Assignment : 01

Topic : How Himalayan Mountains are formed?

Subject : Geography
Submitted to : Syed Razi ul Hassan
Submitted by : Saeeda Fatima
Registration no : S22BSEDU088
BS Education 2022-2026 (A)
 How Himalayan Mountains are formed
General information
The Himalaya is the highest and the youngest, and one of the largest mountain ranges on the globe.
A dramatic global-scale geologic event occurred around 55million years ago when the northward
drifting Indian subcontinent collided with Asia and gave rise to the birth of the Himalayan mountain
range. The Himalaya is still rising and will continue to rise in future for a long time to come.
Because the Himalaya is one of the most active mountains on the earth characterized by steep
slopes, continued horizontal displacement and vertical uplift, this mountain range suffers from
various types of natural hazards including earthquake, landslide, debris flow, avalanche, flood etc.
The clear E-W zonal arrangement in physiography, geology, and climate of the Himalaya controls
the distributions of vegetation and animal life as well as the type and extent of natural hazard in
each zone. Thus, the Himalaya is a vivid museum providing one of the best sites on earth for field
excursions to study various geologic processes including plate tectonics and mountain building
processes, natural hazards, environmental trends, and plant and Animal lives.

How Himalayan Mountains are formed?

The Himalayan Mountains were formed through the collision of the Indian Plate with the Eurasian
Plate. This collision began approximately 50 million years ago during the Eocene epoch (Molnar &
Tapponnier, 1975).

As the Indian Plate moved northward, it encountered the Eurasian Plate, leading to intense
tectonic activity characterized by crustal thickening, folding, and faulting (Le Fort, 1975).

The ongoing convergence of these plates continues to uplift the Himalayas at a rate of several
millimeters per year (Bilham & England, 2001).

Additionally, seismic activity, such as earthquakes, plays a significant role in shaping the landscape
of the Himalayas (Bilham, 2004).

The timing of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates has been studied extensively,
providing valuable insights into the geological history and formation of the Himalayan range
(Rowley, 1996).
References
 Yoshida, Masaru1 and Student Himalayan Field Exercise Project2 . 1 Gondwana Institute for Geology
and Environment, Hashimoto, and Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu/2023

 Molnar, P., & Tapponnier, P. (1975). Cenozoic tectonics of Asia: Effects of a continental collision.
Science, 189(4201), 419-426.

 Le Fort, P. (1975). Himalayas: The collided range. Present Knowledge of the Geology of the Himalayas,
Karakoram, and Hindu Kush, 41-51.

 Bilham, R., & England, P. (2001). Plateau "pop-up" in the great 1897 Assam earthquake. Nature,
410(6830), 806-809.

 Bilham, R. (2004). Earthquakes in India and the Himalaya: tectonics, geodesy and history. Annals of
Geophysics, 47(2-3), 839-858.

 Rowley, D. B. (1996). Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data.
Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 145(1-4), 1-13.
 What are the Academic Merits and demerits of Chat GPT
Merits

 Use it for a more complex source of information than Google.

 Ask it for feedback for student work in class.

 Ask it for definitions (on a variety of levels)

 Use it to summarize texts.

 Ask Chat GPT to help in lesson plan.

Demerits

 Sometime it gives wrong information

 Create improper images for us
 Misguide us and diverted
 The information are so simple that we get confused many times
 Student’s creativity is losing day by day as they totally depended on it
Challenges while using Chat GPT

It gave me the wrong reference while searching

Although the information was story type but Chat GPT showed me in points and I get confused

I asked for more explanation but chat GPT couldn’t make me understand in another ways

There were spelling and grammatical mistakes also

The contents that were shown is for primary level students but I asked for the higher level

THE END