PUSH-PULL FACTORS
Environmental problems and natural
disasters
- These are the two following causes of loss
of money, homes, jobs.
Coffin ships
- This is what you called to emigrants that
were also encouraged to leave Ireland by
their English landlords. who often rented out
unseaworthy vessels
Environmental refugees
- It has been adopted to describe migrants
fleeing environmental disaster.
- It is a term coined by Essam El-Hinnawi
- It describes "people who have been forced
to leave their traditional habitat, temporarily
or permanently, because of a market
environmental disruption (natural and/or
triggered by people) that jeopardizes their
existence and/or seriously effects the quality
of their life.
- These are particularly a difficult problem
for government and policy-maker to cope
with due to the variety of environmental
disaster that can have dramatic impacts on
the forced migration of the people
Climate and weather-related disaster
especially flooding
- It is ninety-eight percent causes of this
displacement
Compounded vulnerabilities
- It arise when systemic or institutional
conditions intersect in a manner that creates
additional barriers to the agent's ability to
develop or achieve well-being
Push-pull model
- This is a model differences between push
factors that drive people to leave home, from
pull factors that attract migrants to a new
location
Push factors
- It drive people to leave home
- It occurs within sending states, that is,
those that send migrants abroad
- It is the negative aspects of the sending
country
- It drives migrants out of their countries of
origin
Pull factors
- It attract migrants to a new location.
- It occurs within receiving states, that is,
states that receive immigrants from sending
states abroad.
- It is the positive aspects of the receiving
country
- It is responsible for dictating where these
travelers end up
EXAMPLE
 In moving migrants must not only
find a lack of benefits at home (push
 factors) but also expect a surplus of  Lower risk from natural hazards
benefits abroad (pull factors);
otherwise the move would not be
worthwhile

Network factors
- It is a more ambiguous factor that can be
either facilitate or deter migration.
- It include cost of travel, the ease of
communications, and international business
trends

REASONS OF PUSH FACTORS

 Lack of economic opportunities
 Lack of safety CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS
 High criminality Human trafficking
 Crop failure - It is defined as "the recruitment,
 Drought transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt

 Flooding of persons, by means of the threat or use of

 Poverty force or other forms of coercion, of

abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the
 War
abuse of power or of a position of
vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of
REASONS OF PULL FACTORS
payments or benefits to achieve the consent
 Higher employment
of a person having control over another
 More wealth
person, for the purpose of exploitation
 Better services
- It forms as the third largest illegal industry
 Good climate
worldwide
 Safer, less criminality
 Political stability
 More fertile land
Terrorism Political conflicts and civil strife
- It is the perpetrated attacks of exploited - These two have caused massive
gaping of security holes in the U.S displacements especially among women and
immigration system children
Increased racism Economic migration
 Racism - It remains to be the chief reason for people
- It is the belief that to migrate
characteristics and abilities
can be attributed to people
simply on the basis of their
race and that some racial
groups are superior to others.
 Racism and discrimination
- These two have been used as
a powerful weapons
encouraging fear or hatred of
others in times of conflict and
war, and even during
economic downturns
 President Donald Trump
- The election of this president
has spurred report that racism
has resurfaced in the U.S

Migration
- It is the direct effect of globalization as a
phenomenon
- It brings a host of positive and negative
outcomes