PLANT AND

ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION
GEN BIO I
MS. XYLEE NICOLE M. PARCIO
I
 LEARNING COMPETENCY
The learners should demonstrate understanding
of:

a. Compare and contrast the following

processes in plants and animals: reproduction,
development, nutrition, gas exchange, transport/
circulation, regulation of body fluids, chemical and
nervous control, immune systems, and sensory
and motor mechanisms.
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lesson, the students should be
able to:
a. Differentiate the two modes of plant and
animal reproduction (asexual and sexual).
b. List down the parts of the reproductive
organs of plants and animals.
c. Recognize the advantages and disadvantages
of asexual and sexual reproduction in plants and
animals.
 HOW DO
PLANTS
REPRODUCE?
HOW ANIMALS
REPRODUCE?
 Plant
01 Reproduction
 FLOWER STRUCTURE
Flowers, the reproductive shoots
of the angiosperm sporophyte, are
typically composed of four whorls
of highly modified leaves called
floral organs, which are separated
by very short internodes. They are
called determinate shoots,
meaning that they stop growing
after the flower and fruit are
formed.
 FLOWER ORGANS
• Sepal - enclose and protect
the floral bud before it opens,
are usually green and more
leaflike in appearance than
the other floral organs.
• Petal – the parts of a flower
that are often conspicuously
colored; attracts insects for
pollination.
 FLOWER ORGANS

• Receptacle - The part of a

flower stalk where the parts of
the flower are attached. It
keeps the flower in an
elevated position so as to
attract the insects.
FLOWER’s REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS

Stamen - consists of a
stalk called the filament
and a terminal structure
called the anther; within
the anther are chambers
called pollen sacs, in
which pollen is
produced.
 FLOWER’s REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
Carpel - has an ovary at its base
and a long, slender neck called
the style. At the top of the style is
the sticky structure called the
stigma that serves as a landing
platform for pollen. Within the
ovary are one or more ovules,
with the number depending on
the species.
Types of flowers based on the presence of the reproductive whorls:

A. Perfect/Bisexual – is one in which both male

and female reproductive structures are
present. Both androecium (whorl of stamens)
and gynoecium (whorl of carpels or pistil)
are located on the same flower.

Example: Roses
Types of flowers based on the presence of the reproductive whorls:

B. Imperfect/Unisexual - flower that does not

have both male and female structures.
b.1. staminate flower (male)
b.2. carpellate/pistillate flower (female)

Examples: squashes, cucumbers, corn, and

grasses
 FLOWER REPRODUCTION

1. Sexual Reproduction
• Pollination - the transfer of pollen from an
anther to a stigma. If pollination is successful,
a pollen grain produces a structure called a
pollen tube, which grows and digests its way
down into the ovary via the style and
discharges sperm in the vicinity of the embryo
sac, resulting in fertilization of the egg.
 FLOWER REPRODUCTION

Types of Pollination

• Self - Pollination - happens when a plant’s own

pollen fertilizes its own ovules.
• Cross – Pollination - happens when the wind or
animals move pollen from one plant to
another.
 FLOWER REPRODUCTION

2. Asexual Reproduction

• only requires DNA from one parent. It creates

offspring that are genetically identical to the
parent. Genetically identical offspring are
called clones.
 FLOWER REPRODUCTION

Methods of Asexual
Reproduction

• Vegetative propagation
- does not need seeds
or spores. Instead,
offspring grow from a
part of the parent plant.
 FLOWER REPRODUCTION

Methods of Asexual
Reproduction

Fragmentation - is another
form of asexual reproduction.
It involves new plants growing
from small parts of a parent
plant that fall to the ground.
 02
ANIMAL
REPRODUCTION
 ANIMAL REPRODUCTION

Just like the plants, animals

reproduce with two
principal modes: asexual
(without sex) and sexual
(fusion of gametes)
reproduction.
 MECHANISMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Fission - the separation of a

parent into two or more
individuals of approximately
equal size.
Example: Sea Anemone
 MECHANISMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Budding - in which new

individuals arise from
outgrowths of existing ones.

Example: Cnidarians and

tunicates
 MECHANISMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Fragmentation - the
breaking of the body into
several pieces, some or all
of which develop into
complete adults.

Example: Flatworms
 MECHANISMS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Regeneration - the regrowth

of lost body parts; usually
accompanied with
fragmentation.

Example: Sea stars

MECHANISMS OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
 Some Reproductive Variations

A. Metagenesis – also known

as ‘transformation
development’, refers to
an alternation of asexual
and sexual generations.

Example: Obelia
 Some Reproductive Variations

B. Parthenogenesis – also
known as ‘virgin
development’, is a form of
reproduction in which an
unfertilized egg develops
into an adult animal.

Example: Honeybees
 Some Reproductive Variations

C. Hermaphroditism –
means that a single
organism produces both
eggs
and sperm.

Example: Earthworm
4 PHASES OF HUMAN
SEXUAL RESPONSE
03
 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response
1. EXCITEMENT PHASE – preparation
of penis and vagina for coitus
(sexual intercourse). During this
phase, vasocongestion is
particularly evident in erection of
the penis and clitoris; enlargement
of the testes, labia, and breasts;
and vaginal lubrication. Myotonia
may occur, resulting in nipple
erection or tension of the arms and
legs.
 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response
2. PLATEAU PHASE – responses
in excitement phase continue.
In females, the outer third of
the vagina becomes
vasocongested, while the inner
two-thirds slightly expands.
This change, coupled with the
elevation of the uterus, forms a
depression that receives sperm
at the back of the vagina.
 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response

3. ORGASM PHASE – is
characterized by
rhythmic, involuntary
contractions of the
reproductive structures
in both sexes.
 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response

• Male orgasm has two stages. Emission is the

contraction of the glands and ducts of the
reproductive tract, which forces semen into the
urethra. Expulsion or ejaculation, occurs when
the urethra contracts and the semen is
expelled.
 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response

• During female orgasm, the uterus and outer

vagina contract, but the inner two-thirds of the
vagina do not.
• Orgasm is the shortest response of the sexual
response cycle, usually lasting only a few
seconds.
 4 Phases of Human Sexual Response

4. RESOLUTION PHASE –
completes the cycle and
reverses the responses
of the earlier stages.
Contraception and its types