The BAM Approach For The Calculation of Double and Triple Insulating Glass Units

CONFERENCE SESSIONS
JUNE 14-16, 2023 THE BAM APPROACH FOR THE CALCULATION

NOKIA ARENA OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE INSULATING GLASS
TAMPERE, FINLAND
UNITS
LAURA GALUPPI MASSIMO MAFFEIS GIANNI ROYER-CARFAGNI
University of Parma Maffeis Engineering SpA University of Parma
#GPD2023
www.gpd.fi
June 14-16, 2023 | Nokia Arena | Tampere, Finland
Insulating Glass Units

Change in pressure, with respect to the time of sealing, generated either by a
change of altitude, barometric pressure and/or temperature
External loads applied on a pane (either uniform, line distributed or concentrated),

the panes share a portion of the total applied loads
Complex interaction between

o Deflection of glass panes
o Variation of cavity volume and gas pressure LOAD SHARING
The BAM approach for the calculation of double and triple Insulating Glass Units - First presented in GPD 2023 2
Evaluation of the load sharing

ASTM 1300-12 “thickness cubed” method: each glass pane carries a portion of the
load proportional to its flexural inertia (i.e., to the cube of its thickness). This is recommended only for
based on the assumption of incompressible gas uniformly-distributed loads,
EN 16612 method, based on work by Siebert and Maniatis (2012), accounting for and changes in barometric
the gas compressibility. → definition of the Insulating Unit Factor, that is pressure/temperature.
presented through tables (for rectangular-shaped IGUs only)
Method by Feldmeier (2006): more refined approach, allowing to consider also the
case of line distributed and concentrated loads
Analytical/numerical calculation of the Definition of coefficients (volume variation

volume enclosed between the deformed under unitary loads), tabulated for rectangular
plate under the considered load, and its DGUs, as a function of the load position and of
(flat) reference configuration. the plate aspect ratio.
…Betti’s Analytical Method (2020)
Betti’s Analytical Method for IGUs

Double-, Triple-, Multiple-Glazing Units
IGUs of arbitrary shape
IGUs arbitrarily constrained at the border (boundary
conditions for the out of plane displacement: simply
supported, either continuously or point-wise,
elastically supported or free*).
Subjected to climatic loads and to arbitrary
distributed loads
The spacer is assumed to provide an internal constraint
to the panes equivalent to a simple support (rotations
are not restrained**).
*The case of clamped edges could be treated in the same way, but it requires a
slight modification.
**The case of rotations elastically-restrained edges by the edge spacers could
be treated in the same way, but it requires a slight modification.
Variation of the
Deformation of the Variation of the cavity Deformation of the
pressure of the gas in
loaded pane volume second pane
the cavity
𝑓𝑓 − ∆𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑝𝑝
∆∆𝑤𝑤1 = ∆𝑉𝑉 = � −𝑤𝑤1 + 𝑤𝑤2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉0 + ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝0 + ∆𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉0 𝑝𝑝0 ∆∆𝑤𝑤2 =
𝐷𝐷1 𝐷𝐷2
Ideal gas law
Deflection of the lower • p0 = gas pressure in the reference state Deflection of the
plate under uniform ∆p upper plate under
• V0 = gas volume in the reference state
and external load f uniform ∆p
The Betti’s theorem

…how to evaluate the integral on the plate area of the plate deflection, under an
arbitrary concentrated or line/surface distributed load?
Enrico Betti (1823-1892) developed the original result by Maxwell, stated for linear elastic
trusses. Consider a structure subjected to two equilibrated set of forces
Betti’s reciprocal theorem:

A
𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 [Opere Matematiche di
Enrico Betti, Pubblicate a
LAB = work done by the load set A through cura della R. Accademia
the displacements produced by the set B de’ Lincei, Hoepli, 1903-
B LBA = work done by the set B through the 1913.]
displacements produced by the set A
𝑞𝑞 � 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐹𝐹 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝛿𝛿
The Betti’s theorem

𝑞𝑞 � 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐹𝐹 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝛿𝛿
…this allows to evaluate the integral of the deflection due to the load F as a function of the
deflection of a simply supported plate under uniform pressure, without studing the [Opere Matematiche di
Enrico Betti, Pubblicate a
deflection under the concentrated load. cura della R. Accademia
de’ Lincei, Hoepli, 1903-
𝑞𝑞 2 1913.]
𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) where q = fictitious uniform load
𝐷𝐷
𝐴𝐴 = plate area
𝐸𝐸ℎ3
𝐷𝐷 = = plate stiffness
12(1−𝜐𝜐2 )
𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) = non-dimensional shape function, dependent on panel shape
The Betti’s theorem for IGUs

Betti’s reciprocal theorem:
A
𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵
𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + Δ𝑝𝑝 � 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∆𝑝𝑝
B 𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑞𝑞 � 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴2 − 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑞𝑞Δ𝑉𝑉 ~ − 𝑞𝑞 𝑉𝑉
𝑝𝑝0 0
Ideal gas
law
𝑞𝑞 2
where 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) deformed shape of a simply supported plate under uniform pressure
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖
…no need to evaluate the deflection under the arbitrary load f(x,y)
NOTE: the evaluation of LBA does not require to calculate the deflection of plates in system A, i.e., it depends neither
on the “external” support and fixing conditions of the DGU, nor on the applied loads!
The Betti’s theorem for IGUs

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + Δ𝑝𝑝 � 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
∆𝑝𝑝
𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑞𝑞 � 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴2 − 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑞𝑞Δ𝑉𝑉 ~ − 𝑞𝑞 𝑉𝑉
𝑝𝑝0 0
𝑞𝑞 2
𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 = ± 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦)
𝐷𝐷𝑖𝑖
1 1
� 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 − 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑞𝑞 + 𝐴𝐴3 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 𝝋𝝋𝑨𝑨 = mean value of 𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) over the plate area
𝐷𝐷1 𝐷𝐷2
𝑞𝑞 3
𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 for an uniformly distributed load p
𝐷𝐷1
𝑞𝑞 2 𝝋𝝋𝑳𝑳 = mean value of 𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) on the line
� 𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 for a line distributed load H on a line of lenght l
𝐷𝐷1
𝑞𝑞
𝐹𝐹 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 for a concentrated load F 𝝋𝝋𝑷𝑷 = value of 𝜑𝜑(𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦) at the point P
𝐷𝐷1
The Betti’s Analytical Method (BAM) for DGUs

uniformly distributed load p
∆𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 3 1 1
𝐿𝐿𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = −𝑞𝑞 𝑉𝑉 𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 𝑝𝑝 𝐴𝐴 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 + Δ𝑝𝑝 𝑞𝑞 + 𝐴𝐴3 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴
𝑝𝑝0 0 𝐷𝐷1 𝐷𝐷1 𝐷𝐷2
𝜇𝜇1−
Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝 where 𝐾𝐾1 =
1 + 𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1− + 𝜇𝜇1+ (non-dimensional
𝐴𝐴3 𝑝𝑝0 𝐴𝐴3 𝑝𝑝0 coefficients)
line distributed load H on a line of lenght l 𝜇𝜇1− = , 𝜇𝜇1+ =
𝐷𝐷1 𝑉𝑉0 𝐷𝐷2 𝑉𝑉01
Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑L 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝐴𝐴

 The BAM requires to know only the deflection of a simply
concentrated load F supported plate under uniform load
 The method allow to treat all cases (load and boundary
conditions)
𝛥𝛥𝑝𝑝 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑P 𝐹𝐹�𝐴𝐴 .  …ready-to-use formula, easy to be implemented!
Coefficients for rectangular plates

Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 as a function of the plate aspect ratio λ.
11
The BAM approach for the calculation of double and triple Insulating Glass Units - First presented in GPD 2023

Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 as a function of the aspect ratio λ, for different values of α.
12

Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 as a function of the aspect ratio λ, for different values of α.
 Alternatively, coefficients 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 , 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 and 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 can be obtained from FEM analyses, or from tables for plates, or from
simple programs available on line!
DGUs: Results and comparisons
14
DGU under uniformly distributed load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under p = 1 kPa, as a function of λ=a/b, for different values
of h1 = h2, for s = 16 mm.
A= 4 m2 A= 9 m2
Continuous lines: BAM

Triangles: MEPLA ISO
Maximum error of
the order of 0.5%
15
DGU under line distributed load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under H= 1 kN/m, for square plates with different area, as a
function of α, for different values of h1 = h2, for s = 16 mm.
A= 4 m2 A= 9 m2

Maximum error of
the order of 0.6%
16
DGU under line distributed load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under H= 1 kN/m, as a function of λ, for different values
of h1 = h2, for s = 16 mm and α=1/2 (load at midspan).
A= 4 m2
Maximum error of
the order of 0.3%
17
DGU under concentrated load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under F= 1 kN, for square plates with different area, as a
function of α, for different values of h1 = h2, for s = 16 mm.
A= 4 m2 A= 9 m2

Maximum error of
the order of 0.6%
18
DGU under concentrated load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under F= 1 kN, as a function of λ, for different values of h1 = h2,
for s = 16 mm and α=β=1/2 (load at the plate center).
A= 4 m2
Maximum error of
the order of 0.6%
19
BAM for Triple Glazing Units
20
Betti’s analytical method for Triple Glazing Units

Non-dimensional coefficients
𝐴𝐴3 𝑝𝑝0 𝐴𝐴3 𝑝𝑝0
𝜇𝜇𝑗𝑗− = , 𝜇𝜇𝑗𝑗+ = .
𝐷𝐷𝑗𝑗 𝑉𝑉0𝑗𝑗 𝐷𝐷𝑗𝑗+1 𝑉𝑉0𝑗𝑗
𝜇𝜇1− 1 + 𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇2− + 𝜇𝜇2+

𝐾𝐾1 = 2 − − ,
𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1 𝜇𝜇2 + 𝜇𝜇1+ 𝜇𝜇2+ + 𝜇𝜇1− 𝜇𝜇2+ + 𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1− + 𝜇𝜇1+ +𝜇𝜇2− +𝜇𝜇2+ + 1
𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1− 𝜇𝜇2−

𝐾𝐾2 = 2 − − .
𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1 𝜇𝜇2 + 𝜇𝜇1+ 𝜇𝜇2+ + 𝜇𝜇1− 𝜇𝜇2+ + 𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1− + 𝜇𝜇1+ +𝜇𝜇2− +𝜇𝜇2+ + 1
uniformly distributed load p Δ𝑝𝑝1 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 𝑝𝑝, Δ𝑝𝑝2 = 𝐾𝐾2 𝜑𝜑A 𝑝𝑝
line distributed load H Δ𝑝𝑝1 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝐴𝐴 , Δ𝑝𝑝2 = 𝐾𝐾2 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝐴𝐴 Remark: Coefficients
𝜑𝜑𝐴𝐴 , 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 and 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 are the
concentrated load F Δ𝑝𝑝1 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 𝐹𝐹�𝐴𝐴 , Δ𝑝𝑝2 = 𝐾𝐾2 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 𝐹𝐹�𝐴𝐴 same defined for DGUs
TGU under uniformly distributed load: comparisons

with MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plates, under p = 1kPa, for A= 4 m2 (case h1 = h3 = 10
mm, h2 = 6 mm s1 = s2 = 12 mm) as a function of λ=a/b,

Maximum error of
less than 0.7%
22
TGU under line distributed load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under H= 1 kN/m, for A= 4 m2 (case h1 = h3 = 10
mm, h2 = 6 mm s1 = s2 = 12 mm)
as a function of α, for different values of λ as a function of λ, for η=1/2

Maximum error of
less than 0.7%
23
TGU under concentrated load: comparisons with

MEPLA ISO
Maximum deflection of the not loaded plate, under F= 1 kN, for A= 4 m2 (case h1 = h3 = 10
mm, h2 = 6 mm s1 = s2 = 12 mm)
as a function of α, for different values of λ as a function of λ, for η=1/2

Maximum error of
the order of 0.6%
24
Conclusions
The BAM method provides simple formulas for the calculation of the pressure in IGUs under applied loads
(uniform pressure, line load, concentrated force) as well as to climatic actions (barometric pressure and
temperature variations), taking into account gas compressibility
The strength of the method is that it allows to calculate the internal gas pressure without solving the plate
problem for each specific external load condition: the relevant coefficients are derived from the problem of
simply supported plates under uniformly distributed loads.
Compact and ready-to-use formulas have been provided to evaluate the pressure variation of the gas in the
IGU cavities, for the case of Double and Triple Units. The method can also consider IGUs formed of an
arbitrary number of panes.
The method covers all cases of loading and boundary conditions. The relevant coefficients are provided via
charts/tables.
Comparisons with results obtained with MEPLA-ISO software have confirmed that there is an excellent
correspondence between analytical and numerical results (maximum error of the order of 0.5%), for DGU and
TGU of various size and aspect ratio, under uniform, line distributed and concentrated external actions.
Thanks for your attention!

25
References
Galuppi, L., & Royer-Carfagni, G. (2020). Betti’s Analytical Method for the load sharing in double glazed
units. Composite Structures, 235, 111765.
Galuppi, L. (2020). Practical expressions for the design of DGUs. The BAM approach. Engineering
Structures, 221, 110993.
Galuppi, L., & Royer-Carfagni, G. (2020). Green’s functions for the load sharing in multiple insulating
glazing units. International Journal of Solids and Structures, 206, 412-425.
Thanks for your attention!
26
DGUs made of LG panes
27

Uniformly distributed load
Glass panes: 6 mm + 0.76 mm + 6 mm
Cavity thickness: 16 mm G p ∈ [10 −3 ,103 ] MPa
Interlayer shear modulus
The flexural stiffness Di of the plates can be evaluated

through the EET approach by Galuppi & Royer Carfagni
In particular, the effective thickness is that for deflection for

simple supported plates under uniformly distributed loads
Continuous lines: BAM + EET
Markers: MEPLA ISO
28
Line load Concentrated load
Continuous lines: BAM + EET

Markers: MEPLA ISO
29
Iterative approaches
[Vallabhan, C. G., & Chou, G. D. (1986). Interactive nonlinear analysis of
insulating glass units. Journal of structural Engineering, 112(6), 1313-1326.]
[Vallabhan, C. G., Chou, G. D., & Minor, J. E. (1990). Seal forces in structural
glazing systems. Journal of Structural Engineering, 116(4), 1080-1089.]
30
Variation of the
Deformation of the Variation of the cavity
loaded pane volume
the cavity
𝑓𝑓
∆∆𝑤𝑤1 = ∆𝑉𝑉 = � −𝑤𝑤1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉0 + ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝0 + ∆𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉0 𝑝𝑝0
𝐷𝐷1
Ideal gas law

• p0 = gas pressure in the reference state
• V0 = gas volume in the reference state
31
Variation of the
Deformation of the Variation of the cavity Deformation of the
loaded pane volume second pane
the cavity
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓− ∆𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑝𝑝

∆∆𝑤𝑤1 = ∆𝑉𝑉
∆𝑉𝑉==��−𝑤𝑤
−𝑤𝑤+ 𝑤𝑤
11 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑉𝑉0 + ∆𝑉𝑉 𝑝𝑝0 + ∆𝑝𝑝 = 𝑉𝑉0 𝑝𝑝0 ∆∆𝑤𝑤2 =
𝐷𝐷1𝐷𝐷1 𝐷𝐷2
Deflection of the lower plate under Deflection of the upper

uniform ∆p and external load f plate under uniform ∆p
Comparisons with EN 16612
33
Remark 1. EN16612 considers the pressure variation inside the cavity through a
coefficient, but it can only account for uniformly distributed loads.
Remark 2. ASTM E1300 (thickness cubed method) does not consider the volume
variation inside the cavity. Under applied loads, it provides results that are not on
the safe side, since the load sharing is overestimated. Under thermal variation of
the gas, results are conservative, since the pressure of the gas is overestimated. It
also can account for uniformly distributed loads only.
34
Uniformly distributed load: comparisons with EN

16612
Ratio between the pressure variation and the applied pressure p as a function of A for different
values of λ=a/b.
h1 = h2 = 8 mm, s = 16 mm h1 =6 mm, h2 = 10 mm, s = 16 mm

Triangles: EN16612
35
Uniformly distributed load: comparisons with prEN

16612
Pressure resultant on the different panels due to a barometric pressure variation p = 1 kPa (case
h1 = h3 = 10 mm, h2 = 6 mm s1 = s2 = 12 mm).
r1 = p − ∆p1 , r2 = ∆p1 − ∆p2 , r3 = ∆p2
λ=1 A= 4 m2

Circles: EN16612
36
DGUs subject to climatic loads

(Changes in temperature and barometric pressure)
37
DGUs subject to climatic loads

DGU subjected to a variation ∆p of the barometric pressure
where
• DGU subjected to a temperature variation ∆T
where:
38
DGUs: Barometric pressure variation, comparisons with

EN 16612
Pressure resultant on the glass panels due to a barometric pressure variation as a
function of A (case h1 = h2 = 8 mm, s = 16 mm), λ=a/b.
λ=0,5 λ=1

Triangles: EN16612
39
DGUs: Temperature variation, comparisons with EN

16612
Variation of internal pressure on the glass panels due to a temperature change ∆T as a function
of A (case h1 = h2 = 8 mm, s = 16 mm), λ=a/b.
λ=0,5 λ=1

Triangles: EN16612
40
TGUs: Barometric pressure variation, comparisons with

prEN 16612
Pressure resultant on the different panels due to a barometric pressure variation ∆p = 5 10 −3 MPa
(case h1 = h3 = 10 mm, h2 = 6 mm s1 = s2 = 12 mm).
r1 = ∆p − ∆p1 , r2 = ∆p1 − ∆p2 , r3 = ∆p2 − ∆p
λ=1 A= 4 m2

Circles: EN16612
41
TGUs: Temperature variation comparisons with prEN

16612
Pressure resultant on the different panels due to temperature variations ∆T1 = 30°C , ∆T2 = 20°C
(case h1 = h3 = 10 mm, h2 = 6 mm s1 = s2 = 12 mm).
r1 = −∆p1 , r2 = ∆p1 − ∆p2 , r3 = ∆p2
λ=1 A= 4 m2

Circles: EN16612
42
Coefficients for other plate shapes
43

Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 for load applied in a generic point (only a quater of the plate is plotted).
λ=1 λ=1,5 λ=2
44
Coefficients for equilateral triangular plates
Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 as a function of α. Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 as a function of β.
45
Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 as a function of β, for Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 as a function of

different values of α. α, for different values of β.
46
Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 for load

applied in a generic point.
47
Coefficients for isosceles-right-triangular plates
Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝐿𝐿 as a function of α.
48
Coefficients for isosceles right triangular plates
Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 as a function of α, for different values of β.
49
Coefficients for isosceles right triangular plates
Coefficient 𝜑𝜑𝑃𝑃 for load

applied in a generic point.
50
Coefficients for other plate shapes

The relevant coefficients may be calculated by evaluating, through FEM analyses, the out-of-plane
displacement w(x, y) of a single glass panel with thickness h and flexural stiffness D, with the same shape of
the DGU at hand, simply supported at its edges and subjected to a fictitious uniform pressure q.
Where wA, wL, wP are the mean value of w(x, y) on the plate area,
its mean value on the line where the line-distributed load is
applied, and its value at the point where the concentrated load is
applied, respectively.
Notice that wA can be calculated in a very simple manner, by considering the numerically evaluated strain
energy , where .
Hence,
51

The BAM Approach For The Calculation of Double and Triple Insulating Glass Units

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The BAM Approach For The Calculation of Double and Triple Insulating Glass Units

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CONFERENCE SESSIONS

JUNE 14-16, 2023 THE BAM APPROACH FOR THE CALCULATION

Insulating Glass Units

External loads applied on a pane (either uniform, line distributed or concentrated),

Complex interaction between

Evaluation of the load sharing

Analytical/numerical calculation of the Definition of coefficients (volume variation

…Betti’s Analytical Method (2020)

Betti’s Analytical Method for IGUs

Evaluation of the load sharing

The Betti’s theorem

Betti’s reciprocal theorem:

𝑞𝑞 � 𝑤𝑤𝐴𝐴 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 𝐹𝐹 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵 𝑥𝑥, 𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝐹𝐹𝛿𝛿

The Betti’s theorem

The Betti’s theorem for IGUs

𝐿𝐿𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = � 𝑓𝑓 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 + Δ𝑝𝑝 � 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵2 − 𝑤𝑤𝐵𝐵𝐵 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The Betti’s theorem for IGUs

The Betti’s Analytical Method (BAM) for DGUs

Δ𝑝𝑝 = 𝐾𝐾1 𝜑𝜑L 𝐻𝐻𝐻𝐻�𝐴𝐴

Coefficients for rectangular plates

Coefficients for rectangular plates

Coefficients for rectangular plates

DGUs: Results and comparisons

DGU under uniformly distributed load: comparisons with

Continuous lines: BAM

DGU under line distributed load: comparisons with

Continuous lines: BAM

DGU under line distributed load: comparisons with

DGU under concentrated load: comparisons with

Continuous lines: BAM

DGU under concentrated load: comparisons with

BAM for Triple Glazing Units

Betti’s analytical method for Triple Glazing Units

𝜇𝜇1− 1 + 𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇2− + 𝜇𝜇2+

𝜑𝜑A 𝜇𝜇1− 𝜇𝜇2−

TGU under uniformly distributed load: comparisons

Continuous lines: BAM

TGU under line distributed load: comparisons with

as a function of α, for different values of λ as a function of λ, for η=1/2

Continuous lines: BAM

TGU under concentrated load: comparisons with

as a function of α, for different values of λ as a function of λ, for η=1/2

Continuous lines: BAM

Thanks for your attention!

Thanks for your attention!

DGUs made of LG panes

DGUs made of LG panes

The flexural stiffness Di of the plates can be evaluated

In particular, the effective thickness is that for deflection for

DGUs made of LG panes

Line load Concentrated load

Continuous lines: BAM + EET

Evaluation of the load sharing

Ideal gas law

Evaluation of the load sharing

𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓− ∆𝑝𝑝 ∆𝑝𝑝

Deflection of the lower plate under Deflection of the upper

Comparisons with EN 16612

Uniformly distributed load: comparisons with EN

h1 = h2 = 8 mm, s = 16 mm h1 =6 mm, h2 = 10 mm, s = 16 mm

Continuous lines: BAM

Uniformly distributed load: comparisons with prEN

Continuous lines: BAM