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Chapter 5
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

2
13. Graph y = 3x − 2. The intercepts are (0, −2) and ,0 .
Exercise Set 5.1 3
Plot these points and draw the line. Then reflect the graph
1. We interchange the first and second coordinates of each across the line y = x.
ordered pair to find the inverse of the relation. It is
{(8, 7), (8, −2), (−4, 3), (−8, 8)}. y
2. {(1, 0), (6, 5), (−4, −2)} 4
2
3. We interchange the first and second coordinates of each x 3y 2
ordered pair to find the inverse of the relation. It is 4 2 2 4 x
{(−1, −1), (4, −3)}. 2 y 3x 2
yx 4
4. {(3, −1), (5, 2), (5, −3), (0, 2)}
5. Interchange x and y.
14. y
y = 4x−5
  x y 4
4
x = 4y−5 2
4 2 2 4 x
6. 2y 2 + 5x2 = 4
2
yx y x 4
7. Interchange x and y. 4
y = −5
x3 

15. Graph y = |x|. Some points on the graph are (0, 0),
y 3 x = −5
(−2, 2), (2, 2), (−5, 5), and (5, 5). Plot these points and
8. x = 3y 2 − 5y + 9 draw the graph. Then reflect the graph across the line
y = x.
9. Interchange x and y.
x = y2 −2y
  y ⫽ 兩x 兩
y
y = x2 −2x 4
1 2
10. y = x + 4
2
⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 x
11. Graph x = y 2 − 3. Some points on the graph are (−3, 0), ⫺2
(−2, −1), (−2, 1), (1, −2), and (1, 2). Plot these points
y⫽x ⫺4
and draw the curve. Then reflect the graph across the line
y = x. x ⫽ 兩y兩
y
yx 16. y x⫽y
y x2 3 4 y ⫹ 2 ⫽ |x|
4
4 2 4 x ⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 x
⫺2
4
x ⫹ 2 ⫽ |y|
⫺4
x y2 3
12. y
y x2 1 17. We show that if f (a) = f (b), then a = b.
4 1 1
2
a−6 = b−6
3 3
4 2 2 4
1 1
x a= b Adding 6
2 3 3
x y2 1 a=b Multiplying by 3
yx 4
Thus f is one-to-one.
Copyright
c 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
250 Chapter 5: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
18. Assume f (a) = f (b). 33. The graph of f (x) = 5x − 8 is shown below.
4 − 2a = 4 − 2b y
−2a = −2b 10
a=b 8
6
Then f is one-to-one. 4 f (x ) = 5x — 8
2
19. We show that if f (a) = f (b), then a = b. x
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10
–2
1 1
a3 + = b3 + –4
2 2 –6
3 3 1 –8
a =b Subtracting
2 –10
a=b Taking cube roots

Thus f is one-to-one. Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the graph
more than once, the function is one-to-one.
20. Assume f (a) = f (b).
√ √ 34. The graph of f (x) = 3 + 4x is shown below.
3
a= 3b
a=b Using the principle of powers y
Then f is one-to-one. 10
8
21. g(−1) = 1 − (−1)2 = 1 − 1 = 0 and 6
g(1) = 1 − 12 = 1 − 1 = 0, so g(−1) = g(1) but −1 = 1. 4 f (x ) = 3 + 4x

2
Thus the function is not one-to-one.
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 2 4 6 8 10 x
–2
22. g(−1) = 4 and g(1) = 4, so g(−1) = g(1) but −1 = 1. –4
Thus the function is not one-to-one. –6
–8
23. f (−2) = (−2) − (−2) = 16 − 4 = 12 and
4 2 –10
f (2) = 24 − 22 = 16−4 = 12, so f (−2) = f (2) but −2 = 2.

Thus the function is not one-to-one. Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the graph
24. g(−1) = 1 and g(1) = 1 so g(−1) = g(1) but −1 = 1.
Thus the function is not one-to-one. 35. The graph of f (x) = 1 − x2 is shown below.
25. The function is one-to-one, because no horizontal line y
crosses the graph more than once.
5
4
26. The function is one-to-one, because no horizontal line
3 f (x ) = 1 — x 2
crosses the graph more than once. 2
1
27. The function is not one-to-one, because there are many
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
horizontal lines that cross the graph more than once. –1
–2
28. The function is not one-to-one, because there are many –3
horizontal lines that cross the graph more than once. –4

–5

horizontal lines that cross the graph more than once. Since there are many horizontal lines that cross the graph
more than once, the function is not one-to-one.
crosses the graph more than once. 36. The graph of f (x) = |x| − 2 is shown below.
31. The function is one-to-one, because no horizontal line y
f (x ) = | x | — 2
4
3
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
Copyright
Exercise Set 5.1 251
Since there are many horizontal lines that cross the graph 2
40. The graph of f (x) = is shown below.
more than once, the function is not one-to-one. x+3
37. The graph of f (x) = |x + 2| is shown below. y
5
y 4 2
f (x ) =
3 x+3
5
2
4
1
3 f (x ) = | x + 2 |
2 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
1
–2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x –3
–1
–4
–2
–5
–3
–4
–5
Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the graph
Since there are many horizontal lines that cross the graph
2
more than once, the function is not one-to-one. 41. The graph of f (x) = is shown below.
3
38. The graph of f (x) = −0.8 is shown below. y
y 5
3
4 2
f (x ) =
3 3
2
2
1
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3 x –2
–3
–1
–4
f (x ) = — 0.8
–5
–2
–3 2
Since the horizontal line y = crosses the graph more than
3
Since the horizontal line y = −0.8 crosses the graph more once, the function is not one-to-one.
than once, the function is not one-to-one.
1 2
4 42. The graph of f (x) = x + 3 is shown below.
39. The graph of f (x) = − is shown below. 2
x
y
y
5
5 4
4 4 3
f (x ) = 1
f (x ) = — x2 + 3
3 x 2
2
2 1
1 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1 –2
–2 –3
–3 –4
–4 –5
–5
Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the graph more than once, the function is not one-to-one.
Copyright
√
43. The graph of f (x) = 25 − x2 is shown below. 46. a) The graph of f (x) = 7 − x is shown below. It passes
the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.
y
y
5
4
f (x ) = 7 – x 5
3 4
2 3
1 2
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x 1
–1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–2 f (x ) = 25 x 2 —1
–3 —2
–4 —3
–5 —4
—5
more than once, the function is not one-to-one. b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 7 − x
44. The graph of f (x) = −x + 2 is shown below. 3 Interchange x and y: x = 7 − y

Solve for y: y = 7 − x
y
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 7 − x
5
4
47. a) The graph of f (x) = 2x−1 is shown below. It passes
3
2
1
y
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1 5
–2 f (x ) = 2 x – 1 4
f (x ) = — x 3 + 2
–3 3
–4 2
–5 1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
Since there is no horizontal line that crosses the graph —2
more than once, the function is one-to-one. —3
—4
45. a) The graph of f (x) = x + 4 is shown below. It passes —5

y
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 2x − 1
f (x ) = x + 4 5
Interchange x and y: x = 2y − 1
4 x+1
3
Solve for y: =y
2
2
x+1
1 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) =
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x 2
—1
—2 48. a) The graph of f (x) = 5x+8 is shown below. It passes
—3 the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.
—4
—5 y
5
f (x ) = 5 x + 8
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x + 4 4
3
Interchange x and y: x = y + 4 2
Solve for y: x − 4 = y 1
x
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = x − 4
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5
—1
—2
—3
—4
—5
Copyright
x+4
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 5x + 8 51. a) The graph of f (x) = is shown below. It passes
x−3
Interchange x and y: x = 5y + 8 the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to-
x−8 one.
Solve for y: =y
5 y
−1 −1 x−8
Replace y with f (x): f (x) = f (x ) = xx–––
+4 10
5 –3 8
49. a) The graph of f (x) = 4 6

is shown below. It passes
x+7 4
the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to- 2
one. —10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x
—2
y —4
—6
10 4 —8
f (x ) = x–––
+7
8 —10
6
4
2 x+4
b) Replace f (x) with y: y =
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x x−3
—2
y+4
—4
Interchange x and y: x =
—6 y−3
Solve for y: (y − 3)x = y + 4
—8
—10
xy − 3x = y + 4
4
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = xy − y = 3x + 4
x+7
4 y(x − 1) = 3x + 4
Interchange x and y: x = 3x + 4
y+7 y=
x−1
Solve for y: x(y + 7) = 4
3x + 4
y+7 = x−1
x 5x − 3
4 52. a) The graph of f (x) = is shown below. It
y = −7 2x + 1
x passes the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.
4
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = −7 y
x
5x – 3
3 5 f (x ) = —–––
50. a) The graph of f (x) = − is shown below. It passes 4
2x + 1
x
the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one. 3
2
1
y
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
5 3 —1
f (x ) = – –x
4 —2
3 —3
2 —4
1 —5
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
5x − 3
—2
—3 2x + 1
—4
5y − 3
—5 Interchange x and y: x =
2y + 1
3 x+3
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = − Solve for y: =y
x 5 − 2x
3 x+3
Interchange x and y: x = − Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) =
y 5 − 2x
3
Solve for y: y = −
x
3
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = −
x
Copyright
53. a) The graph of f (x) = x3 −1 is shown below. It passes 56. a) The graph of f (x) = 2x2 − x − 1 is shown below.
the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to- Since there are many horizontal lines that cross the
one. graph more than once, the function is not one-to-one
and thus does not have an inverse that is a function.
y
y
5
f (x ) = x 3 – 1 4 5
3 4
2 3
1
2
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x 1
—1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—2 —1
—3
—2
—4 —3
—5
—4
2x 2 – x – 1
f (x ) = —5
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x3 − 1
Interchange x and y: x = y 3 − 1 57. a) The graph of f (x) = 5x2 − 2, x ≥ 0 is shown below.
3 It passes the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.
Solve for y: x+1 = y
√
3
x+1 = y y
√
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 3
x+1 5
4
54. a) The graph of f (x) = (x + 5) is shown below. It 3 3
passes the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one. 2

1
y —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
10 —2
f (x ) = (x + 5) 3
8 —3
6 —4
4 x 2 – 2, x > 0
f (x ) = 5—5
2
x
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 5x2 − 2
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10
—2
Interchange x and y: x = 5y 2 − 2
—4
—6
—8
Solve for y: x + 2 = 5y 2
—10
x+2
= y2
5
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = (x + 5)3
3
x+2
Interchange x and y: x = (y + 5) =y
√ 5
Solve for y: 3 x − 5 = y (We take the principal square root, because
√
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 3 x − 5 x ≥ 0 in the original equation.)

√ x+2
55. a) The graph of f (x) = x 4 − x2 is shown below. Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = for
Since there are many horizontal lines that cross the 5
x+2
graph more than once, the function is not one-to-one all x in the range of f (x), or f −1 (x) = ,
and thus does not have an inverse that is a function. 5
x ≥ −2
y
5
4
f (x ) = x √ 4 – x 2
3
2
1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
—2
—3
—4
—5
Copyright
√
58. a) The graph of f (x) = 4x2 + 3, x ≥ 0 is shown below. 60. a) The graph of f (x) = 3 x − 8 is shown below. It
It passes the horizontal-line test, so the function is passes the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-
one-to-one. to-one.
y y
3
10 10 f (x ) = √ x – 8
8 8
6 6
4 4
2 2
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x —10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x
—2 —2
—4 —4
—6 —6
—8 —8
—10
f (x ) = 4x 2 + 3, x > 0 —10
√
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 4x2 + 3 b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 3
x−8
√
Interchange x and y: x = 4y 2 + 3 Interchange x and y: x = 3
y−8
Solve for y: x − 3 = 4y 2 Solve for y: x3 + 8 = y
x−3 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = x3 + 8
= y2
4
√ 61. f (x) = 3x
x−3
=y The function f multiplies an input by 3. Then to reverse
2
(We take the principal square root since x ≥ 0 this procedure, f −1 would divide each of its inputs by 3.
x 1
in the original function.) Thus, f −1 (x) = , or f −1 (x) = x.
√ 3 3
x−3
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = for 1
2√ 62. f (x) = x+7
x−3 4
all x in the range of f (x), or f −1 (x) = , 1
2 The function f multiplies an input by and then adds
x≥3 4
√ 7. To reverse this procedure, f −1 would subtract 7 from
59. a) The graph of f (x) = x + 1 is shown below. It each of its inputs and then multiply by 4. Thus, f −1 (x) =
passes the horizontal-line test, so the function is one- 4(x − 7).
to-one.
63. f (x) = −x
y
The outputs of f are the opposites, or additive inverses, of
5 f (x ) = √ x + 1 the inputs. Then the outputs of f −1 are the opposites of
4
its inputs. Thus, f −1 (x) = −x.
3
√
2
64. f (x) = 3 x − 5
1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x The function f takes the cube root of an input and then

—1
subtracts 5. To reverse this procedure, f −1 would add 5
—2
—3
to each of its inputs and then raise the result to the third
—4 power. Thus, f −1 (x) = (x + 5)3 .
—5 √
65. f (x) = 3 x − 5
√ The function f subtracts 5 from each input and then takes
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x+1
√ the cube root of the result. To reverse this procedure, f −1
Interchange x and y: x = y + 1 would raise each input to the third power and then add 5
Solve for y: x2 = y + 1 to the result. Thus, f −1 (x) = x3 + 5.
x −1 = y
2
66. f (x) = x−1
−1 −1
Replace y with f (x): f (x) = x − 1 for all x 2
The outputs of f are the reciprocals of the inputs. Then
in the range of f (x), or f −1 (x) = x2 − 1, x ≥ 0. the outputs of f −1 are the reciprocals of its inputs. Thus,
f −1 (x) = x−1 .
Copyright
67. We reflect the graph of f across the line y = x. The re- 71. We reflect the graph of f across the line y = x.
flections of the labeled points are (−5, −5), (−3, 0), (1, 2),
and (3, 5). y
y 4
(3, 5)
2
4
2 4 2 2 4 x
(3, 0) (1, 2)
2
4 2 2 4 x
4
2
4
(5, 5)
72. We reflect the graph of f across the line y = x.
68. We reflect the graph of f across the line y = x. The re- y
flections of the labeled points are (−3, −6), (2, −4), (3, 1), 4
and (5, 2). 2
y 4 2 2 4 x
2
4
4
2 (5, 2)
(3, 1)
4 2 2 4 x 73. We find (f −1 ◦f )(x) and (f ◦f −1 )(x) and check to see that
2 each is x.
4 (2, 4) 7
(f −1 ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 x =
8
(3, 6)
8 7
x =x
69. We reflect the graph of f across the line y = x. The re- 7 8

flections of the labeled points are (−6, −2), (1, −1), (2, 0), 8 7 8
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = f (f −1 (x)) = f x = x =x
and (5.375, 1.5). 7 8 7

x+5
y
74. (f −1 ◦ f )(x) = 4 −5=x+5−5=x
4
4
4x − 5 + 5 4x
2 (5.375, 1.5) (f ◦ f −1 )(x) = = =x
4 4
4 2 2 4 x 75. We find (f −1 ◦f )(x) and (f ◦f −1 )(x) and check to see that
2 (2, 0)
(6, 2) each is x.
(1, 1)
4 1−x
(f −1 ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 =
x
70. We reflect the graph of f across the line y = x. The reflec- 1 1 1
= = =x
tions of the labeled points are (−3, −5), (−2, 0), (−1, 3), 1−x 1−x+x 1
+1
and (0, 4). x x x
−1 −1 1
(f ◦ f )(x) = f (f (x)) = f =
y x+1
4
(0, 4) 1 x+1−1 x
(1, 3) 1−
2 x+1 = x+1 = x+1 =x
(2, 0) 1 1 1
4 2 2 4 x x+1 x+1 x+1
2
√
4 76. (f −1 ◦ f )(x) = ( 3 x + 4)3 − 4 = x + 4 − 4 = x
√ √
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = 3 x3 − 4 + 4 = x3 = x
3
(3, 5)

2
5 x+1 −5
5
77. (f −1 ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = =
2
2x + 5 − 5 2x
= =x
2 2
2 5x − 5
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = f (f −1 (x)) = +1=
5 2
x−1+1=x
Copyright
x+6 4x + 24 2
4 +6 +6 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) =
−1
78. (f ◦ f )(x) = 3x − 4 = 3x − 4 x
=
3
x+6
−1
3x + 18
−1 The domain and range of f are (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞), so the
3x − 4 3x − 4 domain and range of f −1 are also (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
4x + 24 + 18x − 24
3x − 4 22x 3x − 4 22x y
= · = =x
3x + 18 − 3x + 4 3x − 4 22 22 4
3x − 4
2
4x + 6 4x + 6 + 18x − 6
+6
−1
(f ◦ f )(x) = 3x − 1 3x − 1 4 2 2 4 x
4x + 6
= =
12x + 18 2
3 −4 −4 f f 1
3x − 1 3x − 1 4
22x
3x − 1 22x 3x − 1 22x
= · = =x 3
12x + 18 − 12x + 4 3x − 1 22 22 82. Replace f (x) with y: y = −
x+1
3x − 1
3
79. Replace f (x) with y: y = 5x − 3 Interchange x and y: x = −
y+1
Interchange x and y: x = 5y − 3 Solve for y: xy + x = −3
Solve for y: x + 3 = 5y xy = −3 − x
x+3 −3 − x 3
=y y= , or − − 1
5 x x
x+3 1 3 3
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = , or x + Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = − − 1
5 5 5 x
The domain and range of f are (−∞, ∞), so the domain The domain of f is (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞) and the range of
and range of f −1 are also (−∞, ∞). f is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞). Thus the domain of f −1 is
(−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) and the range of f −1 is
y
f (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, ∞).
4
y
2 f 1
4
4 2 2 4 x 2
2
4 4 2 2 4 x
2
4
80. Replace f (x) with y: y = 2 − x f f 1
Interchange x and y: x = 2 − y 1 3
83. Replace f (x) with y: y = x −2
Solve for y: y = 2 − x 3
1
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 2 − x Interchange x and y: x = y 3 − 2
3
The domain and range of f are (−∞, ∞), so the domain 1 3
and range of f −1 are also (−∞, ∞). Solve for y: x+2 = y
3
3x + 6 = y 3
y √
3
3x + 6 = y
4 √
2 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 3
3x + 6
4 2 2 4
The domain and range of f are (−∞, ∞), so the domain
x
2
and range of f −1 are also (−∞, ∞).
4
f f 1 y
f
4
2
81. Replace f (x) with y: y = 2 f 1
x
2 4 2 2 4 x
y 2
Solve for y: xy = 2 4
2
y=
x
Copyright
√
84. Replace f (x) with y: y = x−1 3 y
√
Interchange x and y: x = y − 1
3 4
√ 2
Solve for y: x+1 = 3y
(x + 1)3 = y 4 2 2 4 x
2
−1 −1 3
Replace y with f (x): f (x) = (x + 1)
4
The domain and range of f are (−∞, ∞), so the domain f f 1
and range of f −1 are also (−∞, ∞).
87. Since f (f −1 (x)) = f −1 (f (x)) = x, then f (f −1 (5)) = 5
y and f −1 (f (a)) = a.
f 1
4 88. Since f −1 (f (x)) = f (f −1 (x)) = x, then f −1 (f (p)) = p
2 f and f (f −1 (1253)) = 1253.
4 2 2 4 x 72 + 2x
2 89. a) C(x) =
x
4
72 + 2 · 2 72 + 4 76
C(2) = = = = $38
2 2 2
x+1 72 + 2 · 5 72 + 10 82
85. Replace f (x) with y: y = C(5) = = = = $16.40
x−3 5 5 5
y+1 72 + 2 · 8 72 + 16 88
Interchange x and y: x = C(8) = = = = $11
y−3 8 8 8
Solve for y: xy − 3x = y + 1 b) The graph of C(x) passes the horizontal-line test
and thus has an inverse that is a function.
xy − y = 3x + 1
72 + 2x
y(x − 1) = 3x + 1 Replace C(x) with y: y =
x
3x + 1 72 + 2y
y= Interchange x and y: x =
x−1 y
3x + 1
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = Solve for y: xy = 72 + 2y
x−1
xy − 2y = 72
The domain of f is (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞) and the range of f is
(−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞). Thus the domain of f −1 is y(x − 2) = 72
(−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) and the range of f −1 is (−∞, 3) ∪ (3, ∞). y=
72
x−2
y 72
Replace y with C −1 (x): C −1 (x) =
4 x−2
f 1
2 C −1 (x) represents the number of players in the
f
group lesson when x is the cost per player, in dollars.
4 2 2 4 x 72 72
2 c) C −1 (74) = = = 1 player
74 − 2 72
4
72 72
C −1 (20) = = = 4 players
20 − 2 18
x−1 72 72
86. Replace f (x) with y: y = C −1 (11) = = = 8 players
x+2 11 − 2 9
y−1
Interchange x and y: x = 2x − 3
y+2 90. a) s(x) =
2
Solve for y: xy + 2x = y − 1 2·5−3 10 − 3 7 1
s(5) = = = =3
2x + 1 = y − xy 2 2 2 2

2x + 1 = y(1 − x) 1 2 · 7.5 − 3 15 − 3 12
s 7 = s(7.5) = = = =6
2x + 1 2 2 2 2
=y 2·8−3 16 − 3
1−x s(8) = = =
13
=6
1
2x + 1 2 2 2 2
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) =
1−x
The domain of f is (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞) and the range of
f is (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞). Thus the domain of f −1 is
(−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) and the range of f −1 is
(−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞).
Copyright
b) The graph of s(x) passes the horizontal-line test and 93. The functions for which the coefficient of x2 is negative
thus has an inverse that is a function. have a maximum value. These are (b), (d), (f), and (h).
2x − 3
Replace f (x) with y: y = 94. The graphs of the functions for which the coefficient of x2
2
is positive open up. These are (a), (c), (e), and (g).
2y − 3
2 95. Since |2| > 1 the graph of f (x) = 2x2 can be obtained
Solve for y: 2x = 2y − 3 by stretching the graph of f (x) = x2 vertically. Since
1
1
2x + 3 = 2y 0 < < 1, the graph of f (x) = x2 can be obtained by
4 4
2x + 3 shrinking the graph of y = x2 vertically. Thus the graph
=y
2 of f (x) = 2x2 , or (a) is narrower.
2x + 3 2
Replace y with s−1 (x): s−1 (x) =
2 96. Since | − 5| > 0 and 0 < < 1, the graph of (d) is nar-
s−1 (x) represents the women’s shoe size in the 3
rower.
United States, where x is the corresponding shoe
size in Australia. 97. We can write (f) as f (x) = −2[x − (−3)]2 + 1. Thus the
graph of (f) has vertex (−3, 1).
2·3+3 6+3 9 1
c) s−1 (3) = = = =4
2 2 2 2 98. For the functions that can be written in the form f (x) =

−1 1 2 · 5.5 + 3 11 + 3 14 a(x − 0)2 + k, or f (x) = ax2 + k, the line of symmetry is
s 5 = s−1 (5.5) = = = =7 x = 0. These are (a), (b), (c), and (d).
2 2 2 2
2 · 7 + 3 14 + 3 17 1 99. The graph of f (x) = x2 − 3 is a parabola with vertex
s−1 (7) = = = =8
2 2 2 2 (0, −3). If we consider x-values such that x ≥ 0, then the
graph is the right-hand side of the parabola and it passes
91. a) In 2010, x = 2010 − 2008 = 2. the horizontal line test. We find the inverse of f (x) =
H(2) = 6.58(2) + 27.7 = $40.86 billion x2 − 3, x ≥ 0.
In 2013, x = 2013 − 2008 = 5. Replace f (x) with y: y = x2 − 3
H(5) = 6.58(5) + 27.7 = $60.6 billion Interchange x and y: x = y 2 − 3
Solve for y: x + 3 = y2
b) The graph of H(x) passes the horizontal-line test √
and thus has an inverse that is a function. x+3 = y
Replace H(x) with y: y = 6.58x + 27.7 (We take the principal square root, because x ≥ 0 in the
original equation.)
Interchange x and y: x = 6.58y + 27.7 √
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1√(x) = x + 3 for all x in the
Solve for y: x − 27.7 = 6.58y range of f (x), or f −1 (x) = x + 3, x ≥ −3.
x − 27.7
=y Answers may vary. There are other restrictions that also
6.58 make f (x) one-to-one.
x − 27.7
Replace y with H −1 (x): H −1 (x) =
6.58 100. No; the graph of f does not pass the horizontal line test.
H −1 (x) represents the number of years after 2008, 3
where x is the amount of e-commerce holiday season 101. Answers may vary. f (x) = , f (x) = 1 − x, f (x) = x.
x
sales, in billions of dollars.
5 5 102. First find f −1 (x).
92. a) T (−13◦ ) = (−13◦ − 32◦ ) = (−45◦ ) = −25◦
9 9 Replace f −1 (x) with y: y = ax + b
5 5
T (86◦ ) = (86◦ − 32◦ ) = (54◦ ) = 30◦ Interchange x and y: x = ay + b
9 9
Solve for y: x − b = ay
b) Replace T (x) with y: y = 5 (x − 32) x−b
9 =y
a
5
Interchange x and y: x = (y − 32) x−b 1 b
9 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = = x−
a a a
9
Solve for y: x = y − 32 Now we find the values of a and b for which
5 1 b 1
ax + b = x − . We see that a = for a = ±1. If a = 1,
9 a a a
x + 32 = y we have x + b = x − b, so b = 0. If a = −1, we have
5
−x + b = −x + b, so b can be any real number.
9
Replace y with T −1 (x): T −1 (x) = x + 32
5
T −1 (x) represents the Fahrenheit temperature when
the Celsius temperature is x.
Copyright
12. Graph f (x) = 5x .

Exercise Set 5.2
x y = f (x) (x, y)
1. e ≈ 54.5982
4
1 1
−3 − 3,
2. e10 ≈ 22, 026.4658 125 125

3. e−2.458 ≈ 0.0856 −2
1
− 2,
1
2 25 25 y
1
4. ≈ 0.0025 1 1
e3 −1 − 1, 4
f(x) 5x
5 5
5. f (x) = −2 − 1 x 2
0 1 (0, 1)
f (0) = −20 − 1 = −1 − 1 = −2 4 2 2 4 x
1 5 (1, 5) 2
The only graph with y-intercept (0, −2) is (f).
2 25 (2, 25) 4
x
1 3 125 (3, 125)
6. f (x) = −
2 13. Graph f (x) = 6x .
0
1 Compute some function values, plot the corresponding
f (0) = − = −1
2 points, and connect them with a smooth curve.
Since the y-intercept is (0, −1), the correct graph is (a) or
x y = f (x) (x, y)
(c). Check another point on the graph.
−1
1 1 1
f (−1) = − = −2, so the point (−1, −2) is on the −3 − 3,
2 216 216
graph. Thus (c) is the correct choice.
1 1
−2 − 2, y
7. f (x) = ex + 3 36 36
x 6
This is the graph of f (x) = e shifted up 3 units. Then 1 1
(e) is the correct choice. −1 − 1, 5
6 6 4
8. f (x) = ex+1 0 1 (0, 1) 3
1 6 (1, 6) 2
This is the graph of f (x) = ex shifted left 1 unit. Then f (x) 6x
(b) is the correct choice. 2 36 (2, 36)
3 2 1 1 2 3 x
9. f (x) = 3−x − 2 3 216 (3, 216) 1
f (0) = 3−0 − 2 = 1 − 2 = −1
Since the y-intercept is (0, −1), the correct graph is (a) or 14. Graph f (x) = 3−x .
(c). Check another point on the graph. f (−1) = x y = f (x) (x, y)
3−(−1) − 2 = 3 − 2 = 1, so (−1, 1) is on the graph. Thus
(a) is the correct choice. −3 27 (−3, 27)
10. f (x) = 1 − e x −2 9 (−2, 9)
f (0) = 1 − e0 = 1 − 1 = 0 −1 3 (−1, 3)
The only graph with y-intercept (0, 0) is (d). 0 1 (0, 1)
y
11. Graph f (x) = 3 . x 1 1
1 1, 8
3 3
Compute some function values, plot the corresponding 6
f(x) 3x
points, and connect them with a smooth curve. 1 1
2 2, 4
9 9
x y = f (x) (x, y) 2
1 1
1 1 3 3, 4 2 2 4
27 27 x
−3 − 3,
27 27 x
1
1 1 15. Graph f (x) = .
−2 − 2, 4
9 9 y
Compute some function values, plot the corresponding
1 1
−1 − 1, 8
points, and connect them with a smooth curve.
3 3 6
0 1 (0, 1)
4
1 3 (1, 3) f (x) 3x
2
2 9 (2, 9)
321 1 2 3 x
3 27 (3, 27) 1
Copyright
x y = f (x) (x, y) 18. Graph y = 3 − 3x .
−3 64 (−3, 64) x y (x, y)

−2 16 (−2, 16) 80 80
−3 − 3,
−1 4 (−1, 4) 27 27

0 1 (0, 1) y 26 26
−2 − 2,
1 1 9 9
1 1, 5 y
4 4 4 8 8
−1 − 1, 4
f (x) 冢~冣
x
1 1 3 3 3 y 3 3x
2
2 2, 2 0 2 (0, 2)
16 16
1 0 (1, 0) 4 2 2 4 x
1 1 3 2 1 1 2 3 2
3 3, 1
x
2 −6 (2, −6)
64 64 4
x 3 −24 (3, −24)

2
16. Graph f (x) = . 19. Graph f (x) = −0.25x + 4.
3
x y = f (x) (x, y) x y = f (x) (x, y)
−3 −60 (−3, −60)
27 27
−3 − 3, y
8 8 −2 −12 (−2, −12)

9 9 −1 0 (−1, 0) 4
−2 − 2,
4 4 0 3 (0, 3)
2 f(x) 0.25x 4

3 3 1 3.75 (1, 3.75) 4 2 2 4 x
−1 − 1, 2
2 2 2 3.94 (2, 3.94)
0 1 (0, 1) 4
3 3.98 (3, 3.98)
2 2
1 1,
3 3
20. Graph f (x) = 0.6x − 3.
4 4
2 2, x y = f (x) (x, y)
9 9

3
8
3,
8 −3 1.63 (−3, 1.63)
27 27 y
−2 −0.22 (−2, −0.22)
−1 −1.33 (−1, −1.33) 4
y 2 f(x) 0.6x 3
0 −2 (0, −2)
4
2
f(x) ( )
x 1 −2.4 (1, −2.4) 4 2 2 4 x
2 3 2
2 −2.64 (2, −2.64)
4
4 2 2 4 x
2
3 −2.78 (3, −2.78)
4 21. Graph f (x) = 1 + e−x .
x y = f (x) (x, y)
17. Graph y = −2x .
−3 21.1 (−3, 21.1)
x y (x, y) y
−2 8.4 (−2, 8.4)

1 1 −1 3.7 (−1, 3.7)
4
f(x) 1 ex
−3 − − 3, −
8 8 0 2 (0, 2)
2

1 1 4 2
−2 − − 2, − 1 1.4 (1, 1.4) 2 4 x
4 4 y 2
2 1.1 (2, 1.1)
1 1 4
−1 − − 1, − 4 3 1.0 (3, 1.0)
2 2
2
0 −1 (0, −1)
1 −2 (1, −2) 4 2 2 4 x
2
2 −4 (2, −4) y 2x
4
3 −8 (3, −8)
Copyright
22. Graph f (x) = 2 − e−x . 25. Graph f (x) = 1 − e−x .

x y = f (x) (x, y) Compute some function values, plot the corresponding
points, and connect them with a smooth curve.
−3 −18.1 (−3, −18.1)
y x y (x, y)
−2 −5.4 (−2, −5.4)
−1 −0.8 (−1, −0.8)
4
f(x) 2 ex
−3 −19.0855 (−3, −19.0855)
0 1 (0, 1)
2 −2 −6.3891 (−2, −6.3891)
1 1.6 (1, 1.6) 4 2 2 4 x −1 −1.7183 (−1, −1.7183)
2
2 1.9 (2, 1.9) 0 0 (0, 0)
4
3 2.0 (3, 2.0) 1 0.6321 (1, 0.6321)
2 0.8647 (2, 0.8647)
1
23. Graph y = ex . 3 0.9502 (3, 0.9502)
4
Choose values for x and compute the corresponding y-
y
values. Plot the points (x, y) and connect them with a
2
smooth curve. 1
x y (x, y) 3 2 1 1 2 3 x
2
−3 0.0124 (−3, 0.0124) 3 f (x) 1 ex
y 4
−2 0.0338 (−2, 0.0338) 5
6
−1 0.0920 (−1, 0.0920) 5 6
y ~e x 4
0 0.25 (0, 0.25) 3
26. Graph f (x) = ex − 2.
1 0.6796 (1, 0.6796) 2
1
2 1.8473 (2, 1.8473) x y (x, y)
3 2 1 1 2 3 x
3 5.0214 (3, 5.0214) 1
−3 −1.9502 (−3, −1.9502)
−2 −1.8647 (−2, −1.8647)
24. Graph y = 2e−x .
−1 −1.6321 (−1, −1.6321)
x y (x, y)
0 −1 (0, −1)
−3 40.1711 (−3, 40.1711) 1 0.7183 (1, 0.7183)
−2 14.7781 (−2, 14.7781) 2 5.3891 (2, 5.3891)
−1 5.4366 (−1, 5.4366) 3 18.0855 (3, 18.0855)
0 2 (0, 2)
1 0.7358 (1, 0.7358) y
2 0.2707 (2, 0.2707) 4
3 0.0996 (3, 0.0996) 2
4 2 2 4 x
y 2 f(x) e x 2
4
4
y 2ex
2
4 2 2 4
27. Shift the graph of y = 2x left 1 unit.
x
2
y
4
8
2 f (x) 2x 1
4 2 2 4 x
2
Copyright
28. Shift the graph of y = 2x right 1 unit. 33. Reflect the graph of y = 3x across the y-axis, then across
the x-axis, and then shift it up 4 units.
y
y
8
6 f (x) 4 3x
6
4
4
f(x) 2x 1 2 2
4 2 2 4 x
4 2 2 4 x 2
4
29. Shift the graph of y = 2x down 3 units.
y 34. Shift the graph of y = 2x right 1 unit and down 3 units.

6
y
4
4
2
2
4 2 2 4 x
2 4 2 2 4 x
f (x) 2x 3
2
4
f(x) 2x 1 3
4
30. Shift the graph of y = 2x up 1 unit. x

3
y 35. Shift the graph of y = right 1 unit.
2
6
4
y
2 f(x) 2x 1 f (x) ( 32 )x 1
8
4 2 2 4 x
6
2
4 4
2
31. Shift the graph of y = 2x left 1 unit, reflect it across the
4 2 2 4 x
y-axis, and shift it up 2 units.
y 36. Reflect the graph of y = 3x across the y-axis and then shift
it right 4 units.
4
y
2
8
4 2 2 4 x
6
2
f(x) 34x
4 f(x) 21x 2 4
2 4 6 8 x
32. Reflect the graph of y = 2x across the y-axis, reflect it
across the x-axis, and shift it up 5 units.
37. Shift the graph of y = 2x left 3 units and down 5 units.
y
4 y
x
f(x) 5 2
2 4
4 2 2 4 x f (x) 2x 3 5 2
2
8 6 4 2 x
4
2
4
Copyright
38. Shift the graph of y = 3x right 2 units and reflect it across 42. Stretch the graph of y = ex horizontally and reflect it
the x-axis. across the y-axis.
y y
2
f(x) 3x 2
4
4 2
f(x) e 0.2x
2 4 x 2
2
4 4 2 2 4 x
2
6
4
8
39. Shift the graph of y = 2x right 1 unit, stretch it vertically, 43. Reflect the graph of y = ex across the x-axis, shift it up 1
and shift it up 1 unit. unit, and shrink it vertically.
40. Shift the graph of y = 3x left 1 unit, stretch it vertically,

44. Shift the graph of y = ex up 1 unit, stretch it vertically,
and shift it down 2 units.
and shift it down 2 units.
41. Shrink the graph of y = ex horizontally. 45. Shift the graph of y = ex left 1 unit and reflect it across
the y-axis.
y
8 y
6 f (x) e 2x 8
4 6
y e x 1
2 4
4 2 2 4 2
x
2 2 4 6 x
46. Shrink the graph of y = ex horizontally and shift it up 1

unit.
y
8
6
y e 2x 1
4
4 2 2 4 x
Copyright
47. Reflect the graph of y = ex across the y-axis and then b) A(0) = 82, 000(1.01125)4·0 = $82, 000
across the x-axis; shift it up 1 unit and then stretch it
A(2) = 82, 000(1.01125)4·2 ≈ $89, 677.22
vertically.
A(5) = 82, 000(1.01125)4·5 ≈ $102, 561.54
y
A(10) = 82, 000(1.01125)4·10 ≈ $128, 278.90
4 2t
0.07
2 52. a) A(t) = 750 1 + = 750(1.035)2t
2
2 2 4 6 x b) A(1) = 750(1.035)2·1 ≈ $803.42
2
A(6) = 750(1.035)2·6 ≈ $1133.30
4
A(10) = 750(1.035)2·10 ≈ $1492.34
f (x) 2(1 ex ) A(15) = 750(1.035)2·15 ≈ $2105.10
48. Stretch the graph of y = ex horizontally and reflect it A(25) = 750(1.035)2·25 ≈ $4188.70
across the y-axis; then reflect it across the x-axis and shift nt
r
it up 1 unit. 53. We use the formula A = P 1 + and substitute 3000
n
y for P , 0.05 for r, and 4 for n.
4t
0.05
4
A(t) = 3000 1 + = 3000(1.0125)4t
2 f(x) 1 e 0.01x 4
On Elizabeth’s sixteenth birthday, t = 16 − 6 = 10.
200100 100 200 x
2 A(10) = 3000(1.0125)4·10 = 4930.86
4 When the CD matures $4930.86 will be available.
2t
0.039
54. a) A(t) = 10, 000 1 + = 10, 000(1.0195)2t
49. We graph f (x) = e−x − 4 for x < −2, f (x) = x + 3 for 2
−2 ≤ x < 1, and f (x) = x2 for x ≥ 1. b) A(0) = 10, 000(1.0195)2·0 = $10, 000
A(4) = 10, 000(1.0195)2·4 ≈ $11, 670.73
A(8) = 10, 000(1.0195)2·8 ≈ $13, 620.58
A(10) = 10, 000(1.0195)2·10 ≈ $14, 714.47
A(18) = 10, 000(1.0195)2·18 ≈ $20, 041.96
A(21) = 10, 000(1.0195)2·21 ≈ $22, 504.20
nt
r
55. We use the formula A = P 1 + and substitute 3000
n
for P , 0.04 for r, 2 for n, and 2 for t.
2·2
0.04
A = 3000 1 + ≈ $3247.30
2
4·3
0.03
50. 56. A = 12, 500 1 + ≈ $13, 672.59
4
nt
r
57. We use the formula A = P 1 + and substitute
n
120,000 for P , 0.025 for r, 1 for n, and 10 for t.
1·10
0.025
A = 120, 000 1 + ≈ $153, 610.15
1
4·10
0.025
58. A = 120, 000 1 + ≈ $153, 963.22
4
nt
nt r
r 59. We use the formula A = P 1 + and substitute
51. a) We use the formula A = P 1 + and substi- n
n 53,500 for P , 0.055 for r, 4 for n, and 6.5 for t.
tute 82,000 for P , 0.045 for r, and 4 for n. 4(6.5)
4t 0.055
0.045 A = 53, 500 1 + ≈ $76, 305.59
A(t) = 82, 000 1 + = 82, 000(1.01125)4t 4
4
Copyright
2(4.5)
0.0675 69. In 2020, t = 2020 − 2015 = 5.
60. A = 6250 1 + ≈ $8425.97
2 H(5) = 80, 040.68(1.0481)5 ≈ 101, 234 centenarians
nt In 2050, t = 2050 − 2015 = 35.
r
61. We use the formula A = P 1 + and substitute
n H(35) = 80, 040.68(1.0481)35 ≈ 414, 387 centenarians
17,400 for P , 0.081 for r, 365 for n, and 5 for t.
365·5 70. In 1985, t = 1985 − 1970 = 15.
0.081
A = 17, 400 1 + ≈ $26, 086.69 D(15) = 347(1.024)15 ≈ 495, 000 bachelor’s degrees
365
In 2000, t = 2000 − 1970 = 30.
365(7.25)
62. A = 900 1 +
0.073
≈ $1527.81 D(30) = 347(1.024)30 ≈ 707, 000 bachelor’s degrees
365 In 2014, t = 2014 − 1970 = 44.
63. In 1998, x = 1998 − 1995 = 3. D(44) = 347(1.024)44 ≈ 985, 000 bachelor’s degrees
A(3) = 246, 855(1.0931) ≈ 322, 420 vehicles
3
In 2020, t = 2020 − 1970 = 50.
In 2010, x = 2010 − 1995 = 15. D(50) = 347(1.024)50 ≈ 1, 136, 000 bachelor’s degrees
A(15) = 246, 855(1.0931) 15
≈ 938, 297 vehicles
71. In 1982, x = 1982 − 1969 = 13.
In 2018, x = 2018 − 1995 = 23.
G(13) = 20.7(1.066)13 ≈ $48 billion
A(23) = 246, 855(1.0931)23 ≈ 1, 912, 580 vehicles
In 1995, x = 1995 − 1969 = 26.
64. In 1995, t = 1995 − 1984 = 11. G(26) = 20.7(1.066)26 ≈ $109 billion
M (11) = 7.91477(1.26698)11 ≈ 107 MHz In 2010, x = 2010 − 1969 = 41.
In 2009, t = 2009 − 1984 = 25. G(41) = 20.7(1.066)41 ≈ $284 billion
M (25) = 7.91477(1.26698)25 ≈ 2936 MHz 72. T (x) = 23.7624(1.0752)x
65. In 2011, x = 2011 − 2008 = 3. In 2010, x = 2010 − 2006 = 4.
S(3) = 20.913(2.236) ≈ $234 million
3
T (4) = 23.7624(1.0752)4 ≈ 32 million tennis participants
In 2015, x = 2015 − 2008 = 7. In 2018, x = 2018 − 2006 = 12.
S(7) = 20.913(2.236) ≈ $5844 million, or $5.844 billion
7 T (12) = 23.7624(1.0752)12 ≈ 57 million tennis participants
66. In 2009, x = 2009 − 2007 = 2. 73. V (t) = 6982(0.85)t

E(2) = 6541(1.5851)2 ≈ 16, 435 students V (0) = 6982(0.85)0 = $6982
In 2011, x = 2011 − 2007 = 4. V (1) = 6982(0.85)1 ≈ $5935
E(4) = 6541(1.5851)4 ≈ 41, 292 students V (2) = 6982(0.85)2 ≈ $5044
In 2016, x = 2016 − 2007 = 9. V (5) = 6982(0.85)5 ≈ $3098
E(9) = 6541(1.5851)9 ≈ 431, 194 students V (8) = 6982(0.85)8 ≈ $1903
67. In 2005, t = 2005 − 2004 = 1. 74. V (t) = 56, 395(0.9)t

P (1) = 2.307(1.483)1 ≈ 3 million users V (0) = 56, 395(0.9)0 = $56, 395
In 2009, t = 2009 − 2004 = 5. V (1) = 56, 395(0.9)1 ≈ $50, 756
P (5) = 2.307(1.483)5 ≈ 17 million users V (3) = 56, 395(0.9)3 ≈ $41, 112
In 2012, t = 2012 − 2004 = 8. V (6) = 56, 395(0.9)6 ≈ $29, 971
P (8) = 2.307(1.483)8 ≈ 54 million users V (10) = 56, 395(0.9)10 ≈ $19, 664
68. In 1990, x = 1990 − 1980 = 10. 75. f (25) = 100(1 − e−0.04(25) ) ≈ 63%.
P (10) = 307.368(1.072)10 ≈ $616 billion 76. V (1) = $58(1 − e−1.1(1) ) + $20 ≈ $58.69
In 2000, x = 2000 − 1980 = 20. V (2) = $58(1 − e−1.1(2) ) + $20 ≈ $71.57
P (20) = 307.368(1.072)20 ≈ $1235 billion, or $1.235 V (4) = $58(1 − e−1.1(4) ) + $20 ≈ $77.29
trillion V (6) = $58(1 − e−1.1(6) ) + $20 ≈ $77.92
In 2012, x = 2012 − 1980 = 32. V (12) = $58(1 − e−1.1(12) ) + $20 ≈ $78.00
P (32) = 307.368(1.072) 32
≈ $2844 billion, or $2.844
trillion 77. (1 − 4i)(7 + 6i) = 7 + 6i − 28i − 24i2
= 7 + 6i − 28i + 24
= 31 − 22i
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2−i 2−i 3−i

78. = · 83. x3 + 6x2 − 16x = 0
3+1 3+i 3−i
x(x2 + 6x − 16) = 0
6 − 5i + i2
= x(x + 8)(x − 2) = 0
9 − i2
6 − 5i − 1 x = 0 or x + 8 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
=
9+1 x = 0 or x = −8 or x=2
5 − 5i
= The solutions are 0, −8, and 2.
10
1 1
= − i
84. 3x2 − 6 = 5x
2 2 3x − 5x − 6 = 0
2
79. 2x2 − 13x − 7 = 0 Setting f (x) = 0

−(−5) ± (−5)2 − 4 · 3 · (−6)
(2x + 1)(x − 7) = 0 x=
2·3
√
2x + 1 = 0 or x − 7 = 0 5 ± 97
=
2x = −1 or x=7 6
1 85. 7π ≈ 451.8078726 and π 7 ≈ 3020.293228, so π 7 is larger.
x = − or x=7
2
7080 ≈ 4.054 × 10147 and 8070 ≈ 1.646 × 10133 , so 7080 is
1
The zeros of the function are − and 7, and the x- larger.
2
1
intercepts are − , 0 and (7, 0). 86. f (x + h) − f (x) (2ex+h − 3) − (2ex − 3)
2 =
h h
80. h(x) = x3 − 3x2 + 3x − 1 2ex+h − 3 − 2ex + 3
=
The possible real-number solutions are of the form p/q h
where p = ±1 and q = ±1. Then the possibilities for p/q 2ex+h − 2ex
are 1 and −1. We try 1. =
h
1 1 −3 3 −1
2ex (eh − 1)
1 −2 1 = (ex · eh = ex+h )
1 −2 1 0 h
h(x) = (x − 1)(x2 − 2x + 1)
Exercise Set 5.3
Now find the zeros of h(x).
(x − 1)(x2 − 2x + 1) = 0
1. Graph x = 3y .
(x − 1)(x − 1)(x − 1) = 0
Choose values for y and compute the corresponding x-
x − 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0 values. Plot the points (x, y) and connect them with a
x = 1 or x = 1 or x=1 smooth curve.
The zero of the function is 1 and the x-intercept is (1, 0). x y (x, y)

81. x4 − x2 = 0 Setting h(x) = 0 1
−3
1
, −3
x2 (x2 − 1) = 0 27 27

x2 (x + 1)(x − 1) = 0 1 1
−2 , −2
9 9 y
x2 = 0 or x + 1 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
1 1 3
x = 0 or x = −1 or x=1 −1 , −1 2
x 3y
3 3
The zeros of the function are 0, −1, and 1, and the x- 1 0 (1, 0) 1
intercepts are (0, 0), (−1, 0), and (1, 0). 2 4 6 8 x
3 1 (3, 1) 1
82. x3 + x2 − 12x = 0 9 2 (9, 2) 2
3
x(x2 + x − 12) = 0 27 3 (27, 3)
x(x + 4)(x − 3) = 0
x = 0 or x + 4 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = 0 or x = −4 or x=3
The zeros of the function are 0, −4, and 3, and the x-
intercepts are (0, 0), (−4, 0), and (3, 0).
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2. Graph x = 4y . 1
For y = −2, x = 3−2 = .
9
x y (x, y) 1
For y = −1, x = 3−1 = .
1 1 3
−3 , −3 For y = 0, x = 30 = 1.
64 64
For y = 1, x = 31 = 3.
1 1
−2 , −2
16 16 y For y = 2, x = 32 = 9.

1 1 4 x, or 3y y
−1 , −1 x 4y
4 4 2 y
1
1 0 (1, 0) −2 3 y log3 x
2 4 6 8 x 9
2
4 1 (4, 1) 2 1
16 2 (16, 2) 4
−1 1
3 1 2 4 6 8 10 x
64 3
(64, 3) 1 0 1
y 2
3 1
1 3
3. Graph x = . 9 2
2
Choose values for y and compute the corresponding x- 6. y = log4 x is equivalent to x = 4y .
values. Plot the points (x, y) and connect them with a
smooth curve. x, or 4y y
y
x y (x, y) 1
−2 4
16 y log4 x
8 −3 (8, −3) 1
2
4 −2 (4, −2) −1 2 4 6 8
4 x
2
2 −1 (2, −1) 1 0
4
1 0 (1, 0) y 4 1
3
1 1 16 2
1 ,1 2 y
2 2 x 冢q冣 7. Graph f (x) = log x.
1
1 1
2 ,2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x Think of f (x) as y. The equation y = log x is equivalent
4 4 1
to x = 10y . We can find ordered pairs that are solutions
2
1 1 by choosing values for y and computing the corresponding
3 ,3 3
8 8 x-values.
y For y = −2, x = 10−2 = 0.01.
4
4. Graph x = . For y = −1, x = 10−1 = 0.1.
3
For y = 0, x = 100 = 1.
x y (x, y)
For y = 1, x = 101 = 10.

27 27 For y = 2, x = 102 = 100.
−3 , −3
64 64 x, or 10y y y

9 9 3
−2 , −2 0.01 −2 f (x) log x
16 16 2
0.1 −1 1
3 3
−1 , −1 1 2 4 6 8 10 x
4 4 1 0 1
1 0 (1, 0) y 10 1 2

4 4 4 3
1 ,1 100 2
3 3 2

16 16 4 2 2 4
8. See Example 10.
2 ,2 x
9 9 2
4
x ( )
y 9. log2 16 = 4 because the exponent to which we raise 2 to
64 64 4 3
3 ,3 get 16 is 4.
27 27
10. log3 9 = 2, because the exponent to which we raise 3 to
5. Graph y = log3 x. get 9 is 2.
The equation y = log3 x is equivalent to x = 3y . We can
11. log5 125 = 3, because the exponent to which we raise 5 to
find ordered pairs that are solutions by choosing values for
get 125 is 3.
y and computing the corresponding x-values.
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12. log2 64 = 6, because the exponent to which we raise 2 to 31. log4 1 = 0, because the exponent to which we raise 4 to
get 64 is 6. get 1 is 0.
13. log 0.001 = −3, because the exponent to which we raise 10 32. ln e−5 = −5, because the exponent to which we raise e to
to get 0.001 is −3. get e−5 is −5.
14. log 100 = 2, because the exponent to which we raise 10 to √ 1
33. ln e = ln e1/2 = , because the exponent to which we
get 100 is 2. 2
1
1 raise e to get e1/2 is .
15. log2 = −2, because the exponent to which we raise 2 to 2
4
1 1
get is −2. 34. log64 4 = , because the exponent to which we raise 64 to
3
4 1 √
get 4 is . (641/3 = 3 64 = 4)
1 3
16. log8 2 = , because the exponent to which we raise 8 to
3 35. The exponent is the
1 logarithm.
get 2 is . ↓ ↓
3
103 = 1000⇒3 = log10 1000
17. ln 1 = 0, because the exponent to which we raise e to get
↑ ↑ The base remains the
1 is 0.
same.
18. ln e = 1, because the exponent to which we raise e to get We could also say 3 = log 1000.
e is 1.
1 1
19. log 10 = 1, because the exponent to which we raise 10 to 36. 5−3 = ⇒ log5 = −3
125 125
get 10 is 1.
37. The exponent is
20. log 1 = 0, because the exponent to which we raise 10 to the logarithm.
get 1 is 0. ↓ ↓
1
21. log5 54 = 4, because the exponent to which we raise 5 to 81/3 = 2 ⇒ log 8 2 =
3
get 54 is 4. ↑ ↑ The base remains
√ 1 the same.
22. log 10 = log 101/2 = , because the exponent to which
2 38. 100.3010 = 2 ⇒ log10 2 = 0.0310
1
we raise 10 to get 101/2 is .
2 We could also say log 2 = 0.0310.
√ 1
23. log3 3 = log3 31/4 = , because the exponent to which
4 39. e3 = t ⇒ loge t = 3, or ln t = 3
4
1
we raise 3 to get 31/4 is . 40. Qt = x ⇒ logQ x = t
4
41. e2 = 7.3891 ⇒ loge 7.3891 = 2, or ln 7.3891 = 2
8/5 8
24. log 10 = , because the exponent to which we raise 10
5 42. e−1 = 0.3679 ⇒ loge 0.3679 = −1, or ln 0.3679 = −1
8
to get 108/5 is .
5 43. pk = 3 ⇒ logp 3 = k
25. log 10−7 = −7, because the exponent to which we raise 10 44. e−t = 4000 ⇒ loge 4000 = −t, or ln 4000 = −t
to get 10−7 is −7.
45. The logarithm is the
26. log5 1 = 0, because the exponent to which we raise 5 to exponent.
get 1 is 0. ↓ ↓
log 5 5 = 1⇒51 = 5
1
27. log49 7 = , because the exponent to which we raise 49 to ↑ ↑ The base remains the same.
2
1 √
get 7 is . (491/2 = 49 = 7) 46. t = log4 7 ⇒ 7 = 4t
2
28. log3 3−2 = −2, because the exponent to which we raise 3 47. log 0.01 = −2 is equivalent to log10 0.01 = −2.
to get 3−2 is −2. The logarithm is
the exponent.
29. ln e3/4 =
3
, because the exponent to which we raise e to ↓ ↓
4 log10 0.01 = −2⇒10−2 = 0.01
3 ↑ ↑
get e3/4 is . The base remains
4
the same.
√ 1
30. log2 2 = log2 21/2 = , because the exponent to which we 48. log 7 = 0.845 ⇒ 100.845 = 7
2
1
raise 2 to get 21/2 is . 49. ln 30 = 3.4012 ⇒ e3.4012 = 30
2
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50. ln 0.38 = −0.9676 ⇒ e−0.9676 = 0.38 75. Let a = e, b = 3, and M = 12 and substitute in the
change-of-base formula.
51. loga M = −x ⇒ a−x = M
ln 12
log3 12 = ≈ 2.2619
52. logt Q = k ⇒ tk = Q ln 3
ln 25
53. loga T 3 = x ⇒ ax = T 3 76. log4 25 = ≈ 2.3219
ln 4
54. ln W 5 = t ⇒ et = W 5 77. Let a = e, b = 100, and M = 15 and substitute in the
55. log 3 ≈ 0.4771 change-of-base formula.
ln 15
56. log 8 ≈ 0.9031 log100 15 = ≈ 0.5880
ln 100
57. log 532 ≈ 2.7259 ln 100
78. log9 100 = ≈ 2.0959
ln 9
58. log 93, 100 ≈ 4.9689
79. Graph y = 3x and then reflect this graph across the line
59. log 0.57 ≈ −0.2441 y = x to get the graph of y = log3 x.
60. log 0.082 ≈ −1.0862 y
61. log(−2) does not exist. (The calculator gives an error mes- 4
f(x) 3x
sage.) 2
62. ln 50 ≈ 3.9120 4 2 2 4 x
2
63. ln 2 ≈ 0.6931 f 1(x) log3 x
4
64. ln(−4) does not exist. (The calculator gives an error mes-
sage.)
80. Graph y = log4 x and then reflect this graph across the
65. ln 809.3 ≈ 6.6962 line y = x to get the graph of y = 4x .
66. ln 0.00037 ≈ −7.9020
y
67. ln(−1.32) does not exist. (The calculator gives an error 4
message.) f 1(x) 4x
2
68. ln 0 does not exist. (The calculator gives an error message.) 4 2 2 4 x

2 f(x) log4 x
69. Let a = 10, b = 4, and M = 100 and substitute in the
4
log10 100
log4 100 = ≈ 3.3219
log10 4 81. Graph y = log x and then reflect this graph across the line
y = x to get the graph of y = 10x .
log 20
70. log3 20 = ≈ 2.7268
log 3 y
71. Let a = 10, b = 100, and M = 0.3 and substitute in the 4

f 1(x) 10 x
change-of-base formula. 2
log10 0.3
log100 0.3 = ≈ −0.2614 4 2 2 4 x
log10 100
2
f (x) log x
log 100
72. logπ 100 = ≈ 4.0229 4
log π
73. Let a = 10, b = 200, and M = 50 and substitute in the
82. Graph y = ex and then reflect this graph across the line
y = x to get the graph of y = ln x.
log10 50
log200 50 = ≈ 0.7384
log10 200 y
log 1700 4
74. log5.3 1700 = ≈ 4.4602 f(x) e x
log 5.3 2
4 2 2 4 x
2
4 f 1(x) ln x
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83. Shift the graph of y = log2 x left 3 units. 87. Stretch the graph of y = ln x vertically.
y y
4 8
2 6
4
2 2 4 6 x
2 f(x) 4 ln x
2
f (x) log 2 (x 3)
4
2 4 6 8 x
Domain: (−3, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)

Vertical asymptote: x = −3 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
84. Shift the graph of y = log3 x right 2 units. 88. Shrink the graph of y = ln x vertically.
y y
4 f(x) log3 (x 2) 4
2 2
2 4 6 8 x 2 4 6 8 x
2 2
1
4 4
f(x)
2 ln x
Domain: (2, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)

Vertical asymptote: x = 2 Vertical asymptote: x = 0
85. Shift the graph of y = log3 x down 1 unit. 89. Reflect the graph of y = ln x across the x-axis and then
shift it up 2 units.
y
y
4 y log 3 x 1
2 4
2
2 4 6 8 x
2 2 4 6 8 x
2
4
4
y 2 ln x
Domain: (0, ∞)
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 Domain: (0, ∞)
Vertical asymptote: x = 0
86. Shift the graph of y = log2 x up 3 units.
90. Shift the graph of y = ln x left 1 unit.
y
y
8
6 4
4 2
2
y 3 log2 x
2 4 6 8 x
2
2 4 6 8 x
4
y ln (x 1)
Domain: (0, ∞)
Vertical asymptote: x = 0 Domain: (−1, ∞)
Vertical asymptote: x = −1
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91. Shift the graph of y = log x right 1 unit, shrink it verti- c) We substitute 212.038 for P , since P is in thousands.
cally, and shift it down 2 units. w(212.038) = 0.37 ln 212.038 + 0.05
y ≈ 2.0 ft/sec
d) We substitute 598.916 for P , since P is in thousands.
4 w(598.916) = 0.37 ln 598.916 + 0.05
1
2 f(x) 2 log (x 1) 2 ≈ 2.4 ft/sec
4 2 2 4 x e) We substitute 345.610 for P , since P is in thousands.
2 w(345.610) = 0.37 ln 345.610 + 0.05
4
≈ 2.2 ft/sec
f) We substitute 775.202 for P , since P is in thousands.
92. Shift the graph of y = log x left 1 unit, stretch it vertically, w(775.202) = 0.37 ln 775.202 + 0.05
reflect it across the x-axis, and shift it up 5 units. ≈ 2.5 ft/sec
y g) We substitute 421.570 for P , since P is in thousands.
8 w(421.570) = 0.37 ln 421.570 + 0.05
6 ≈ 2.3 ft/sec
4 h) We substitute 3908.643 for P , since P is in thou-
2 sands.
2 2 4 6 x w(3908.643) = 0.37 ln 3908.643 + 0.05
2 ≈ 3.1 ft/sec
f(x) 5 2 log (x 1)
96. a) S(0) = 78 − 15 log(0 + 1)
93. Graph g(x) = 5 for x ≤ 0 and g(x) = log x + 1 for x > 0. = 78 − 15 log 1
y = 78 − 15 · 0
= 78%
4 b) S(4) = 78 − 15 log(4 + 1)
2
= 78 − 15 log 5
4 2 2 4 x ≈ 78 − 15(0.698970)
2
≈ 67.5%
4
S(24) = 78 − 15 log(24 + 1)
= 78 − 15 log 25
5, for x 0,
g (x)
log x 1, for x 0 ≈ 78 − 15(1.397940)
≈ 57%
94.
y 107.7 · I0
4
97. a) R = log = log 107.7 = 7.7
I0
2
109.5 · I0
b) R = log = log 109.5 = 9.5
4 2 2 4 x I0
2
4
106.6 · I0
c) R = log = log 106.6 = 6.6
I0
1 x, for x 1, 107.6 · I0
f(x) d) R = log = log 107.6 = 7.6
ln (x 1), for x 1 I0
108.0 · I0
95. a) We substitute 672.538 for P , since P is in thousands. e) R = log = log 108.0 = 8.0
I0
w(672.538) = 0.37 ln 672.538 + 0.05
107.9 · I0
≈ 2.5 ft/sec f) R = log = log 107.9 = 7.9
I0
b) We substitute 1488.750 for P , since P is in thou-
105.1 · I0
sands. g) R = log = log 105.1 = 5.1
I0
w(1488.750) = 0.37 ln 1488.750 + 0.05
≈ 2.8 ft/sec 109.3 · I0
h) R = log = log 109.3 = 9.3
I0
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98. a) pH = − log[1.6 × 10−4 ] ≈ −(−3.8) ≈ 3.8 102. 3x − 10y = 14

b) pH = − log[0.0013] ≈ −(−2.9) ≈ 2.9 3x − 14 = 10y
c) pH = − log[6.3 × 10−7 ] ≈ −(−6.2) ≈ 6.2 3 7
x− = y
d) pH = − log[1.6 × 10−8 ] ≈ −(−7.8) ≈ 7.8 10 5

e) pH = − log[6.3 × 10−5 ] ≈ −(−4.2) ≈ 4.2 3 7
Slope: ; y-intercept: 0, −
10 5
99. a) 7 = − log[H+ ]
103. y = 6 = 0 · x + 6
−7 = log[H+ ]
Slope: 0; y-intercept (0, 6)
H+ = 10−7 Using the definition of
logarithm 104. x = −4
b) 5.4 = − log[H ] +
Slope: not defined; y-intercept: none
−5.4 = log[H ]
+
105. −5 1 −6 3 10
H+ = 10−5.4 Using the definition of −5 55 −290
logarithm 1 −11 58 −280
H ≈ 4.0 × 10
+ −6 The remainder is −280, so f (−5) = −280.

c) 3.2 = − log[H ] +
106. −1 1 −2 0 1 −6
−3.2 = log[H+ ] −1 3 −3 2
1 −3 3 −2 −4
H+ = 10−3.2 Using the definition of
logarithm f (−1) = −4
−4 √ √
H ≈ 6.3 × 10
+
107. f (x) = (x − 7)(x + 7)(x − 0)
d) 4.8 = − log[H+ ] = (x − 7)(x)
2
−4.8 = log[H+ ] = x3 − 7x
H+ = 10−4.8 Using the definition of 108. f (x) = (x − 4i)(x + 4i)(x − 1)
logarithm
= (x2 + 16)(x − 1)
H+ ≈ 1.6 × 10−5
= x3 − x2 + 16x − 16
100. a) N (1) = 1000 + 200 ln 1 = 1000 units
109. Using the change-of-base formula, we get
b) N (5) = 1000 + 200 ln 5 ≈ 1332 units
log5 8
1014 · I0 = log2 8 = 3.
101. a) L = 10 log log2 8
I0
= 10 log 1014 = 10 · 14 110. Using the change-of-base formula, we get
≈ 140 decibels log3 64
= log16 64.
1011.5 · I0 log3 16
b) L = 10 log Let log16 64 = x. Then we have
I0
= 10 log 1011.5 = 10 · 11.5 16x = 64 Using the definition of logarithm
≈ 115 decibels 4 x
(2 ) = 2 6
104 · I0 24x = 26 , so
c) L = 10 log
I0
4x = 6
= 10 log 104 = 10 · 4
6 3
= 40 decibels x= =
4 2
106.5 · I0 log3 64 3
d) L = 10 log Thus, = .
I0 log3 16 2
= 10 log 106.5 = 10 · 6.5
= 65 decibels 111. f (x) = log5 x3
1012 · I0 x3 must be positive. Since x3 > 0 for x > 0, the domain
e) L = 10 log is (0, ∞).
I0
= 10 log 1012 = 10 · 12 112. f (x) = log4 x2
= 120 decibels x2 must be positive, so the domain is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
1019.4 · I0
f) L = 10 log 113. f (x) = ln |x|
I0
= 10 log 1019.4 = 10 · 19.4 |x| must be positive. Since |x| > 0 for x = 0, the domain
= 194 decibels is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞).
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114. f (x) = log(3x − 4) 5. The graph of f (x) = 3 + x2 is shown below. Since there
3x − 4 must be positive. We have are many horizontal lines that cross the graph more than
once, the function is not one-to-one and thus does not have
3x − 4 > 0
an inverse that is a function.
4
x> y
3
4 5
The domain is ,∞ . 4
3
3 f (x ) = 3 + x 2
log(2x + 5) 2
115. Graph y = log2 (2x + 5) = . Observe 1
log 2 x
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5
5
that outputs are negative for inputs between − and −2. —1
2 —2
5 —3
Thus, the solution set is − , −2 . —4
2 —5
log(x − 3)
116. Graph y1 = log2 (x − 3) = and y2 = 4.
log 2 5
6. The graph of f (x) = is shown below. It passes the
Observe that the graph of y1 lies on or above the graph x−2
of y2 for all inputs greater than or equal to 19. Thus, the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.
solution set is [19, ∞). y
117. Graph (d) is the graph of f (x) = ln |x|. 5

5
f (x ) = x––– 4
118. Graph (c) is the graph of f (x) = | ln x|. –2
3
2
2
119. Graph (b) is the graph of f (x) = ln x . 1
120. Graph (a) is the graph of g(x) = | ln(x − 1)|. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1

—1
1 2 3 4 5 x
—2
—3
Chapter 5 Mid-Chapter Mixed Review —4
—5
1. The statement is false. The domain of y = log x, for in- 5

stance, is (0, ∞). Replace f (x) with y: y =
x−2
2. The statement is true. See page 314 in the text. 5
y−2
3. f (0) = e−0 = 1, so the y-intercept is (0, 1). The given
Solve for y: x(y − 2) = 5
statement is false.
xy − 2x = 5
2
4. The graph of f (x) = − is shown below. It passes the xy = 2x + 5
x
horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one. 2x + 5 5
y= , or y = 2 +
x x
y
2x + 5
5
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = , or
2
x
4 f (x ) = – — 5
3
x
f −1 (x) = 2 +
x
2
√
1 7. (f ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = ( x − 5)2 + 5 = x − 5 + 5 = x
−1
x √ √
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = f (f −1 (x)) = x2 + 5 − 5 = x2 = x
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5
—1
(This assumes that the domain of f −1 (x) is restricted to

—2
—3
—4 {x|x ≥ 0}.)
Since (f −1 ◦ f )(x) = x = (f ◦ f −1 )(x), we know that
—5
2 f −1 (x) = x2 + 5.
Replace f (x) with y: y = −
x 8. Replace f (x) with y: y = x3 + 2
2
Interchange x and y: x = − Interchange x and y: x = y 3 + 2
y
Solve for y: x − 2 = y3
Solve for y: xy = −2 √
2 3
x−2 = y
y=− √
x Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 3
x−2
2
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = −
x
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The domain of f is (−∞, ∞) and the range of f is also 27. ln e = 1 because the exponent to which we raise e to get
(−∞, ∞). Thus the domain and range of f −1 are both e is 1.
(−∞, ∞).
28. e−6 = 0.0025 is equivalent to ln 0.0025 = −6.
y
29. log T = r is equivalent to 10r = T .
5
4 f ln 20
3 30. log3 20 = ≈ 2.7268
ln 3
2 f -1
1 log 10 1
31. logπ 10 = = ≈ 2.0115
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1
—1
1 2 3 4 5 x log π log π
—2
32. For an even function f , f (x) = f (−x) so we have f (x) =
—3
—4
f (−x) but x = −x (for x = 0). Thus f is not one-to-one
—5 and hence it does not have an inverse.
33. The most interest will be earned the eighth year, because
9. The graph of y = log2 x is (d). the principle is greatest during that year.
10. The graph of f (x) = 2x + 2 is (h). 34. Some differences are as follows: The range of f is (−∞, ∞)
x−1
whereas the range of g is (0, ∞); f has no asymptotes but
11. The graph of f (x) = e is (c). g has a horizontal asymptote, the x-axis; the y-intercept
12. The graph of f (x) = ln x − 2 is (g). of f is (0, 0) and the y-intercept of g is (0, 1).
13. The graph of f (x) = ln (x − 2) is (b). 35. If log b < 0, then b < 1.
14. The graph of y = 2−x is (f).

Exercise Set 5.4
15. The graph of f (x) = | log x| is (e).
16. The graph of f (x) = ex + 1 is (a). 1. Use the product rule.
nt log3 (81 · 27) = log3 81 + log3 27 = 4 + 3 = 7
r
17. A = P 1 +
n 2. log2 (8 · 64) = log2 8 + log2 64 = 3 + 6 = 9
4·6
0.045
A = 3200 1 + ≈ $4185.57 3. Use the product rule.
4
log5 (5 · 125) = log5 5 + log5 125 = 1 + 3 = 4
18. log4 1 = 0 because the exponent to which we raise 4 to get
1 is 0. 4. log4 (64 · 4) = log4 64 + log4 4 = 3 + 1 = 4
4 5. Use the product rule.
19. ln e−4/5 is − because the exponent to which we raise e
5 logt 8Y = logt 8 + logt Y
4
to get e−4/5 is − .
5 6. log 0.2x = log 0.2 + log x
20. log 0.01 = −2 because the exponent to which we raise 10
to get 0.01, or 10−2 , is −2. 7. Use the product rule.
ln xy = ln x + ln y
21. ln e2 = 2 because the exponent to which we raise e to get
e2 is 2. 8. ln ab = ln a + ln b
22. ln 1 = 0 because the exponent to which we raise e to get 9. Use the power rule.
1 is 0. logb t3 = 3 logb t
1
23. log2 = −4 because the exponent to which we raise 2 to 10. loga x4 = 4 loga x
16
1
get , or 2−4 , is −4. 11. Use the power rule.
16
log y 8 = 8 log y
24. log 1 = 0 because the exponent to which we raise 10 to get
1 is 0. 12. ln y 5 = 5 ln y
25. log3 27 = 3 because the exponent to which we raise 3 to 13. Use the power rule.
get 27 is 3. logc K −6 = −6 logc K
√ 1
4
26. log 10 = because the exponent to which we raise 10 to 14. logb Q−8 = −8 logb Q
4
√ 1
get 4 10, or 101/4 is .
4
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5a
15. Use the power rule. 28. log = log 5a − log 4b2
√ 4b2
1
ln 4 = ln 41/3 = ln 4 = log 5 + log a − (log 4 + log b2 )
3
3
= log 5 + log a − log 4 − log b2
√ 1
16. ln a = ln a1/2 = ln a = log 5 + log a − log 4 − 2 log b
2
√
17. Use the quotient rule. 29. log r3 t
M = log(r3 t)1/2
logt = logt M − logt 8
8 1
= log r3 t Power rule
76 2
18. loga = loga 76 − loga 13
13 1
= (log r3 + log t) Product rule
19. Use the quotient rule. 2
x 1
log = log x − log y = (3 log r + log t) Power rule
y 2
3 1
a = log r + log t
20. ln = ln a − ln b 2 2
b √
3
30. ln 5x5 = ln(5x5 )1/3
21. Use the quotient rule.
r 1
ln = ln r − ln s = ln 5x5
s 3
1
3 = (ln 5 + ln x5 )
22. logb = logb 3 − logb w 3
w
1
23. loga 6xy 5 z 4 = (ln 5 + 5 ln x)
3
= loga 6 + loga x + loga y 5 + loga z 4 1 5
= ln 5 + ln x
Product rule 3 3

= loga 6 + loga x + 5 loga y + 4 loga z x6
31. loga
Power rule p5 q 8
24. loga x3 y 2 z 1 x6
= loga 5 8
= loga x3 + loga y 2 + loga z 2 p q
1
= 3 loga x + 2 loga y + loga z = [loga x6 − loga (p5 q 8 )] Quotient rule
2
25. p2 q 5 1
logb = [loga x6 − (loga p5 + loga q 8 )] Product rule
m4 b 9 2
= logb p2 q 5 − logb m4 b9 Quotient rule 1
= (loga x6 − loga p5 − loga q 8 )
= logb p2 + logb q 5 − (logb m4 + logb b9 ) 2
Product rule 1
= (6 loga x − 5 loga p − 8 loga q) Power rule
= logb p2 + logb q 5 − logb m4 − logb b9 2
= logb p2 + logb q 5 − logb m4 − 9 (logb b9 = 9) 5
= 3 loga x − loga p − 4 loga q
2
= 2 logb p + 5 logb q − 4 logb m − 9 Power rule
3 2
3 y z
32. logc
x4
x2 y
26. logb = logb x2 y − logb b3 1 y3 z2
b3 = logc 4
3 x
= logb x2 + logb y − logb b3
1
= logb x2 + logb y − 3 = (logc y 3 z 2 − logc x4 )
3
= 2 logb x + logb y − 3 1
= (logc y 3 + logc z 2 − logc x4 )
2 3
27. ln
3x3 y 1
= (3 logc y + 2 logc z − 4 logc x)
= ln 2 − ln 3x3 y Quotient rule 3
= ln 2 − (ln 3 + ln x3 + ln y) Product rule 2 4
= logc y + logc z − logc x
= ln 2 − ln 3 − ln x3 − ln y 3 3
= ln 2 − ln 3 − 3 ln x − ln y Power rule
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m8 n12 1
33. loga
4
41. loga x + 4 loga y − 3 loga x
a3 b5 2
1 m8 n12 = loga x1/2 + loga y 4 − loga x3 Power rule
= loga 3 5 Power rule
4 a b = loga x1/2 y 4 − loga x3 Product rule
1 1/2 4
x y
= (loga m8 n12 − loga a3 b5 ) Quotient rule = loga Quotient rule
4 x3
1 y4
= [loga m8 + loga n12 − (loga a3 + loga b5 )] = loga x−5/2 y 4 , or loga Simplifying
4 x5/2
Product rule
1 2 1
= (loga m + loga n − loga a3 − loga b5 )
8 12
42. loga x − loga y = loga x2/5 − loga y 1/3 =
4 5 3
1 x2/5
= (loga m8 +loga n12 −3−loga b5 ) loga 1/3
4 y
(loga a3 = 3) √
1
43. ln x2 − 2 ln x
= (8 loga m + 12 loga n − 3 − 5 loga b) √
4 = ln x2 − ln ( x)2 Power rule
Power rule √
= ln x2 − ln x [( x)2 = x]
3 5 x2
= 2 loga m + 3 loga n − − loga b = ln Quotient rule
4 4 x

a6 b8 √ = ln x
34. loga 2 5
= loga a4 b3
a b x
44. ln 2x + 3(ln x − ln y) = ln 2x + 3 ln
1 y
= (loga a4 + loga b3 ) 3
2 x
1 = ln 2x + ln
= (4 + 3 loga b) y
2 3
x
3 = ln 2x
= 2 + loga b y
2
2x4
= ln
35. loga 75 + loga 2 y3
= loga (75 · 2) Product rule 45. ln(x2 − 4) − ln(x + 2)
= loga 150 x2 − 4
= ln Quotient rule
36. log 0.01 + log 1000 = log(0.01 · 1000) = log 10 = 1 x+2
(x + 2)(x − 2)
37. log 10, 000 − log 100 = ln
x+2
Factoring
10, 000 = ln(x − 2) Removing a factor of 1
= log Quotient rule
100
= log 100 46. log(x3 − 8) − log(x − 2)
=2 x3 − 8
= log
x−2
54 (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)
38. ln 54 − ln 6 = ln = ln 9 = log
6 x−2
39.
1 = log(x2 + 2x + 4)
log n + 3 log m
2
47. log(x2 − 5x − 14) − log(x2 − 4)
= log n1/2 + log m3 Power rule
x2 − 5x − 14
= log n1/2 m3 , or Product rule = log Quotient rule
√ √ x2 − 4
log m3 n n1/2 = n (x + 2)(x − 7)
= log Factoring
1 (x + 2)(x − 2)
40. log a − log 2 = log a1/2 − log 2 x−7
2 = log Removing a factor of 1
√ x−2
a1/2 a
= log , or log
2 2
Copyright
a √ a
48. loga √ − loga ax = loga √ √ 54. loga 14 = loga (2 · 7)
x x ax
√ = loga 2 + loga 7
a
= loga
x ≈ 0.301 + 0.845
√
= loga a − loga x ≈ 1.146
1 55. loga 98 = loga (72 · 2)
= loga a − loga x
2
= loga 72 + loga 2 Product rule
1
= − loga x = 2 loga 7 + loga 2 Power rule
2
≈ 2(0.845) + 0.301
49. ln x − 3[ln(x − 5) + ln(x + 5)]
≈ 1.991
= ln x − 3 ln[(x − 5)(x + 5)] Product rule
= ln x − 3 ln(x2 − 25) 1
56. loga = loga 1 − loga 7
7
= ln x − ln(x2 − 25)3 Power rule
x ≈ 0 − 0.845
= ln 2 Quotient rule ≈ −0.845
(x − 25)3
2 loga 2 0.301
50. [ln(x2 − 9) − ln(x + 3)] + ln(x + y) 57. ≈ ≈ 0.356
3 loga 7 0.845
2 x2 − 9 58. loga 9 cannot be found using the given information.
= ln + ln(x + y)
3 x+3
59. logb 125 = logb 53
2 (x + 3)(x − 3)
= ln + ln(x + y) = 3 logb 5 Power rule
3 x+3
2 ≈ 3(1.609)
= ln(x − 3) + ln(x + y)
3 ≈ 4.827
= ln(x − 3)2/3 + ln(x + y) 5
= ln[(x − 3)2/3 (x + y)]
60. logb = logb 5 − logb 3
3
≈ 1.609 − 1.099
3 4
51. ln 4x6 − ln 2y 10 ≈ 0.51
2 5
3 4 1
= ln 22 x6 − ln 2y 10 Writing 4 as 22 61. logb = logb 1 − logb 6 Quotient rule
2 5 6
= ln(22 x6 )3/2 − ln(2y 10 )4/5 Power rule = logb 1 − logb (2 · 3)
= ln(2 x ) − ln(2
3 9 4/5 8
y ) = logb 1 − (logb 2 + logb 3) Product rule
2 x3 9 = logb 1 − logb 2 − logb 3
= ln Quotient rule
24/5 y 8 ≈ 0 − 0.693 − 1.099
2 x 11/5 9 ≈ −1.792
= ln
y8 62. logb 30 = logb (2 · 3 · 5)
√ √
120(ln x3 + ln 3 y 2 − ln 16z 5 )
5 4
52. = logb 2 + logb 3 + logb 5
√
5
x3 3 y 2 ≈ 0.693 + 1.099 + 1.609
= 120 ln √
≈ 3.401
4
16z 5
3/5 2/3

x y 3
= 120 ln 63. logb = logb 3 − logb b Quotient rule
2z 5/4 b
3/5 2/3 120 ≈ 1.099 − 1
x y
= ln ≈ 0.099
2z 5/4
x72 y 80 64. logb 15b = logb (3 · 5 · b)
= ln
2120 z 150 = logb 3 + logb 5 + logb b
2 ≈ 1.099 + 1.609 + 1
53. loga = loga 2 − loga 11 Quotient rule
11 ≈ 3.708
≈ 0.301 − 1.041
65. logp p3 = 3 (loga ax = x)
≈ −0.74
66. logt t2713 = 2713
67. loge e|x−4| = |x − 4| (loga ax = x)
Copyright
√ √
68. logq q 3
= 3 86. The degree of f (x) = 2x2 − 6x + 3 is 2, so the function is
quadratic.
69. 3log3 4x = 4x (aloga x = x)
87. 5log5 8 = 2x
70. 5log5 (4x−3) = 4x − 3
8 = 2x (aloga x = x)
log w loga x
71. 10 =w (a = x) 4=x
3
72. eln x = x3 The solution is 4.
73. ln e8t = 8t (loga ax = x) 88. ln e3x−5 = −8

3x − 5 = −8
74. log 10−k = −k
√ 3x = −3
75. logb b = logb b1/2 x = −1
1 The solution is −1.
= logb b Power rule
2
1 89. loga (x2 + xy + y 2 ) + loga (x − y)
= ·1 (logb b = 1)
2 = loga [(x2 + xy + y 2 )(x − y)] Product rule
1 = loga (x3 − y 3 ) Multiplying
=
2
√ 90. loga (a10 − b10 ) − loga (a + b)
76. logb b3 = logb b3/2
a10 − b10
3 = loga , or
= logb b a+b
2 loga (a9 − a8 b + a7 b2 − a6 b3 + a5 b4 − a4 b5 +
3
= ·1 a3 b6 − a2 b7 + ab8 − b9 )
2
x−y
=
3 91. loga
2 x2 − y 2
x−y
77. The degree of f (x) = 5 − x2 + x4 is 4, so the function is = loga 2
(x − y 2 )1/2
quartic.
= loga (x − y) − loga (x2 − y 2 )1/2 Quotient rule
78. The variable in f (x) = 2x is in the exponent, so f (x) is an 1
exponential function. = loga (x − y) − loga (x2 − y 2 ) Power rule
2
3 1
79. f (x) = − is of the form f (x) = mx + b with m = 0 and = loga (x − y) − loga [(x + y)(x − y)]
4 2
3
b = − , so it is a linear function. In fact, it is a constant 1
4 = loga (x − y) − [loga (x + y) + loga (x − y)]
function. 2
Product rule
80. The variable in f (x) = 4x − 8 is in the exponent, so f (x) 1 1
= loga (x − y) − loga (x + y) − loga (x − y)
is an exponential function. 2 2
1 1
3 p(x) = loga (x − y) − loga (x + y)
81. f (x) = − is of the form f (x) = where p(x) and q(x) 2 2
x q(x) √
are polynomials and q(x) is not the zero polynomial, so 92. loga 9 − x 2
f (x) is a rational function. = loga (9 − x2 )1/2

82. f (x) = log x + 6 is a logarithmic function. 1
= loga (9 − x2 )
2
1
83. The degree of f (x) = − x3 − 4x2 + 6x + 42 is 3, so the 1
3 = loga [(3 + x)(3 − x)]
function is cubic. 2
x2 − 1 1
84. f (x) = is of the form f (x) =
p(x)
where p(x) = [loga (3 + x) + loga (3 − x)]
+x−6
x2 q(x) 2
and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) is not the zero polyno- 1 1
= loga (3 + x) + loga (3 − x)
mial, so f (x) is a rational function. 2 2
1
85. f (x) = x + 3 is of the form f (x) = mx + b, so it is a
2
linear function.
Copyright

93.
4
y2 z5 102. loga x = 2
loga √
x3 z −2
4
a2 = x
4 y2 z5 Let log1/a x = n and solve for n.
= loga
x3 z −2
log1/a a2 = n Substituting a2 for x
2 7
4 y z
n
= loga 1
x3 = a2
a
2 7 1/4
= loga
y z (a−1 )n = a2
x3 a−n = a2
2 7
1 y z −n = 2
= loga Power rule
4 x3
n = −2
1
= (loga y 2 z 7 − loga x3 ) Quotient rule Thus, log1/a x = −2 when loga x = 2.
4
1 103. We use the change-of-base formula.
= (loga y 2 + loga z 7 − loga x3 ) Product rule
4 log10 11·log11 12·log12 13 · · ·
log998 999·log999 1000
1
= (2 loga y + 7 loga z − 3 loga x) Power rule log 12 log 13
4 = log10 11· 10 · 10 ···
log10 11 log10 12
1
= (2 · 3 + 7 · 4 − 3 · 2) log10 999 log10 1000
4 ·
log10 998 log10 999
1
= · 28 log10 11 log10 12 log10 999
4 = · ··· · log10 1000
log10 11 log10 12 log10 999
=7
= log10 1000
94. loga M + loga N = loga (M + N )
=3
Let a = 10, M = 1, and N = 10. Then log10 1 + log10 10 =
0 + 1 = 1, but log10 (1 + 10) = log10 11 ≈ 1.0414. Thus, 104. loga x + loga y − mz = 0
the statement is false. loga x + loga y = mz
M loga xy = mz
95. loga M − loga N = loga
N amz = xy
This is the quotient rule, so it is true.
105. ln a − ln b + xy = 0
loga M
96. = loga M − loga N ln a − ln b = −xy
loga N
a
loga a2 2 ln = −xy
Let M = a2 and N = a. Then = = 2, but b
loga a 1 Then, using the definition of a logarithm, we have
loga a2 − loga a = 2 − 1 = 1. Thus, the statement is false. e−xy = .
a
b
97.
loga M 1
= loga M = loga M 1/x . The statement is true
1
x x 106. loga = loga 1 − loga x = − loga x.
by the power rule. x
98. loga x3 = 3 loga x is true by the power rule. Let − loga x = y. Then loga x = −y and x = a−y =
y
−1·y 1 1
99. loga 8x = loga 8 + loga x = loga x + loga 8. The statement a = , so log1/a x = y. Thus, loga =
a x
is true by the product rule and the commutative property
of addition. − loga x = log1/a x.
√
100. logN (M N )x = x logN (M N ) 107. x + x2 − 5
loga
= x(logN M + logN N ) 5
√ √
= x(logN M + 1) x + x2 − 5 x − x2 − 5
= loga · √
= x logN M + x 5 x − x2 − 5

The statement is true. 5 1
= loga √ ) = loga √
5(x − x2 − 5 x − x2 − 5
1 √
101. loga = loga x−1 = −1 · loga x = −1 · 2 = −2 = loga 1 − loga (x − x − 5)
2
x √
= − loga (x − x2 − 5)
Copyright
7. 54x−7 = 125
Exercise Set 5.5 54x−7 = 53
4x − 7 = 3
1. 3x = 81
4x = 10
3x = 34 10 5
x= =
x=4 The exponents are the same. 4 2
5
The solution is .
The solution is 4. 2
8. 43x−5 = 16
2. 2x = 32
43x−5 = 42
2x = 25
3x − 5 = 2
x=5
3x = 7
The solution is 5.
7
x=
3. 22x = 8 3
22x = 23 7
The solution is .
2x = 3 The exponents are the same. 3
2
3 9. 27 = 35x · 9x
x= 2
2 33 = 35x · (32 )x
3 2
The solution is . 33 = 35x · 32x
2 2
4. 37x = 27 33 = 35x+2x
37x = 33 3 = 5x + 2x2
7x = 3 0 = 2x2 + 5x − 3
3 0 = (2x − 1)(x + 3)
x=
7 1
x= or x = −3
3 2
The solution is .
7 1
The solutions are −3 and .
5. x
2 = 33 2
log 2x = log 33 Taking the common 2 1
10. 3x +4x
=
logarithm on both sides 27
= 3−3
2
x log 2 = log 33 Power rule 3x +4x
log 33 x + 4x = −3
2
x=
log 2 2
x + 4x + 3 = 0
1.5185
x≈ (x + 3)(x + 1) = 0
0.3010
x = −3 or x = −1
x ≈ 5.044
The solutions are −3 and −1.
The solution is 5.044.
11. 84x = 70
6. 2x = 40
log 84x = log 70
log 2x = log 40
x log 84 = log 70
x log 2 = log 40
log 70
log 40 x=
x= log 84
log 2
1.8451
1.6021 x≈
x≈ 1.9243
0.3010
x ≈ 0.959
x ≈ 5.322
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12. 28x = 10−3x 19. e−0.03t = 0.08

log 28x = log 10−3x ln e−0.03t = ln 0.08
x log 28 = −3x −0.03t = ln 0.08
x log 28 + 3x = 0 ln 0.08
t=
x(log 28 + 3) = 0 −0.03
−2.5257
x=0 t≈
−0.03
The solution is 0.
t ≈ 84.191
13. 10−x = 52x The solution is 84.191.
log 10−x = log 52x 20. 1000e0.09t = 5000
−x = 2x log 5
e0.09t = 5
0 = x + 2x log 5
ln e0.09t = ln 5
0 = x(1 + 2 log 5)
0.09t = ln 5
0=x Dividing by 1 + 2 log 5 ln 5
The solution is 0. t=
0.09
t ≈ 17.883
14. 15x = 30
log 15x = log 30
x log 15 = log 30 21. 3x = 2x−1
log 30 ln 3x = ln 2x−1
x=
log 15 x ln 3 = (x − 1) ln 2
x ≈ 1.256
x ln 3 = x ln 2 − ln 2
ln 2 = x ln 2 − x ln 3
15. e−c = 52c ln 2 = x(ln 2 − ln 3)
−c 2c ln 2
ln e = ln 5
=x
−c = 2c ln 5 ln 2 − ln 3
0.6931
0 = c + 2c ln 5 ≈x
0.6931 − 1.0986
0 = c(1 + 2 ln 5)
−1.710 ≈x
0=c Dividing by 1 + 2 ln 5
The solution is −1.710.
The solution is 0.
22. 5x+2 = 41−x
16. e4t = 200
log 5x+2 = log 41−x
ln e4t = ln 200
(x + 2) log 5 = (1 − x) log 4
4t = ln 200
x log 5 + 2 log 5 = log 4 − x log 4
ln 200
t= x log 5 + x log 4 = log 4 − 2 log 5
4
t ≈ 1.325 x(log 5 + log 4) = log 4 − 2 log 5
The solution is 1.325. log 4 − 2 log 5
x=
log 5 + log 4
17. et = 1000 x ≈ −0.612
ln et = ln 1000 The solution is −0.612.
t = ln 1000 Using loga ax = x
23. (3.9)x = 48
t ≈ 6.908
log(3.9)x = log 48
x log 3.9 = log 48
18. −t log 48
e = 0.04
x=
ln e−t = ln 0.04 log 3.9
−t = ln 0.04 1.6812
x≈
0.5911
t = − ln 0.04 ≈ 3.219
x ≈ 2.844
Copyright
24. 250 − (1.87)x = 0 29. 2ex = 5 − e−x

250 = (1.87)x 2ex − 5 + e−x = 0
log 250 = log(1.87) x e (2ex − 5 + e−x ) = ex · 0
x
Multiplying by ex
log 250 = x log 1.87 2e2x − 5ex + 1 = 0
log 250 Let u = ex .
=x
log 1.87 2u2 − 5u + 1 = 0 Substituting
8.821 ≈ x a = 2, b = −5, c = 1
√
The solution is 8.821. −b ± b2 − 4ac
u=
25. ex + e−x = 5 2a

e2x + 1 = 5ex Multiplying by ex −(−5) ± (−5)2 − 4 · 2 · 1
u=
e2x − 5ex + 1 = 0 This equation is quadratic 2·2
√
in ex . 5 ± 17
√ u=
5 ± 21 4
ex = Replace u with ex .
2 √ √
√ 5 − 17 5 + 17
5 ± 21 ex = or ex =
x = ln ≈ ±1.567 4 4
2 √ √
The solutions are −1.567 and 1.567. x 5 − 17 x 5 + 17
ln e = ln or ln e = ln
4 4
26. ex − 6e−x = 1 x ≈ −1.518 or x ≈ 0.825
e2x − 6 = ex The solutions are −1.518 and 0.825.
e2x
−e −6 = 0
x
30. ex + e−x = 4
(ex − 3)(ex + 2) = 0
ex − 4 + e−x = 0
ex = 3 or ex = −2 e2x − 4ex + 1 = 0 Multiplying by ex
ln ex = ln 3 No solution x
Let u = e .
√
x = ln 3 −(−4) ± (−4)2 − 4 · 1 · 1 4 ± 12
u= =
x ≈ 1.099 2·1 2
√ √
The solution is 1.099. x 4 − 12 x 4 + 12
e = or e =
2 2
27. 32x−1 = 5x √ √
4 − 12 4 + 12
log 32x−1 = log 5x ln ex = ln or ln ex = ln
2 2
(2x − 1) log 3 = x log 5 x ≈ −1.317 or x ≈ 1.317
2x log 3 − log 3 = x log 5 The solutions are −1.317 and 1.317.
− log 3 = x log 5 − 2x log 3
31. log5 x = 4
− log 3 = x(log 5 − 2 log 3)
x = 54 Writing an equivalent
− log 3 exponential equation
=x
log 5 − 2 log 3 x = 625
1.869 ≈ x
The solution is 625.
32. log2 x = −3
28. 2x+1 = 52x
x = 2−3
ln 2x+1 = ln 52x 1
x=
(x + 1) ln 2 = 2x ln 5 8
x ln 2 + ln 2 = 2x ln 5 1
The solution is .
ln 2 = 2x ln 5 − x ln 2 8
33. log x = −4 The base is 10.
ln 2 = x(2 ln 5 − ln 2)
−4
ln 2 x = 10 , or 0.0001
=x
2 ln 5 − ln 2 The solution is 0.0001.
0.274 ≈ x 34. log x = 1
The solution is 0.274. x = 101 = 10
The solution is 10.
Copyright
35. ln x = 1 The base is e. x = 10 or x = −1

x = e1 = e Check: For 10:
The solution is e. log x + log(x − 9) = 1
36. ln x = −2 log 10 + log(10 − 9) ? 1
1 log 10 + log 1
x = e−2 , or
e2 1+0

1 1 1 TRUE
The solution is e−2 , or .
e2 For −1:
1
37. log64 =x log x + log(x − 9) = 1
4
1 log(−1) + log(−1 − 9) ? 1
= 64x
4 |
1 The number −1 does not check, because negative numbers
= (43 )x
4 do not have logarithms. The solution is 10.
4−1 = 43x
42. log2 (x + 1) + log2 (x − 1) = 3
−1 = 3x
1 log2 [(x + 1)(x − 1)] = 3
− =x (x + 1)(x − 1) = 23
3
1 x2 − 1 = 8
The solution is − .
3
x2 = 9
1
38. log125 =x x = ±3
25
1 The number 3 checks, but −3 does not. The solution is 3.
= 125x
25
1
43. log2 (x + 20) − log2 (x + 2) = log2 x
= (53 )x x + 20
52 log2 = log2 x
5−2 = 53x x+2
x + 20
−2 = 3x = x Using the property of
x+2 logarithmic equality
2
− =x x + 20 = x2 + 2x Multiplying by
3
2 x+2
The solution is − . 0 = x2 + x − 20
3
39. log2 (10 + 3x) = 5 0 = (x + 5)(x − 4)
5
2 = 10 + 3x x+5 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
32 = 10 + 3x x = −5 or x=4
22 = 3x Check: For −5:
22 log2 (x + 20) − log2 (x + 2) = log2 x
=x
3
22 log2 (−5 + 20) − log2 (−5 + 2) ? log2 (−5)
The answer checks. The solution is
3
. |
The number −5 does not check, because negative numbers
40. log5 (8 − 7x) = 3
do not have logarithms.
53 = 8 − 7x
For 4:
125 = 8 − 7x
log2 (x + 20) − log2 (x + 2) = log2 x
117 = −7x
117 log2 (4 + 20) − log2 (4 + 2) ? log2 4
− =x
7 log2 24 − log2 6

24
117
The answer checks. The solution is − .
7 log2
6
41. log x + log(x − 9) = 1 The base is 10.
log2 4 log2 4 TRUE
log10 [x(x − 9)] = 1
The solution is 4.
x(x − 9) = 101
x2 − 9x = 10
x − 9x − 10 = 0
2
(x − 10)(x + 1) = 0
Copyright
44. log(x + 5) − log(x − 3) = log 2 For 2:

x+5 log x + log(x + 4) = log 12
log = log 2
x−3
x+5 log 2 + log(2 + 4) ? log 12
=2
x−3 log 2 + log 6

x+5 = 2x − 6 log(2 · 6)

11 = x log 12 log 12 TRUE
The answer checks. The solution is 11. The solution is 2.
45. log8 (x + 1) − log8 x =2 48. log3 (x + 14) − log3 (x + 6) = log3 x

x+1 x + 14
log8 =2 Quotient rule log3 = log3 x
x x+6
x+1 x + 14
= 82 =x
x x+6
x+1 x + 14 = x2 + 6x
= 64
x 0 = x2 + 5x − 14
x+1 = 64x 0 = (x + 7)(x − 2)
1 = 63x x = −7 or x = 2
1 Only 2 checks. It is the solution.
=x
63
1 49. log(x+8)−log(x+1) = log 6
The answer checks. The solution is .
63 x+8
log = log 6 Quotient rule
46. log x − log(x + 3) = −1 x+1
x x+8
log10 = −1 x+1
=6 Using the property of
x+3 logarithmic equality
x
= 10−1 x + 8 = 6x + 6 Multiplying by x+1
x+3
2 = 5x
x 1
= 2
x+3 10 =x
5
10x = x+3
2
9x = 3 The answer checks. The solution is .
5
1
x= 50. ln x − ln(x − 4) = ln 3
3 x
1 ln = ln 3
The answer checks. The solution is . x−4
3 x
=3
47. log x + log(x + 4) = log 12 x−4
log x(x + 4) = log 12 x = 3x − 12
x(x + 4) = 12 Using the property of 12 = 2x
logarithmic equality 6=x
x2 + 4x = 12 The answer checks. The solution is 6.
x2 + 4x − 12 = 0
51. log4 (x + 3) + log4 (x − 3) = 2
(x + 6)(x − 2) = 0
log4 [(x + 3)(x − 3)] = 2 Product rule
x+6 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
(x + 3)(x − 3) = 4 2
x = −6 or x=2
x2 − 9 = 16
Check: For −6:
x2 = 25
log x + log(x + 4) = log 12
x = ±5
log(−6) + log(−6 + 4) ? log 12 The number 5 checks, but −5 does not. The solution is 5.
|
The number −6 does not check, because negative numbers
do not have logarithms.
Copyright
52. ln(x + 1) − ln x = ln 4 57. log6 x = 1 − log6 (x − 5)

x+1 log6 x + log6 (x − 5) = 1
ln = ln 4
x log6 x(x − 5) = 1
x+1
=4 61 = x(x − 5)
x
6 = x2 − 5x
x+1 = 4x
0 = x2 − 5x − 6
1 = 3x
1 0 = (x + 1)(x − 6)
=x
3 x+1 = 0 or x − 6 = 0
1 x = −1 or x=6
The answer checks. The solution is .
3
The number −1 does not check, but 6 does. The answer
53. log(2x + 1) − log(x − 2) =1 is 6.

2x + 1 1
log =1 Quotient rule 58. 2x
2
−9x
x−2 =
256
2x + 1 −9x
= 2−8
2
= 101 = 10 2x
x−2
2x + 1 = 10x − 20 x2 − 9x = −8
Multiplying by x − 2 x − 9x + 8 = 0
2
21 = 8x (x − 1)(x − 8) = 0
21 x = 1 or x = 8
=x The solutions are 1 and 8.
8
21
The answer checks. The solution is . 59. 9x−1 = 100(3x )
8 2 x−1
(3 ) = 100(3x )
54. log5 (x + 4) + log5 (x − 4) = 2
32x−2 = 100(3x )
log5 [(x + 4)(x − 4)] = 2
32x−2
x2 − 16 = 25 = 100
3x
x2 = 41 3x−2 = 100
√
x = ± 41 log 3x−2 = log 100
√ √
Only 41 checks. The solution is 41. (x − 2) log 3 = 2
2
55. ln(x + 8) + ln(x − 1) = 2 ln x x−2 =
log 3
ln(x + 8)(x − 1) = ln x2 2
x = 2+
(x + 8)(x − 1) = x2 Using the property of log 3
logarithmic equality x ≈ 6.192
x2 + 7x − 8 = x2
7x − 8 = 0
60. 2 ln x − ln 5 = ln (x + 10)
7x = 8
ln x2 − ln 5 = ln (x + 10)
8
x= x2
7 ln = ln (x + 10)
8 5
The answer checks. The solution is . 2
7 x
= x + 10
56. log3 x + log3 (x + 1) = log3 2 + log3 (x + 3) 5
2
x = 5x + 50
log3 x(x + 1) = log3 2(x + 3)
x2 − 5x − 50 = 0
x(x + 1) = 2(x + 3)
(x − 10)(x + 5) = 0
x2 + x = 2x + 6
x = 10 or x = −5
x2 − x − 6 = 0
Only 10 checks. It is the solution.
(x − 3)(x + 2) = 0
x = 3 or x = −2 61. ex − 2 = −e−x
1
The number 3 checks, but −2 does not. The solution is 3. ex − 2 = − x
e
e2x − 2ex = −1 Multiplying by ex
x
e2x − 2e + 1 = 0
Copyright
Let u = ex . 66. H(x) = 3x2 − 12x + 16

u2 − 2u + 1 = 0 b −12
a) − =− =2
(u − 1)(u − 1) = 0 2a 2·3
u − 1 = 0 or u − 1 = 0 H(2) = 3 · 22 − 12 · 2 + 16 = 4
u = 1 or u=1 The vertex is (2, 4).

ex = 1 or ex = 1 Replacing u with ex b) x = 2
x = 0 or x=0 c) Minimum: 4 at x = 2
The solution is 0.
67. ex + e−x
=3
62. 2 log 50 = 3 log 25 + log (x − 2) ex − e−x
e + e = 3ex − 3e−x
x −x
Multiplying by ex − e−x
log 502 = log 253 + log (x − 2)
4e−x = 2ex Subtracting ex and adding 3e−x
log 2500 = log 15, 625 + log (x − 2)
log 2500 = log [15, 625(x − 2)]
2e−x = ex
2500 = 15, 625(x − 2)
2 = e2x Multiplying by ex
2500 = 15, 625x − 31, 250
ln 2 = ln e2x
33, 750 = 15, 625x
ln 2 = 2x
54
=x ln 2
25 =x
2
54
The answer checks. The solution is . 0.347 ≈ x
25
63. g(x) = x2 − 6
b 0 68. ln(ln x) = 2
a) − =− =0
2a 2·1 ln x = e2
g(0) = 02 − 6 = −6 2
x = ee ≈ 1618.178
The vertex is (0, −6). 2
The answer checks. The solution is ee , or
b) The axis of symmetry is x = 0. 1618.178.
c) Since the coefficient of the x2 -term is positive, the √ √
69. ln x = ln x
function has a minimum value. It is the second coor-
√ 1
dinate of the vertex, −6, and it occurs when x = 0. ln x = ln x Power rule
2
64. f (x) = −x2 + 6x − 8 1
b 6 ln x = (ln x)2 Squaring both sides
a) − =− =3 4
2a 2(−1) 1
0 = (ln x)2 − ln x
f (3) = −32 + 6 · 3 − 8 = 1 4
The vertex is (3, 1). Let u = ln x and substitute.
1 2
b) x = 3 u −u = 0
4
c) Maximum: 1 at x = 3
1
u u−1 = 0
65. G(x) = −2x2 − 4x − 7 4
b −4 1
or u − 1 = 0
a) − =− = −1 u=0
4
2a 2(−2)
G(−1) = −2(−1)2 − 4(−1) − 7 = −5 1
u=0 or u=1
4
The vertex is (−1, −5).
u=0 or u=4
b) The axis of symmetry is x = −1.
ln x = 0 or ln x = 4
c) Since the coefficient of the x2 -term is negative, the 0
x = e = 1 or x = e4 ≈ 54.598
function has a maximum value. It is the second
coordinate of the vertex, −5, and it occurs when Both answers check. The solutions are 1 and e4 , or 1 and
x = −1. 54.598.
Copyright
√
√ 1
70. ln 4 x = ln x 74. x ln = ln 6
√ 6
1
ln x = ln x x(ln 1 − ln 6) = ln 6
4
−x ln 6 = ln 6 (ln 1 = 0)
1
(ln x)2 = ln x Squaring both sides x = −1
16
1 The solution is −1.
(ln x)2 − ln x = 0
16 75. 52x − 3 · 5x + 2 = 0
Let u = ln x and substitute.
1 2 (5x − 1)(5x − 2) = 0 This equation is
u −u = 0 quadratic in 5x .
16
5x = 1 or 5x = 2
1
u u−1 = 0
16 log 5x = log 1 or log 5x = log 2
1 x log 5 = 0 or x log 5 = log 2
u = 0 or u−1 = 0
16 log 2
u = 0 or u = 16 x=0 or x= ≈ 0.431
log 5
ln x = 0 or ln x = 16 The solutions are 0 and 0.431.
0
x=e or x = e16
76. x3
x=1 or x = e16 ≈ 8, 886, 110.521 xlog x =
100
Both answers check. The solutions are 1 and e16 , or 1 and x3
8,886,110.521. log xlog x = log
100
71. (log3 x)2 − log3 x2 = 3 log x · log x = log x3 − log 100
(log3 x)2 − 2 log3 x − 3 = 0 (log x)2 = 3 log x − 2
Let u = log3 x and substitute: (log x)2 − 3 log x + 2 = 0
u2 − 2u − 3 = 0 Let u = log x and substitute.
(u − 3)(u + 1) = 0 u2 − 3u + 2 = 0
u=3 or u = −1 (u − 1)(u − 2) = 0
log3 x = 3 or log3 x = −1 u=1 or u=2
3 −1 log x = 1 or log x = 2
x=3 or x=3
1 x = 10 or x = 102 = 100
x = 27 or x=
3 Both answers check. The solutions are 10 and 100.
1
Both answers check. The solutions are and 27. 77. ln xln x = 4
3
72. log3 (log4 x) = 0 ln x · ln x = 4
log4 x = 30 (ln x)2 = 4
log4 x = 1 ln x = ±2
x = 41 ln x = −2 or ln x = 2
x=4 x = e−2 or x = e2
The answer checks. The solution is 4. x ≈ 0.135 or x ≈ 7.389
Both answers check. The solutions are e−2 and e2 , or 0.135
73. ln x2 = (ln x)2
and 7.389.
2 ln x = (ln x)2
2
0 = (ln x)2 − 2 ln x
78. |2x − 8| = 3
2 2
Let u = ln x and substitute. 2x − 8 = −3 or 2x − 8 = 3
0 = u2 − 2u 2
2x = 5 or
2
2x = 11
0 = u(u − 2) 2
log 2x = log 5
2
or log 2x = log 11
u = 0 or u=2 x2 log 2 = log 5 or x2 log 2 = log 11
ln x = 0 or ln x = 2 log 5 log 11
x2 = or x2 =
x = 1 or x = e2 ≈ 7.389 log 2 log 2
x = ±1.524 or x = ±1.860
Both answers check. The solutions are 1 and e2 , or 1 and
7.389. The solutions are −1.860, −1.524, 1.524, and 1.860.
Copyright

79. (e2x · e−5x )−4
= e7
ex ÷ e−x Exercise Set 5.6
√
e12x
= e7
ex−(−x) 1. a) Substitute 6.18 for P0 and 0.0214 for k in P (t) =
e6x P0 ekt . We have:
= e7
e2x P (t) = 6.18e0.0214t , where P (t) is in millions and t
e4x = e7 is the number of years after 2012.
4x = 7 b) In 2018, t = 2018 − 2012 = 6.
x=
7 P (6) = 6.18e0.0214(6) ≈ 7.0 million
4 c) Substitute 8 for P (t) and solve for t.
7
The solution is . 8 = 6.18e0.0214t
4
8
1 = e0.0214t
80. log5 125 = 3 and log125 5 = , so a = 6.18
3 3
1 1 8
(log125 5)log5 125 is equivalent to a = = . Then ln = ln e0.0214t
3 27 6.18
1 8
log3 a = log3 = −3. ln = 0.0214t
27 6.18
81. a = log8 225, so 8a = 225 = 152 . 8
ln
b = log2 15, so 2b = 15. 6.18 =t
0.0214
Then 8a = (2b )2 12.1 ≈t
(23 )a = 22b The population of the area will be 8 million about
23a = 22b 12.1 years after 2012.
3a = 2b ln 2
d) T = ≈ 32.4 years
2 0.0214
a = b.
3 2. a) P (t) = 100e0.117t
82. f (x) = ex − e−x b) P (7) = 100e0.117(7) ≈ 227
−x
Replace f (x) with y: y = e − e x
Note that 2 weeks = 2 · 7 days = 14 days.
−y
Interchange x and y: x = e − e y
P (14) = 100e0.117(14) ≈ 514
y
Solve for y: xe = e 2y
−1 Multiplying by ey ln 2
c) t = ≈ 5.9 days
0=e 2y
− xe − 1
y 0.117
Using the quadratic formula with a = 1, b = −x, and 3. a) k =
ln 2
≈ 0.90%
c = −1 and taking y
√ the positive square root (since e > 0), 77.0
x+ x +42 ln 2
we get ey = . Then we have b) k= ≈ 1.63%
2 42.5
√
x + x2 + 4 ln 2
y
ln e = ln c) T = ≈ 20.9 years
2 0.0332
√ ln 2
x + x2 + 4 d) T = ≈ 62.4 years
y = ln 0.0111
2 ln 2
e) k= ≈ 0.18%
Replace y with f −1 (x): 385
√
x + x2 + 4 ln 2
−1
f (x) = ln . f) T = ≈ 29.9 years
2 0.0232
ln 2
g) T = ≈ 54.2 years
0.0128
ln 2
h) k= ≈ 0.46%
150.7
ln 2
i) k= ≈ 2.64%
26.3
ln 2
j) T = ≈ 177.7 years
0.0039
Copyright
4. a) 22.6 = 0.5ek·6 d) 240, 000, 000 = 17, 000e0.1507t

22.6 240, 000
= e6k = e0.1507t
0.5 17

22.6 240, 000
ln = ln e6k ln = ln e0.1507t
0.5 17
22.6
ln = 6k 240, 000
0.5 ln = 0.1507t
17
22.6
ln 240, 000
0.5 ln
=k 17
6 =t
0.1507
0.635 ≈k
63.4 yr ≈ t
Then we have E(x) = 0.5e0.635k , where E(x) is a
percent and t is the number of years after 2006. 7. a) Substitute 10,000 for P0 and 5.4%, or 0.054 for k.
b) E(3) = 0.5e0.635(3) ≈ 3.4% P (t) = 10, 000e0.054t
E(4) = 0.5e0.635(4) ≈ 6.3% b) P (1) = 10, 000e0.054(1) ≈ $10, 554.85
5. P (t) = P0 ekt P (2) = 10, 000e0.054(2) ≈ $11, 140.48
32, 961, 561, 600 = 9, 893, 934e0.0099t P (5) = 10, 000e0.054(5) ≈ $13, 099.64
32, 961, 561, 600 P (10) = 10, 000e0.054(10) ≈ $17, 160.07
= e0.0099t
9, 893, 934 ln 2
c) T = ≈ 12.8 yr
32, 961, 561, 600 0.054
ln = ln e0.0099t
9, 893, 934 ln 2
8. a) T = ≈ 21.7 yr
32, 961, 561, 600 0.032
ln = 0.0099t
9, 893, 934 P (5) = 35, 000e0.032(5) ≈ $41, 072.88

32, 961, 561, 600 b) 7130.90 = 5000e5k
ln
9, 893, 934
=t 1.4618 = e5k
0.0099
819 ≈t ln 1.4618 = ln e5k
There will be one person for every square yard of land ln 1.4618 = 5k
about 819 yr after 2013. ln 1.4618
=k
5
6. a) 106, 500, 000 = 17, 000e−k·58 0.071 ≈ k
106, 500, 000
= e58k 7.1% ≈ k
17, 000

106, 500 ln 2
ln = ln e58k T = ≈ 9.8 yr
17 0.071
c) 9923.47 = P0 e0.056(5)
106, 500
ln = 58k 9923.47
17 = P0
e0.056(5)
106, 500
ln $7500 ≈ P0
58
=k
58 ln 2
T = ≈ 12.4 yr
0.1507 ≈ k 0.056
Then we have A(t) = 17, 000e0.1507t , where A(t) is ln 2
d) k = ≈ 0.063, or 6.3%
in dollars and t is the number of years after 1952. 11
b) A(68) = 17, 000e0.1507(68) ≈ $479, 650, 669 17, 539.32 = P0 e0.063(5)
17, 539.32
ln 2 = P0
c) T = ≈ 4.6 yr e0.063(5)
0.1507
$12, 800 ≈ P0
Copyright
e) = 109, 000ek·5 ln 2
136, 503.18 11. a) K = ≈ 0.224, or 22.4% per min
136, 503.18 3.1
= e5k ln 2
109, 000 b) k= ≈ 0.031, or 3.1% per yr
22.3
136, 503.18 ln 2
ln = ln e5k c) T = ≈ 60.3 days
109, 000 0.0115

136, 503.18 ln 2
ln = 5k d) T = ≈ 10.7 yr
109, 000 0.065
ln 2
136, 503.18 e) k= ≈ 0.024, or 2.4% per yr
ln 29.1
109, 000
=k ln 2
5 f) k= ≈ 0.010, or 1.0% per yr
0.045 ≈k 70.0
ln 2
4.5% ≈ k g) k= ≈ 0.000029, or 0.0029% per yr
24, 100
ln 2
T = ≈ 15.4 yr 12. a) t = 2013 − 2006 = 7
0.045
ln 2 20.7 = 49.3e−k·7
f) k = ≈ 0.015, or 1.5%
46.2 20.7
= e−7k
19, 552.82 = P0 e0.015(5) 49.3
19, 552.82 20.7
= P0 ln = ln e−7k
e0.075 49.3
$18, 140 ≈ P0 20.7
ln = −7k
9. We use the function found in Example 5. If the bones have 49.3
lost 77.2% of their carbon-14 from an initial amount P0 , 20.7
ln
then 22.8%P0 , or 0.228P0 remains. We substitute in the 49.3 =k
function. −7
0.228P0 = P0 e−0.00012t 0.124 ≈k
0.228 = e−0.00012t We have N (t) = 49.3e−0.124t , where N (t) is in bil-
ln 0.228 = ln e−0.00012t lions of dollars and t is the number of years after
ln 0.228 = −0.00012t 2006.
ln 0.228 b) In 2008, t = 2008 − 2006 = 2.
=t
−0.00012 N (2) = 49.3e−0.124(2) ≈ $38.5 billion
12, 320 ≈ t In 2012, t = 2012 − 2006 = 6.
The bones are about 12,320 years old. N (6) = 49.3e−0.124(6) ≈ $23.4 billion
10. Let x = the percent of carbon-14 remaining in the mum- c) 16 = 49.3e−0.124t
mies. 16
= e−0.124t
For 3300 yr: 49.3
xP0 = P0 e−0.00012(3300) 16
ln = ln e−0.124t
x = e−0.00012(3300) 49.3
x ≈ 0.673, or 67.3% 16
ln = −0.124t
49.3
If 63.7% of the carbon-14 remains, the mummies have lost
100% − 67.3%, or 32.7%, of their carbon-14. 16
ln
49.3 =t
For 3500 yr: −0.124
−0.00012(3500)
xP0 = P0 e 9.1 ≈t
−0.00012(3500)
x=e The advertising revenue will be $16 billion about 9.1
x ≈ 0.657, or 65.7% years after 2006.
If 65.7% of the carbon-14 remains, the mummies have lost
100% − 65.7%, or 34.3%, of their carbon-14.
The mummies have lost about 32.7% to 34.3% of their
carbon-14.
Copyright
13. a) t = 2012 − 1960 = 52 c) 300, 000 = 66, 000e0.1204t

−kt 300
M (t) = M0 e
= e0.1204t
50.5 = 72.2e−k·52 66

50.5 300
= e−52k ln = ln e0.1204t
72.2 66

50.5 300
ln = ln e−52k ln = 0.1204t
72.2 66

50.5 300
ln = −52k ln
72.2 66
=t
50.5 0.1204
ln
72.2 =k 12.6 ≈t
−52
The value of the car was $300,000 about 12.6 yr
0.0069 ≈k after 1999.
Then we have M (t) = 72.2e−0.0069t , where M (t) is
a percent and t is the number of years after 1960. 15. a) t = 2012 − 1980 = 32
b) In 2015, t = 2015 − 1960 = 55. C(t) = C0 ekt
M (55) = 72.2e−0.0069(55) ≈ 49.4% 10.28 = 1.85ek·32

10.28
In 2018, t = 2018 − 1960 = 58. = e32k
1.85
−0.0069(58)
M (58) = 72.2e ≈ 48.4% 10.28
c) −0.0069t ln = ln e32k
40 = 72.2e 1.85
40 10.28
= e−0.0069t ln = 32k
72.2 1.85
40 10.28
ln = ln e−0.0069t ln
72.2 1.85 =k
40 32
ln = −0.0069t 0.0536 ≈k
72.2
40
ln Then we have C(t) = 1.85e0.0536t , where C(t) is in
72.2 =t millions and t is the number of years after 1980.
−0.0069
86 ≈t b) In 2005, t = 2005 − 1980 = 25.
40% of adults will be married about 86 years after C(25) = 1.85e0.0536(25) ≈ 7.07 million barrels of oil
1960, or in 2046. per day
ln 2
c) T = ≈ 12.9 years
14. a) 220, 000 = 66, 000ek·10 0.0536
220 d) 13 = 1.85e0.0536t
= e10k
66 13
= e0.0536t
220 1.85
ln = ln e10k
66 13
ln = ln e0.0536t
220 1.85
ln = 10k
66 13
ln = 0.0536t
220 1.85
ln
66 13
=k ln
10 1.85 =t
0.1204 ≈k 0.0536
36.4 ≈t
Then we have L(t) = 66, 000e0.1204t , where L is in
dollars and t is the number of years after 1999. The consumption of oil in China will be 13 million
barrels of oil per day about 36.4 years after 1980.
b) L(12) = 66, 000e 0.1204(12)
≈ $279, 906
Copyright
16. a) t = 2007 − 1971 = 36 19. To find k we substitute 105 for T1 , 0 for T0 , 5 for t, and
2, 800, 000 = 1000e k(36) 70 for T (t) and solve for k.
2800 = e36k 70 = 0 + (105 − 0)e−5k

ln 2800 = ln e36k 70 = 105e−5k
70
ln 2800 = 36k = e−5k
105
ln 2800
=k 70
36 ln = ln e−5k
0.2205 ≈ k 105
70
ln = −5k
W (t) = 1000e0.2205(t) 105
b) t = 2011 − 1971 = 40 ln
70
W (40) = 1000e0.2205(40)≈ $6, 768, 265 ≈ $6.77 million 105 =k
−5
ln 2 ≈k
c) T = ≈ 3.1 years 0.081
0.2205
The function is T (t) = 105e−0.081t .
d) 3, 000, 000 = 1000e0.2205t
Now we find T (10).
3000 = e0.2205t
T (10) = 105e−0.081(10) ≈ 46.7 ◦ F
ln 3000 = ln e0.2205t
ln 3000 = 0.2205t 20. To find k we substitute 375 for T1 , 72 for T0 , 3 for t, and
365 for T (t).
ln 3000
0.2205
=t 365 = 72 + (375 − 72)e−3k
36.3 ≈ t 293 = 303e−3k
293
The value of the card was $3 million about 36.3 years = e−3k
after 1971, or in 2007. 303
293
3500 ln = ln e−3k
17. a) N (0) = ≈ 167 303
1 + 19.9e−0.6(0) 293
3500 ln = −3k
b) N (2) = ≈ 500 303
1 + 19.9e−0.6(2) 293
3500 ln
N (5) = ≈ 1758 303 =k
1 + 19.9e−0.6(5) −3
N (8) =
3500
≈ 3007 0.011 ≈k
1 + 19.9e−0.6(8) The function is T (t) = 72 + 303e−0.011t .
3500
N (12) = ≈ 3449 T (15) = 72 + 303e−0.011(15) ≈ 329◦ F
1 + 19.9e−0.6(12)
3500 (Answers may vary slightly due to rounding differences.)
N (16) = ≈ 3495
1 + 19.9e−0.6(16) 21. To find k we substitute 43 for T1 , 68 for T0 , 12 for t, and
c) As t → ∞, N (t) → 3500; the number of people 55 for T (t) and solve for k.
infected approaches 3500 but never actually reaches
55 = 68 + (43 − 68)e−12k
it.
−13 = −25e−12k
3040 0.52 = e−12k
18. P (0) = = 640
1 + 3.75e−0.32(0)
ln 0.52 = ln e−12k
3040
P (1) = ≈ 817 ln 0.52 = −12k
1 + 3.75e−0.32(1)
3040 0.0545 ≈ k
P (5) = ≈ 1730
1 + 3.75e−0.32(5) The function is T (t) = 68 − 25e−0.0545t .
3040
P (10) = ≈ 2637 Now we find T (20).
1 + 3.75e−0.32(10)
3040 T (20) = 68 − 25e−0.0545(20) ≈ 59.6◦ F
P (15) = ≈ 2949
1 + 3.75e−0.32(15)
3040
P (20) = ≈ 3021
1 + 3.75e−0.32(20)
Copyright
22. To find k we substitute 94.6 for T1 , 70 for T0 , 60 for t 31. P (t) = P0 ekt
(1 hr = 60 min), and 93.4 for T (t). 50, 000 = P0 e0.052(18)
93.4 = 70 + |94.6 − 70|e−k(60) 50, 000
= P0
23.4 = 24.6e−60k e0.052(18)
23.4 $19, 609.67 ≈ P0
= e−60k
24.6 32. a) P = P0 ekt
23.4 −60k
ln = ln e P
24.6 = P0 , or
ekt
23.4 P e−kt = P0
ln = −60k
24.6
b) P0 = 50, 000e−0.064(18) ≈ $15, 800.21
23.4
ln
k= 24.6 ≈ 0.0008 V
−60 33. i= 1 − e−(R/L)t
R
The function is T (t) = 70 + 24.6e−0.0008t .
iR
We substitute 98.6 for T (t) and solve for t. = 1 − e−(R/L)t
V
98.6 = 70 + 24.6e−0.0008t iR
e−(R/L)t = 1 −
28.6 = 24.6e−0.0008t V

28.6 iR
= e−0.0008t ln e−(R/L)t = ln 1 −
24.6 V
28.6
ln = ln e−0.0008t R iR
24.6 − t = ln 1 −
L V
28.6
ln = −0.0008t t=−
L
ln 1 −
iR
24.6 R V
28.6
ln 34. a) At 1 m: I = I0 e−1.4(1) ≈ 0.247I0
t= 24.6 ≈ −188
−0.0008 24.7% of I0 remains.
The murder was committed at approximately 188 minutes,
At 3 m: I = I0 e−1.4(3) ≈ 0.015I0
or about 3 hours, before 12:00 PM, or at about 9:00 AM.
(Answers may vary slightly due to rounding differences.) 1.5% of I0 remains.
At 5 m: I = I0 e−1.4(5) ≈ 0.0009I0
23. Multiplication principle for inequalities
0.09% of I0 remains.
24. Product rule
At 50 m: I = I0 e−1.4(50) ≈ (3.98 × 10−31 )I0
25. Principle of zero products Now, 3.98 × 10−31 = (3.98 × 10−29 ) × 10−2 , so
26. Principle of square roots (3.98 × 10−29 )% remains.
b) I = I0 e−1.4(10) ≈ 0.0000008I0
27. Power rule
Thus, 0.00008% remains.
28. Multiplication principle for equations
35. y = aex
29. 480e−0.003p = 150e0.004p
ln y = ln(aex )
480 e0.004p
= −0.003p ln y = ln a + ln ex
150 e
3.2 = e0.007p ln y = ln a + x
ln 3.2 = ln e0.007p Y = x + ln a
ln 3.2 = 0.007p This function is of the form y = mx + b, so it is linear.
ln 3.2 36. y = axb
=p
0.007
ln y = ln(axb )
$166.16 ≈ p
ln y = ln a + b ln x
30. P (4000) = P0 e−0.00012(4000) Y = ln a + bX
= 0.619P0 , or 61.9%P0 This function is of the form y = mx + b, so it is linear.
Thus, about 61.9% of the carbon-14 remains, so about
38.1% has been lost.
Copyright
Chapter 5 Review Exercises 295
3
11. The graph of f (x) = 2x − is shown below. The function
is one-to-one, because no horizontal line crosses the graph
more than once.
y
1. The statement is true. See page 314 in the text.
5
2. Solving 0 = log x, we get x = 100 = 1, so the x-intercept 4
f (x ) = 2 x – –34
is (1, 0). The given statement is false. 3
2
3. The graph of f −1 is a reflection of the graph of f across 1
y = x, so the statement is false. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x

—1
—2
4. The statement is true. See page 315 in the text.
—3
5. The statement is false. The range of y = ax , for instance, —4

—5
is (0, ∞).
6. The statement is true. See page 324 in the text. 6

12. The graph of f (x) = − is shown below. The function
x+1
7. We interchange the first and second coordinates of each is one-to-one, because no horizontal line crosses the graph
pair to find the inverse of the relation. It is more than once.
{(−2.7, 1.3), (−3, 8), (3, −5), (−3, 6), (−5, 7)}.
y
8. a) x = −2y + 3 5
b) x = 3y 2 + 2y − 1 4 6
f (x ) = – x–––
+1
3
c) 0.8y 3 − 5.4x2 = 3y 2
1
9. The graph of f (x) = −|x|+3 is shown below. The function —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
is not one-to-one, because there are many horizontal lines —1
—2
that cross the graph more than once. —3
—4
y
—5
5 f ( x ) = – |x | + 3
4
3 13. a) The graph of f (x) = 2−3x is shown below. It passes
2 the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to-
1
one.
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1 y
—2
—3 5
—4 4 f (x ) = 2 – 3 x
—5 3
2
1
2
10. The graph of f (x) = x + 1 is shown below. The function —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
is not one-to-one, because there are many horizontal lines —1
that cross the graph more than once. —2

—3
—4
y
—5
5
4
3 b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 2 − 3x
Interchange x and y: x = 2 − 3y
2
1
x
−x + 2
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1
—1
1 2 3 4 5 Solve for y: y =
3
f (x ) = x 2 + 1
−x + 2
—2
—3 Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) =
—4 3
—5
Copyright
x+2
14. a) The graph of f (x) = is shown below. It passes 16. a) The graph of f (x) = x3 −8 is shown below. It passes
x−1
the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to- the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to-
one. one.
y
y
10
x+2 5
f (x ) = –––
x–1 8 f (x ) = x 3 – 8
4
6
3
4
2
2
1
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—2
—1
—4
—2
—6
—3
—8
—4
—10
—5
x+2 b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x3 − 8

x−1 Interchange x and y: x = y 3 − 8
y+2 Solve for y: x + 8 = y3
Interchange x and y: x = √
y−1 3
x+8 = y
Solve for y: (y − 1)x = y + 2 √
x+8
xy − x = y + 2
xy − y = x + 2 17. a) The graph of f (x) = 3x2 + 2x − 1 is shown below.
It is not one-to-one since there are many horizon-
y(x − 1) = x + 2
tal lines that cross the graph more than once. The
x+2 function does not have an inverse that is a function.
y=
x−1
y
x+2
x−1 5
√ 4
15. a) The graph of f (x) = x − 6 is shown below. It 3
passes the horizontal-line test, so the function is one- 2

1
to-one.
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
y
—2 f (x ) = 3 x 2 + 2x –1
10 —3
8 f (x ) = √ x – 6 —4
6 —5
4
2
—10 —8 —6 —4 —2 2 4 6 8 10 x 18. a) The graph of f (x) = ex is shown below. It passes

—2
—4
the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to-
—6 one.
—8
y
—10
5
√ 4
x−6
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 3 f (x ) = e x
√
Interchange x and y: x = y − 6 2
1
Solve for y: x2 = y − 6 —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
2
x +6 = y —2
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = x2 + 6, for all x —3
in the range of f (x), or f −1 (x) = x2 + 6, x ≥ 0.

—4
—5
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = ex

Interchange x and y: x = ey
Solve for y: y = ln x
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = ln x
Copyright
19. We find (f −1 ◦f )(x) and (f ◦f −1 )(x) and check to see that y

each is x. 4
yx
(f −1 ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 (6x − 5) = 2
(6x − 5) + 5 6x
= =x 4 2 2 4 x
6 6
f 1 2
x+5
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = f (f −1 (x)) = f = 4
6 f

x+5
6 −5=x+5−5=x 23. Since f (f −1 (x)) = x, then f (f −1 (657)) = 657.
6
24. Since f (f −1 (x)) = x, then f (f −1 (a)) = a.

x+1
20. (f −1 ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 = 25.
x y
1 x x
= = =x 4 1
f(x)
x
( )
x+1 x+1−x 1 3
−1 2
x
1 4 2 2 4
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = f (f −1 (x)) = f = x
x−1 2

1 4
+1
x−1 1 + (x − 1) x
= = =x
1 1 1
26.
x−1 y
21. Replace f (x) with y: y = 2 − 5x 4
Interchange x and y: x = 2 − 5y 2
2−x 4 2 2 4
Solve for y: y = x
5 2
2−x f(x) 1 e x
5
The domain and range of f are (−∞, ∞), so the domain
and range of f −1 are also (−∞, ∞). 27.
y
y 4
2
4
yx
f 1 2 4 2 2 4 x
x 2
x
4 2 2 4 f(x) e
4
2
4
f
28.
y
x−3
22. Replace f (x) with y: y = 4
x+2
y−3 2
y+2 4 2 2 4 x
Solve for y: xy + 2x = y − 3 2
f(x) log2 x
2x + 3 = y − xy 4
2x + 3 = y(1 − x)
2x + 3 29.
=y y
1−x
2x + 3 −2x − 3 4
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = , or
1−x x−1 2
The domain of f is (−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞), and the range of
4 2 2 4
f is (−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞). Thus the domain of f −1 is x
2
(−∞, 1) ∪ (1, ∞) and the range of f −1 is 1
f(x)
2 ln x
(−∞, −2) ∪ (−2, ∞). 4
Copyright
30. y
44. log 10 = 1 because the exponent to which we raise 10 to
get 10 is 1.
4
√ 1
f(x) log x 2 45. log2
3
2 = log2 21/3 = because the exponent to which we
2
3
1
4 2 2 4 x raise 2 to get 21/3 is .
2 3
4 46. log 0.01 = −2 because the exponent to which we raise 10
to get 0.01 is −2.
31. f (x) = ex−3 47. log4 x = 2 ⇒ 42 = x

This is the graph of f (x) = ex shifted right 3 units. The 48. loga Q = k ⇒ ak = Q
correct choice is (c).
1 1
49. 4−3 = ⇒ log4 = −3
32. f (x) = log3 x 64 64
f (1) = log3 (1) = 0 50. ex = 80 ⇒ ln 80 = x, or loge 80 = x
The only graph with x-intercept (1, 0) is (a). 51. log 11 ≈ 1.0414
33. f (x) = − log3 (x + 1) 52. log 0.234 ≈ −0.6308
This is the graph of log3 x shifted left 1 unit and reflected
across the y-axis. The correct choice is (b). 53. ln 3 ≈ 1.0986
x 54. ln 0.027 ≈ −3.6119
1
34. y =
2 55. log(−3) does not exist. (The calculator gives an error mes-
0 sage.)
1
At x = 0, y = =1
2 56. ln 0 does not exist. (The calculator gives an error message.)
The only graph with y-intercept (0, 1) is (f).
log 24
57. log5 24 = ≈ 1.9746
35. f (x) = 3(1 − e−x ), x ≥ 0 log 5
This is the graph of f (x) = ex reflected across the y-axis, log 3
reflected across the x-axis, shifted up 1 unit, and stretched 58. log8 3 = ≈ 0.5283
log 8
by a factor of 3. The correct choice is (e).
1
36. f (x) = | ln(x − 4)| 59. 3 logb x − 4 logb y + logb z
2
This is the graph of f (x) = ln x shifted right 4 units. The = logb x − logb y + logb z 1/2
3 4
absolute value reflects negative outputs across the x-axis. √

x3 z 1/2 x3 z
The line x = 4 is a vertical asymptote. The correct choice = logb , or log b
y4 y4
is (d).
60. ln(x3 − 8) − ln(x2 + 2x + 4) + ln(x + 2)
37. log5 125 = 3 because the exponent to which we raise 5 to
(x3 − 8)(x + 2)
get 125 is 3. = ln
x2 + 2x + 4
38. log 100, 000 = 5 because the exponent to which we raise 10 (x − 2)(x2 + 2x + 4)(x + 2)
to get 100,000 is 5. = ln
x2 + 2x + 4
39. ln e = 1 because the exponent to which we raise e to get e = ln(x − 2)(x + 2)
is 1. = ln(x2 − 4)
40. ln 1 = 0 because the exponent to which we raise e to get 1 √
4
is 0.
61. ln wr2 = ln(wr2 )1/4
1
1 = ln wr2
41. log 101/4 = because the exponent to which we raise 10 4
4
1 1
to get 101/4 is . = (ln w + ln r2 )
4 4
√ 1
1 = (ln w + 2 ln r)
42. log3 3 = log3 31/2 = because the exponent to which we 4
2
1 1 1
raise 3 to get 31/2 is . = ln w + ln r
2 4 2
43. log 1 = 0 because the exponent to which we raise 10 to get
1 is 0.
Copyright
1/3
M2 M2
42x−1 − 3 = 61
3
62. log = log 72.
N N
42x−1 = 64
1 M2
= log 42x−1 = 43
3 N
1 2x − 1 = 3
= (log M 2 − log N )
3 2x = 4
1 x=2
= (2 log M − log N )
3 The solution is 2.
2 1
= log M − log N 73. log16 4 = x
3 3
16x = 4
63. 6
loga 3 = loga (42 )x = 41
2
= loga 6 − loga 2 42x = 41
≈ 0.778 − 0.301 2x = 1
≈ 0.477 1
x=
2
64. loga 50 = loga (2 · 52 ) 1
The solution is .
= loga 2 + loga 52 2
= loga 2 + 2 loga 5 74. logx 125 = 3
≈ 0.301 + 2(0.699) x3 = 125
√
≈ 1.699 x = 3 125
1 x=5
65. loga = loga 5−1
5 The solution is 5.
= − loga 5
75. log2 x + log2 (x − 2) = 3
≈ −0.699
√ log2 x(x − 2) = 3
66. loga 3
5 = loga 51/3
x(x − 2) = 23
1
= loga 5 x2 − 2x = 8
3
1 x2 − 2x − 8 = 0
≈ (0.699)
3 (x + 2)(x − 4) = 0
≈ 0.233
x+2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
67. ln e−5k = −5k (loga ax = x) x = −2 or x=4
68. log5 5 −6t
= −6t The number 4 checks, but −2 does not. The solution is 4.
69. log4 x = 2 76. log(x2 − 1) − log(x − 1) = 1

x = 42 = 16 x2 − 1
log =1
The solution is 16. x−1
(x + 1)(x − 1)
31−x = 92x = 101
70. x−1
31−x = (32 )2x x + 1 = 10
31−x = 34x x=9
1 − x = 4x The answer checks. The solution is 9.
1 = 5x 77. log x2 = log x
1
=x x2 = x
5
1 x2 − x = 0
The solution is .
5 x(x − 1) = 0
71. x
e = 80 x = 0 or x − 1 = 0
ln ex = ln 80 x = 0 or x=1
x = ln 80 The number 1 checks, but 0 does not. The solution is 1.
x ≈ 4.382
Copyright
78. e−x = 0.02 87. a) We substitute 353.823 for P , since P is in thousands.

−x W (353.823) = 0.37 ln 353.823 + 0.05
ln e = ln 0.02
−x = ln 0.02 ≈ 2.2 ft/sec
x = − ln 0.02 b) We substitute 3.4 for W and solve for P .
x ≈ 3.912 3.4 = 3.7 ln P + 0.05
The answer checks. The solution is 3.912. 3.35 = 0.37 ln P
nt 3.35
= ln P
79. a) A(t) = P 1 + r 0.37
n e3.35/0.37 = P
4t
A(t) = 30, 000 1 +
0.042
Substituting P ≈ 8553.143
4 The population is about 8553.143 thousand, or
4t
A(t) = 30, 000(1.0105) 8,553,143. (Answers may vary due to rounding dif-
ferences.)
b) A(0) = 30, 000(1.0105)4·0 = $30, 000
A(6) = 30, 000(1.0105)4·6 ≈ $38, 547.20 88. a) 786 = 0.035ek·72
A(12) = 30, 000(1.0105)4·12 ≈ $49, 529.56 786
= e72k
0.035
A(18) = 30, 000(1.0105) 4·18
≈ $63, 640.87
786
ln = ln e72k
80. In 2005, t = 2005 − 2002 = 3. 0.035
W (3) = 29.9(1.26)3 ≈ 59.8 GW 786
ln = 72k
0.035
In 2010, t = 2010 − 2002 = 8. 786
W (8) = 29.9(1.26)8 ≈ 189.9 GW ln
0.035 =k
In 2016, t = 2016 − 2002 = 14. 72
0.1392 ≈k
W (14) = 29.9(1.26)14 ≈ 760.1 GW
b) We have S(t) = 0.035e0.1392t , where S(t) is in bil-
ln 2
81. T = ≈ 15.4 years lions of dollars and t is the number of years after
0.045 1940.
ln 2 c) S(30) ≈ $2.279 billion
82. k = ≈ 0.027, or 2.7%
26 S(60) ≈ $148.353 billion
83. P (t) = P0 ekt S(75) ≈ $1197.023 billion, or about $1.197 trillion
−0.00012t
0.73P0 = P0 e d) 2 trillion is 2000 billion.
0.73 = e−0.00012t 2000 = 0.035e0.1392t
ln 0.73 = ln e−0.00012t 2000
= e0.1392t
0.035
ln 0.73 = −0.00012t
2000
ln 0.73 ln = ln e0.1392t
=t 0.035
−0.00012 2000
2623 ≈ t ln
0.035
= 0.1392t
The skeleton is about 2623 years old. 2000
ln
0.035 = t
84. pH = − log[2.3 × 10−6 ] ≈ −(−5.6) = 5.6
0.1392
106.3 · I0 79 ≈ t
85. R = log = log 106.3 = 6.3
I0 Cash benefits will reach $2 trillion about 79 years
1000 · I0 after 1940, or in 2019.
86. L = 10 log
I0 89. a) P (t) = 15.2e0.0167t , where P (t) is in millions and t
= 10 log 1000 is the number of years after 2013.
= 10 · 3 b) In 2017, t = 2017 − 2013 = 4.
= 30 decibels P (4) = 15.2e0.0167(4) ≈ 16.3 million
In 2020, t = 2020 − 2013 = 7.
P (7) = 15.2e0.0167(7) ≈ 17.1 million
Copyright
Chapter 5 Test 301
c) 18 = 15.2e0.0167t 99. The inverse of a function f (x) is written f −1 (x), whereas

1
18 [f (x)]−1 means .
= e0.0167t f (x)
15.2
18 100. loga ab3 = (loga a)(loga b3 ). If the first step had been cor-
ln = ln e0.0167t
15.2 rect, then so would the second step. The correct procedure
18 follows.
ln = 0.0167t
15.2 loga ab3 = loga a + loga b3 = 1 + 3 loga b
18
ln
15.2 =t Chapter 5 Test
0.0167
10 ≈t
The population will be 18 million about 10 years 1. We interchange the first and second coordinates of each
after 2013. pair to find the inverse of the relation. It is
ln 2 {(5, −2), (3, 4)(−1, 0), (−3, −6)}.
d) T = ≈ 41.5 years
0.0167
90. The graph of f (x) = ex−3 + 2 is a translation of the graph
horizontal lines that cross the graph more than once.
of y = ex right three units and up 2 units. The horizontal
asymptote of y = ex is y = 0, so the horizontal asymptote 3. The function is one-to-one, because no horizontal line
of f (x) = ex−3 + 2 is translated up 2 units from y = 0. crosses the graph more than once.
Thus, it is y = 2, and answer D is correct.
4. a) The graph of f (x) = x3 +1 is shown below. It passes
3
91. We must have 2x−3 > 0, or x > , so answer A is correct. the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to-
2 one.
92. The graph of f (x) = 2x−2 is the graph of g(x) = 2x shifted y
2 units to the right. Thus D is the correct graph.
5
93. The graph of f (x) = log2 x is the graph of g(x) = 2x 4

3
reflected across the line y = x. Thus B is the correct
2
graph. 1
94. | log4 x| = 3 —5 —4 —3 —2 —1
—1
1 2 3 4 5 x
f (x ) = x 3+1
log4 x = −3 or log4 x = 3 —2
—3
x = 4−3 or x = 43 —4
—5
1
x= or x = 64
64
1 b) Replace f (x) with y: y = x3 + 1
Both answers check. The solutions are and 64.
64 Interchange x and y: x = y 3 + 1
95. log x = ln x Solve for y: y 3 = x − 1
√
Graph y1 = log x and y2 = ln x and find the first coor- y = 3x−1
dinates of the points of intersection of the graph. We see √
x−1
that the only solution is 1.
√ 5. a) The graph of f (x) = 1 − x is shown below. It passes
96. x
5 = 625
√ the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to-
5 x = 54 one.
√
x=4 y
x = 16
5
4
97. Measure the atmospheric pressure P at the top of the f (x ) = 1 – x
3
building. Substitute that value in the equation P = 2
14.7e−0.00005a , and solve for the height, or altitude, a, of 1
the top of the building. Also measure the atmospheric —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
pressure at the base of the building and solve for the alti-
—2
tude of the base. Then subtract to find the height of the —3
building. —4
—5
98. Reflect the graph of f (x) = ln x across the line y = x to
obtain the graph of h(x) = ex . Then shift this graph 2
units right to obtain the graph of g(x) = ex−2 .
Copyright
b) Replace f (x) with y: y = 1 − x 1

9. Replace f (x) with y: y =
x−4
Interchange x and y: x = 1 − y
1
Solve for y: y = 1 − x Interchange x and y: x =
y−4
Replace y with f −1 (x): f −1 (x) = 1 − x Solve for y: x(y − 4) = 1
x xy − 4x = 1
6. a) The graph of f (x) = is shown below. It passes
2−x
the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to- xy = 4x + 1
one. 4x + 1
y=
y
x
4x + 1
4
x
3 The domain of f (x) is (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞) and the range
2 of f (x) is (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞). Thus, the domain of f −1 is
1 (−∞, 0) ∪ (0, ∞) and the range of f −1 is (−∞, 4) ∪ (4, ∞).
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x
—1
—2
y y⫽x
6
x
f ⫺1
—3
f (x ) = –––
2–x
—4 4
—5
2
x ⫺4 ⫺2 2 4 6 x
2−x ⫺2
y ⫺4
Interchange x and y: x = f
2−y
Solve for y: (2 − y)x = y 10. y
2x − xy = y
xy + y = 2x
4
f (x) 4x
2
y(x + 1) = 2x
2x 4 2 2 4 x
y= 2
x+1
2x 4
x+1
7. a) The graph of f (x) = x2 + x − 3 is shown below. It is 11.
y
not one-to-one since there are many horizontal lines
that cross the graph more than once. The function 4
f(x) log x
does not have an inverse that is a function. 2
y
4 2 2 4 x
5 2
4
4
3
2
1
—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x 12. y
—1
—2
4
—3
—4 2
x 2+x – 3
f (x ) = —5
4 2 2 4 x
2
f (x) e x 3
8. We find (f −1 ◦f )(x) and (f ◦f −1 )(x) and check to see that
4
each is x.
(f −1 ◦ f )(x) = f −1 (f (x)) = f −1 (−4x + 3) =
3 − (−4x + 3) 3 + 4x − 3 4x
= = =x
4 4 4
3−x
(f ◦ f −1 )(x) = f (f −1 (x)) = f =
4

3−x
−4 + 3 = −3 + x + 3 = x
4
Copyright
Chapter 5 Test 303
13. 27. log25 5 = x

y
25x = 5
4
(52 )x = 51
2
52x = 51
4 2 2 4 x 2x = 1
2
f (x) ln(x 2)
1
4 x=
2
1
The solution is .
14. log 0.00001 = −5 because the exponent to which we raise 2
10 to get 0.00001 is −5. 28. log3 x + log3 (x + 8) = 2
15. ln e = 1 because the exponent to which we raise e to get e log3 x(x + 8) = 2
is 1. x(x + 8) = 32
16. ln 1 = 0 because the exponent to which we raise e to get 1 x2 + 8x = 9
is 0. x + 8x − 9 = 0
2
√ 1 (x + 9)(x − 1) = 0
17. log4 4 = log4 41/5 = because the exponent to which we
5
5 x = −9 or x = 1
1/5 1
raise 4 to get 4 is . The number 1 checks, but −9 does not. The solution is 1.
5
18. ln x = 4 ⇒ x = e 4 29. 34−x = 27x
19. 3x = 5.4 ⇒ x = log3 5.4 34−x = (33 )x

34−x = 33x
20. ln 16 ≈ 2.7726
4 − x = 3x
21. log 0.293 ≈ −0.5331 4 = 4x
log 10 x=1
22. log6 10 = ≈ 1.2851
log 6 The solution is 1.
1 30. ex = 65
23. 2 loga x − loga y + loga z
2
ln ex = ln 65
= loga x2 − loga y + loga z 1/2
√ x = ln 65
x2 z 1/2 x2 z
= loga , or loga x ≈ 4.174
y y
24. ln x2 y = ln(x2 y)1/5
5
106.6 · I0
1 31. R = log = log 106.6 = 6.6
= ln x2 y I0
5
1 ln 2
= (ln x2 + ln y) 32. k = ≈ 0.0154 ≈ 1.54%
5 45
1
= (2 ln x + ln y) 33. a) 1144.54 = 1000e3k
5
2 1 1.14454 = e3k
= ln x + ln y
5 5 ln 1.14454 = ln e3k

25. 8 ln 1.14454 = 3k
loga 4 = loga
2 ln 1.14454
= loga 8 − loga 2 =k
3
≈ 0.984 − 0.328 0.045 ≈ k
≈ 0.656 The interest rate is about 4.5%.
b) P (t) = 1000e0.045t
26. ln e−4t = −4t (loga ax = x)
c) P (8) = 1000e0.045·8 ≈ $1433.33
ln 2
d) T = ≈ 15.4 yr
0.045
34. The graph of f (x) = 2x−1 + 1 is the graph of g(x) = 2x
shifted right 1 unit and up 1 unit. Thus C is the correct
graph.
Copyright
√
3
35. x
4 =8
√
3
2 x
(2 ) = 23
√
3
22 x = 23
√
23x=3
√3
3
x=
2
3
3
x=
2
27
x=
8
27
The solution is .
8
Copyright
Another random document with
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which her adopted father, Mr. Helston, F.R.I.B.A., has just completed in
Fransdale, which has been described as the most imaginative specimen of
domestic architecture produced by an Englishman during the last three
hundred years. It has been seriously suggested that the house in question
may revolutionise the idea of the English country house, and that the day of
gables, barge-boards, rough-casting and timbering is over.'"
They looked at each other in mischievous amusement.
"She will be angry," said Brenda; and, after a moment's silence, burst
out laughing.
"Think I'd better not show it?"
"Oh, you must let her see it; because, if you don't, someone else will—
inevitably."
Helston leaned back in his chair, with reminiscent eyes fixed on the
glowing fire.
"You and I were right, Brenda, when we believed her to be above the
average: she ought to go far."
"Never for a moment have I doubted it," his wife answered. "She has
power! Her smallness, her silence, her strength—it is a wonderful
combination. Many a time I have thanked God for her."
"I fancy," said Harry reflectively, "that Mrs. Cooper to this day believes
that we shall repent, and that it was Melicent who corrupted her entire
household, girls, maids, governess, all in the space of two or three weeks."
"If she does, the vicar knows better," returned his wife, "and is glad
enough for Gwen and Theo to come to us whenever they can."
"I believe we made one mistake," thoughtfully pursued the man. "I have
often wished that I had not complied with the vicar's written request that the
Burmesters should be told nothing. I don't want them to think there is
anything to conceal, as far as Millie is concerned. You see, Mayne doesn't
like the circumstances of her leaving Africa talked about, and Cooper
doesn't like the circumstances of her leaving the Vicarage talked about. At
this rate, it seems to me that she may become a Woman with a Past, if we
don't take care."
"Oh, pooh," said Brenda; "don't make a fuss about nothing. Everybody
knows what the Coopers are."
As she spoke, a gay voice, a dog's bark, a scuffle, was heard without;
and the girl they both loved whisked in, waving a roll of vellum in her hand.
"Behold," said she, "the result of my labours! A certificate about the

size of an ordinary table-cloth, signed by about a dozen men whom nobody
ever heard of. If that doesn't convince people of my competency nothing
ever will!"
She tossed the document in Brenda's lap, and sat down on the fender-
stool, a little out of breath.
She had not changed greatly since her early teens; but she had
improved. She was still small, though not too small; still pale, but with the
clear, rose pallor of a Malmaison carnation. Her soft, fair hair was
becomingly arranged, her movements graceful, her manner decidedly good.
"It's going to snow," cried she. "March is going out like a lion! Pater, I
hope the wind won't nip our crocuses."
"A Cleveshire crocus laughs at frost," said Helston. "But will a

Cleveshire maiden laugh at an impertinent newspaper paragraph?"
"Paragraph! You don't tell me! Where? After all my trouble!" She
stopped short, indignant, her cheeks suddenly rose-colour. "Well, I don't
care," she concluded defiantly. "Ne'er a reporter of them all shall flout me
out of my humour."
"Shall I read it?"

"Certainly!"
Helston did so, not without relish. When he had done, the girl made a
sound of disdain.
"Charming!" she said. "But what does it matter? Does anybody whose
opinion I value form that opinion upon the Hauberk?"
"If you will start doing what nobody has done before,—"
"Well, somebody must start," said Melicent composedly, "or nobody

would ever get anywhere. After all, these things matter so little. People very
soon forget; and one is not nearly so important as one believes."
"Your common-sense and self-possession are getting quite odious,

miss," said Brenda languidly.
Melicent was thoughtful.
"Very likely it is true what they say—that a business woman has got to
sacrifice something. But I always was practical, you know."
"So little do we know ourselves," gasped Helston.
"Why? Am I not practical?"
"Dreamer, idealist, dweller in Utopia, believer in the Fourth dimension

and in the sum of the really important things that nobody can classify—go
to!" said he gravely. "Tell that to the reporters, but not to the unfortunate
pater who had to hold you in when designing a house! 'Bridling the Tweed
with a curb o' stane' would have just been an interval for light refreshment."
Melicent, her arms about her knees, laughed blithely.
"For sheer power of vituperation, you are hard to beat," she said. "Well,
mater, what have you been doing all day?"
"When you have done railing at each other, you shall hear. I have news
of a really exciting character, but I shall not tell it until there is a suitable
demand."
Melicent whirled round and clutched her.
"What has happened? Speak instantly! Something nice? Something to

take out the taste of that par.?"
"I have heard news and received a visitor: who but Lance Burmester?"
She had no reason to complain of lack of interest in her hearers. They

rained questions upon her.
"He is in town for one night only," said she. "Goes down to Ilbersdale
to-morrow; so I implored him to come back and dine. He demurred, on the
ground that he had two friends with him, whom he could not desert One is a
Captain Brooke, a friend picked up in Africa. The other is—guess,
Melicent!"
There was a peculiar intonation in her voice.
Melicent looked up quickly, and met a mischievous look; and suddenly

colour flooded the girl's face. Quite unexpectedly to herself, she did what
she was never wont to do—she blushed; and she felt as though the blush
covered her like a garment to the very feet.
The sensation made her furious. Why should she blush? At the memory
of a period of her life now so incredibly remote that it seemed like a
previous incarnation? She sometimes felt, in the infrequent moments when
she recalled her amatory experiences, as though she had merely dreamed
the savagery, the bestiality, of her African days; as though she had first
awakened to life when her uncle drove her out upon the high heathery Nab
that overlooked the moorlands.
Brenda's hint evoked a rushing stream of unpleasant, importunate

memories. Was it possible that Bert had bridged the five years' silence?
That he was still in pursuit—still claiming the promise made in a half-
delirious moment?
Her inmost being sickened. It could not be! Not now, on the very
threshold of her career—now that she had grown used to happiness and
love and England. Disgust was so acute that she grew actually faint.
With a craving for air she sprang from her low seat by the fire, stood up,
drew a long breath, flung back her head. What useless panic! She was free:
no promise could be said to bind her! Why should she fear?
The shock, the overwhelming spasm of apprehension, passed away so

quickly that the Helstons had barely time to wonder what was amiss when
she took calmly on her lips the name that haunted her.
"Do you really mean that it is Bert Mestaer?"
Brenda laughed.
"Bert Mestaer! What a notion! You would hardly expect Mr. Burmester
to make friends with him! Oh, no; it is someone whom you will really like
to see—surely you can guess!"
"Mr. Mayne?"
"Of course!"
The relief, the reaction, were extraordinary. Melicent's head swam. With
more demonstration of feeling than was usual to her, she clapped her hands.
"Oh, that is good! I am pleased! What a pity he did not get back in time
for my twenty-first birthday last spring! I wonder whether he will think that
I have changed!"
"Your wonder will be speedily set at rest. As it appeared that Lance was
inseparable from his friends, and that this was his only night, I told him to
bring them both back to dinner at eight. I sent Elizabeth for fish and cream,
and I wish you would go into the dining-room on your way upstairs, and see
that the flowers on the table are all right."
"Well!" cried Melicent, and heaved a sigh. "Things are happening to-
night in the bosom of this peaceful family. Pater, just put away that odious
newspaper in the table drawer, so that nobody can see it. To think of Mr.
Mayne being in England! Why didn't he write and say he was coming?"
"I fancy he only quite suddenly found that he could get away. You see,
all his plans are changed. He is to be Bishop of Pretoria."
"Bishop! Oh, lucky Pretoria!"
Melicent paused again, her eyes full of memories. She saw an open
grave, a long black procession of uncouth people winding down the rough
fields, past the Kaffir huts—the sun blazing down on Carol Mayne's sharp-
cut, ascetic face.
"I am the Resurrection and the Life. He that believeth on Me, though he
were dead, yet shall he live."
The thought of what her heart had been then, torn with hatred, racked
with grief, savage, sullen, lonely, arose in sharp contrast with the thought of
all that had been since, all that she had come to understand, believe and
hope, in these full years of growth that lay between.
Moved by a rare impulse, she stooped and tenderly kissed Brenda's

forehead, before going to inspect the flowers upon the dinner-table.
CHAPTER XX
CAPTAIN BROOKE
"What man would risk the danger twice,
Nor quake from head to heel?
Whom would not one such test suffice?"
—A. C. SWINBURNE.
Not Melicent herself looked forward to the moment of meeting with
more eagerness than did the Bishop elect of Pretoria. He had been through
many anxieties during his first months of guardianship; and his gratitude to
the Helstons was immense. It was most natural that he should look forward
with interest to a sight of the girl he had saved.
She was not present in the drawing-room when the three men arrived,
but the cordiality of the Helstons' reception was delightful. Lance was
grateful to them for including his friend, a big, silent man, who had been
with much difficulty persuaded to come. Brenda assured him that six was a
far better number than five, and made him welcome with sincerity which
could not fail to please.
"But he wouldn't have come at all; he would have held out obstinately,"
said Lance gaily, "but for one thing, one mysterious reason, which will
transpire later. You needn't blush, Brooke."
"Haven't the least intention of it; don't play the fool, Burmester. I
suppose it was natural for an outsider to feel that he was intruding on a
party of friends who were meeting after long separation."
"Just as well for you to become acquainted now, for you'll be sure to
meet at Fransdale," said Lance easily. "I suppose you are going up for
Easter, Mrs. Helston, and I am taking Brooke and the Bishop to Ilbersdale."
As he spoke, the door opened, and all three men turned to watch
Melicent as she came in.
She had rather more colour than usual, and her expression was strangely
arresting. Her evening gown was white, and trailed over the soft carpet with
a delicate rustling. She walked straight up to Carol Mayne, her eyes shining,
her two hands outstretched: and he caught them in his, meeting her glance
with the piercing, deep-set eyes she remembered so well of old.
"Well!" he cried. "So this is you! How thankful I ought to be that my

responsibilities are over! Ah, well, I don't think I should have known you, if
I had met you in the street, but I am beginning to recognise the eyes, the
brow! The smile is new. I never saw that in Africa; did I, Miss Lutwyche?"
She looked up gravely, but with a certain kindled enthusiasm, far more
impressive than a girl's laughter.
"Miss Lutwyche!" she said reproachfully. "I shall not allow that. As for
you, you are not a bit changed. I should know you anywhere—Bond Street,
or darkest Africa."
"What about me, Miss Lutwyche?" cried Lance pleadingly.
"You have improved," she said, with an air of critical appraisement.

"You are not nearly so—lady-like as you used to be."
They all laughed.
"Are you still a crack shot, as you used to be?" he cried.
"I shoot every autumn. I have improved," she replied demurely.
When Captain Brooke had been presented, they all sat down, and the
talk hung fire a little.
"It is too big," said Melicent, with a little sigh. "There is so much to say,
we don't know where to begin. Mr. Mayne, I know, is thinking of me with
my hair in a pig-tail, and a calico frock, slouching across the yard with a
copper bucket; and Mr. Burmester is thinking of a time when I was locked
up in disgrace in the Vicarage schoolroom, and not allowed to go to a
picnic; and Captain Brooke is thinking how disagreeable it is of people to
have reminiscences he cannot share."
Captain Brooke smiled a little.
"I am thinking that it is hard to fancy you in a calico dress with a copper
bucket," he said.
Melicent was suddenly grave.

"People who have always lived in England don't realise," she said
absently. "We dwell in a kind of Garden of Eden here, and nobody
appreciates it. They should go to some place such as I was brought up in,
and learn what thorns and briars lie outside the garden gates."
"I saw a good deal of it during the campaign," the soldier answered. "A
good deal of outer darkness, I mean."
"Does England seem good after it?" she asked.
"Exactly what you say. Like the Garden of Eden."
At the moment dinner was announced, and they went into the dining-
room.
"I suppose," said Melicent, who was seated next Mr. Mayne, "that it is
of no use to ask you after old acquaintance? It is so long since you left
Slabbert's Poort?"
"Well," he answered, "I have kept up with one or two of the folks there.
But the general scatter, when the war broke out, made great changes,
though, as you know, the place was never in the line of march. Marten
Brandt still owns the Vierkleur."
"I often meant to ask you in my letters what became of Otis?"
"The great Amurrica? It is reported that he made himself notorious in

the Boer Irish brigade, but later on—after the capture of Kroonstadt—he
turned up on the British side, got a commission in a scallywag corps, how I
know not, and is quite a great person now."
"Not sure he ain't a colonel; I knocked up against the beast," said Lance.
"Remember hearing about Gouverneur J. Otis, eh Brooke? Remember the
story of Sal's Drift and the stampede of the gun mules?"
The two men laughed, as at a common memory.
"Worst of him was, the brute was so witty," said Lance. "I believe all
our officers knew he was not to be trusted, but they made no end of a fuss
with him. Daresay he'll be turning up in England soon, in some swell house
that's been lent as a convalescent home, and flirt with all the titled girls as
bold as you please."
"Let's see; he was the chap who got his head punched by Millie's Boer
champion, wasn't he?" asked Mr. Helston.
His wife gave him a warning glance. Young Burmester was present, and
he knew nothing of the girl's vicissitudes, nor was it desirable that he
should. Besides, there was a stranger among them. She could see, by the
way he instantly began to speak, that Mayne was as desirous as she to turn
the subject; but Lance had caught the word.
"Hallo, Miss Lutwyche! had you begun breaking heads and hearts, even
before you came over?" he asked gaily, across the table.
"Boers don't trouble about hearts," said the girl, with composure. "We
were a pastoral people, and never did anything interesting. It is you from
whom we expect tales of prowess. Did you never escape in a goods train, or
scale a prison wall, or—"
"As to that," said Lance, "I've a magnificent yarn, all ready for telling,
only this beggar"—indicating his friend, who sat next to him and opposite
Millie—"tried, before he would come here to-night, to get me to promise
not to tell."
Melicent had wholly succeeded in turning away the subject. The silent
captain reddened, looked morose, and was heard to murmur that Burmester
was a rotter.
"I hope you were not so rash as to make the promise in question?" cried
Brenda.
"Well, do you know, as far as to-night goes, I'm afraid I did!" owned
Lance.
"You did," said Brooke distinctly.

"But the fact of it is," said Lance lightly, "that he saved my life. Ever
heard it said that if you save a man's life, he's sure to do you a bad turn?
Look out for me, Brooke."
"I'll look out for myself," was the unamiable reply.
"But it's only if you save from drowning that the proverb applies," said
the host.
"Well, this was drowning. River suddenly rose while the column was
crossing; and the last men got washed away. But this is spoiling my yarn.
I'll keep it for when Brooke isn't about."
"I told you I should spoil sport if I came," said Brooke grimly.
Melicent looked at him with some amusement
He was a fair man, severely tanned by exposure. He was clean-shaven,

and the salient feature of his face was his large, finely-cut, strong yet
delicate mouth: a mouth which lifted his otherwise rough-hewn face up to a
different level, and made it full of possibilities. With such a mouth a man
might be a poet, a soldier, a statesman; but whatever he was, that he would
thoroughly be. He was also shy, to an extent that was amusing in such a
Hercules. When he spoke, he muttered: and he hardly ever raised his eyes.
The gentlemen did not linger over their wine. Mayne was anxious to
talk to Melicent of her future, and Lancelot was astonished at himself for
the anxiety he felt to return to the drawing-room. He remembered a day
when he had seen a slip of a girl seated on Tod's Trush, and how he had said
to Helston: "One is conscious of a personality." He was vividly conscious of
it now. It was the "indefinable something" that Melicent possessed. She
never spoke much, but always gave the fascinating impression of vast
reserves behind, of a boundless store from which she could give more, and
always more.
He was vexed with Mrs. Helston for engaging him at some length in
talk, which she did advisedly, to allow Carol to talk to the girl.
It was with interest and satisfaction that Mayne listened to her, and
found out how soon she hoped to be self-supporting, and how close were
the ties that bound her to her friends. There seemed no cloud upon her
horizon; life, which had begun so stormily seemed, like many a rainy
English morn, to be breaking out into a cloudless sky.
"But there is one thing I want to ask you about," said Melicent
presently. "I have one wrinkle among my rose-leaves. It is only a little
thing, yet at times I fear it I have a constant dread that ... you know who ...
may turn up. I expect it is very silly of me. Men soon forget these things;
and in so long a time, he is sure to have forgotten. But I have wished to see
you, to make sure. I didn't like to write about it. I can't help a dreadful kind
of feeling rushing over me at times, that he..." she looked round. Nobody
was in hearing but Captain Brooke, idly turning over music on the piano;
she dropped her voice—"that Bert Mestaer—may still think he has a claim
on me."
There was a silence, which the chat of the group by the fire did not
seem to break. Captain Brooke earnestly studied the song he was reading.
"That idea—the idea that Mestaer might still think of you—would not
be pleasant to you?" asked Mayne.
"Pleasant?" the word was a gasp. "But you see the life that is mine
now," she said tremulously. "You remember the house of bondage—the
darkness and shadow of death."
"Bert Mestaer wanted to loose your bonds."
"Oh, no! Only to bind me to another master!"
"I think you wrong him there, Melicent."
She turned towards him, put out one hand, and laid it on his.
"It was you who saved me; you delivered my soul from the snare of the
hunter," she said. "If Mestaer let me go, you were the only man that could
have persuaded him. You know it; we need not discuss it. What I want you
to tell me is, whether you have seen or heard anything of him; whether he is
alive or dead."
"He was certainly alive when I left Africa. He did splendidly during the
war. I believe he is considered the finest scout in the British army. I feel
sure I may take it upon myself to say, on his behalf, that he will never make
himself obnoxious to you. You need be in no fear of him."
"He has forgotten all that nonsense about me?"
"I don't exactly know what you mean by nonsense, Millie. If you mean
his love for you, I don't think I can truly say that he has forgotten."
She made a little sound of dismay.
"But he is in process of forgetting—he must be!" she cried. "Anyhow,

he doesn't expect me to start off to Africa to keep the promise he says I
made?"
"Nothing could be farther from his thoughts, I assure you."
"Well, that is what I wanted to be sure of! Now I shall breathe freely
again. I will confess to you now, that I had a terrible moment this evening.
Mater said Mr. Burmester had come home, and laughed and asked me to
guess who was with him! I leaped to the conclusion that it was Bert
Mestaer, and I suddenly found myself in the grip of a blind terror. I thought
I should faint, all the horror of that dreadful time came back so clearly. I
don't think I could have faced him...."
But Lance was no longer to be held back. He broke away from his
captors, and came towards Millie, calling for a song. Captain Brooke, who
still stood forlorn and rigid by the piano, leaning his chin on his hand, was
roughly pushed away. Melicent sat down without shyness, and sang two or
three ballads in a voice that—like herself—was small and flexible and very
distinctive. The last thing she sang was that wonderful little piece of
inspiration,
"The night has a thousand eyes."

Captain Brooke was turning over for her.
"That's very true," he said,
"'The mind has a thousand eyes,

The heart but one,'"
he repeated thoughtfully.
"Yes," she answered; "yet many people seem content with the one! I
suppose all women used to be! Think what an awful fate, to look on life
merely as a matter of sentiment! The thousand eyes are better, don't you
think so?"
"I never tried," he answered simply.
The reply struck her as remarkable, but she had no time to reflect upon
it, for Lance again struck in:
"Seems to me wonderful, with a profession of your own, that you

should find time to learn to sing so beautifully," he said.
"The singing is my recreation," she replied, "the other my serious

work."
"Ah!" cried Lance, "and that reminds me of old Brooke's business and
the reason why he came here to-night! Do you know, Miss Lutwyche,
Brooke wants to build a house, and he's been reading a paragraph in the
Hauberk about a lady architect."
Melicent grew pink, and looked down.
"Captain Brooke won't want to give his work to such a complete

novice," she said demurely. "Now that he has seen me, he will want to retire
gracefully from his intention, and you put him in a cruel dilemma by
mentioning it."
"I like trying experiments," said the Captain, with more animation than
he had yet displayed.
Everyone was now crowding with interest around the music-stool where
Melicent sat.
"What and where would your house be, Captain Brooke?" asked
Helston.
"It would be in my—my—the place my people come from," he replied.

"It's in Wiltshire."
"Wiltshire! That's a variable county; on Salisbury Plain?"
"No; it's a pretty village. Clunbury, they call it."
"What kind of house do you think of building?"
"I should leave that entirely to Miss Lutwyche."
"I say, Melicent, here's your chance!" cried Helston mischievously.

"You'll be able to send another paragraph to the Hauberk?"
"How dare you?" she cried, threatening him in mock rage. "Oh ... but
this is wonderful! Are you serious, Captain Brooke?"
"Quite. I have bought the land. Only about twenty acres. I should like
your advice about the actual site of the house."
"Well, Millie, if you give satisfaction over this, your career is made,"
cried Brenda.
"But what kind of house do you want?" cried the girl. "You must tell me
that!"
"No; that's what I shall pay you to tell me," said Millie's client calmly.
He smiled for the first time, as he added: "You have the thousand eyes."
"Well!" said Melicent, "the agitations of this day have been quite too
much for me!"
"Do your people live at Clunbury?" asked Helston of the Captain.
"Oh, no; not now. They sold their last acre in my grandfather's time. A
churchyard full of their graves is all that is left. It is, however, a part of their
land that I have bought back."
"That is the kind of thing I would like to do myself," said Carol Mayne.
"Now, Miss Lutwyche, is the house rising before your mind's eye?"
cried Lance, pleased at the intense interest created by the scheme.
"Not yet," said Melicent; but her eyes were dreamy. "What kind of
people were your forbears?" she asked the Captain.
"Merely yeomanry," he answered, "and wholly Philistine; people with

one eye."
"And do you want the house to resemble them in tone?" she asked,
smiling at his allusion.
"No. I want it to be the typical house that is in your mind; the house you
would live in, if you could choose."
She laughed.
"Take care! You don't know how lordly my ideas may be! You will have
to bring them down to the level of estimates."
"Do you want the thing put in hand at once?" asked Helston.
"Yes, I do. I should like Miss Lutwyche to come down and look at the
site before I go to Ilbersdale for Easter."
"Well, Millie, you must make up your mind! Do you accept the order?"
cried Carol Mayne.
"I should like to come down and look at the site before I finally say
Yes," said she. "And ask Captain Brooke all manner of questions."
"That will suit me well," he replied gravely. "To-day is Monday. Shall

we say Thursday?"
CHAPTER XXI
MIRAGE
"He who has seen a city in the skies
Knows he may never cool his tired eyes
At the fair waters of that Paradise.
But the one moment when he thought his feet

Would enter that dream-city, was so sweet
That he can bear the noonday and its heat."
—ALICE HERBERT.
The sky was clear and starry; the night was swept by the strong, clean
current of the March wind, as the three men stepped out into Collis Square.
"How shall we get back?" asked Burmester, lighting his cigar. "Train,
tube or bus?"
"I shall walk," said Brooke, with brevity.
They were standing just beneath a street lamp, whose strong light,
falling on his face, showed it haggard and strained. Burmester did not
observe it.
"You don't catch me!" he cried jovially, flinging away his light. "Come
on, Bishop—leave that maniac to his own devices. Here's a hansom, the
very thing."
The jingling cab pulled up at his signal, and he sprang in. "Rhodes
Hotel!"
"All right, Burmester, I'm walking a bit with Brooke," said Mayne.
"The deuce you are! Nice trick to play on me!" cried Lance, as he was
bowled away.
"Why can't you go with him, and leave me to myself?" growled Brooke,
lighting a pipe with a hand that shook.
"Because I want your society, though it seems the desire is not mutual."
There was no reply. They tramped eastwards in silence, past the Marble
Arch, down Park Lane into Grosvenor Square, and on into Berkeley Square,
where suddenly Brooke said:
"I wish you would go."
"You're not playing fair," quietly replied Mayne. "Conspirators ought to

share confidences."
"Confide away then."
"All right, I will. I am as pleased as I feel sure you must be, though you
don't show it, at the result of your idea."
"Pleased!" echoed Brooke. "Pleased! ... Great Heaven! Pleased, are

you? But then, you see, I am not you. Bishop, I know every line of her face,
every tone of her voice, though I never heard but one in the old days! I
know her as a man knows the land where he was born; and she could sit
looking full at me across the table, and not know she had ever seen me! ...
Man! How have I come through it?"
"Excellently. I don't understand you. Surely it is what you were hoping
for, planning for—complete non-recognition? What would have happened if
she had known you? You heard what she said to me about you?"
"Every word;" his voice sank to a despairing whisper.
"She is at least consistent," said Mayne.
An inarticulate murmur of assent.
"I don't think the non-recognition wonderful," went on Mayne. "You

see, she never thought about you, or even looked at you attentively in old
days. And think what you were like then! Not only the outer man has
changed. Remember that I myself, when first I saw you without your beard,
and without your slouch, and without your oaths—in your uniform, drilled
into a self-respecting Englishman—I did not know you."
"But you did, as soon as I said: 'Don't you remember me?'"
"Exactly; because you did say so. But you have not said so to Miss
Lutwyche; and don't you see that your very failure to do so would banish
the idea of your possible identity from her mind? You come before her with
looks, words, manners, your very nationality—all changed! An English
landed proprietor! Doubtless she knows nothing of the great diamond find
on the High Farm, nor of the fortune you have realised. The idea that you
should adopt such a method of gaining access to her, would never strike her,
it would not seem characteristic of her preconceived idea of you."
"I don't know how I got through," said the Captain brokenly. "When she
came in, looking like an angel from God ... and passed me by and went up
to you! By George, Mayne, she was right! It was you who saved her! But
for you—"
"She was wrong; it was you," said Mayne. "She will probably never
know the fight you made; women don't understand these things, and it is as
well they don't. Things go like that in the world."
"She's beautiful, Mayne; don't you think so?"

Mayne laughed.
"I don't think her at all angelic," he replied, "but I will own that she
seems to me less unlovable than I used to think her in Africa. Don't punch
my head! ... Burmester admired her, I thought."
"Yes, confound him!"
"But you have made a splendid opening. The idea of the house was a
masterly one. It gives you endless opportunities and a common interest.
Only remember, you must keep yourself well in hand. As I warned you, the
game is a dangerous one. One false move may cost you all."
"The worst is over now," returned the Captain. "The awfulness of

feeling that she's everything to me, I a nightmare to her! I can still hardly
believe she didn't know me."
"Everything was in your favour. She was full of my return, and of relief
that it was I, not you. The silent Captain Brooke was a negligible quantity."
"She never looked at me squarely but once. That was in the middle of
dinner. My heart nearly stopped. I had to lower my eyes lest they should say
things. Ah, well; you're a good sort, and no mistake. I'm glad we've talked it
out, though I was a sulky brute at first."
"H'm! Yes; Melicent might think the change in you not so deep if she
had heard your way with me this evening," said his friend drily. "The old
Bert is still there, in spite of all the polish."
Bert laughed as he strode on, with his long, swinging step. He made a
fine tribute to the creative powers of Sergeant What's-his-name. There had
been good material to work upon, and the right kind of training; and the
result was something like a miracle.
In the old days, Mayne had realised that this man was something out of
the common: but even he had not been prepared for his persistence, nor for
his wonderful flair for knowing the right men, reading the right books,
doing the right thing. During all these five years, no week had passed

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College Algebra with Intermediate Algebra A Blended

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College Algebra Essentials 5th Edition Blitzer

College Algebra Graphs and Models 5th Edition Bittinger

College Algebra and Trigonometry International 5th

Functions and Change College Algebra 5th Edition

Precalculus A Right Triangle Approach 5th Edition

2. {(1, 0), (6, 5), (−4, −2)} 4

a=b Taking cube roots

21. g(−1) = 1 − (−1)2 = 1 − 1 = 0 and 6

g(1) = 1 − 12 = 1 − 1 = 0, so g(−1) = g(1) but −1 = 1. 4 f (x ) = 3 + 4x

f (2) = 24 − 22 = 16−4 = 12, so f (−2) = f (2) but −2 = 2.

horizontal lines that cross the graph more than once. –4

29. The function is not one-to-one, because there are many

37. The graph of f (x) = |x + 2| is shown below. y

44. The graph of f (x) = −x + 2 is shown below. 3 Interchange x and y: x = 7 − y

the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one.

49. a) The graph of f (x) = 4 6

the horizontal-line test, so the function is one-to- 2

passes the horizontal-line test, so it is one-to-one. 2

—5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x The function f takes the cube root of an input and then

80. Replace f (x) with y: y = 2 − x f f 1

12. Graph f (x) = 5x .

x y = f (x) (x, y) 18. Graph y = 3 − 3x .

−3 64 (−3, 64) x y (x, y)

x 3 −24 (3, −24)

22. Graph f (x) = 2 − e−x . 25. Graph f (x) = 1 − e−x .

3 0.0996 (3, 0.0996) 2

y 34. Shift the graph of y = 2x right 1 unit and down 3 units.

30. Shift the graph of y = 2x up 1 unit. x

40. Shift the graph of y = 3x left 1 unit, stretch it vertically,

46. Shrink the graph of y = ex horizontally and shift it up 1

66. In 2009, x = 2009 − 2007 = 2. 73. V (t) = 6982(0.85)t

67. In 2005, t = 2005 − 2004 = 1. 74. V (t) = 56, 395(0.9)t

2−i 2−i 3−i

79. 2x2 − 13x − 7 = 0 Setting f (x) = 0

68. ln 0 does not exist. (The calculator gives an error message.) 4 2 2 4 x

71. Let a = 10, b = 100, and M = 0.3 and substitute in the 4

Domain: (−3, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)

Domain: (2, ∞) Domain: (0, ∞)

98. a) pH = − log[1.6 × 10−4 ] ≈ −(−3.8) ≈ 3.8 102. 3x − 10y = 14

117. Graph (d) is the graph of f (x) = ln |x|. 5

120. Graph (a) is the graph of g(x) = | ln(x − 1)|. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1

1. The statement is false. The domain of y = log x, for in- 5

(This assumes that the domain of f −1 (x) is restricted to

14. The graph of y = 2−x is (f).

73. ln e8t = 8t (loga ax = x) 88. ln e3x−5 = −8

f (x) is a rational function. = loga (9 − x2 )1/2

12. 28x = 10−3x 19. e−0.03t = 0.08

24. 250 − (1.87)x = 0 29. 2ex = 5 − e−x

35. ln x = 1 The base is e. x = 10 or x = −1

44. log(x + 5) − log(x − 3) = log 2 For 2:

52. ln(x + 1) − ln x = ln 4 57. log6 x = 1 − log6 (x − 5)

Let u = ex . 66. H(x) = 3x2 − 12x + 16

u = 1 or u=1 The vertex is (2, 4).

4. a) 22.6 = 0.5ek·6 d) 240, 000, 000 = 17, 000e0.1507t

13. a) t = 2012 − 1960 = 52 c) 300, 000 = 66, 000e0.1204t

b) In 2015, t = 2015 − 1960 = 55. C(t) = C0 ekt

M (55) = 72.2e−0.0069(55) ≈ 49.4% 10.28 = 1.85ek·32

2800 = e36k 70 = 0 + (105 − 0)e−5k

y = x, so the statement is false. —5 —4 —3 —2 —1 1 2 3 4 5 x

g(1) = 1 − 12 = 1 − 1 = 0, so g(−1) = g(1) but −1 = 1. 4 f (x ) = 3 + 4x

f (2) = 24 − 22 = 16−4 = 12, so f (−2) = f (2) but −2 = 2.