I

2flag,.,.,z{THERMAL PROPERTIES Of MATIER -

VolO"mc e.'.(p.lMion coeffidcot of o gns
( FORMULAE ] •
• \ Relation between CclsiuJ and Fabercnhcit JClleJ tt = ~ t ' c or a= _!'i -Vi t° c

E
''r>I ,,.,l - vl,,
, C- 0 F - 32 C F - 32
111 - = - or - = - ptt;WJ~ cudlidcnl of a go!-.
IOO 180 S 9
P= ') - Plt' Cor ~= - {l - ~ t°c
:.C c ~(F - 32) "'' P =2C+32 ,~, "''J- :2'1
Jf the rc~df:g one scale of t:,ttpcroture Is St en In gases, \columc coefficient (ct) • pressure co-
• •
..•t
S- L.F.P l
U.F.P - l .F.P = a (con11tanl) efficient (P) =m
U.F.P • Upper flxcd point : L.F.P a Lower fix.cd Prom Boylcts tow at con11tont temperature
point. v toe _!_ or pJI = ooostont or /1 V1 ::= P2V2
• Linear expansion cocfflclent p
r:ro m Chnt lo's low ut co nstant pressu re

•
(a) = 12 - /1 1oc
1,(t2- t1)
Areal expansion coefficient
j( JI oc 'f
, 7'
II
or - • constant or ,.,.1
1
1
2
From Charlc's Jaw at constant volume
~= V2
,,.

(P) = A2 - A, ;OC
• p fi =P2
A1(t2 - t1) P ,;,c T or - = constant or Ti T
T I 2
• Volume expansion coefficient, Ideal gas equation PV==RT for one mole PV =
•
(y)= V2 -J1i 1°C
J1i(t2-t, ) · nRT for n moles of gas or PV =(: )Rr

• Relation between a.,p and y 1s Gas equation in terms of mass of gas is PV =

mrT where r = RIM.
P= 2a., y = 3a (or) a : p : y = I : 2 : 3
• Universal gas constant'
• Change of density with temperature,
= =
Pt P1 [ I +Y(t2 - ti)] or Pt Pi (I + yAf) R = PV =8.317 J /mo/e-k
T
Two different metal rods will always keep the 1
• same length difference ·at all temperatures if ! •
Rate of flow of heat energy,

l1a.1 = l2a2 · Q oc A (82 -0,) oi ·Q':!! KA (02 -0,) r

The volume of unoccupied portion of liquid in

L; t d · , n. : d
• Coefficient of thermal conductivity, !'
a vessel will always remain constant at all tem- I• . Qd
peratures if Vjy 1 = V2 y2 . I
I
K= At(e -Si) unit of K is w/m-k;
2
I c
Apparent expansion coefficient of a liquid,
• Temperature difference across the ends of Jcon-
y = Vi -Vj ;o C • _;' . .ff
a Vj (t2 - ti)
doctor (02 -01)=(Q)~where ~=IR is
t KA KA ,i
• . Real expansion coefficient,
known as thermal resistance.
:. Yr =Ya +3a
a= linear expansion coefficient of container · . de (82 -Si)
Temperature gradient = - = -'----
material
• t t '

~L--------~<- Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL fi AKASH SUCCESS SERI@)

r
pr
iJys1CS
Wein 's Law states
~ - - - ---:-::; Of 11!1~TTER
pROPERT1ES . .enuorndc
, , that ). rn,, X T:: consta - ---~THERMAL
iL..-.:.::::.:..:=:=...:..;.:..=-:.---- e- -
1 where , == em s conBtant = 2.9 , 10-' ml nt Cb) · • Yes. ..iuc or a will be di·rrcren' ,o
A n1tei•
C ,calc
. •
b W
stcfan _, Law: Energy radial,d . and F.......... ,oks- u in fohr<:
proportional
ature. to fourth power or the by • body
absolute ii ,,• I 9xa
tern- l /l
,n centigrade seo.le . tlffl? Vt
Gl
Pcr
, p oc T for black body f
4
. µ. • ••Ml•• « ,oetracl • • h••
0
energy radiated per seco ndunn
per arc• wh r .,Yu• mp 1" .. ·
0
··
is unit areen: A. . Some ,ub•te•«• coniract ~ heating.
cast-iron,
Jf a body at T kelvin is in s a. eumpt~ : Indian Rubber, type4 meto •
, . T
pcrature , th en hea t ene
n enclosure of t -
, em• JgZ
\ ~.,
waler 1>icrwecn rfC to
oc · 1
. . .( rg y t adiated per two
,econd 18 , P = eoA T' - r,'). ,.
Why ••P• , hoold bt loll h• "•• •
Fr<>"' Newton 's law of co
per second,
• u lb 7 ,.,..,,1,0
0 11 ng energy ndlal<d : A. While laying mllWIIY tm•~- • ' "'"
1r . shOuld
0
alloW f:
1 dE ( dE , b< lcR b<twt•• two ,ucco,.I•• rn• s
-dt oc T - Ts) or dt =- b( T - ~t) /fl the expansion in summer. . and 1te1I

or Rate of cooling c/T = _.!:...(r - r) r,/ Liquids dowhy not? have. 11n e1 r
dt me f e1pan1lon1 . . take
where T · t I lquld·• hhvo no "bnpe of their own. They
is emperaturc of the body nnd r8 Is " u of th ...o vessel. They do not hav e
A, ,·.,h" 111,np"
definite length ns well as surface area. They ave
temperature of surrounding, • • • • h
: VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS , fiY 1 only definite volume. Hence thtY do ~ot haYe
coefficients of linear and areal expansion.

•t. iStlnguish between heat and temperature.~ What Is latent heat of fusion 1
7 The amount of heat required to convert unit mass
A, Heat : It is the form of energy t~ansferred • • of substance from solid state to liquid state at
betw~en two (or more) systyems or a system A.
constant temperature is called latent heat of
and its surroundings by virtue of temperature
fusion. Q == mL 1
difference. latent heat of fusion of ice is 80 cal g- ( or)
SI units of It is joule(J) 0.336X 106Jkg-
1
Temperature : it is a relative measure, or Where m == mass of substance
indication of hotness or coldness of a body.
L == ~ tent heat
It is ~ndamental physical quantity. 0 What is latent heat of vapourisation ?
SI unit of temperature is kelvin(K) and c is •s. The amount of heat required to convert unit mass
commonly used unit of temperature. of substance from liquid state to gaseous state
! .Y
What are the lowe;;ixed point and upper fixed v A. at constant temperature is called latent heat of
points in Celsius and Fahrenheit scales ? :L vaporization. Q == mL
A. In celcius scale : The lower fixed point is latent ,peat of vaporization of water 1s
6 1
melting point of ice rand its value is 0°C. 540 cal g- 1 ( or) 2.26x 10 Jkg-
The upper fixed point is boiling point of water Where m == mass of substance
and its value is 100°C. L == Latent heat · '·
.In Fahrenheit scale : The lower fixed point is
melting point of ice and its value is 32°F. · 9• What is specific gas conStant ? ls it same for

if The upper
is 212' · is steam·point and its value ; A. all
F. fixed point gases gas
Specific ?
constant is defined as gas constan

3, / Do the values of coefficients of expansion per unit molecular weight i.e. r =

" differ, when the temperatures are measured It is not same for all gases because M changes
on centigrade scale or on Fahrenheit scale? gas to gas.

[AKASH SUCCESS SERIE~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL ~r,:;-- - - - --~-{Iill

ex : .J.. r
·, ~- 1 - -
 .v ,.j,,¥ .
w '
i.
RiAL 'PROPERTIES -OF MATTER)-~
, ____ _ _ _ _ __ _...
·- """i~
O. Wb.11 are unltJ Hd dim....., of' sptdfk pt A. lbe qnantlfy or
~t. flowing norm lly J)er
11

coutut '/ through unit area of.the subs~11ncc p,r Unit

l"m""'N t\Jre grod1cnt ,s called \.' ot fftc,~nt ,
,\ · spee,·n,c ga• coiutl!nt r 11
n
M " y•
thrrm.11 , onducth i i) (Kr·.
~or
Ill SI unit 11 J Kg I k ;
lt.11 Olmcn11;,1.el fc,rmula
1 ,.,,, ·,
1,ilM1Jt 2T 1K
11
'I
I Qd 1
K = .i\f'Oz - 01)I Wm •K
1

The ch3 n~c In remperautre per unit dist

*11 . Why ufenUwllJ ire e,uattd bluli 7 lilltf bottom
or
lht uf tnwll• lt'I! tbldl' of l'Opf)f t ?
mm,cd in the.direction of now or is hent c:~~:
tcmptr-'turc grndlcnt {0 _ 81 ) _
A.. Uter1si l1 ore cooted block so that the)' abrorb 1
fcmpernlurc grndlcnt • d , Krn ,
. \J ,~, 1ttexlmum hco1 fmm the 'fire ond give It to the ,
~; . t<' \l•cgctablc11 10 be coo ked . Being a good i 1. Whit I! therm•I re~lstanu or • conductor?
!
1
I\ J CMduct~r of hcot co1,pc1 pr111notc11 distribution ' on "h•f f1cton does U depend 7
of I1e,11 over the bottom of utcn1ils for unlfonn A. The roslstnnc~ orfered by the cond~1cto; for lhe
now or hcut ,s oollt d Thermu l resistance (RJ"
11

cookinQ.
CT] ;(I '
"' I~ . State Wein 's dtspl11ccmenf• l1w,
A. The wavelength uf the maxlmuo, ln1 cn1ilt)1
r..:iA.J 'r
It dopcnd 11 on (i) the nature of the material .
radiation is invcrsily pt\)portionol h) the ubsolute . . K d ,.e
thermal con duct1v1ty an · :·
'-
tet\lpcrature. l.i c I (ii) 4 • length of ·conductor along which heat
1
i

_ constunt · "v,( ~<' flows

A.max -
T ,., r.?'
\~
A == area of cross section .
constalll value = 2.9 x IQ· 3mK IJ.~ 11 State the units and dimensions of coefficient
This constant is known as Wein 's constant. 1:1, ~ f convection. ·
/_ i '
A. The rate of heat flow due to convection when
*13. Ventilators are provided in rooms just below
,J.1uid moves along a surface is proportional
the roof. Why -?
the surface area and to the temperature :
A. The hot air in the room moves upwards by difference between the surface and the fluid I
means of convection, due to less density. To V Rate of convective heat fl ~w ·
escape this hot air out of the room, ventilators Q' Pc;!-l\(0 08
are provided just below the roof. P=-=hA(~0) . :.h=-
t ~'.1 r<)l, .. s· 1 rn'~ i · Me
*lf Does a body radiate heat at OK ? Does it A is surface area our which fluid flows, M is
radiate heat at o° C? the difference in temparature betweeti"this
A. No, A body doesn't radiate heat at OK.
E
surface and the fluid, h is the coefficiint of
I •

thermal convection.
Yes, It can radiate heat at oc. 0
' I i! l:

Units : Wm-2 K- 1
State the different modes of transmission of Dimensional Formula:· [MT-3 K- 1 L0].
heat. Which of these modes require medium? )
A. The Heat is transmitted from one place to other
1,J,
Define emissive power and ·emissivity. , c
in three methods. They are conduction · A. i) The energy radiated by the body per second
' per unit area at a g1ven wavelength and
convection and radiation. For conduction and
temperature is called "emissive power" of
convection, medium is necessary. For radiation
medium is not necessary. ' the body 6) . •fl
), ii) The ratio of the emissive power of therbody
/ 16. Define coefficient of thermal conductivity and to that of black body at the same temperature
temperature gradient. '
r -L _
.-.---:-:-,.;: _
is called~emissivity\
~,---------..::;,* Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL - r:---- "'_ _ __ -:=::;
 5
.w11at Is green house effect ,, e l - - - - ...!~~ TIIERMAL pROPatflES of -,.TTER
P~vsics
',r \f•''"1ng ?
i:,
', Gree•M••• effect: The
• Ip gloh1I
pro"" by which thermal gr:nhouse effect i, •
,urface is absorlled by atm~s iat,~n from cal1h'•
•
SHORT ~svtEI' oues11011
t1~11t• Cc!Jt•• ••• f1 br••h•"
t,mptr•I•" · Obt• t• th• rrt• •t• •
•::::.:!
•

,...,.,._
gases
d . (carbon
er d' diox
d ide ' metbphenc gre,nhouse
. ane nitrou . d rd sco le, two
•". r / ,ate _ in all din:cito~, S·
'oude) A. fa, th• def,nition • ' ••Y •'"" • "fh•Y ore
111s re-ra 1at1on 1s back to ds · mce part of fi••d ,.,.,.nee pain" •"' need•~ ·. (' •f P) of
18
' •, ' results In I .
the lower at111os1,her" 't war the surfaoc and
r.-•I
!Lf Pl p0lnt and t,ol
II ...,,nt u
•I ..-
1of cart 1 s surface a, d~ ,catmg up put< ,..tcr ,t otmn•rhell< ,,.....,..
Global warming: Glob mosph•'."·
I Tl>< two r,mll9' tcmP""''"rc nr• ,.01••
f E• ,
and projected increa · m 110 averog
,wannmg 15 the o""""ed
1
, (II celclu> ,c,tl• (111 r,hrc• •
h I
• d· ,.,.10
Th< 1,FI' llflO UFI' In thl" '"le ore tJ'lC ••
8
uni h05 ·n 1
o average
Earth's
tufC tempe1· t and
ai1h s atmosphere • t<:tffJ'Cf"·
. occon, . The , (I) Ctlcl., ,e1I• : 1oo"C
19
Ab since the begin111g
0 tito 0.6'C
./ 0.3 . '
of this
8
ccnll.1n1.
' erca, ed .,by
rcspecti~ely. . ' . qual "
r· • me sorptlve power of · 11,. lntcrv•I betwoen th<r two po•• " • '
th• absorptive pow f • body. What It dlvlllcd lnlo IoO di vis ion• oocb boinS 2I d oc
~- The ratio of. the rad1'nt
second •~ o aenergy
by umt surface "'~a
black l,ody.
perfc<t"bsor~,;il
of t11e body per
the
10
Thef LP
(II) 1ht1nb1lt ,.,11In: this ,col• or•. 3
P ond UPP ° F ••
1
. n per second on the same 2 I2 f respecuve Y
total
area energy
is calledincide .1
~ bsorptive power (a ) ' of the Theointerval 1,ctw•""
· I these two pairtlS is equallY
·. rp ve power of a perfect! y black divided into I SO equal di vi• ions eac • ng
body Abso t · - " h b .
I
/,I/ body ISNewton's
zi11.State equal to law
I. of cooling.
~ • ' Io frelationship
A . for converting teJllPeratUt• from
~- rstatement : "The rate of loss of heel of a hot one scale to the other maY be obtained from •
body is directly proportional the difference graph of fahrenheit (t,) temperature versus
in temperature between th<10body end it's celcius temperature (tel is a straig)lt as shown

surroundings provided the difference in in the figure

temperatures is small and the nature of the from
- -:.E.-_
tF giaph, tc_:.Q tF -32 tc
==>~::::-

e~;:.id:.
radiating surface remains same". 1 180 100 9 5 \
:.~~-b(T-T,). - ~ +~Lr,- ,)
dt - , 0 \: ,;• ••• ~CV,~ .
,r{. State the conditions under which N ewton's taw
of cooling is applicable.
V
E
M
212 I<l ' / q; """' ,J\ \
'7"
L
A. Newton's la~ li!!S., is applicable when t, -- • •• • . ! "\°'f.J/>\~
\, l -J6,,:i"
I ) Loss of heat is ~ gli!iible by conduction I : .

2) Heat lost by the bo'liy is ! ' ! " ~convec: Q , ,< II I, ,,- ' - -l~V--
I 32 F - - - - - •- -i - - - - - - - - - - I -.- - - - ...< -\~ "' \,
_ti9.n .
3) The hot body is cooled in a stream lined rf'C
. ,
le t iJO'C le } ' \)-
)
''1
\µ..:i'"
flow of air i.e._fgJ:£,.e,d,con-vection
4) 1be remperaiure of everY part of 1he bodY-~ "'®'· The relation for the difference in temperature;"'
24. The roof of buildings are often painted, white can be written as
1
during summer. Why ? AtF Ate Ate 5
A. While paint is coated on the roof because it is a
good reflector of heat. Good reflector is a bad
-==--==>
9 5
- --
AtF -9
absorber of heat. So, the buildings are kept co0I.
~r,;---------@
--
Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL

' AKASH success SERIES

l
: ~ ~PROPERTIEi Of MATTER!~*- --- - - - - - - - - -~
!l lwo lcl~nlle1l r,1t11ngol1_t 1lr'lpi ftftt or CCfPJltr
t
\' \' 1 lhd the otber of t lttl are rl'1ttttd to,tUttr to
fotm I blmetalllc 1h1p. Wktf w'lrt hlpptfl 0 1t
hullna.
A, 111c cocffidcn1 of ll11ca1 c~pllt1.1,ii,n of oorpct ift
grc11tcr th on that nf steel. l hct cfor c. when
bimctell lc fllri p mode of col't'e• and steel is
heated, COflpct' sMp c11 pondJ more than the ~•eel
Rtrip . Since the two IH'C rivetterl together. the
blmctnll le fltrlp bcnd11 110 u to all ow more
expansion In the C()J'f)Cr 111ri p. As e rc11ult , the •
copper strip llc,i on cMvcx side of the bcnl Ill1
bimctnllk strip.
Cr1ppr,·
Cof)f)(lr
Before heating Ileoted
a.(copper) = 17 x Io-6 1° C
·..,. _ \)l{sree/) =- l2x 10-6 t0 c
iJi Pendulum clocks generally go fast in winter
)l and slow in summer. Why ?
A. The time period of a pendulum is given by
21tl ,
T= where l is the length of the A. Conduction : The process in which heat is
pendulum.
\ I_ ¾
?c (r- medium.
In summer, due to increase in temperature, ' 0 .J When we heat one end of rod, the molecules at
length of pendulum increases, time period also -7 the hot end get thermally agitated and tr~~sfer
increases and clock losses time, hence it goes ·,
slowly in summer.
In winter, due to decrease in temperature, length
of pendulum decreases, time period also v
.'it
i Y' d~creases and clock gains time. Hence it goes
WW .
. _..-•' )\ · , fast ., in winter.
,J } 4\i In_ what way is the anomalo~ .~ehaviour of
water advantageous to aquatic\ animals ?
A.
::::~:::::;:::::::·
:::::::::::::i:::::::::::~-
·• ·::~~~== ·
Water exhibits OH' an amalous behaviour, it
contracts on heating between 0°C and 4°C. The
volume of a given amount of water decreases
as it is cooled from room temperature until its
temperature reaches 4°C. Below 4°C, the
* Jr. !PE STUDY MATERIAL '1
volume lncrtases. and 1hcrcforc the densit
dccrca1cs th is rncons waler hos 0 mnxirnu~
dcrmty al 4-C.
St1n1nunu:
I} In co ld coun 1ries, during winter the
tcmpcmtun: orwo1cr In lakes nnd rionds decrease
much below OOC.
ii) Due to this lhc top most layers of water in
r,ond~ gets cooled ond becomes denser a_nd they
sink to the bottom.
iii) Ai lhc some time \\'liter ot the bottom which
Is llg,hlor goes up nnd ufler some lime gets COOied
nnd comes to the botlom. This process continues
ti ll tho ontlro water in lake gets 4°C.
Iv) Whon wolor nt the top of the lake a;tains
OOC. it bucorncs ice and forms a layer at the lop.
Out the water inside the lake will be at 40c, and
hence there will be enough water at the bottom
of the lake. Hence the acquatic animals like
~ also.
frogs, fishes can survive even in severe winter
· .
ii
Explain conduction, convection and radiation
l with examples.
· · ·transferred from one place to another p,lace.
without actual movement of the particles of the
a part of their energy to the nearly molecules
1
etc and so on. So the other end of the rod also
1
·, · ·1
gets heated by conduction. Conduction fakes
place in solids. ·'~ ·
L
Convection : Thei'process in which heat is
,1, transmitted from -one,:ptace to another place by
the actual movemep.t of the particles of;the
medium . 1
_
Convection takes place in liquids and ga/iNS.
Convection can be natt1ral os forced. ':,,
In natural convection, force of gravity pla~e. an
important role in the formation of convJct10n
il JI,
current.
Ex : Sea breezes and trade winds.
In forced convection material particles of the
medium are forced to move by a pump._
AKASH SUCCESS SERIES
r Of)' w . 11IEllllAL -oPEft11E5 ·.
a~ : i) Human circula.t of .TTER
0 o,oling
ii) c ---' ,y1tem
. of an automob'I
. ,Item • r~ 11oa.1S1 •
;ii) ,on,,, '" heating . . 1 ' ,agine. ./ , lOIIO AHSVlfll otJf S '
tt•dlatlon
r d :r. The pro1ce
y1ss
P ace to
home.
tem1n••wh' h
"
, 1·)St:alt tkflt•• I•• ••d c 1arfeJ. , ,,., deri"
",t., lddl .., ....."'-... \\111klt of '"' , ...
.
,ans,crre ,rom one 1c heal i• , -• I•"' h
. • , • enal med' .. j IMlt<t ror 111< ,,,,... • ' th""'""'''l'l'
without help of anv m t•1 .
1 another pla-- • "" •= ood
rad••""" · ,um 11 c,11..t ""1 1 iJ•• ..1~1

e~ : i) Heat
radiation II) Onfrom su n come1 lo e,tth by A. I) lllf ""'
,1andlna
0

hOt because heat come tonear

,4i)OITIONALNON•
;:
us throu-·" d' (ul
the fire, we
.,, ,. 11tlon '
TE XT8 BOOK QUE9110H8
B1,1tt•t
At...roo11••'
,:....,. of. gt,
t•"':
..,;JI.'"""''"'
_, 1urt• 1h•
• gtJJ /J ,.,••,,,I·'
,nd'1 .,itlllP

./(t~t" •,hor1 •ote, on hi. pI• poh,t orw1ttr. ••

:ipl• Point:
,,,.,.,,.-, I• 111 """""' p1t•"""
If Ph !ho P""'"' of• ,,,,1aln "''" nr • S"' ~d
.Ii Vis lit voh..,. ,1 , ,.,.pemture 1 Kiho• P,,. V·

(111 constllnl 1ernpcr11wrc)

, pV "' K (111 ~onsf0n1 rempernture)
) '\ Wh•rt K1,, con, mnt tor• g,ven ma" of• g,,•
' 11nd ot u given tonircroiurc.
Lillllt•II••• : aoylo'sI•" i• applicable for an1
ideal or a perfect II"'· Bui real P"' obeY It •
low pressure• and high temperatures,
Graph: A graph is pioued between volum• •v·
and Pressure •p' 1he nature of 1he graph is
rectangular hyperbola
,, ,_.,.
Triple_point is a point in the phase diagram rep· /
t
'I
y
./
~sent~ng a particular pressure and temperature
which the solid, liquid and vapour can co-
;, l : - I
1
3t
exist. !~,.v.,.,• ,..._ '
0
,(•

For water the values of pressure and tempera-

ture corresponding to triple pointare (0.006 atm, Charle's Law :
a) Cons1tnt pressure law of charles: Al cons/an/
.o.01•c or 273.16K) pressure, 1he volume of a give• mass of a gasds
·' Jhere are three Jines drawn in the phase dia- directly proportional to its absolute temperature.
.gram.
, They are . E
v Let 'V' be the volume and 'T' be the absolute
l) ice line (fusion curve).; The line PB is called •
L
temperature, then according to the Jaw.
ice line. Along the 1i~e,1PB the solid .and water Va T (at constant pressure) ·i ·

are said to be equilibrium V

2) Steam line :- The line PA is called steam V== K x T L-- == K
T
Jihe. Along the line PA, the water and steam are Where K is a constant for a given mass of a gas

said to be in equilionum. and at a given pressure.

If V and V, are the volume• of given mass of
3), Hoarfrost Line:- The line CP is called the
,) , . I I:,

gas 1at absolute temperatures T I and T2, at

sublimation line or Hoar-frost line. Along the
V1 V2
line CP, the ice and steam are in equilibrium, constant pressure, then I == -12 == Constant T
Tiie intersection of these three Jines is triple

point. Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL ¾i:--------{@

AKASH succESS SERIES
- - . . . ,,., I &;l'\IAL .,,,,
. 7l .
 ~ MAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
The araph between volume and absolute i.e Pressutt x Volume • Constant
temperature iJ • ffl'light line pining through :. ~". = P2 V or
origin ,, 'i''t
fl = P1 ..... ( 1)
· ff) Now keeping the pressure of th
0 ,_.. ti
wrufa.nl. if 1he temperature is t han-d
~'-'
r:... ins
I \Ofll r
b) vohi~': ••~ of Chartu I At 10 the vo lume changes from ., 0 1
r 1• let
cmwant volmnt, the fJ reNMJrt' of O grnm ttuui According to charle'~ law, the volume 0,' . "l·
of a s<u ls dlrt'crl" -"rti"ONlonol tn /fl nh1olufe
, ,J 'J mus of the ga.s Iot coMhlflt
b I pressure ls d'&iven
•rtt1t11
temperature. pmportional 10 l~ a · so ule lcmper«ture. ,
Let •p• be the prcsn1re and ' i ' 18 the 1bJOlu1c
temporat·ure of siven mo1111 of gas, then I' a T ·~
! Volume
i.c absoluletcmpemtutc • constant
(at constant volume)
P • K )( T P •K :.~=~ or V=.!L v 2 ...... (2)
T T1 T1 Ti
Where J< is a constant for n given mM11 of a gas
and 8 1, a given volume. Prom tho equations ( I) nnd (2)
If P1 and P2 are the prei;sure.s of slven 1nMt1 or _l't,' i 111 .:!!_ y2 => P1 VL,,. P, Y2
1
gas al' absolute temperatures T1 and T1 nt r,2 T2 T, 2
p p
constant volume, then !.l c:i .:.l. • Constant PY
T1 T2 :. -= constant (r)
T
The graph between pressure and absolute r is a constant for Igm of gas at S.T.P. called
temperature is a straight line passing through specific gas constant. But the volume occupied
origin · by lgm of a gas at S.T.P. changes from gas to
gas. Therefore 'r' changes. lgm.mole of gas is
considered, r is replaced by R.
PV =R \PV=RT\
T
2) IDEAL GAS (OR) PERFECT GAS : This equation is known as ideal gas equation
A gas which. obeys gas laws at all temperatures and R is known as universal gas constant.
and pressures is called ideal gas (or) perfect gas. For n gm.moles of gas \PV = nRT\
Derivation for Ideal gas Equation :
Consider an ideal gas of mass 'm' having Where n = m = . mass
pressure Pi, volume Vi
and absolute M ~olecularweight
. temperature Ti. Let the final values of pressure, When the pressure P 1, volume V1 and
, , _'1- volume and temperature of the gas be P2, V2 temperature T1 of a given mass of gas.changes
; and T and let these changes occur in two steps. to p 2, V2 and T2 respectively, by ideal gas

,rvlTi ,[i] :" .·-.

2

Boyle', Chorl~ '? ,1 , equation.

law law '-1 , . P1V1 = PzVz
1 . , ' T1 Tz-
i) Keeping temperature of the gas constant; Charle 's law is better for the purpose of
if the pressure is changed from P1 to Pi, let the thermometry because in case of Boyle's law
volume changes from V1 to V. temperature is to be kept constant. So th e
According to Boyle's law, the volume of given question of measurement of temperature do_es
mass of the gas at constant temperature is not- arise. But in Charles law volume ~aries
inversly proportional to its pressure. linearly with temperature at constant pressure.
@!JL---------~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL '1 AKASH SUCCESS SERIES

Iii
r
,~vsics
pplain thermal c d
ERIIAL PROPER
~TT£R

, ~, ,fficlent or thermal ,.:: ucll• ll r 11d

0
f ,,, end at I04'C and the 401 W/(mk) bu :h
(,.lJ,r of thermal condu,tt•ll•ctMty. A r,,pp<r
I fh' length or the bar Is 0. IO;rI end i t 24'C .
, ,,,t1onal area 1, I.O• IO• m• nd th,,_.
,-,1, or heat conduction P 1 1-(i) thwhi t 111th,
r11erm•l conductt, lty . ong •n: If A - Im'. 81 - 91"" t'C:

I· ,r beat through a mat~riai°

,,ovemenl of molecules
!:;"'"
of tnJufer
hout any ,cru,I
1- h & d- lm thrtn f{ - · Q - 1•ry is
t onduc11v
: . 1he cotflicl••t of the<"'' c . notfl'' IIY
.. or atoms but d defined a~ the qu~lntilYo( htnC now1
colhs1ons between them is called • ue 10 thn8 hstn nce
111ennal condu cti vity conduction or , pct ,<eood through unit , ,.. of c '"
per unit tempernturc grndicnl I 0( I
c onsider a rectangul ar slab of or , , I} c.o.s.Unil of K i, col SI cm 11( I
tWO end ra ces' ' E' and f , moi conrnA,.incd
It hBfl
81 L 0
2) SJ .Uoit of K is JS'' "' •J( ' '. wot! ;, J{ , 1
1cniperaturcs 02 and eI (02 > 0I ) 3) Oimc•sion•I fo,mulo of I( IS · f1,1 L
cocmclcnl of thcrtnol condut 1iyllt _d•P",n1d• f n
U,c "''""' of motcrlol • ,j<"6/' ' ''
Cold Sol '• K ,. i.io1W1t11K A .,. 1.0 )( 10 f'fl) r r J 1 I ,'!, r \

e,• 104°C, o2 .... 24"C. d - o.1m

6 0 = 104 - 24 = so·c KA
. e t le amount of heat transmitted by
Let ' Q' b I Rate of heat conduction P • d X AO
conduction betwee n th e faces ' E' und •F'
}/ \ x so ~ 320.sooJ , ., "' 0J2 W
~eparated by the distance 'd' then - -
The amount of heat flowing between tJ1ese two V:..J
~- State and0.1~ N ewton's I•"
of cooling,
faces is · State the conditions under which N ewton's laW
l) Directly proportional to the area of cross of cooling is applicable. A body cools down
section (A). i.e. Q a A
from 60°C to so°C in 5 minutes and to 40°C
2) Directly proportional to the temperature in another 8 minutes. Find· the temperature of
difference( 0 - 0 1 ) between the two faces the surroundings.
2
A. · Statement :The 'rl ate of cooling of hot body is .
i.e. Qa(02 - 0,) directly proportional to the difference in average
3) Directly proportional to the time 't' for which ternperatur·e of the body to the temperature of
the heat flows. i.e. Q at v . the surroundi?gs provided, temperature
4) Inversely propoiiio~31 to the distance (d)
_,-, '' -~:,: ' l
i L
difference is small and the nature of the radiating
surface 'rbmains ssame. '" -
, ;, between the faces~: ,i.e, Qad dQ , ~.
'
1 '' Explanation : If -d is the rate of loss of heat
' :. QaA(0 2-0 1)t t '
d by the hot body at temperature 0 'and 0 0 is the
Q=~(02-011!_ ·· temperature of surroundings · then
d dQ ,, ..
The rate of flow of heat is
-dt 00 (0-00) (-Ve sign indicates loss of heat)
,,.: t=K~
Q A(0 - 0 ) --------(1)
dt
dQ =-k (0-0 )
0
.. ......... (l)
(where the proportionality constant K is called
the coefficient of thermal conductivity~
Jr. tPE STUDY M~TERIAL ~>;----------@TI
AKA~H succESS SERIES
Tt-tii:E;;
RM;;-A
:-:L-;P:-::R:-=
0-=:
PE;-;:R:=
Tt~-;M
E~ _j ~
ATTE
r=rciR
S O-;;;
F ~ ----.:.:.:.:.:.:~;;;;;;;;;~=-=-PHYs1cs
What K ;, 1111: - o f~11)1- K ,iq,cod5 ~HAL NON-TEXT BOOK PROB~
on nature, shape and en cooling surface. .C, (ATerf aonnal temptnture or I lf u
If ' m' it the mu• of the body 11id 'S' is the 'Y .,.. 1 ,s.-l'f' t,,IO c.Wus suit. '"°'
speci flc heat of th.e body. If temperature ftlls Sof~ Give f .,, 98.4-F
by small amountdQ de, thendOdQ = nu d8 Fonnulae:
:. LoH of heat dl = nu di ........... (2) C=~(F - 32)
9
Fron, oquationJ (I) and (2)
d0
C = i (98.4 - 32) = if 66.4) = 36.9°c
m11 dt = - K(0 - 90 )
: · 98.4° F::: 36.88°C J6.9°C
j()IC Info Fahrenheit Sule.
dt
d0
C:
l<
-;;(8 - 80 )
Sol. Give C ,. J(11C
-K is constant independent of time 't'. Formula :
ms
Newton's law of coolin8 is applicable, when
i) Loss of heel lB negligible by conduction and
-5 =- 9
C F - 32

only when it is due to convection. => F• ¾c+12 • (¾x10)+12 = 54+ 32 , 86

ii) Loss of heat occurs in a strcamllncd flow of
air, i.e., forced convection.
iii) Temperature of the body is u11iforl11lydistributed
:. 30° C ei 86 f °
over it. •~ at 11 the temperature for which the readl
iv) Temperature differences ~re moderate i.e.. f · ~~·Kelvin and Fahrenheit scales are same ?DgJ
upto 30k, but for forced convedtion, the luw is K- 273.15 F - 32
valid for large temperature differences Sol. Formula : = 180 Here,K = F
100
Problem Solution : According to Newton's law
of cooling K-273.15
100 =----iso~
F-32 F
- 273.15
d0 =K(01 +02 -0 ) .
dt 2 ° 5 160 4
15-17 77
i) When body cools from 60° to 50° C in '5' 9 9 9 . .
minutes, then
9
60 - 50 _ ( 60 + 50 00 ) V =>F=4(25.38)=574.6
5 x60 - -K ---i-- E
l' ;)1436K = 574.6° F.
10 ....... (I)
5x60 =-K(55-0o) ~hj~coefficient of linear expansion of nickel
ii) When body cools from ·50° 16 400 c in '8' is •if~ · / c • F'mu
·.>1" 10-6
0 1.1a, its
• coefficient of •·areal

minutes, then and cubical expansion.

50-40 =-K(50+40 _ 8 ) Sol: Give that ' coeffiicient
· of 1.mear expansion
.
8 x 60 2 0 a= 13 X 10-6,'/ OC
10 ....... (2)
8x 60 =-K(45-0o) Coefficient of areal expansion
~=2a=2Xl3X10---{i ~26xl0---{i /OC
(1) ; (2) ! = 55 - 00
5 45-00 Coefficient of cubical expansion
on solving e0 = 28.330 C 9 1 6
@!]i---- - ----_s y=3a=3x13x10- =3 xlO---{j oc
%
~ Jr. lPE stuov MAll:Rl~t: . ; .
! AKASH(SOtfCESS SE~
r
'II fbe coemclnet
,~ys1CS }Sr- - - - ~ _ _ _ _ _....,:1..~TI1;;;:E::-RM
of cubical :::~,._,-L-=P--
R----
Of>E-::-:R: : :T1:: -:E 5 of ~TTER
r,• !6 • llr'('Cr' Find th n p1a1iea of IOlld
• --·· I V fW ,., ......... .. .........
10
,,,, , ,,1_,,...,,.,
d b I¾
' , p1n1lon ol lh• 10lld. o A,..I ,1- rod If lu 1ua•• 1, b• ,,,,.,,, Y
formula (n~ e 15 x It •,'<I

,.
1

I
~=l => P = 2y = 2Y)6 XI0 '' Sol :n.,-21,10"< P<t«•"'' ••''""'"
2 3 3 3
,\l (1 11 )
=24xlO""'' (Oc)
1
- 10(1
1
11l , 1 •u 1

1,(t, th e coern clent of Aru l

(1IC '). f~lnd th e rnefflclent
. u p1n1lon
fc 0
I•
61 )( 100 "' 0(1 2- 1,) )( 100
I
expansion of the solid. vl
Ji::: 25)1( 101,(1 1 - 1,))( loO
1
Sol· fonnula : I 10 OOnl·
,,-,,=~=-"' 4 1
t2 =.Y3 = 3~ _ 3x24xl0 6 11 lS'.1< 10 2~
n, ""' ul • u,,. ,r a" 1,
1

'( 2- 2 =36X\{) ' ( (:)'

J. 1.161 a•' O'C
undrr • prcoure of 76t ro of mercury. The
v The
. coefficient of real cxnanilon
(I . r ,f mercury
•
i. H11n1,cra1ure I• 1ncre••ed to 1511°C and the
,s 0·0001 81 0 C. Find the cocfflclcnl of A1,,1 11 r- preuure 10 78cm of mercury. What It the rnas~
ent expansion of Mercury In glull , of one litre of the gas under new conditions ·

( <lg = 0.000009 / °C ) Sol : m1 = 1.562g

t =0°c ~T, = 273K
Sol. Gi ven
Yr=
0.0001 8/ 0c, a .~ == 0.0000091°C, y8 p 1 = 76 cm of Hg

= 3a == 0.000027 /
0
c 2
T = 250
m ? + 273 = 523 K
8 2

:. ya= Yr -y =0.00018-0.000027 p2 = 78 cm of Hg
8
== 0.000153 / 0 c. Formula : P oc mT
~ERCISE PROBLEM_ilj! _IL "'L:r,_ .-.m, = m, :r,_ P,
_'..1.--What is th• temperature ro, ,vhkh ohe P, m, T, T, P,
,ea!1lngs on Kelvtn ,l,td Fah,enheit seal"'" = 1562 , '!}2 , 78 :O.SJ6Sg
same ? , ¥ : 'jflh•• ,oiume52) or 76mass of a gas at 37'C and a
L li7 pressure of 75 cm of mercury is 620 c.c. Find
. K-273.15 F- 32
JOO !80
Sot:GJVenK=f,::...--==- the volume at N .T.P
P1V P V2 7S x 620 76xV2
1 2
F-273. JS== ~(F-32)
9 .
Sol: r;-=-;;~3\0=2?3
SF s x 32 On solving V2 == 538.8 cc
F - 273.15 = 9 -9 -IP How much steam at 100°c ,is to be passed into
, 5~
l ..?~'.}water of mass 100g at 20°c to raise its
4F
-=273. 15 - 17.77 temperature by 5°C? (Latent heat of steam is
9 540 cal / g and specific beat of water is
F == f (2SS.38) = 574.6
4 1 cal/g0C) rr :.. rr
K == F == S74.6°F (or) 574.6K
Jr. lPE sruoY·MATERIAL ~:i:---_..::....-...:..:------1
AKASH success SERIES
 PJIOPERTI~ OF MAm~r.i4,..-- - - - -+{~
01 1ln the mcllwd r,t' ml•tu1e1, • • .A w, cwh ,,. . WC to .We r. r ~
ltet11 l011 by ,tt11m • h~ g,i,u;d i,,, w1w ~.,) "••• •tll "' lu lt111ptr•t•rt •ftt, at..,
,n,L, 4 m, 1(10() 1>• m,. • (I 20) fi
?#Jfhft'I; ff IW tt~,WN ~ &-f tb
lfr'<
''''N•d•lt,,
ltt,
7
Where m, I• fhc mu- ttf 11tclill,. I • l• 1he j_.1~111
hc111of fjfc11m, 8 1, 111-e 1pccltk
hear of ~,11te, ,iruJ
"'1,, Is the trtnn ot w111e1
1
Herc, L1 • 540 cli l/9; • • Ic11 l/g' C, AwrN<.flttg to N ewton•, 1.tw or CIJ(ll1ntt
• I00S, t • 20 .. 25'J C
m ),; 540 m ,-; t(IC>O 25)
• • "l
;o,-Os]
• 100 ;.: 1(25 20) Ill

ti I Sfl\ • 500
I
IC (Oz~o, )= K[ol
nlj • 500
- a 0,813g , J1or clOCl'CMC or 1c111pcrnlurc M:Pt to 4Ql•t
61 5
2q of •Ir Is httt\Xt •• consent volume. rhe
te,nptnture o'f •Ir Is lncttucd from 293.K
{,o ;411) • ,:{( ,,o 110 ) - IO]

to 313K. If the speclffc hctt of tlr tt consttnl.

volume Is 0.718kJ/kgK, flnd the amount of 2
0 = K.(50 - 10)
heat tbsorbed in kJ and kcal. (J• 4.2k.J/kc.al) 7
1
A. 28.72kJ & 6.838 Kcal I 20
- = -,=K ...........(1)
Q = mCvdT = 2x0.7J8 x J0.lx20 14 7x40j
For decrease of temperature 40°C to xoc
= 28. 72kJ = 28. 72k/4.2=6.838kcal
A clock, with a brass pendulum , keeps correct 02 ~01 =K.(02 ;01 -0s)
time at 20°c, but loses 8.212s per day, when
the temperature rises to 309C. Calculate the
coefficient of linear expansion of brass.
40-x -x[40+x
-7-- 2 -lO] ........... (2)
Sol : Loss (or) gain of time per day
40-x I [40+x ]
1
=-a(t2 -t1) X 86,400
From (1) & (2) - -=
7 2
--10
14 -
2 by simplify it
V
E
8.212 = .!.a(IO) x 86400 140
2 x= =28°C r• I
5
19 x 10-6 I 0c
If the maximum intensity of radiation 'for a
1'8:1 If the volume of nitrogen of mass 14 kg is black body is found at 2.65 µ m whad~ the
J 0,1 m at 30°C; calculate the pressure.
3
temperature of the radiating body ? (Wein's
m mRT constant= 2.9 x 10-3 mK)
SoJ •PV=-RT· P=--
. M ' M V Sol : Am T =K ;
2.65x10-6 xT=2.9xI0-3
14 X 10 3 8.3 X 303
=---x---
28 0.4 T = 2.9 x 103 1094K
= 3143.625 X 103 N / m2 '.::::'. 31.49 X 105 N /m 2 2.65

illL------------'<~~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL -;i AKASH SUCCESS SERIES

 5
p

~ysics ~~==-----.
J.
~ITIONAL PROBLEMS d
fh' triple polnl ol neon ind •
THERMAL p110PEIIT1E of ..,.rreR

11h ol • ct,-ul•
J. n. do<1ric>l ..,.i,,,o« Ill""
...
.,p•••••"
I
· ,,, ·
24 57 K
ind 216.55 K ,
ar1Jon dlosld
•
••n••••"' .,,1,s •
_,.ti-- 1, ,.,. ,ppro11n,••'
'' .
,,« ·
t•P""
p1hrenbel1tctl.,.
th"' temperatu,., on lhettpotlhtly.
Ct1~11111C1
T1,t ,t<bt•- b tot.6 !I ,t th•, th• ,,,0111
R• fltlH 11(1 - T, ll i,lpl• p0inl
5
I· ~elation 1,ctwccn Kelvin ,calc d C &I ••'" 11J.l6 I(. ,od (65.5 II ' wh•' 1, th<
;, I c • T, - 17 l. I 5 an "'1""''''" ...11••· .,.,,.," ol
trmptr•turi' ,,.d ,,,,,unI<:··. ,, IJJ.4 p 1
" ' " tbtf61Jfl·

Kelvin Tc•
•h"' T, rcipcctively.
,cales • iemperature on C•I""'
• and c~ m
A, llctC, R,R, . 16S su.t,
• 101.611, fioOI6~
T, • s:JJJ. "K

CO T
C • - .15 ., 248.581f l
'
ra~ (Ii) R1., 123 ,1{lTi t:1? -·r >I 6
for Neon T == 24 57 273 •
or ' r• 1 I6.l l - 11 l. 1l • l6.60"C, ' u,in8 lh< ,.1,1ion • ~,II+u(T n
el t1'onbet K (I ,.,,1.oo' - 27J, l )1
" "
F ween clvinand FarenhclghllUICI Ca,t II) I61 l • IO1.6 t ~, n .,
0 11

. !J:180
- g_r, " IOi ,6" rr,oo.s- 21J, I61 IO I,6" 6J J2
,s, - -100
113.ll • i6l,l - 101.6 • 9
c,,cl ll) 12).4 • IO 1.6(1 • u('f, - 211, I 6)]
63 ,9 er2 _ z73. 16>]
180
TF ::: \OO(TK - 273. 15)+32 or 123.4 • 101.6[ I r 101. 6 >< 327.34

. ::; 101.6+1~t Jf2 - 273, 16)

for Neon, 327.34
180 - 51)+32 e -415.44'F
T, =100(14 _ (123.4-101 ~ + 273 ,16
orTz- ~ 9
for CO2 TF :::~(216.SS-273.15)+32::::--69.88°F :::: 111 .67 + 273.16 == 384.83K
100
2. Two absolute scales A and B hftv• triple points 4. Answer the following :
,) Th• triple _ point of water is a standard
of water defined to be 200 Aand JSO B. Wb•I
8
fixed point in moder• tberroom•trY· Whf.
is the relation between TA and T ? What is wrong in taking the melting point
A. Given, triple poinl of water on scale A=200 A of ice and the boilling point of water as
standard fixed points (as was originally
Triple point of water on scale B = J56 B.
V
done in the Celsius scale) ?
As per queslion, 200 A =J50 B =273. I6 K ,..E b) There were two filed points in the original
L
273.16 273.16 Celsius scale as ,nentioned above which
the number o•c andJoo'C
I

or iA='zooK and iB=JSOK ' •

were assigned·. .' i' • ' •; / . ! •..
,espectively.,p~,th• abs,olute sc'!/••,.~~• of
If T and T repre&ent the triple point of wate~
· the fixed points is the triple point of water,
f, then 1

---
A B '
on two scales A and , .,, .
which on the (Kelvin)
.
seal~
I
? :·
c) The absolute temperature (Kelvin scale)
2·73.l6T 273.16T T is related to the temperature tc and the
200 A - 350 a
:.--
Celsius scale by tc == T .:. 273.15
~:::~:::i Why do we have 273.15 in this relation,
or Ta 350 7
and not 273.16 ?
4
or TA:::-Ta Jr. !PE STUDY MATERIAL '1,__--------1
7
AKASH succESS SERIES
-- ..v I uu r MATERIAL - . .
 ~ Al PROPERTIES OF IIATTER f,f-t..:....- - - - - - - - - -~
d) Wludlldletllllpet ... telilif.,_.,....,. •>W••• h t•e
WIU'r' oa u ..,_.. _ . 11. . _ _,, lllttn'II .. ,.,• ._, or , 1 '••d •
m 11..,., lo ,that a, dlt f'*b6tt1 air! 1kf _,.-,us A Hd B ! bl
A. a) Thi• ii on ICie'OOnJ of the f_ia 611! the triple t,) WI•• do 11 tJ•e rtaaoa r,,
poinl of waler hu .11 unique value i.e. lfitlttf dJlftrHf ltmf"tn from I\ lid lb,
8
273 . 16K at I unique point, whtrc c,ii~IJ (Tk tknnomtttn art not r11fty). \\ '
unique valueJ of preourc and volumt On ptond•n Is Htded I1 l.,
lhe o!her hand , 1he melting poirt1 or ice and operh,11111 to redne the dist,, •••
bolling r,oint of w1ter do Ml hJve unique t,ttw~n ,._e tlfO rt•dfnp. P• nty
8CI of vth.JCI 8J they chJ11tge ~Jh Che dun~ A, i) l.d T the melting point of sulphur.
In pre11ure and volume. For Mitt. r • "'
27 J. I6k
b) l'hc other fixed r,olnl on the kclvin 9b!iofu1e • P
1calc i1 the Bb801ute 7.£to lt,clf. FM 'fhcrmome tcr A T :i p x 273. 16
11
c) 011 ce11fu11 kcale 0'1C OOrt'eSl'ffl1tU lo meJl,ng • ,
poin t of ice at nor11111 I prcuurc . The c,!;!!7 x.!Q_x273.
1
16 = 392.69K
oorrcs,,ondlng voluc of 11hi0lu1c remr,e,,nure USO ,d0 p
is 273. 15 K. rhc tctnr,er,uuri? 273. 16 I( For Thermometer fl ·r = ;,xJ7J. 16
oomtponds to the trtplo point of w11ter. Ptorn it
tho given relation, the corresponding value _ 0.287 x o' x 273.16 == 39 1. 98K
I
o( triple polnl of water on Ccl1iu1 scale "" - o.2oo x105
273. 16 - 273.15-=0.0loc or
b) Tho causo slight different unswers ls that
d) We know that Fa hrcnhelght sc ale and tho 0 ,cygcm nnd hydrogen guses ure not perftctl
Ahsolut.e scale uro roloted as ldcu l. 'fo reduce this dlscrepuncy, the rtadini
'fi1- 32 1K- 273 .15 should be tolcon ot lower and lower pressures
180 = 100 ........... (I) os in thul c:11110, the gases approach to the ideal
For another se1 of tempcn,tur-o 11; ond T~ , gll!l behaviour.
r; -32 _ lK.- 273. 15 .. 6. A steel tape I m long ii correctly cabtbrate(f
180 - 1.00 ........ (u) for a temperature of 27.0°C· The length of a
Subtracting (i) and (ii), we have steel rod measured by this tape is found to be
63.0 cm on a hot day when the temperature b
r; - TF = T~ - TK or r,'. - T = 180 ('Ti. -T, ) 45.06C. What .is the actual length of the steel
180 I00 F F I00 K K rod on that day ? What is the length of the
, , 180 9 same steel rod on a day when the temperature
If TK - rK =lK , then, TF -TF =100 X l = 5 is 21.0°c ? Co-efficient of linear expansion of
steel= 1. 20 xto-5 0 c- 1• .
For a temperature of triple point i.e., 273.16K, v
the temperature on the new scale is E A. ~ength of th ~ f!,r1 ~1Ltppe at 27°C is I00cm.
1.e. L = l 00 cm anct T = 27°C.
9
= 273.16 x- = 491.69 The length of steel tape at 45° C is
5
5. Two ideal gas therm ometers A and ,B use L' = L + .1L = L + aL.1 T
5
oxygen and hydrog'in respectively. The = 100 +(1.20 X 10- ),x 100 x (45° -27°)
followings are made : , = 100.0216cm
Temperature The length of l cm mark at 27°C on thif scale,
P~essure Pressure
1
at 45qc 'T 100.0216/100 cm.
thermometer A thermometer B
Length of 63 cm measured by this tape at,45°C
lriple point ·1.250x105 Pa 0.200x105 Pa . 100.0216
111

of water will be =---x63=63.0136cm · ;I '

100
N ormal meltin1 Length of the same steel rod on a day when the
point of sulphur 1.797x105 Pa 0.287x105 Pa
temperature is 27°C = 63 x 1 = 63 cm.

@!]1----- -- ----(~ Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL ¾-i AKASH SUCCESS SERI@
~ - - - ----- u
-
, TllERMAL PROPERTIES of IIATfER 1
~! •c- , and
O 10 11 1011
,.l 1,rgc steel wheel lt to be nUtd on t 0 , porloli of br•O - J. it _
•••rt
,_.
( th e ume material . At 17, . • Yc,n1·• mod11lw:t nf bfaJJ - o.9 1 it tO ·
11dl•"' cter of th e shift 11 fl 7 C, IJte Hltr A. llcr-c. I - , ~m. r, 2711 C. Tl J9''('. f • ?.
dl•"'etcr of th e central L 1· O <:m and tht
fh "" e In the h · ,... , mm ... IO ' rn.
8,69 cm, e 1h10 11 cooled I)fll - w ft l t, 11
( the steel to be cont1tan t near etpanslon u - 2x l0 ~11 (' 1.Y • 09 1,c l0 N/ ffl J
1cfllPcraturc rtih(lc : n _.,..
0
· 1.20 the
. , ~ver x If.Itequlrtd
5K 1 F.L FL
I-mm. v - ut\L
-- .M, =rJ.-y
Herc, T, ., 27°C .. 27 I 273 .. 300 K
t,cnglh 111 1cmpcratu rc' r1K _
- 1., = K70
Also t\L: rtlA
, r :. r,.Y =cu,AT or
t,eJlgth of temperature' T' K - I ·'11 - 8. 69cm
Change in lcnglh = f ,., -
_ 11, = t,U,( 1'2-· · cm
T)
1 •
1 P= cu\TUV "' o(T, - T1)'ttr' Y
or 8.69 - 8.70 = 8.70 x (I.20 x 1ii , ) >< !T2 - 300) "',
• l • IO '> (- )? 27) ><~(10- ' J' x O.?l >< IO"
7
0
,r, - ioo =- 8.70 Xo.oi
1.2 X 10 &: - 95.K
'
• - J.77 >< tO' N
or T2 = 300 - 95 ·8 - 204 ·2K oC. Negative ,ign indicaW> that th• rorce is inwards
A hole i drilled in a cop1,er sheet Tl di due to contraction of the wire.
ofh the hole i1
• is 4.24 cm at 'ooc· • w'c1111 tiu,ner,er
S 1 ,e A brass rod of length 50 crn and diameter
c ange m the diameter of the hole when the 3.0 mm is joined to a steel rod of the same
sheet is. heated to 2270c '? Coefficient of linear 1O. length and diameter. What ls the change
0 in
expansion of copper = 1.1ox10-s oc-• length of the combined rod at 2so c, if the
ln is ~roble~ superficial expansion o~ copper
th
original lengths arc at 406 C ? Coefficient of
sheet will be involved on heating. linear expansion of brass and steel are
50 1
2.l ox 1o-5 0c-1 and t.2 x 1o- c- respectively.
Here, area of hole at 21°c ' 5
M, == L a L\T == 50 X(2. IO X10- )(250 - 40)
s, =
1tD2
71t
4
= x(4.24)2cm
2

If D, cm is the diameter of the bole at 227'C, A,

1 1 1
= 0.2205 cm
5
1tD2 2 L\L2 == L2a2L\T == 50 x(J.2 X10- )(250-40)
then area of the hole at 227°C, S2 == -1-cm
4 =O.i26cm
Coefficient of superficial expansion of copper :. Change in length of combined rod =
5 0 1
L\L + L\L == 0.220 + 0.126 == 0.346cm
is, P== 2a==2X 1.1ox ,o- I == 3.4 x 10- c
5
.
1 2
Increase in area == S2 - S1 == ps,L\T :V •t1.The coefficient of volume expansion of
L glycerlinc is 49 x 1o- 5 0 c-t. What is the
or S = S1 +PS 1L\T~S 1\i'~,~!i:f) fractional change in density for a 30°c rise in
2
-1- it 4.24)2 [1 + 3.4 x 10-5(228 - 27)] or
1tD2 = -( temperature ? ' •'
Here, y==49xl0- 50 C- ,L\T==30oC. ' ·•
1
4 4 A.
D~ = (4.24)2 X1.0068 ; D2 == 4.2544 cm As, V'==V+L\V==V(l+yl\T) , .
5
:. V'= V(l +49 X10- x 30) = L0147V
Change in diameter= D2- D1
=4.2544--4.24 =0.0144 cm As, p= ~,p'= ~. = J.O:?V-:0.9855p
,. wire
A brass
,
1.8 m long at 21°c is held taut '
Fractional change in density
with little tension between two rigid supports.
6
p-p' p-0.9855p
If the wire is cooled to a temperature of -39 C, ==p== p =0.0145
what is the tension developed in the wire, if
the diameter is 2.0 rnm ? Coefficient of linear
Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL ' 1 ~ - - - - - - - _ J
KASf-l succESS SERIES
 ~MAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER ~ - - - - - - - - -~ , PHy
• I 2. A lOkW drfflt11 mad!IJ,t iJ ued Co drHl a bon- A. Hae. mass of mcml. m.0.10 kg - 200 81 c~
In 1m1U alumlnlum blade of'mus I .I q. HOW' fall m tanpcnn~ or mdal 1
much h tbt rf• In fm,prrat•rt of tlJt' bl«li hi L\ T = I SO - 40 = 11 0° t
2.5 mlnu1 n anumlng ~•;. of' pow·t-r 11 •wad tr c rs <pee1r11e "'-11 or the m,1n1, thrn h
u.p In htal'ln,c the mtcbfnt tflt'lf M lM1 fo fltt by tht metll. ~Q = med T 200 x c )( : 1 lo-
•urroundln". Spedfk ltt11 of 1hunl1l1m • \bhrme nf \\liter "' 150 c.c. 11 ••.fn
0.91 J u 1 !IC 1, ro
" :. M.n1 of "°"ler. m · = I.1- g
A. Herc, l'• lfJkW · rn• W, 1tt.a 41• . Watc, tquh11lenl or c.-11lorimeter,
m 1' 0 ~IJ H ,.. 10~1 w O025 kg ..., 25 g
ri111: in tcmri, i\l • 'I, lime.
1 2 , 111111 lJ ,. r,o .. 1~01 Ri~ in temp. of \\otcr ond colorirntter
Sp. heat, c .. 0.91 J fl 1 ''(' 1 • ,,r· ::s 40 - 27 = 1J0 t '
lbtnl cner•ijy _ p ,. 1 1n• . 1, 0 • B ,. m• J lfeal gained by waler n.nd c:nlorirneter.
A11, 5f)% rlfcneri;y 111 h~t. i\Q ' = (m'+w)i\T' = (I SO+lS)x 13= 175)(
:. E,;er~y t1vr1ilable, 13
........... (ii)
6Q = I )( l~x l0' = 7.Sx 10' J As, 6Q e. 6Q'
2 :. from (i) ond (ii).
6
AN, /:J.O • m t61' :. 61' == Q 17S x 13
me 200 x c x 11 0 = 175 x 13 or c"' :::-:--::.. .. 0
200 l< I 10 ·1
0 7.Sx t0' .I • IOJor 1rli0t110 hcill Is lost to.the surroundings, vaJue of
Sx t0'x 0.91 w obtulm,1d will be less than the actual value of cc
"' 13. A copper block of 1111,ss 2.5 ki; ts hu ied In 11 t S. Clv en below are obse rvations on ,n
furnac,, to a t-cm11c1·11 h1 re of 50011 C and then spcclnc hea b at room temperature of ...o1a,
common gases. """'t
placed on a l11rgc Ice block. What Is the
maximum amount of Ice that can melt. Specific Gas Molar specific heat (C)
heat of copper is 0.39 J g- 1 0c- 1• Heat of fusion (cal mot 1 K- 1) '

of water = 335 J g- 1. Hydrogen 4.87 -

A. Here, mass of copper block, m=2.5 kg=2500g Nitrogen 4.97
FaJI in temperature, I!, T = 500 - O= 500° C Oxygen 5.02
Specific heat of copper, c = 0.39J g- 1 0c 1 Nitric oxide 4.99
Latent heat of fusion, L = 335 J g-1 Carbon monoxide 5.01
Let the mass of ice melted be m' Chlorine 6.17
As, Heat-gained by ice = Heat lost by copper The measured ~olar specific heats of these
~m~=m~T gases are markedly different from those for
monatomic gases. Typically, molar specific
,_ mcl!.T_ 2500x0.39x500 _ 1 _1 k
m - - - - - - - - - - 500 g- .5 g heat of a monatomic gas is 2.92 cal/mol K.
L 33,~. Explain this difference. What can you infer
J 4. In an experiment on _the specific heat of a from the some what larger (than the rest) value
metal, a 0.20, kg block of the metal at J 506C is
·,.ri for chlorine ?
dropped •~ a copper calorimeter (of water A. The gases which are listed in the above table
equivalent 0.025 kg) containing 150 cm 3 of are· diatomic gases and not mono-atomic gases.
water at 27°t. The final tempera!ure is 406C. For diatomic gases, molar specific heal
Compute the specific heat of the metal. If heat =2R = 2x I.98 =4.95 . which agrees fa~ly well
losses to the surroundings are not negligible, 2 2 '
is your answer greater or smaller than the with all observations listed in the table except for
actual value of specific heat of the metal ? chlorine, A monoatomic gas molecule has only the

@!] ~<- Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS SERIEfil

sJ f~ySICS ~=~~------~
lfl"'lati.;_.i motion. A dialomic
(IOI" -••latiOII
•~- mobon, p moleade.-
' lhe vibralionaJ
~onaJ motion ii aho po,,ible, Therdi as ,wlJ .as
-,-•
• T!IERJIAL PROPERTIES of - :rtfR
If o h < ~ of'""'°" w, ,..id<
liquefied,
9,s -
1b1 n J 1.1 'C. i I ca• ool b~ 3 y ,,nty.
dt' r,,npera1W' of I mole of a diatom. ""- ID ""' __,,,. "" ,..1 ,,
1-C, heat is to be supplied to . ,cplmJuil, _ . , !'11" I"- 1 ,apour. ••
ist translational energy buy al101ncrease not only d) Carbon dlo1id• .,ill b< (11 t .8'C under
) •tJ<ttional ewnn H . rotallonal and -7a'C und<r I .... (b) _,lid, ~,w S6 allfl·
~"- - ..cs. """ molar 'f, 10 .,,._ (c), 1;quid. ol !5'<..,...
adiatomic gas is greater that IC heat of . b .-""" on t.be
s"· ,,,e h'gh
.,.,. 1 er value of molar ,or.-.: .r,
diatomic gas is gn,aler than Iha llp<ICI IC heal of'
11, A•"'"
11< ,......,., q•.,do.. .....
, - T ph ... dl•v•'" ., co,.... 1
.,... ,.
•... ,e
Th h' h for monoatomic od 1, mP'' •
s"· e ,g er value of molarI !pe ·r, h 1) co, ,1 I ., ... ,,....,. llY Dod It
chlorine as ,.,.............t to h .........._ c, lc eat of ,,~c &.. ..o,n·p-·"'d 1tothe.rm• . 1
\;U111pan,u yu,v&"'" nitrogen. oxygffl -ffl' - Ill r~
etc. shows that for chlorine molecule, at room : 1• tbro•P • 11qakl pb*" 1 4 1111tlfl
·111 tranSI f 1
teinperature v1brat1onal motion also ...,.,.,, 1 • -.n • ong , b) Wh•• hlppe•• " b • co ••
• : .,.,, ,.'
wt . a ,~a and rotational motiom, whetta pres1111e It coaled rrom1 ,00111 e ,,-
other
usuallydiatomic m~lccule,
have ro~uonal al room
motion aparttomperaturt
from their
iranslallonal mot,on. Toi,;, the rcaaon 1hal chlorine
•• ,"'.,1111
t) ...
P'"'""
•"IJd co. at u,e
.. or qu1Ut11i"ly
l)t<llbe eb••I"
10 atlll• lo•_.,,.
pretsure an.td
,..... 1,ea1. 11
haS somew I arger value of molar .,....;r,c -i,,nperaiure ~•C
• 11 1, bel
1 1• d ap o
ha 1
16, Answer the following que1don1 ba,ed on th• ,..,. 1, .,,.,.1ure 11
d) CO 11 heated to • tempera u
••••t•• P,...ure, In
P - T ph•" diagram ol carbon dlo,lde. t ,. 1o'C and
a) At what temper1111re and P"''"" can the cD~P"'"d l,Otbermally, Wb•I cb••C" ,
solid, liquid ,nd vapour pboses ol CO, co- 11, properd" do you elPect ID obtl"'e of.
elist In. equillbrium?
tt fd f . the terlll""'-~
A. a) smce . . lic<S .to. the
. _.......,.., .{i/'C of _left
_..,,.If

at IS tbeeuect o ecreos• o prdsurt 56.6oe 00 the cun< i.e. he< JO the regm ,.,..,....
on the fuslou and boUiug poiut of co,?
b) Wb and solid P""'- so cait,oo dio,dde.will·""""'""'
c) What are tbe crltical 1empera111re and djreclly intO solid witl,oU! t,ecommS liquid
pressure for co,? What is cbeir b) Since th• pressure 4 al!JI• is. less than
significance ? l.i I ann: the ,:arbon dioxide wdl condense
d) Js co, solid, liquid or gas at (a) -?O'C directly into solid without becoming hqU1d,
uuder I atDI, (b) -fid'C under IO atm, (<) c) When a . solid CO, at 10 al!JI, pressure
and
1s'C under 56 atDI ? . _65 ,c temperature is heated, ,t is first
converted into a liquid. A further increase
in temperature brings it into the vapour .
P (atrnl
B Crttlctl paint y phase, At p,10 al!JI, if a horizontal line is
73.0 ------ ------ C ,·
E
drawn parallel to the T-axis, then the pomts
SOI 11
"'L of intersection of this line with the Jusion
56.0 --- I @i) and vaporization curve will give the fusion
5.11 -
and boiling points of CO2 at 10 attn-
1.0~_....__.,~ ~ T('C)
d) Sin« ,c is ,higher tban the critical
70
temP""ture of CO,, so the co, gas can not
a) fhe solid, liquid and vapoUf phase of carb<>n be converted into liquid state on being
A, dioxide exist in equd1bnum at th: tnple
. t i e temperature ::::,,-56.6 C and compressed isothermally at 1o•c. II will
potn, .. , remain in the vapour state. However, the gas
pressure :::: 5.11 atrn. . will depart more and more from its perfect
b) Widl the decrease in pressure, both 'the juslOII
d 1,oiling point of cait,oo diOXlde will dece""· gas behaviour with the increase in press""·
anF rbon dioxide the critical temperature
c) or ca ' . 73 0 trn
is 31.1 •c and critical pressure "Jr. lPE . STUDY
a . MATERIAL 7l

AKASH success SERIES

-- ..,.., v..,' mAI tRIAL
 ~ MAL PROPERTIES Of MATTER tu.~ .
, ~ - - - - - - - -- ~ PHysic,
I tJ, A dtlld n1Hltt I tm-t.-rt
r•- flf ltl"f k lt1 m be the mm of~ mthcd in tJi·l'S t1~
.
ll\'n, 11 (l,t~ a et'Cllditt tkaf t.1ilffl ( ,:\T )
fnrr) 1'1tk'h t'HIIN H twrraw tfl tlft nrtt 'ff :. AQ = ml =- KA .t, t\t
n1por11ton or '"'ttt r..-m hh '1ndf . If ''" ( J T ) L\t
,,ntr It brott1h1 d~ to f#'17 In ?Dmht., 1'1llt m =- KA -,:\, -I
,. th t\lfrllf fl f f of' Otrl f\' .l fJllftflotl
45 6 x b0 x fi0
tauk'd, by tbe drt111 1 Am,ntt tf;t t1 ipm-tlMtl
1
11< 00f x0.$4 Y- )( - -
00.5 JJS x I01 ::: OJ IJkg
mechant,m 10 be 1h, ontr w,,, b) 1'1tk'fl ltut
11 lo•t. l'hr mo• of tht rhlld ft JO II(, Titt :. M11\i of ice lc0 • 4 OJ I J • J fiRJ kg,
lj)t'\ifft h1'tf of human bod,• 11 1pprotlmtfc4)'
19 A bm1 tw,tttr h1i I b•i• •n• or o.rs "''
tht H thll of "'ilrr tlid l1h•nt hflt of , ·
thk.knti4 I.orm. It bffll, WIier •• lh •11 11
rv1por1tlon or ~·•irr 11 1h11 h!mptr11urr I• ! e ra1,
IMUI 'IN)
1 6.0 k«lmln, when placed on I na of
• ' II I Uh
A. Herc, ftlll In tcmfi. Etllm1tt the ttmptnture or the P•rt or. th'·
11 61' • 101 - 98 • 3° 1• • h: ~ 0c = 513°r """' In c11n11cf with the hollu. lh . '
errn11
9 tondurth'lty or brass • 609 J r 1 m-1nt··I
M11N '1 nf' child, m • 30 \ ij • Ht11
Sr. he.111 of humnn booy .. sp, het1t of water,
or uporlullon or water • 2.256>< 103JIf 1.
c-= 1OOOenl.kg• 1 0r 1 A. llc:rc. A .. O, I5m' . 6x =- 1.0crn == IO 2rn.
:. Heat l()st by the chlid, 60 6>< I0J >< 22S6 1
Js = 2256 x I02Js-1
t:,.Q • mc6T • 30 x 1000 x ! • 50!)00a1ls 61 60
3
K =609Js· 1rn · 1 0c ,L.\T = (1 - 100)
1
If m • be the ma ss of water c:v nporot ed in
20 min. then, m 'L = AQ or
, t:,.Q 50000 tlQ _ KA(L.\T)
m = T =58() =s6.2g From, M - L.\x
:. Average rate of extra evaporation 2256xl0 2 =609x0.15(t-l~O)
86.2 I 10-
= = 4.31 gmin-
20 t-lOO =
2256
= 24.70
19. A cubical ice box of thermocole has each 609 x 0.15 t = 124.1ooc
side = 30 cm and a thickness of 5cm. 4kg of
ice is put in the box. If outside temp. is 4S6C 21. Explain why :
and coeff. of thermal conductivity = v a) A body
•
with large reflectivity is a poo r
0.01 Js-1 m-1 C-1, calculate the mass of ice left : emitter. ,, ,,
after 6 hours. Take letent heat of fusion of ice L b) A brass tumbler feels much colder tha a
2
= 335 x 103J/kg. wooden tray on a chilly day. .
A. Here, length of each side, I = 30 cm = OJ m c) an optical pyrometer (for measuring high
Thickness of each side, L.\x =5cm =0.05m
temperatures) calibrated for an ideal bta'ck
body radiation gives too low a value for
Total surfa~ !area through which heat enters into
the box, A;;6f = 6x0.3x0.3=0.54m 2 the temperature of a red hot iron piece in
the open, but gives a correct value for the
Temp. diff.,
temperature when the same piece is in the
furnace.
time, L.\t = 6hrs = 6 x 60 x 60s
d) The earth without its atmosphere would
Latent heat of fusion, L = 335 x 103 J/kg
be inhospitably cold.

~ 1 - - - - - - - - ~~<- Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL AKASH SUCCESS SERI@]

r
~ ngsyst,ni h ;f i~ __,
5
of----~
....... d,
,rcmoreemc1, •tlnw ..,- ii<, i,~11••-·
~T~E~t,l~L pttOPEffllE -.
1b0" hued on I '"""" or - 11 A ,,..,, """' ,_ .. c oo 11 .....t 0rrom 611{"
. .
,I Th" IS bccau,e.
"''-1111
•• OJI1h
bulldJ
n,.11,P <•''"''" '"'
1
,_,, W
·
11•"1• ...,.
~, , ,,.,undln1
·s a po 'body,; "'•11,r 10
1 1
)a'<• T.., "'"P'"'"'' •
•absorbers
. orofabheat
sorb er ofllh "" 1111 '"
'" r 1 ' . ''""
•
""J ,,.;,y
A II 1. ,..," ,i,, "
r"'" . ' "' ·
r'"""' of .,.~Y
""'w••··
•• 10
' ,__..,....•"" r •• th<
bl en we touch a br ""' ""'" c1~ 1eon-•"'"
,,-· nf • "' ~ •.,..,,o
t( dt
Wh
day;
.
heat fl ow , f
ron,
' " tumbl ,
er 11n o chilly
N e••""'' i,w of """'"~
df
.
quickly (as th
8
cnn, "'
our bnd Y 10 " " iumhl" d1 - K/1 - T , , "' -r _ r,
On thhigh) and " . •1 rcsult
very ,
nductl,ily
•rP<'•"or hn," ". rt1,e
1Jo ,,,,.,.-.our<of olo< t,ody loll• rrom T' ond
e other hand as th· " colder. , T in time,--- 1. men integ,raung · -~u~ ,bT>" ,.,,,,,,,
1

conductor,
, heat docs' not c wood lfl n hod !, w<
1 h•"
ray irom
c) tWhen the our
Y o 11 ow to the woudc11
red bod .• n tou~hintA it.
f-J1- c:
'
rt( di r
or [lo" ( r - fn>~t,' - 1(1
. hoo oron • . , 1 1 I
its temperatu T . prccc is in the oven,
re K ts give b I
i, o ,1
·1· -·1
- Kl tir ·r ·r
E o(T' _ . n Y" ' re lat Ion. or loll, 11 ,
2.3026 tciliw ~r - ,rfl. • - Kt
I- (I

is in th 4
10 )· Bu~ 'f thc red hol iron pie,:c T• -r,
e open h .
temperature T ~ving the surroundin g
o• its energy is r•idioted
. , E •== a(T4 _ 1•4)
according to re 1at1on
As the w or k.mg principle
. . of ooptical 2.3026 I T1 - To
or t = =
K - og 1o
T2 ~
- To
py_rometer is based on the fact that the
brightness of a glowing surface of a body As per question condition (i),
depe s upon its temperature. Therefore, 0 0 0 5 .
nd T ==80 C,T ==50 C,T0 ==20 C,t== mm.
2
pyrometer gives too low a value for the 1

temperature of red iron in the open.

d) The lower layers of earth's atmosphere 2.30261 80 - 20 2.30261 2
x = = - o g , o - = = - og,o
reflect infrared radiations from earth back 5 60 K so-20 K
······ (2)
to the surface of earth. Thus the heat
radiation received by the earth from the sun As per question, condition (ii),
during the day are kept trapped by the
atmosphere. If atmosphere of earth were not
there, its surface would become too cold to 2.3026 log,o 3()-20
60 - 20 > 2.3026 !og,o 4 ... (3)
I•

e) Jive.
Steam at 1oo°C possesses more heat than
0
the same mass of water at l oo C. One gram Dividing (3) by (2), we get
of steam at 1oo°C possesses 540 calories of
beat more than that possessed by l gm. of
water at l oo°C. That is why heating systems or t == 5 x 60 x 2 == 10 x 60 s == 10 min.
based on circulation of ste\}IJ1 ,are more
effic ient than those based on circulation of

hot water.

Jr. lPE STUDY MATERIAL 471'~---------4 201

AKASH success SERIES