PAPERBRICKSfinal

Vincentian Catholic Academy
Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics
PAPERBRICKS: UTILIZING THE CAPABILITY OF USED PAPERS AS AN

ALTERNATIVE TO SAND IN MAKING INDUSTRIAL BRICKS
A Thesis Proposal Presented to:
The Faculty of Senior High school of Vincentian Catholic Academy INC., San Vicente,
Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija.
In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for The Subject Practical Research 1
By:
Arce, Ma. Mikaela M.
Baniaga, Jan Edward A.
Escala, Jomary P.
Guadalupe, Princess Alexa R.
Pangilinan, Kurt Johncris J.
Ravilas, Yxie Gaille D.

Roque, Melchis Jake D.
Mr. Jovin D. Hermosa
Research Adviser
September 2023
San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
INTRODUCTION
Paper waste is the most abundant waste in the world,

it is pressing environmental issue that demands our
immediate attention. Every year, vast amounts of paper are
discarded and end up in landfills, contributing to
deforestation, greenhouse gas emissions, and the depletion
of natural resources. Addressing paper waste is not only an
environmental imperative but also a social responsibility.
By taking meaningful action, we can preserve our forests,
mitigate climate change, and create a more sustainable
future for generations to come.
This research follows a systematic approach to

investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of using
recycled paper as a sustainable alternative to paper bricks.
Initially, a literature review is conducted to gather
existing knowledge on the subject, including previous
studies on paper recycling and sustainable construction
materials. Following that, experimental trials will be
performed to assess the physical paper bricks and durability
of the paper-based bricks. This trials will involve
manufacturing prototypes, subjecting them to rigorous
testing procedures, and comparing their performance with
conventional industrial bricks, additionally, surveys and
interviews will be conducted to collect feedback from

potential users and industry experts, providing valuable
insights on the
acceptance and market potential of paper bricks.

Overall, this research methodology will ensure a rigorous
and well-rounded investigation into the viability of
utilizing used papers as an eco-friendly substitute for
industrial bricks.
In conclusion, the research findings strongly support

the viability of Paper bricks as a sustainable alternative
to industrial bricks. The study will demonstrated that used
papers can be effectively repurposed and transformed into a
durable and aesthetically appealing material for bricks
applications. The results indicate that paper bricks
exhibits comparable performance characteristics to
traditional ceramic tiles while significantly reducing
environmental impact through paper waste reduction and
conservation of natural resources. Transitioning towards
Paper tile production and utilization in the construction
industry holds great potential for promoting sustainability
and advancing the circular economy, offering a practical
solution that addresses both ecological and economic
concerns in the realm of interior design and architecture

REVIEW OF RELARED LITERATURE
This section, it shows below the related studies and

literature about “PAPERBRICKS: UTILIZING THE CAPABILITY OF
USED PAPERS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO SAND IN MAKING INDUSTRIAL
BRICKS”.
FOREIGN LITERATURE
“Why is Paper a sustainable alternative material on
construction sector.”
According to a study conducted by Sungrutsamee, et.

al. (2018) states that re-pulped waste paper can be used in
making masonry blocks. Re-pulped waste papers can be mixed
with other materials to make a masonry blocks. Although,
adding re-pulped waste paper causes high water absorption
that will lead to reduction in thermal conductivity, bulk
density, and compressive strength. Re-pulped carton paper
can be an exception because it had a lower thermal
conductivity and bulk density than the others, it also
satisfies the basic requirements of affordable insulating
building materials.

As conducted by Velumani and Manikandan (2020)
presented the potential role of utilizing industrial waste,
specifically paper sludge, in construction industry to

promote sustainable development and to reduce construction
cost. It emphasizes the importance of civil engineers and
researchers in incorporating waste materials into the
creation of new building materials. By minimizing the
reliance on non-renewable resources and diverting waste from
landfills, the study suggest that paper sludge can be
effectively reused in construction projects. Tests conducted
with varying proportions of paper sludge demonstrated
promising outcomes in terms of strength and durability
properties, particularly in the production of lightweight
tiles. This research provide valuable insights and paves the
way for further exploration and advancement in utilizing
industrial waste for infrastructure development, which could
contribute to the growth of the countries like India.
As stated by Bochare et al. (2023) states that a

significant amount of newspaper waste is generated in an
Indian household on a daily basis. By amalgamating this
waste into construction materials, specifically cement
mortar, the research addresses these two challenges. Using
varying quantities of cement and pulped paper, the study
tested cement mortar cubes in a variety of ways. When the
compressive strength of these cubes was compared to that of
typical cement mortar cubes, it was discovered that the
ideal ratio was one part cement, one half typical sand, and
one half waste paper pulp. most optimum combination

found to be one part cement, half part standard sand, and

half a part waste paper pulp. These finding suggests that
waste paper pulp infused cement mortar can be effectively
used in brickwork and other lean cement members in
construction. Overall, this study will help our research in
making a sustainable tile alternative to traditional ceramic
tiles as the statement above states how much or how many
parts of sand, cement, and paper pulp will be needed in
making mortar cubes.
Pursuant to Zaki, et al. (2019) investigates the

benefits of using recycled paper as a new cellulose
component in mortar mixtures. A cement composite mortar is
created by adding waste paper in portions based on cement
weight. The pulp and paper sector significantly contributes
to environmental pollution, which degrades the quality of
the air, land, and water. Utilizing waste paper in
construction materials can assist in addressing the issue of
the increasing amount of paper trash in many nations. Waste
paper also provides better thermal insulation qualities and
strengthens the mortar due to the existence of hydrogen
bonds in the paper's microstructure. The study looks at how
different waste paper percentages affect a variety of mortar
qualities, such as thermal conductivity, microstructure, and
compressive, direct tensile, and flexural strength.
According to the findings, increased waste paper percentages
have a substantial impact on the qualities of fresh mortar.
Compression, direct tensile, and flexural strength are three
mechanical parameters of the
mortar that decrease with increasing waste paper

content. Additionally, the thermal conductivity
significantly decreases with the addition of waste paper,

especially at greater addition percentages. Overall, this
study illustrates the possibility of recycled paper as a
helpful and sustainable material for enhancing mortar mix
performance while addressing environmental issues.
In confirmity with of Saini and Aggarwal (2013)

states that various manufacturing enterprises in India
produce waste, including thermal power plants, municipal
solid waste, and other waste. Solid and liquid waste
management is one of the major global issues. The effects of
trash disposal on the environment and people are severe.
Utilizing alternative materials frequently results in cost
savings, energy savings, and minimal environmental dangers.
Bricks are therefore made from waste resources such recycled
paper mill waste, tile powder, marble powder, fly ash, etc.
to reduce pollution and construction costs. This article
uses these environmentally friendly materials and aggregates
to demonstrate how well waste bricks perform. The impact on
the various properties of bricks when their source materials
are partially replaced with garbage will also be highlighted
in this research.
A study conducted by Ahmad, et. Al. (2013) states that

in addition to deforestation and the combustion of fossil
fuels, the cement production business is one of the major
sources of carbon dioxide emissions, and the concrete
industry is one of the biggest consumers of natural virgin
materials. About 7% of the world's total greenhouse gas

emissions come from the cement industry. The
development of substitute binders is required to make the
concrete industry sustainable in order to address the
environmental effects of cement production and the ongoing
depletion of natural resources. This study investigates the
viability of replacing some of the cement in new concrete
with waste paper sludge ash. in this study, waste paper
sludge ash was used to partially substitute cement in the M-
25 mix of concrete. Its compressive strength, tensile
strength, water absorption, and dry density were measured up
to 28 days after mixing, and it was compared to normal
concrete. According to the findings, waste paper sludge ash
can substitute cement up to 5% by weight with a particle
size of less than 90 mm and maintain workability. Before
using its ash as a partial cement substitute, waste paper
sludge has a very high calorific value and might be utilized
as a fuel.
Based on Goel, et al. (2021) staes that the recycled
paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) in brick building.
Composting significantly reduces the moisture level of paper
mill sludge (PMS), making shredding easier. The inclusion of
PMSC increases the porosity of bricks and makes them
lighter, as well as providing energy to the firing process
from the combustion of organics. Lighter construction
materials help to reduce construction expenses by lowering
labor and shipping costs, as well as the cost of foundation
construction. The heterogeneity in experimental data and
brick qualities were explored for two types of soils common
in India's brick industry.
Per the information from Tang, et al. (2022) states

that the change rule of mechanical properties of waste

ceramic tile recycled brick with different sisal fiber
content, this paper studies the influence of sisal fiber on
compressive strength, flexural strength, porosity, and
saturation coefficient of waste ceramic tile recycled brick,
and tests its microstructure and determines the optimum
content of sisal fiber and the change rule of mechanical
properties, which provides a reference for further research
on modification and application of organic fiber in
construction waste tiles.
In line with Ursua (2019) the study analyzed the

possibility of utilizing plastic wastes, and shredded paper
in making quality sand bricks since building materials are
costly. For a lot of people, solid waste reduction has been
a challenge. Utilizing solid wastes to make an ecofriendly
and advantageous building material is one way to reduce
solid wastes. The researcher endeavored to produce an eco-
brick using sand ranging from fifty-five percent (55%)
thirty-nine percent (39%) by weight, and twenty six percent
(26%) shredded paper. Various tests such as compression
test, water absorption test, efflorescence test, and
hardness test were carried out to assess the efficacy of
brick specimens. Thus, utilizing non-hazardous solid waste
materials in making sand bricks could be a potential
alternative as building material. It is also a workable
initiative to combat issues on solid wastes.
As per Zamora (2020) states that Several countries

have agreed to limit the use of natural raw materials in
construction. The fired brick business, in particular,
produces roughly. 1600 billion bricks equate to millions of
tons of natural resource use. As a result, the idea is to

help reduce the amount of clay utilized. As a result, this
research investigates the mineral and technological features
of brick formed from various percentages of paper pulp
leftovers and burnt at 900 °C. The results show that raising
the replacement ratio causes the mix to require more water,
resulting in a corresponding increase in shrinkage after
drying.
LOCAL LITERATURE
“ The importance of used paper in the industry”
According to Lam, et al. (2015) their research states

that the disposal of paper sludge poses significant
challenges for paper mills due to its toxic nature and
harmful effects on the environment. However, researchers
have explored various methods of utilizing paper sludge as a
construction material, often incorporating it into panel-
boards and concrete walls. This study aims to investigate
the impact of adding paper sludge as a reinforcing additive
to load-bearing concrete hollow blocks with a design
strength of 700psi. The paper sludge used in this research
originates from TIPCO, a Pulp and Paper mill located in
Pampanga, Philippines. To prepare the sludge for mixing, a
specific process known as deflocculation was employed,
involving submerging the sludge in water to facilitate water
absorption and separation.
A research conducted by Fernandez, et al. (2013)

states that the feasibility of using waste fibres from paper
mills in the Philippines for the production of fibre-
reinforced cement bonded boards presents a potential
solution for the paper industry's sludge disposal problem.

The study involved mixing cement and sludge in different
ratios and adding additives for curing and hardening. The
fibrous components of the sludge were analyzed, and the
boards' morphological characteristics, water absorption,
thickness swelling, and mechanical properties were measured.
The results indicate that the cement boards manufactured
with sludge as reinforcement possess comparable mechanical
and physical properties to other cement-bonded boards. The
findings suggest that utilizing sludge for the production of
cement-bonded boards could be a sustainable alternative for
the paper mills, highlighting the potential for further
research and implementation of similar strategies such as
"Papertiles a sustainable alternative to ceramic tiles.
In acompliance with Lubas, et al. (2021) states that

the increasing number of waste has become a significant
concern due to the lack of emphasis on recycling by the
government and the general population. To actively address
this issue, a researcher conducted a comparative study on
using recycled plastics and waste papers as partial
replacements for materials in hollow blocks. The aim was to
reduce waste accumulation and minimize the extraction of
aggregates. This exploratory study focused on evaluating the
durability of hollow blocks containing waste aggregates,
specifically through compressive strength analysis. The
results indicated that the blocks were suitable as non-load
bearing
structures. However, it was observed that the

compressive strength decreased as the percentage of waste
added increased. Additionally, the research highlighted that
the duration of curing days had a negative correlation with
the compressive strength. By incorporating paper and plastic

waste into hollow blocks, this research has the potential to
benefit the environment, local communities, scientific
knowledge, and innovation, as long as it fulfills the
specific objectives outlined in the study.
Under the provisions of Lorenzi and Capanna (2013).

States that goal of this study is to make a lovely centered
hexagonal number trivet out of colored recycled magazine
paper. What appears to be a simple and amusing puzzle built
with circular tiles, building unique and colorful aesthetic
things, is actually an absorbing exercise in the subject of
mathematics applied to the eco-design process.
In conformity with Tiboti(2023), according to his

study growing concern about environmental sustainability and
waste management, particularly in the recent decade, has
fueled interest in investigating alternate construction
materials. The current study looks into the possibility of
using waste paper as a key ingredient in the production of
papercrete bricks, with the goal of addressing waste
reduction and sustainable building practices. Because of its
environmental friendliness, low cost, and lightweight, paper
Crete is fast gaining appeal in the building construction
sector globally. The research considered literature and
associated ideas all the way through conceptualizing and
developing trial mixtures.
In keeping with Meko and Ighalo (2021) states that

this study was to investigate the properties of concrete
with waste paper ash (WPA) as cement replacing material. .
The result of this study indicated that the chemical
compositions of WPA were not classified as Pozzolanic
material. Setting times of blended cement paste with WPA

were lengthened and its consistency was also increased. The
workability of concrete was tested immediately after
preparing the concrete mix, whereas the compressive strength
was tested after 7 and 28 days of curing. The results
indicated that the workability of concrete containing WPA
decreases as the WPA content increases. This study also
revealed that there is a significant improvement in the
compressive strength of concrete.
In relevance to the study of Millica V. Vasic (2021)

The goal of this study was to create a feasible route for
recycling paper mill sludge compost (PMSC) into brick.
Composting significantly lowers the moisture level of paper
mill sludge (PMS), making shredding easier. In addition to
providing energy for the firing process from burning
organics, the use of PMSC increases the porosities in bricks
and makes them lighter. Lighter building materials can
reduce construction expenditure by lowering labor and
shipping costs as well as foundation construction costs.
A study conducted by Leevesh Mariam (2019) is states

that development of the construction business is based on
adequate building materials. Paper Crete Bricks have been
recognized as an affordable building material having the
ability to solve Ethiopia's material shortage. This study
looked into the relationship between paper Crete bricks'
weight and strength as a building material for walls. This
study can be completed by counting the amount of paper Crete
bricks' ingredients and identifying the material's qualities
through laboratory tests.
In accordance with Kalam (2017) This paper reports

the results of an exploratory experimental study to

manufacture eco-friendly lightweight bricks through binary
mix of paper mill sludge (PMS) and soil. The pre-manufacture
activities include mineralogical, chemical, thermal and
index properties characterization of two kinds of soils
(laterite and alluvial) and PMS. The performance of
incorporating PMS into the mix was tested by evaluating
properties such as linear shrinkage, compressive strength,
water absorption, mass loss on ignition, and bulk density of
bricks as recommended.
Another research study propose by Williams Ronbert

et. Al (2016) Clay soil stabilization using cement or by
burning has a possible negative impact on the environment
and public health, just like the careless disposal of waste
papers. Therefore, the main goal of this research was to
determine whether it was possible to chemically alter clay
soils using waste papers in order to overcome the disposal
issues and create clay-based composites that were
appropriate for construction.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Sustainability and Material Substitution:
The theoretical foundation of this research lies in the

concept of sustainability and the need for material
substitution. Sustainability focuses on meeting the needs of
the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs. Material
substitution involves replacing resource-intensive materials
with more sustainable alternatives, thereby minimizing the
environmental impact of the industry.
Circular Economy:
This framework also aligns with the principles of the

circular economy. According to Dr. Walter Stahel the
circular economy emphasizes the importance of closing the
loop by reusing, recycling, and repurposing materials to
reduce waste generation and promote resource efficiency. In
the context of this research, exploring the potential of
utilizing used papers for creating alternative tile
materials aligns with the circular economy approach.
Material Science and Engineering:

It is important to study material science and
engineering in order to create a sustainable alternative to
industrial bricks. This framework is based on material
science ideas such as understanding the qualities of old
papers, their structural characteristics, and the
feasibility of converting them into long-lasting tile-like
materials. The research will look into the physical,
mechanical, and
chemical properties of paper-based materials to see if

they are suitable for tile applications.
Manufacturing Processes and Techniques:
The theoretical framework encompasses an exploration of

manufacturing processes and techniques applicable to the
production of paper-based bricks. It involves assessing
various methods such as compaction, binding agents, surface
treatment, and coating technologies to enhance the
durability, aesthetics, and functional properties of paper-
based bricks. The research will identify the most effective
and sustainable manufacturing approach for producing
PAPEBRICKS

PARADIGM OF THE STUDY
INPUT
 explore the feasibility and effectiveness of using

recycled paper materials for industrial brick production
 Various aspects of tile production and quality, such as
cost, durability, environmental impact, and market
acceptance.
 The study would involve experiments or data collection to
assess the impact of using recycled paper on tile
properties, production processes, and economic factors.
 Statistical analysis to determine if there are
significant differences between bricks made from recycled
paper and traditional materials.
PROCESS
 Conducting a comparative analysis between the use of

paper-based materials and traditional materials in the
production of tiles to explore their differences and
potential advantages or disadvantages.
 Engaging in experimental research to investigate the
influence of incorporating recycled paper into tile
manufacturing processes on the resulting properties and
characteristics of the bricks.

OUTPUT
 Through rigorous experimentation, this research can offer

valuable data on aspects such as strength, texture,
sustainability, and cost-effectiveness. Ultimately, the
findings will contribute to the growing body of knowledge
surrounding eco-friendly practices in bricks
manufacturing and could potentially drive innovations in
the industry.
 By comparing these two approaches, we can gain valuable
insights into the feasibility and desirability of
adopting more environmentally friendly practices in this
sector.
OPERATION OF TERMS
Cellulose - an insoluble substance which is the main

constituent of plant cell walls and of vegetable fibers such
as cotton. It is a polysaccharide consisting of chains of
glucose monomers.
Carbon footprint - certain amount of gaseous emissions that
are relevant to climate change and associated with human
production or consumption activities.
Deforestation - the removal of a forest or stand of trees
from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to
farms, ranches, or urban use.
Depletion of natural resources - the consumption of a

resource faster than it can be replenished. Natural
resources are commonly divided between renewable resources
and non-renewable resources.
Fly Ash - a supplementary cementitious material in concrete
production, where it can improve the durability and strength

of concrete while reducing the environmental impactand
ability to improve the performance of materials.
Greenhouse gas emissions - Gases that trap heat in the

atmosphere are called greenhouse gases.
Mortar - Mortar is a workable paste which hardens to bind
building blocks such as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry
units, to fill and seal the irregular gaps between them,
spread the weight of them evenly, and sometimes to add
decorative colors or patterns to masonry walls.
Porosity can impact the strength, and other properties of
materials such as metals, ceramics, and polymers. High
porosity means a material is less dense but may have lower

structural integrity, while low porosity indicates a denser,
more compact material.
Sisal fiber - a natural plant fiber derived from the agave

plant, these fibers are extracted from the long, sword-
shaped leaves of the agave plant. Sisal fiber is known for
its strength, durability, and resistance to deterioration in
saltwater.
Viscoelastic - means that the material to some extent both

behaves like a liquid and a solid material and that it has a
time-dependent strain.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The goals of this research were to analyze the
underlying factors on how capable used papers are as an
alternative in making bricksalso known as paper bricks.
Moreover, it also sought to answer the following questions:

1. What are the environmental impact and
assessment?
2. How does the compatibility of material that
will be used will affect the product’s performance?
3. How long will this product last and continue
to function?
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION

This research looks into the viability of using
recycled paper as a sand substitute in the production of
industrial bricks. The study will look into the physical,
mechanical, and environmental properties of paperbricks,
such as their
compressive strength, durability, and sustainability.

Laboratory experiments and testing will be carried out to
compare the performance and quality of paper tiles to
traditional sand-based bricks. The research will shed light
on the possible cost savings and environmental benefits of
using paperbricks in the bricks production business.
This analysis is limited to the suitability of paper

bricks as a sand substitute in the context of industrial
bricks manufacture. It does not cover other potential
applications of recycled paper in construction materials,
nor does it discuss industrial-scale manufacturing of
paperbricks or commercial feasibility. It focuses on a first
evaluation of their paper bricks. The findings of the study
are based on laboratory experiments and may not fully
reflect real-world conditions or long-term performance in
actual construction projects. Economic factors such as

market demand, production costs, and pricing strategies for
paperbricks are outside the scope of this study. The study
assumes that other aspects of bricks production, such as
binders and curing methods, remain constant for comparative
purposes, and any potential regulatory or certification
requirements for paperbricks are not explored in detail.
Geographical and climate-specific variations in the
performance of paperbricks are not taken into consideration
within the study's scope.
CHAPTER II
METHODOLOGY
This chapter explains the research methods and

processes used in the study. This section will detail the
research techniques, sample procedures, participants, and
tools used by the researchers to perform and create this
study.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This incorporates a comprehensive approach to
investigate the feasibility and potential of repurposing
used papers as an alternative to sand in making industrial
bricks. The study aims to explore the various aspects of
this innovative idea, including its environmental impact,
durability, aesthetics, and user perception.
In this study observations and experimental tests will
be conducted. Experimental tests will be conducted to
evaluate the physical properties of paper bricks, such as

water resistance, load-bearing capacity, and fire
resistance. The experimental findings will provide a
holistic understanding of the potential of paper bricks as
a sustainable alternative to industrial tiles and
contribute to the growing field of sustainable design.
Materials and Instruments
Used papers Bucket and water Cement
Wood molder Paper sludge Sample product
DATA COLLECTION

Based on the researchers’ observations, to collect the
data needed for this study the researchers will conduct
various experiments to determine the quality of the product
by testing its:
1. Water Resistance
2. Load bearing capacity
3. Fire resistance
WATER RESISTANCE
To test the product’s resistance to water the
researchers will place the brick on a bucket of water for a
set period of time, simulating a long-term exposure,
regularly inspect the tiles for changes in appearance,
weight, or structural integrity, and record the time it
takes for the brick to show water damage or reach
predefined limits.
LOAD BEARING CAPACITY

The product’s load bearing capacity will be tested by
gradually applying a vertically downward force on the brick
until it reaches the breaking point, and the researchers
will record the maximum load the brick can bear before
breaking.
FIRE RESISTANCE

The researchers will test the product’s fire
resistance by lighting the brick on fire. Exposing the
brick to the flame for a predefined period, during the
exposure, the researchers will observer the brick’s
reaction to the flame, the researchers will also look for
signs of charring, scorching, or ignition. The researchers
will also set a timer when the flame exposure begins and
stop the timer when there are observable changes in the
brick.
DATA ANALYSIS
The researchers will form their analysis on the data

provided from the tests conducted on the paper brick by the
researchers themselves. The data from the observations will
then be interpreted and synthesized by the researchers to
come up with the results.
Furthermore, a thorough examination of the testing

procedures will be conducted to guarantee the precision and
replicability of the research. In order to strengthen the
validity of the results, the researchers also carefully
examine any confounding factors that might have affected
the results. They will do this by implementing strict
quality control procedures. Additionally, in order to

provide a more comprehensive framework for assessing the
paper brick’s performance, a comparative analysis with the
body of existing research on sustainable construction
materials will be carried out. In order to produce thorough
and detailed insights into the properties of the paper
brick, this holistic approach to data analysis intends to
further add to the body of knowledge in sustainable
construction research.
CHAPTER III
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter states the results of the data that the

researchers have gathered followed by a discussion of the
research findings. The findings relate to the research that
guided the researchers in conducting the study. The data
have been analyzed to examine the stability, efficiency,
and quality of the product. By conducting various testing
The researchers have come up with the following results:

FIRE RESISTANCE

As shown in the picture above when paper bricks come in

contact with fire, the ignition process begins as the heat
from the fire elevates the temperature of the paper. As the
paper bricks burn, the bricks showed visible damage such as,
the side of the brick the were exposed fire darkened. The
paper bricks also began to show signs of turning to ashes
when the researchers scrape the bricks. The researchers
wondered if there are ways to lessen the damages.
While it’s challenging to make paper bricks completely

fireproof, you can consider certain processes or materials
to enhance their resistance to damage from fire. The
researchers Invest in research and development to explore
innovative materials or processes that could improve the
fire resistance of paper bricks. This may involve
experimenting with new combinations of fibers, coatings, or
additives
WATER RESISTANCE
The paper bricks were put through a thorough test

process to see how long they would last after being exposed
to water. The procedure comprised submerging the paper
bricks in water for a full day while frequently checking on
them more precisely, every three hours. The bricks were
routinely inspected for any obvious alterations or damage
during the soaking time. The goal of this regular evaluation
was to record any possible changes to the paper bricks'
physical characteristics or structural integrity as a result
of their interactions with the water over time. Any
alterations noticed throughout these sporadic inspections
were meticulously recorded to enable a comprehensive

examination of the bricks' reaction to the prolonged
exposure to water. The paper bricks were carefully removed
from the water after the full twenty four hour immersion
period. A thorough inspection ensued, with the goal of
detecting any damage that might have developed during the
course of the submersion. Every brick was examined in great
detail throughout the inspection in order to check for any
indications of distortion, deterioration, or other obvious
changes. Upon visual inspection, there were no noticeable
defects to the paper bricks following the 24hour immersion.
This lack of damage indicates a potential property of the
paper brick composition's water resilience. The outcomes of
this particular phase add significantly the researchers’
knowledge of paper bricks' structural durability and
practical uses by shedding light on their possible use in
situations involving extended exposure to water.
LOAD BEARING CAPACITY
Based on the observation in 10 minutes of placing the

10lbs of weight plates on top of the paper bricks, the shape
did not change, it still remained as strong as it was made.
Similar to the previous observation in 20 minutes of

placing 15lbs of weight plates on top of the paper bricks,
the shape still did not change, it still remained in the
strength of its construction.
The last observation in 30 minutes after placing 20lbs

of weight plates on top of the paper bricks, it still
remained in the shape and strength of the construction and
there's no signs of cracking or breaking at all.

DISCUSSIONS
The environmental impact of making paper bricks

involves various factors. The production of paper bricks
typically requires the use of recycled paper or other
sustainable materials, which can reduce the demand for fresh
wood and minimize deforestation. During the paper bricks
production cycle, an environmental assessment would require
taking into consideration factors such as resource use,
energy consumption, pollution, and the production of waste.
The full product lifecycle, from raw material

extraction to manufacturing, distribution, usage, and
disposal, would be examined in an environmental assessment
of paper bricks production. Energy consumption, emissions,
trash production, water use, and the possibility of
recycling or material reuse are just a few of the variables
it would assess. In order to minimize or mitigate these
effects, the evaluation would identify potential
environmental hazards and suggest alternatives, such as the
use of renewable energy sources, waste reduction techniques
in manufacturing processes, or the promotion of recycling
programs for used paper bricks.
The compatibility of the materials that the researchers

used can significantly impact the performance of the
product. Using paper and cement as the main materials in
making bricks improved strength, fire resistance and
durability. In addition, cement can enhance the structural
strength and durability of the product.

Moreover, cement has fire-resistant property which are
limestone, clay and gypsum are chemically inert and
therefore virtually non-combustible. Incorporating cement
into paper bricks can contribute to improved fire
resistance, reducing the likelihood of combustion. The
combination may have a higher environmental footprint
compared to traditional paper bricks.
The longevity and functionality of a product depend on

various factors, including its quality, maintenance, and
technological advancements. However, if we assume that the
product in question is designed to last for about 20 years,
it should continue to function effectively throughout that
period. Of course, regular maintenance and proper care can
further extend its lifespan. It's important to note that
advancements in technology might render the product outdated
or less efficient over time, but with proper care, it should
continue to serve its purpose for a considerable duration.

CHAPTER IV
SUMMARY
Paper bricks, a sustainable alternative in

construction, have garnered attention for their eco-friendly
properties. This research explores the characteristics,
applications, and challenges associated with utilizing paper
as a primary material in brick manufacturing. The
researchers used three test to conduct this experiments:
water resistance, fire resistance, and load-bearing.
The researchers' findings are as follows:
1. The researchers tested the bricks for

water resistance and after visually
examining the paper bricks post a 24-
hour immersion, no apparent defects were
observed. The absence of damage suggests
a promising characteristic in the water
resilience of the paper brick
composition. These findings
substantially contribute to the
researchers’ understanding of the
structural durability of paper bricks,
highlighting their potential suitability
in scenarios requiring prolonged
exposure to water.
2. The researchers then tested the bricks
for fire resistance. During the test,

as the paper bricks burn, the bricks
showed visible damage such as, the side
of the brick the were exposed fire
darkened. The paper bricks also began to
show signs of turning to ashes when the
researchers scrape the bricks. The
researchers wondered if there are ways
to lessen the damages.
3. The researchers observed the paper
bricks as it undergo load-bearing test.
Upon the test, the paper bricks showed
no damage, still remained in the shape
and strength of the construction and
there’s no signs of cracking or breaking
at all.
CONCLUSION
In the pursuit of understanding the full spectrum of

the bricks' potential, the researchers meticulously designed
and executed tests aimed at uncovering the capabilities and
durability of the paper bricks. The comprehensive testing
regimen is integral to ensuring the quality and reliability
of these innovative building materials. The outcomes of
these tests not only reinforce the feasibility of paper
bricks but also provide valuable insights for further
refinement and application in the realm of sustainable
construction. To fully grasp the potential of the bricks,
the researchers carefully planned and carried out
experiments to determine the strengths and weaknesses of the
paper bricks. Ensuring the quality and dependability of
these cutting-edge building materials requires a thorough
testing protocol. The results of these experiments not only

support the viability of paper bricks but also offer
insightful information for future development and
implementation in the field of environmentally friendly
building.
RECOMMENDATION
In order to improve structural integrity and

sustainability, more study should look into ways to optimize
the composition of paper bricks by experimenting with
different ratios of paper to cement.
Establishing criteria for the manufacturing and

application of paper bricks, and guaranteeing adherence to
quality and safety standards, is advised through
collaboration with pertinent regulatory bodies and
construction industry standards groups.
Future research endeavors should explore additional

alternative materials such as plastic bottles in the
production of bricks. Investigating the viability of
combining various sustainable materials could lead to the
development of more eco-friendly and durable construction
solutions.
Plan of Action
INTRODUCTION • Clearly define the

problem: The environmental
impact of traditional brick
manufacturing and the
potential of using paper as
an alternative.

• Present the research
question: Can paper bricks
be a viable and sustainable
substitute for sand in
industrial brick production?
• Explore existing studies

on sustainable building
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
materials and the
environmental impact of
traditional brick
production.
• Review research on the

properties of paper bricks,
their structural integrity,
and their feasibility for
industrial applications.
• Identify the key

characteristics of paper
bricks that make them
suitable or unsuitable for
industrial use.
• Assess the environmental
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES impact of paper brick
production compared to
traditional brick
manufacturing.
• Understand the challenges
and opportunities associated
with implementing paper
bricks in the construction
industry.
• Conduct experiments in
materials, construction, and

sustainability to gather
insights.
• Perform quality tests to

METHODOLOGY analyze the strength,
durability, and other
relevant properties of paper
bricks.
• Utilize case studies to

examine real-world
applications and challenges
in implementing paper
bricks.
• Gather data on the

composition of paper bricks,
their manufacturing process,
and their performance in
various conditions.
DATA COLLECTION
• Document the environmental
footprint of both
traditional and paper brick
manufacturing processes.
Compare the structural

properties of paper bricks
with conventional bricks
through statistical
analysis.
• Evaluate the environmental

impact using life cycle
ANALYSIS

assessment methodologies.
• Identify strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities,
and threats associated with
paper bricks in the
construction industry.
• Present findings on the

viability of paper bricks as
an alternative to sand in
industrial brick production.
• Discuss implications
for sustainable construction
practices and potential
challenges in adopting paper
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS bricks.
• Provide recommendations
for further research and
development to improve the
properties of paper bricks.
RECOMENDATIONS • Suggest strategies for

integrating paper bricks
into mainstream construction
practices.
• Summarize key findings and

their significance in the
context of sustainable
construction.
CONCLUSION • Emphasize the potential of

paper bricks to contribute

to eco-friendly building
practices.

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Vincentian Catholic Academy

Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics

PAPERBRICKS: UTILIZING THE CAPABILITY OF USED PAPERS AS AN

A Thesis Proposal Presented to:

In Partial Fulfillment of Requirements for The Subject Practical Research 1

Arce, Ma. Mikaela M.

Baniaga, Jan Edward A.

Guadalupe, Princess Alexa R.

Pangilinan, Kurt Johncris J.

Ravilas, Yxie Gaille D.

Mr. Jovin D. Hermosa

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

THE PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Paper waste is the most abundant waste in the world,

This research follows a systematic approach to

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

acceptance and market potential of paper bricks.

In conclusion, the research findings strongly support

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

REVIEW OF RELARED LITERATURE

This section, it shows below the related studies and

“Why is Paper a sustainable alternative material on

According to a study conducted by Sungrutsamee, et.

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

specifically paper sludge, in construction industry to

As stated by Bochare et al. (2023) states that a

one half waste paper pulp. most optimum combination

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

Pursuant to Zaki, et al. (2019) investigates the

mortar that decrease with increasing waste paper

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

In confirmity with of Saini and Aggarwal (2013)

A study conducted by Ahmad, et. Al. (2013) states that

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

Per the information from Tang, et al. (2022) states

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

In line with Ursua (2019) the study analyzed the

As per Zamora (2020) states that Several countries

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

According to Lam, et al. (2015) their research states

A research conducted by Fernandez, et al. (2013)

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

In acompliance with Lubas, et al. (2021) states that

structures. However, it was observed that the

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

Under the provisions of Lorenzi and Capanna (2013).

In conformity with Tiboti(2023), according to his

In keeping with Meko and Ighalo (2021) states that

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

In relevance to the study of Millica V. Vasic (2021)

A study conducted by Leevesh Mariam (2019) is states

In accordance with Kalam (2017) This paper reports

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

Another research study propose by Williams Ronbert

San Vicente, Zaragoza, Nueva Ecija

Sustainability and Material Substitution:

The theoretical foundation of this research lies in the

This framework also aligns with the principles of the

Material Science and Engineering: