1⎥ ⎢ 8⎥ = ⎢ −4⎥
48. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎪⎩3x + 5 y + 6 z = 10 ⎢ 3 5 6⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢10⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 −1 0⎥⎦ ⎢⎣10⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ ⎣
z 3 5 6
The solution is {(2, − 4, 4)} .
⎡ 1 1 1⎤ ⎡7⎤
−1 ⎢ 12 12 12 ⎥ ⎢6⎥
⎧ x− y+z =3 ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 −1 1⎤ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥ ⎡ 3⎤ ⎢ ⎥
⎪
= 5 ⇒ 4 2 0 y = 5 ⇒ y ⎥ = ⎢ 4 2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ − 1 − ⎥ ⎢ 5⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
1 1 1
49. ⎨4 x + 2 y
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 6 3 6⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢6⎥
⎪⎩7 x − y − z = 6 ⎢7 −1 −1⎥ ⎢ z ⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 7 −1 −1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6⎥⎦ ⎢ ⎢ 6⎥
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 3 1 1 ⎥ ⎣ ⎦ ⎢⎣ 2⎦⎥
⎢ − ⎥
⎣ 4 4 4⎦
⎧⎛ 7 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ , , 2 ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 6 6 ⎠⎭
−1
⎧ x + 2 y + 4z = 7 ⎡ 1 2 4⎤ ⎡ x⎤ ⎡7 ⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡ 1 2 4⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ 9 −6 16⎤ ⎡ 7⎤ ⎡ 91⎤
⎪
4 x + 3 y − 2 z = 6 ⇒ 4 3 −2 y = 6 ⇒ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢ 4 3 −2⎥
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ = ⎢ −10 7 −18⎥ ⎢ 6⎥ = ⎢ −100⎥
50. ⎨ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎩⎪ x − 3z = 4 ⎢⎣ 1 0 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ z ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 1 0 −3⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −2 5⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 29⎥⎦
The solution is {(91, − 100, 29)} .
2 −5
51. = 2(4) − (−5)(3) = 23
3 4
−1 4
52. = (−1)(−3) − (4)(11) = −41
11 −3
12 21
53. = 12(7) − 21(4) = 0
4 7
−7 9
54. = (−7)(5) − 9(−4) = 1
−4 5
⎡ 4 −1 2 ⎤
55. a. A = ⎢ − 2 − 3 5⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 0 2 −4⎥⎦
−2 5 4 −1
M 12 = = (−2)(−4) − 5(0) = 8 M 23 = = 4(2) − (−1)(0) = 8
0 −4 0 2
4 2
M 22 = = 4(−4) − 2(0) = −16
0 −4
⎡ 1 2 3⎤
56. a. A = ⎢ 4 5 6⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 7 8 9⎥⎦
4 6 1 2
M 12 = = 4(9) − 6(7) = −6 M 23 = = 1(8) − 2(7) = −6
7 9 7 8
1 3
M 22 = = 1(9) − 3(7) = −12
7 9
b. A12 = (−1)1+ 2 M 12 = 6
A23 = (−1) 2 + 3 M 23 = 6
A22 = (−1) 2 + 2 M 22 = −12
1 −2 3
−2 3 1 3 1 −2
57. a. 4 −1 −2 = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 4(−1) 2 +1 − 1(−1) 2 + 2 − 2(−1) 2 + 3
1 5 −2 5 −2 1
−2 1 5
= −4(−13) − 1(11) + 2(−3) = 35
1 −2 3
4 −1 1 −2 1 −2
b. 4 −1 −2 = a13 A13 + a23 A23 + a33 A33 = 3(−1)1+ 3 − 2(−1) 2 + 3 + 5(−1) 3 + 3
−2 1 −2 1 4 −1
−2 1 5
= 3(2) + 2(−3) + 5(7) = 35
1 4 3
4 3 1 3 1 4
58. a. 6 8 10 = a 21 A21 + a 22 A22 + a 23 A23 = 6(−1) 2 +1 + 8(−1) 2 + 2 + 10(−1) 2 + 3
5 4 2 4 2 5
2 5 4
= −6(1) + 8(−2) − 10(−3) = 8
1 4 3
6 8 1 4 1 4
b. 6 8 10 a13 A13 + a 23 A23 + a33 A33 = 3(−1)1+ 3 + 10(−1) 2 + 3 + 4(−1) 3 + 3
2 5 2 5 6 8
2 5 4
= 3(14) − 10(−3) + 4(−16) = 8
1 2 0
1 2 2 0
59. Expand by the first column: 0 1 2 = 1(−1)1+1 + 0 + 1(−1) 3 +1 = 2+4= 6
0 2 1 2
1 0 2
5 3 11 3 5 11
61. D= = −1, D x = = −1, D y = = −2
2 1 4 1 2 4
−1 −2
x= = 1, y = =2
−1 −1
The solution is {(1, 2)}.
2 −7 13 −7 2 13
62. D= = 47, D x = = 141, D y = = −47
5 6 9 6 5 9
141 −47
x= = 3, y = = −1
47 47
The solution is {(3, −1)}.
3 1 −1 14 1 −1 3 14 −1 3 1 14
63. D = 1 3 −1 = −20, D x = 16 3 −1 = −100, D y = 1 16 −1 = −120, D z = 1 3 16 = −140
1 1 −3 −10 1 −3 1 −10 −3 1 1 −10
−100 −120 −140
x= = 5, y = = 6, z = =7
−20 −20 −20
The solution is {(5, 6, 7)}.
2 3 −2 0 3 −2 2 0 −2 2 3 0
64. D = −3 5 4 = −62, D x = 9 5 4 = 124, D y = −3 9 4 = −62, D z = −3 5 9 = 31
3 7 −6 4 7 −6 3 4 −6 3 7 4
124 −62 31 1
x= = −2, y = = 1, z = =−
−62 −62 −62 2
⎧⎛ 1 ⎞⎫
The solution is ⎨ ⎜ −2, 1, − ⎟ ⎬ .
⎩⎝ 2 ⎠⎭
65. Expand by the third row:
1 2 4
2 4 1 4 1 2
−3 5 7 = 0 ⇒ 1(−1) 3 +1 + x(−1) 3 + 2 + 4(−1) 3+ 3 = 0 ⇒ −6 − 19 x + 4(11) = 0 ⇒ x = 2
5 7 −3 7 −3 5
1 x 4
1 1 1
1 1
68. A = D = 4 3 1 = (16) = 8 square units
2 2
2 7 1
69. A B C
Method 1 ⎡4 8 2⎤ ⎡10⎤ ⎡ 84⎤
Method 2 ⎢5 7 1⎥ ⎢ 4⎥ = ⎢ 84⎥ ⇒ Method 3 is the most profitable.
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
Method 3 ⎣⎢ 5 4 8⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 6⎦⎥ ⎣⎢114⎦⎥
{
3( x + y ) = 1680
3.5( x − y ) = 1680
⇒ {
3x + 3 y = 1680
3.5 x − 3.5 y = 1680
⇒
{
5x = 2 + 4 y
12 y = 10 + 10 x
⇒ { 5x − 4 y = 2
−10 x + 12 y = 10
⇒
5 −4 2 −4
⎡ 3 3 1680⎤ D= = 20, D x = = 64,
−10 12 10 12
⎢3.5 −3.5 1680⎥
⎣ ⎦ 5 2
1 Dy = = 70
R1 → R1 ⎡1 1 560⎤ −10 10
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→⎢ ⎥
⎣1 −1 480⎦
1 64 70
3.5
R2 → R2 x= = 3.2, y = = 3.5
1
20 20
( R1 + R2 ) → R1 ⎡1 0 520⎤ Nertha walks at 3.2 miles per hour, and
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 →⎢ ⇒
1
( R1 − R2 ) → R2 ⎣0 1 40⎥⎦ Kristina walks at 3.5 miles per hour.
2
x = 520, y = 40
The plane is traveling at 520 mph and the
wind velocity is 40 mph.
(continued) 2 −1 3
Dz = 1 1 6
1
( R1 − 7 R2 ) → R1
⎡ 1 0 0 −11 2 7 ⎤
⎢0 1 0 4 3 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
5
8 − 1 − 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 3 −1 1 2 3 1
⎢⎣ 0 0 1 5 −1 −3⎥⎦ 6 1 1 1 6 1
−1 4 3 −2 4 −2
⎡ 2 1 3⎤ ⎡ −11 2 7 ⎤ x= ,y=
4
,
⎢ 1 2 −1⎥ = ⎢ 8 −1 −5⎥ 2 −1 1 2 −1 1
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ 1 1 1 1 1 1
⎣⎢ 3 1 5⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 5 −1 −3⎦⎥ 4 3 −2 4 3 −2
2 −1
{
3
⎡5 2⎤ ⎡ x ⎤ ⎡32⎤ 12 x − 3 y = 5
15. ⎢3 1⎥ ⎢ y ⎥ = ⎢18⎥ 16.
−2 x + 7 y = − 9
1 1 6
⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 3 4
z=
2 −1 1
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 2 5 −11⎤
17. ⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − 5 X = 2 ⎢18 8 11⎥ ⇒ 1 1 1
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ 4 3 −2
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 4 10 −22⎤
⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − 5 X = ⎢36 16 22⎥ ⇒ Chapter 6 Practice Test B
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ 1 5 −2⎤ ⎡ 4 10 −22⎤
⎢ 4 −2 7 ⎥ − ⎢36 16 22⎥ = 5 X ⇒ 1. D 2. D 3. D
⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
⎡ −3 −5 20⎤ 4. x + 3 = 9 ⇒ x = 6; y + 4 = 2 ⇒ y = −2; z = 3
⎢ −32 −18 −15⎥ = 5 X ⇒ The answer is C.
⎣ ⎦
⎡ 3 ⎤ ⎧2 x + y = 15 ⎡ 2 1 0 15⎤
⎢ −5 −1 4 ⎥ ⎪
⎢ ⎥=X 5. ⎨2 y + z = 25 ⇒ ⎢ 0 2 1 25⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢ − 32 − 18 −3⎥ ⎪⎩2 z + x = 26 ⎢⎣ 1 0 2 26⎥⎦
⎢⎣ 5 5 ⎥⎦
⎡2 1 0 15⎤
1 1 R1 − 2 R3 → R3
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 2 1 25⎥
− ⎢ ⎥
2 4 ⎛1⎞ ⎛3⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1⎞ 1 ⎢⎣ 0 1 −4 −37⎥⎦
18. = ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ − ⎜− ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ =
1 3 ⎝2⎠ ⎝4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝2⎠ 2
1
( R2 − 2 R3 ) → R3
⎡ 2 1 0 15⎤
2 4
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 2 1 25⎥ ⇒ z = 11
9
⎢ ⎥
19. Expand by the second row:
⎣⎢ 0 0 1 11⎦⎥
1 3 5
The answer is C.
2 0 10
−3 1 −15 ⎧2 x + y = 17 ⎡ 2 1 0 17 ⎤
⎪
6. ⎨ y + 2 z = 15 ⇒ ⎢ 0 1 2 15⎥
3 5 1 3 ⎢ ⎥
= 2(−1) 2 +1 + 0 + 10(−1) 2 + 3 ⎪⎩ x + z =9
1 −15 −3 1 ⎣⎢ 1 0 1 9⎥⎦
= −2(−50) − 10(10) = 0 ⎡ 2 1 0 17 ⎤
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢ 0 1 2 15⎥
2 R3 − R1 → R3
⎧2 x − y + z = 3 2 −1 1 ⎢ ⎥
⎪
20. ⎨ x + y + z = 6 ⇒ D = 1 1 1 ⎣⎢ 0 −1 2 1⎦⎥
⎪⎩4 x + 3 y − 2 z = 4 4 3 −2 1 ⎡1 0 9⎤
1
( R1 + R3 ) → R1
3 −1 1 2 3 1 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 → ⎢01 2 15⎥
Dx = 6 1 1 , D y = 1 6 1, 1
( R2 + R3 ) → R3
⎢ ⎥
4 ⎢⎣0
0 1 4⎥⎦
4 3 −2 4 4 −2
⎡ 1 0 0 5⎤
R1 − R3 → R1
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 7⎥ ⇒
R2 − 2 R3 → R2 ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0 0 1 4⎥⎦
x = 5, y = 7, z = 4 ⇒ 4(5) + 3(7) + 4 = 45
The answer is D.
⎡ −1 4⎤ ⎡ 7 2⎤ ⎡ −8 2⎤ ⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ −1 −2 −1⎤
7. ⎢ 0 4⎥ − ⎢17 4⎥ = ⎢ −17 0⎥
17. ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − 3 X = −5 ⎢⎣ 1 0 1⎥⎦ ⇒
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 5 10 5⎤
⎣⎢ 8 −4⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 2⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 6 −6⎦⎥ ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − 3 X = ⎢⎣ −5 0 −5⎥⎦ ⇒
The answer is C.
⎡ −2 −3 1⎤ ⎡ 5 10 5⎤
⎡ 3⎤ ⎢⎣ −5 3 −2⎥⎦ − ⎢⎣ −5 0 −5⎥⎦ = 3 X ⇒
8. AB = [ −8 2 9] ⎢ 0⎥ = [ −8(3) + 2(0) + 9(−3) ] 3X = ⎢
⎡ −7 −13 −4⎤
⇒
⎢ ⎥ 3 3⎥⎦
⎣ 0
⎣⎢ −3⎦⎥
= [ −51] . The answer is B. ⎡ 7 13 4⎤
− − − ⎥
X =⎢ 3 3 3
⎢ 0 1⎥⎦
9. AB is not defined. The answer is A. ⎣ 1
The answer is B.
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ 4 2 −6⎤
2A = 2 ⎢ =
1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −10 4 2⎥⎦
10. −8
⎣ −5 2 18.
5
= (−8)(−1) − 5(−4) = 28
The answer is B. −4 −1
The answer is D.
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −3 7⎤ ⎡ 2 1 −3⎤
A + BA = ⎢ +
1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 4⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −5 2 1⎥⎦
11.
⎣ −5 2 2 3 −2
3 −3
⎡ 2 1 −3⎤ ⎡ −41 11 16⎤ 19. 3 0 −3 = 3(−1)1+ 2 = −3(−24) = 72
=⎢ + −3 −5
⎣ −5 2 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −16 10 −2⎥⎦ −3 0 −5
⎡ −39 12 13⎤ The answer is C.
=⎢ ⎥
⎣ −21 12 −1⎦
⎧ x + y + z = −6 1 1 1
The answer is C. ⎪
20. ⎨ x − y + 3z = −22 ⇒ D = 1 −1 3 = 4
⎡5 4⎤ ⎡5 4⎤ ⎡ 29 20⎤ ⎪⎩2 x + y + z = −10 2 1 1
12. C 2 = ⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥
⎣ 1 0 ⎦ ⎣ 1 0⎦ ⎣ 5 4 ⎦ −6 1 1 1 −6 1
The answer is C. D x = −22 −1 3 = −16, D y = 1 −22 3 = 12
−1 ⎡0 1⎤ −10 1 1 2 −10 1
⎡5 4⎤ 1 ⎡ 0 −4⎤ ⎢
13. C −1 = ⎢ ⎥ =− ⎢ = 5⎥
4 ⎣ −1 5⎦⎥ ⎢ −6
1
⎣ 1 0⎦ − ⎥ 1 1
⎣4 4⎦ D z = 1 −1 −22 = −20
The answer is B.
2 1 −10
⎡ 1 0 0⎤
−1
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ −16 12 −20
x= = −4, y = = 3, z = = −5
14. ⎢2 1 0⎥ = ⎢2 1 0 0 1 0⎥ 4 4 4
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ The answer is B.
⎢⎣ 3 −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3 −4 1 0 0 1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ Cumulative Review Exercises
R2 − 2 R1 → R2
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 −2 1 0 ⎥
3R1 − R3 → R3 ⎢ ⎥ (Chapters P−6)
⎢⎣0 4 −1 3 0 −1⎥⎦
⎡1 0 0 1 0 0⎤ 1. (−1 − 2) 2 + ( y − (−3)) 2 = 5 ⇒
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ ⎢0 1 0 −2 1 0 ⎥ ⇒
4 R2 − R3 → R3
9 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25 ⇒ y 2 + 6 y − 7 = 0 ⇒
⎢ ⎥
( y + 7)( y − 1) = 0 ⇒ y = −7 or y = 1
⎣⎢0 0 1 −11 4 1⎦⎥
−1
⎡ 1 0 0⎤ ⎡ 1 0 0⎤ 4 3 18
⎢2 ⎥ 2. − = ⇒
1 0 = ⎢ −2 1 0⎥ x − 1 x + 2 ( x + 2)( x − 1)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ 3 −4 1⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ −11 4 1⎥⎦ 4( x + 2) − 3( x − 1) = 18 ⇒ x + 11 = 18 ⇒ x = 7
The answer is D. 3. 2 x − 5 = 3 ⇒ 2 x − 5 = 3 or 2 x − 5 = −3 ⇒
15. A 16. A x = 4 or x = 1
4. 4 x 2 = 8 x − 13 ⇒ 4 x 2 − 8 x + 13 = 0 ⇒ Test Value of
Interval Result
8 ± 64 − 4(4)(13) 8 ± −144 3 point x2 − 7x + 6
x= = = 1± i
2(4) 8 2 (−∞,1] 0 6 +
2
⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞ ⎛ 3x − 1 ⎞ [1, 6] 2 –4 –
5. ⎜⎝ ⎟ − 3 ⎜⎝ ⎟ − 28 = 0
x+5 ⎠ x+5 ⎠ (6, ∞ ) 7 6 +
3x − 1
Let u = . Then we have u 2 − 3u − 28 = 0 ⇒ The solution set is [1, 6] .
x+5
(u + 4)(u − 7) = 0 ⇒ u = −4 or u = 7
9. The factors of the constant term are {±1, ±3} .
3x − 1 19
= −4 ⇒ 3x − 1 = −4 x − 20 ⇒ x = − The factors of the leading coefficient are
x+5
3x − 1
7
{±1, ±2, ±4} . The possible rational zeros are
= 7 ⇒ 3 x − 1 = 7 x + 35 ⇒ x = −9
x+5 ⎧ 1 1 3 3⎫
⎨±1, ± , ± , ±3, ± , ± ⎬ .
⎧ 19 ⎫ ⎩ 2 4 2 4⎭
The solution is ⎨− , −9⎬ .
⎩ 7 ⎭
10. Using synthetic division, we have
6. log 2 x + log 2 x + 6 = 4 ⇒ 1
4 8 −11 3
log 2 ( x ⋅ x + 6 ) = 4 ⇒ 2 4 = x 2 + 6 x ⇒ 2
2 5 −3
x 2 + 6 x = 16 or x 2 + 6 x = −16 4 10 −6 0
x 2 + 6 x − 16 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 8)( x − 2) = 0 ⇒
x = −8 or x = 2
⎛ 1⎞
(
4 x 3 + 8 x 2 − 11x + 3 = ⎜ x − ⎟ 4 x 2 + 10 x − 6
⎝ 2⎠
)
x + 6 x + 16 = 0 ⇒
2
The zeros of the depressed function
−6 ± 36 − 64 4 x 2 + 10 x − 6 are also zeros of the original
x= = −3 ± i 7 (reject this)
2 function.
The solution is {−8, 2}.
4 x 2 + 10 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 2( x + 3)(2 x − 1) = 0 ⇒
7. Solve x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 and 1
1 x = −3 or x = .
2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = . The intervals to be tested 2
2 1
So is a zero of multiplicity 2.
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛1 ⎞
are (−∞, −2) , ⎜ −2, ⎟ , and ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
11. h = kr 3 ⇒ 10,125 = k (153 ) ⇒ k = 3
Value of h = 3(20 3 ) = 24, 000 horsepower
Test
Interval x+2 Result
point
2x − 1 12. Let x = the number of acres to be annexed.
Then
(−∞, −2) –3 17 + 0.12(400 + x) = 0.02(400) + 0.2 x ⇒
48 + 0.12 x = 8 + 0.2 x ⇒ x = 500 square miles
(−2,1 2) 0 –2 –
13. Using substitution, we have
{
(1 2, ∞) 1 3 +
3x + y = 2
⇒ y = −3 x + 2
⎛1 ⎞ 4 x + 5 y = −1
The solution set is (−∞, −2) ∪ ⎜ , ∞ ⎟ .
⎝2 ⎠ 4 x + 5(−3x + 2) = −1 ⇒ −11x + 10 = −1 ⇒
x = 1; y = −3(1) + 2 = −1
8. Solve the associated equation:
The solution is {(1, −1)}.
x 2 − 7 x + 6 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 6)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 6
or x = 1. The intervals are (−∞,1],[1, 6], and
[6, ∞).
Language: German
Das Deckblatt wurde vom Einband des Originals übernommen und geht damit in
die "public domain".
BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
HANDBUCH DER GESCHICHTE
DER
BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
VON
CARL B. LORCK.
ERSTER TEIL
LEIPZIG
MDCCCLXXXII.
VORWORT.
Es steht uns somit ein reiches, mitunter fast durch seine Fülle
erdrückendes Material für eine allgemeine Geschichte der
Buchdruckerkunst zu Gebote. An einem Handbuch jedoch, welches
dieses Material in natürliche Perioden systematisch einzuordnen,
nach Ländern und nach mit einander verwandten Gruppen zu
gliedern versuchte, um in einer einigermassen gleichmässigen
Durchführung jeder Zeit, jedem Lande sein Recht zu gewähren,
ohne dass der Verfasser dabei vergässe, dass er für die
Angehörigen einer bestimmten Nationalität schreibt, fehlt es noch
heute, wie in meiner Jugendzeit, wo ich vergeblich nach einem
solchen Leitfaden auf dem typographisch-geschichtlichen Gebiet
mich umsah und schliesslich darauf angewiesen war, aus den
verschiedenen Quellen die mir erwünschten Belehrungen selbst zu
sammeln.
Dass trotz aller angewendeten Sorgfalt noch Vieles für die mir
Nachfolgenden (denen ich jedoch das Arbeiten in mancher
Beziehung leichter gemacht haben dürfte, als es mir geworden ist)
zu thun übrig geblieben, und dass selbst die grösste Mühe und der
redlichste Wille, etwas Brauchbares zu liefern, fehlende
Eigenschaften nicht immer ersetzen können, fühlt vielleicht niemand
mehr als der unterzeichnete
Carl B. Lorck.
GESCHICHTE
DER
BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
1450—1750.
INHALTS-VERZEICHNIS.
ERSTES BUCH.
ERFINDUNG UND VERBREITUNG DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
1450—1500.
Seite
EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS ERSTE BUCH (3-10).
I. KAPITEL.
ZUR VORGESCHICHTE DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST.
Älteste Spuren der Vervielfältigung. Die Manuskripte.
Der Metall- und Holzschnitt. Die Kunstschulen. Die
xylographischen Werke. Die Vorbedingungen für die
Erfindung der Buchdruckerkunst. 11-22
II. KAPITEL.
DIE ERFINDUNG.
Johannes Gutenberg. Herkunft. Aufenthalt in 23-36
Strassburg. Gutenberg in Mainz. Verbindung mit
Johann Fust. Peter Schöffer. Gutenbergs Unglück.
Sein Tod. Sein Andenken.
III. KAPITEL.
DIE VERBREITUNG DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST IN
DEUTSCHLAND.
Schnelle Verbreitung der Kunst. Die Nachfolger
Gutenbergs in Mainz. Peter Schöffer und seine
Nachkommen. Ulm. Beromünster. Basel. Bamberg.
Albrecht Pfister. Augsburg. Nürnberg. Wien. Der
Norden: Köln, Münster, Magdeburg, Leipzig. 37-54
IV. KAPITEL.
DIE VERBREITUNG DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST IM
AUSLANDE.
Italien: Subiaco und Rom. Venedig. Foligno. Mailand.
Florenz. Spanien und Portugal. Frankreich:
Paris. Lyon. Die Niederlande: Die Histoires. Colard
Mansion. England: William Caxton. Skandinavien:
Dänemark. Schweden. Die slawischen Länder.
Ungarn. Die Türkei. 55-76
V. KAPITEL.
DIE TECHNIK DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST UND DIE
LITTERARISCHE PRODUKTION.
Die Technik: Schriftgiesserei. Satz. Druck. Korrektur.
Die Pressen. Die Farbe. Die Ausschmückung der
Bücher. Das Pergament und das Papier. Die
Buchbinderkunst. Die Litterarische Produktion:
Der Buchhandel. Die Zensur. 77-96
ZWEITES BUCH.
GLANZPERIODE UND VERFALL DER BUCHDRUCKERKUNST
1500—1750.
Seite
EINFÜHRUNG IN DAS ZWEITE BUCH (98-104).
VI. KAPITEL.
DIE ILLUSTRIERENDE KUNST IN DEUTSCHLAND.
Die deutschen Malerschulen. Der Kupferstich und der
Holzschnitt. Michel Wolgemut. Albrecht Dürer, seine
Zeitgenossen und Nachfolger: Hans Burgkmair,
Hans Schaeuffelein, die „Kleinmeister“. Hans
Holbein d. j. Lucas Cranach d. ä. Die Schweizer und
Elsasser Künstler. Über die „eigenhändigen“
Holzschnitte der Zeichner. 105-126
VII. KAPITEL.
DIE TYPOGRAPHIE IN DEUTSCHLAND UND IN DEN
SKANDINAVISCHEN LÄNDERN.
Nürnberg: Der Theuerdank. Die deutschen Schriften.
Augsburg: Hans Schönsperger d. ä. Frankfurt
am Main: Chr. Egenolff, Sigism. Feyerabend, die
Merians. Mainz: Die Nachfolger Schöffers.
Tübingen: Der slawische Druck. Cotta.
Strassburg: Illustrierter Druck. Basel: Joh.
Froben, die Familie Petri, Joh. Oporinus. Zürich:
Chr. Froschauer. St. Gallen: Leon. Straub. Wien:
Johan Sigriener, Hans Kohl, Joh. v. Gehlen. Leipzig:
Melch. Lotter, Valentin Bapst. Gute und schwere
Zeiten. Wittenberg. Der Norden. Berlin.
DIE SKANDINAVISCHEN LÄNDER. Dänemark,
Norwegen und Island, Schweden und Finnland. 127-158
VIII. KAPITEL.
DER DRUCKBETRIEB UND DAS BUCHGEWERBE IN
DEUTSCHLAND.
Die Schriftgiesserei und die Druckschriften. Die 159-174
Technik des Setzens und Druckens: Der
Satzapparat, die Korrektur, die Presse, die Farbe.
Prinzipal, Geselle und Lehrling. Die
Buchbinderkunst. Der Buchhandel: Die
litterarische Produktion, das Verhältnis zwischen
Autor und Verleger.
IX. KAPITEL.
ITALIEN, SPANIEN, PORTUGAL UND DAS SÜDLICHE
AMERIKA.
Venedig. Die Familie Aldus: Aldus Pius Manutius,
Paul Manutius, Aldus ii. Dan. Bomberg. Mechitar.
Rom: Die Buchdruckerei der „Propaganda“. Genua.
Florenz: Die Giunta. Padua. Die Xylographie:
Ces. Vecellius, der Clair-obscur-Druck. Ugo da
Carpi, Graf Ant. Zanetti, John Jackson.
Spanien und Portugal. Brocario und die
complutinsche Polyglotte. Madrid. Ant. Bortazar. —
Mexico. Joh. Kromberger, Juan Pablos. Lima.
Peru. St. Domingo u. a. 175-192
X. KAPITEL.
FRANKREICH.
Die Lage des Buchdruckers. Der Staat und die Presse.
Die Xylographie, die livres d'heures. Anton Verard.
Geofroy Tory. Jodocus Badius. Conrad Néobar.
Berühmte Druckerfamilien. Die Stephane: Heinrich
i., Robert i., Heinrich ii., Ende der Familie. Die
Gründung der königlichen Buchdruckerei. Ant. Vitré.
Savary de Brèves. Lyon: Seb. Gryphius, Jean de
Tournes, Steph. Dolet. Die Schriftgiesserei. Die
Buchbinderkunst. 193-216
XI. KAPITEL.
DIE NIEDERLANDE.
Die Illustration. Christoph Plantin, seine Nachkommen, 217-
das Plantinsche Museum. Die Familie Blaeu. Die 254
Elzeviere: Ludwig i., Matthias und Bonaventura,
Isaack, Bonaventura und Abraham i. Johann und
Daniel. Ludwig und Daniel, das Ende des Hauses.
Die Nachahmer der Elzeviere. Die Familie
Enschedé und die Schriftgiesserei.
XII. KAPITEL.
ENGLAND. NORDAMERIKA.
Das allmähliche Wachstum der englischen Presse.
Wynkyn de Worde, Richard Pynson, Reynold Wolfe,
John Day, Th. Vautrollier, Th. Roycrofft, Sam.
Palmer, Sam. Richardson. Oxford, Cambridge.
Die schottische und die irische Presse. Die
Stereotypie und Will. Ged. Das Zeitungswesen. Die
Schriftgiesserei.
NORDAMERIKA. Kleine Anfänge der Presse. John
Glover, James Franklin, Benjamin Franklin. Die
deutschen Einwanderer und ihre Presse. Christoph
Sauer und seine Nachkommen. 255-276
XIII. KAPITEL.
DIE SLAWISCHEN LÄNDER. DIE TÜRKEI. DIE
OSTASIATISCHEN LÄNDER.
Polen. Russland: Moskau, St. Petersburg. Die
Türkei: Konstantinopel, Ibrahim und Said Efendi.
Syrien. Das östliche Asien, China, das
chinesische Tafeldruckverfahren und die
Papierfabrikation. Europäischer Druck in Asien.
Afrika. 277-288
Register.
A. Namen- und Sachregister 289-300
B. Nachweis der angeführten Quellenschriften 301-304